82:. Suvarnabaniks displeased him by refusing to lend him money when it was wanted, and that he raised the four other castes to the status of sat Sudras because they happened to have pleased him, may have been true. Finally, Vallalsena's particular animosity against the Suvarnabaniks, who were allies and related to the Palas, furnished an admirable historical background. Before the seventh or the eighth centuries A.D. when historical evidences indicate that the society was based largely on trade and commerce, the merchant classes had a notably high position in the society. But since trade and commerce declined, and the society became more and more dependent on cottage industries and agriculture, the caste ranks of the merchant classes became more and more lowered, and reached a decidedly low stage at the beginning of the Sena and Varman periods, whereas the ritual ranking of most of the craft castes became relatively high at that time.
99:
under the influence of
British rulers. Subarnabaniks were among the oldest settlers of Calcutta and in the early days certain parts of the city became identified as their settlements. With a long tradition of city living, the Subarnabanik caste kept gaining in the secular values of the society. The discrepancy between low ceremonial rank and high-secular rank was always a problem. Many Banik castes including Subarnabanik provided the most glaring examples of this anomaly. In 1854
882:
74:
some level of hegemony in that period with which they could attempt to impose their idealized social order. However this imposition entailed tension and negotiation between brahmins and other social groups including merchants, as the text suggests. Historian Furui concludes that the imposition of inferior ritual ranks on merchant groups were attempts by brahmins to restrain them.
116:
advance him the amount of money he wanted. Further after marginalizing the
Vaishya merchant community, the King created a powerful upper caste 'service community', that continued to dominate West Bengal's socio economic space. As of 1980, Bengali Suvarnabanik was a prosperous merchant community in West Bengal.
77:
The characteristics of Vallal
Charita, which was written in the sixteenth century depicting the Bengali society of the twelfth century, were that legends or prevailing traditions of that times were well mixed with historical facts. The listing of Suvarnabanik caste first in the sat(clean) category,
73:
placed
Suvarnabaniks in middle-ranking Shudras but Vallalcharita degraded them from that position. The social order described in the Brihaddharma Purana consists of bipolarity of brahmins and shudras without intermediate varnas of Kshatriya and Vaishya. It indicates that Brahmins probably attained
115:
Historian N K Sinha (1967) blamed Vallal Sena, who ruled Bengal in the twelfth century, for the dominance of non-Bengali merchants in Bengal. In Sena's canonical establishment of caste precedence in Bengal, he downgraded the
Vaishya Subarnabanik bankers (gold traders) to Sudra, as they refused to
98:
and the early days of the
British rule, they were important persons in the new political system. The British merchants borrowed money and maintained other economic transactions with Subarnabaniks. The Subarnabaniks gained important positions in the secular urban society which was then developing
65:
of North Bengal. After two-and-a-half centuries of absence, merchant groups reappear in the inscriptions of Bengal and the adjoining areas from the early ninth century onwards, but they cease to appear in the inscriptions of Bengal and Bihar from the mid-twelfth century.
78:
and then in the asat(unclean) category, with the explanation that they became degraded, is significant. According to historian Nihar Ranjan Ray, there is possibly some truth to the belief that these trading castes were degraded by King
60:
The presence and activity of mercantile groups in Bengal becomes visible in historical records from the mid-fifth century onwards, due to the so-called land sale grants issued under the Gupta provincial administration of
38:
mercantile caste dealing in gold and silver. During the late 18th century, merchants of the caste became prominent in trade. In spite of their inferior ritual rank, they were the most well known trading caste in
516:"'āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ'... āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ˛āĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¸āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻāĻž|anecdotes on how subarnabanik families of old kolkata used to celebrate poila boishakh â News18 Bangla"
515:
1005:
129:
672:
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to enhance their social status. Despite holding low ceremonial rank for centuries, gold merchants of
Subarnabanik caste were affluent people. In the days of the
327:
Mitra, A. (1953). The Tribes and Castes of West Bengal (Report). Census 1951. Land and Land
Revenue Department, Government of West Bengal. p. 21.
