20:
355:
563:
Svecokarelian orogeny is the name of an alternative and slightly different orogeny conceptualization that overlaps with the
Svecofennian orogeny. As of 2004 there was no consensus on the usage of the terms. Some geologists prefer the term Svecofennian orogeny rather than Svecokarelian orogeny because
119:
The
Svecofennian orogeny developed as a succession of four orogenies which by chronological order are: the Lapland-Savo orogeny, the Fennian orogeny, the Svecobaltic orogeny and the Nordic orogeny. In broad terms, regardless of details, it has been proposed that the Svecofennian orogeny involved
241:
Prior to the
Svecobaltic orogeny proper there was period of northward-directed subduction at what is now south-central Sweden and southern Finland. The subduction lasted from 1860 to 1840 million years ago and was accompanied by
358:
Map showing the large-scale geological units of
Finland. The Svecofennian orogen (4) is shown in violet blue. The Older Karelian Domain (3) is orange coloured. Areas younger than the Svecofennian orogen are in
470:. Rocks of the outer zone are estimated to have formed 1890–1860 million years ago and granitoids of the inner zone 1840–1790 million years ago. In addition to those two zones Baltybaev identifies a narrow
317:
from 1790 to 1770 million years ago. The late magmatism following the orogeny overlaps in time with the early magmatism of the
Transscandinavian Igneous Belt. This magmatism was largely the result of
758:
Nironen, Mikko; Irmeli, Mänttäri (2012). "Timing of accretion, intra-orogenic sedimentation and basin inversion in the
Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian orogen: The Pyhäntaka area, southern Finland".
914:Åhäll, K.-I.; Connelly, J.M.; Brewer, T.S. (2002). "Transitioning from Svecofennian to Transcandinavian Igneous Belt (TIB) magmatism in SE Sweden: Implications from the 1.82 Ga Eksjö tonalite".
99:
grew with this new material from what is today northeast to the southwest. The accretion of the island arcs was also related to two other processes that occurred in the same period;
736:
Lahtinen, Raimo; Korja, Annakaisa; Nironen, Mikko; Heikkinen, Pekka (2009). "Palaeoproterozoic accretionary processes in
Fennoscandia". In Cawood, P.A.; Kröner, A. (eds.).
1083:
278:
1830 million years ago. This last event of basin inversion was associated with a period of metamorphism in southern
Finland that peaked about 1820 million years ago.
199:
The stage to the
Fennian orogeny was set by a collision between Keitele and Karelia about 1920–1910 million years ago which resulted in a reorganization of the local
79:. The resulting orogen is known as the Svecofennian orogen or Svecofennides. To the west and southwest the Svecofennian orogen limits with the generally younger
995:
824:
Lahtinen, Raimo; Johnston, Stephen T.; Nironen, Mikko (2014). "The
Bothnian coupled oroclines of the Svecofennian Orogen: a Palaeoproterozoic terrane wreck".
585:
Högdahl, K.; Andersson, U.B.; Eklund, O. (2004). "The Transscandinavian Igneous Belt (TIB) in Sweden: a review of its character and evolution (foreword)".
671:
Gorbatschev, R. (2004). "1. The Transscandinavian Igneous Belt - introduction and background". In Högdahl, K.; Andersson, U.B. & Eklund, O. (eds.).
258:
and metamorphism in southern Finland ended gradually after 1870 million years ago. The orogen at southern Finland with its presumed mountains and thick
626:
Baltybaev, Sh.K. (2013). "Svecofennian Orogen of the Fennoscandian Shield: Compositional and Isotopic Zoning and Its Tectonic Interpretation".
864:
Korja, Annakaisa; Lahtinen, Raimo; Nironen, Mikko (2006). "The Svecofennian orogen: a collage of microcontinents and island arcs (abstract)".
1052:
899:
Andersson, U.B. & Öhlander, B. (2004). "7.2. The late Svecofennian magmatism". In Högdahl, K.; Andersson, U.B. & Eklund, O. (eds.).