1424:
639:
499:
423:
396:
352:
311:
217:
125:
464:
1393:
255:"Merchant groups in early medieval Bengal: with special reference to the Rajbhita stone inscription of the time of MahÄĢpÄla I, Year 33"
665:
1035:
107:; His argument to deny their prayer was that - âin the scale of castes, the class (goldsmith or Subarnabanik) stands very lowâ.
177:
985:
1419:
658:
90:
The rich
Suvarna Banik community, which didn't have much social status, zealously joined Hare Krishna Bhakti movement of
1020:
1161:
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had scoffed at the representation of the wealthy goldsmith caste of Bengal for admission in the
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Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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35:
388:
Caitanya VaiášŖášavism in Bengal: Social Impact and Historical Implications
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773:
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565:"Interview with Srila Prabhupada's Grand-Nephew - Sankarsan Prabhu"
1363:
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1066:
650:
778:
654:
440:"Universalisation of Education: India in a Trap - Mainstream"
236:
Census of India, 1951: West Bengal, Sikkim, and Chandernagore
209:
The East India Company: The World's Most Powerful Corporation
300:
Chakrabarti, Kunal; Chakrabarti, Shubhra (2013-08-22).
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688:
465:"Post-colonial Bengal : Prosperity to decline"
463:Dutta, Dipankar Dey & Tanushree (2020-08-08).
1006:International Society for Krishna Consciousness
130:International Society for Krishna Consciousness
631:The Bengalees: Glimpses of History and Culture
666:
8:
371:Bangalir Itihas Adiparba By Niharranjan Roy
1312:
1213:
893:
692:
673:
659:
651:
609:"The Subarnabaniks ÂĢ Mutty Lall Seal"
589:"The Subarnabaniks ÂĢ Mutty Lall Seal"
491:Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus
415:Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus
344:Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus
168:
138:, Indian businessman and philanthropist
303:Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis
7:
494:. Firma KLM. pp. 107, 128â129.
336:
334:
248:
246:
201:
199:
150:, Indian philanthropist, builder of
126:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
1394:Bengali Hindu mythology and culture
385:O'Connell, Joseph T. (2018-10-29).
233:Commissioner, India Census (1952).
69:The thirteenth century Hindu text
14:
634:. Allied Publishers. p. 59.
86:Late medieval and colonial period
1036:Yogoda Satsanga Society of India
880:
306:. Scarecrow Press. p. 116.
56:Origin and early medieval period
986:Brahmo Conference Organisation
391:. Routledge. pp. 65, 97.
206:Roy, Tirthankar (2016-01-15).
159:, Indian writer and journalist
1:
347:. Firma KLM. pp. 15â16.
1425:Social groups of West Bengal
1162:Swami Vivekananda's Birthday
182:timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
1021:Self-Realization Fellowship
488:Sarma, Jyotirmoyee (1980).
412:Sarma, Jyotirmoyee (1980).
341:Sarma, Jyotirmoyee (1980).
1441:
418:. Firma KLM. p. 107.
239:. Manager of Publications.
16:Mercantile caste of Bengal
878:
271:10.1017/S0041977X13000451
27:
522:(in Bengali). 2019-04-12
128:(1896-1977): Founder of
981:Bharat Sevashram Sangha
253:Furui, Ryosuke (2013).
152:Marble Palace (Kolkata)
1399:Bengali Hindu diaspora
1087:Dhamrai Jagannath Roth
1260:Rabindra Nritya Natya
628:Roy, Samaren (1999).
541:"Banik - Banglapedia"
469:www.millenniumpost.in
63:Pundravardhana-bhukti
1420:Bengali Hindu castes
1026:Sri Aurobindo Ashram
444:mainstreamweekly.net
92:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
45:1951 Census of India
1276:Vaishnava Padavali
545:en.banglapedia.org
178:"Baniks of Bengal"
96:East India Company
71:Bášhaddharma Puraáša
51:Origin and history
1407:
1406:
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1304:
1303:
1296:Hungry generation
1239:Bishnupur gharana
1205:
1204:
1016:Ramakrishna Order
876:
875:
641:978-81-7023-981-9
501:978-0-8364-0633-7
425:978-0-8364-0633-7
398:978-0-429-81796-0
354:978-0-8364-0633-7
313:978-0-8108-8024-5
219:978-81-8475-613-5
144:, Indian merchant
1432:
1313:
1224:Rabindra Sangeet
1214:
1152:Jagaddhatri Puja
1112:Vishwakarma Puja
1107:Ganesh Chaturthi
1057:Rabindra Jayanti
1011:Matua Mahasangha
971:Adi Brahmo Samaj
919:Matuasmritokotha
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30:), also called
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520:News18 Bengali
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374:. p. 212.
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265:(3): 391â412.
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212:. Penguin UK.
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41:Bengal region
37:
33:
25:
21:
20:Suvarna Banik
1309:Folk culture
1281:Mangal-Kavya
1122:Lakshmi Puja
996:Gaudiya Math
991:Brahmo Samaj
976:Ananda Marga
788:
754:Baishya Saha
630:
623:
612:. Retrieved
603:
592:. Retrieved
583:
572:. Retrieved
568:
559:
548:. Retrieved
544:
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524:. Retrieved
519:
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483:
472:. Retrieved
468:
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447:. Retrieved
443:
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186:. Retrieved
181:
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114:
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68:
59:
31:
19:
18:
1187:Dol Purnima
1142:Shakta Rash
1137:Bhai Phonta
1097:Janmashtami
784:Gandhabanik
80:Vallalasena
43:as per the
28:āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ
1414:Categories
1337:Folk dance
1269:Literature
1117:Durga Puja
940:Kartabhaja
804:Kansabanik
614:2021-11-21
594:2021-11-21
574:2022-01-19
550:2022-02-24
526:2022-02-24
474:2022-02-24
449:2022-02-24
164:References
101:Vidyasagar
1344:Raibenshe
1328:Sholapith
1172:Maghotsab
1132:Kali Puja
1045:Festivals
955:Vaishnava
841:Namasudra
799:Kaibartya
713:Bhadralok
569:bvmlu.org
279:0041-977X
1369:Gombhira
1316:Folk art
1286:Panchali
1072:Shashthi
914:Panchali
890:Religion
846:Namassej
831:Mahishya
814:Kayastha
809:Karmakar
759:Barujibi
287:24692277
188:20 March
132:(ISKCON)
1374:Kavigan
1359:Dhamail
1210:Culture
1147:Nabanna
824:Maulika
774:Chunaru
769:Brahmin
689:Society
36:Bengali
34:, is a
24:Bengali
1387:Others
1323:Dhokra
1291:Kallol
1234:Kirtan
1127:Diwali
964:Orders
950:Shakta
945:Shaiva
935:Brahmo
909:Chandi
863:Shunri
858:Sadgop
851:Avarna
744:Baidya
727:Castes
708:Bangal
696:Groups
638:
498:
422:
395:
351:
310:
285:
277:
216:
1364:Alkap
1354:Paika
1349:Chhau
1248:Dance
1217:Music
1197:Gajan
1102:Bhadu
928:Sects
897:Books
836:Malla
819:Kulin
764:Bauri
739:Bagdi
734:Aguri
718:Ghoti
368:asf.
283:JSTOR
184:. TOI
1192:Holi
868:Yogi
794:Hari
703:Babu
636:ISBN
496:ISBN
420:ISBN
393:ISBN
349:ISBN
308:ISBN
275:ISSN
214:ISBN
190:2015
32:Bene
779:Dom
267:doi
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