1649:
1639:
1517:
1069:
214:
starting the Fennian orogeny. The until then linear Fennian orogen was "buckled" from 1870 million years ago onwards due to an
1598:
966:
502:
270:
formed. The Svecobaltic orogeny developed when subduction bought the Fennoscandian Craton into an oblique collision with the
262:
collapsed under the influence of gravity and spread out. By 1850 million years ago this collapse had evolved to a dynamic of
80:
32:
160:, the "pre-Svecofennian Ocean", that then closed during the Svecofennian orogeny. The closure of this basin was indebted to
1076:
1208:
1183:
1158:
1629:
1032:
958:
587:
1634:
314:
1644:
1573:
1527:
1321:
1133:
533:
The boundary of the Svecofennian orogen with the Archean "Kola-Karelian orogen" to the northwest is made up by the
444:
1547:
1301:
1583:
334:
120:
more-less continuous subduction with subduction zones progressively migrating to the southwest. An alternative
386:
1478:
1423:
1143:
1138:
87:
just as the western parts of the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt has. The Svecofennian orogeny involved the
1593:
1532:
1468:
1153:
628:
518:
84:
24:
1608:
1552:
1488:
541:
390:
299:
263:
251:
247:
125:
1234:
1036:
835:
826:
798:
763:
697:
688:
637:
1473:
1316:
1568:
1249:
1128:
410:
364:
295:
275:
184:
88:
1392:
1296:
83:. It is assumed that the westernmost fringes of the Svecofennian orogen have been reworked by the
1268:
933:
881:
653:
222:
173:
129:
40:
1397:
1362:
16:
Geological process that resulted in formation of continental crust in Sweden, Finland and Russia
1357:
1286:
1048:
1044:
962:
267:
259:
255:
243:
211:
188:
72:
56:
1542:
1453:
1004:
925:
873:
843:
806:
771:
705:
645:
398:
307:
271:
169:
137:
76:
901:
The Transscandinavian Igneous Belt (TIB) in Sweden: a review of its character and evolution
673:
The Transscandinavian Igneous Belt (TIB) in Sweden: a review of its character and evolution
1603:
1428:
1203:
378:
230:
219:
121:
100:
1512:
1306:
1198:
514:
478:
and the Archean craton to the north and east. Nironen and Mänttäri (2012) uses the terms
246:. Two trends in the southern Svecofennian orogen variously overlapped in time and space:
952:
839:
802:
767:
701:
641:
19:
1382:
1347:
1311:
1291:
1123:
1113:
207:
200:
991:"Timing of Svecofennian crustal growth and collisional tectonics in Ă…land, SW Finland"
810:
1623:
1578:
1537:
1367:
1352:
1239:
1218:
1193:
1188:
1118:
1108:
1092:
1028:
937:
916:
885:
709:
657:
775:
740:. Vol. 318. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. pp. 237–256.
517:
area. It has been proposed that the Oskarshamn-Jönköping belt continues beneath the
1503:
1100:
877:
686:
Gorbatschev, Roland; Bogdanova, Svetlana (1993). "Frontiers in the Baltic Shield".
564:
evidence of orogenic movements is found mostly in the younger Svecofennian bedrock.
501:
is a granitoid region of the Svecofennian orogen completely surrounded by rocks of
459:
303:
286:
Two models exist regarding the origin of the Nordic orogeny: one proposes it as an
165:
133:
108:
104:
28:
354:
179:
about 1950 million years ago. In the later stages of the Lapland-Savo orogeny an
31:: the Svecofennian orogen is shown in yellow. The blue areas to the west are the
1522:
1463:
1438:
1387:
1377:
1213:
157:
1009:
990:
1483:
1433:
1278:
1254:
1148:
929:
649:
510:
422:
291:
215:
204:
180:
161:
92:
1402:
522:
463:
447:
322:
176:
1407:
951:
Plant, J.A.; Whittaker, A.; Demetriades, A.; De Vivo, B.; Lexa, J. (2005).
132:
cycles, with the orogenic activity ceasing after the collision between the
1061:
318:
226:
1448:
1443:
1372:
1244:
1175:
455:
441:
370:
329:. Another characteristic of the late magmatism is the apparent lack of
149:
64:
52:
847:
373:
as composing the Svecofennian orogen (parenthesis indicate location):
1458:
1342:
467:
338:
326:
302:
and the other poses it might have resulted from the collision of the
96:
68:
60:
789:
Nironen, Mikko (1997). "The Svecofennian Orogen: a tectonic model".
903:. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 37. pp. 102–104.
353:
330:
287:
36:
18:
1039:; Calner, Mikael; Sivhed, Ulf (2011). "Svekokarelska Provinsen".
675:. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 37. pp. 9–15.
153:
1065:
547:
runs across much of southern Finland in a west–east direction.
369:
Geologist Baltybaev (2013) have identified the following
989:
Ehlers, Carl; Skiöld, Torbjörn; Vaasjoki, Matti (2004).
152:-aged craton of what is today northeastern Fennoscandia
753:
751:
749:
747:
462:
found in the two zones while the outer zone contains
274:. The mentioned sedimentary basins were destroyed by
1561:
1501:
1416:
1335:
1276:
1267:
1227:
1174:
1167:
1099:
486:for approximately the same areas Baltybaev calls
859:
857:
954:The Geological and Tectonic Framework of Europe
621:
619:
617:
615:
71:. The orogenies lasted from about 2000 to 1800
458:granitoids. There are differences between the
55:that resulted in the formation of much of the
1077:
996:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
8:
738:Earth Accretionary Systems in Space and Time
588:Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper
428:Baltybaev further distinguishes between an
164:and resulted thus both in the formation of
124:postulates subduction included alternating
1273:
1171:
1084:
1070:
1062:
472:zone of conjugation with Archean complexes
1008:
417:(southern Finland–Russia border) and the
266:. In this extensional milieu short-lived
1041:Sveriges Geologi: FrĂĄn urtid till nutid
577:
556:
337:among the magmas, which are nearly all
250:(1870 to 1840 million years ago) and
95:in such manner that the pre-existing
7:
1043:(in Swedish) (3rd ed.). Spain:
509:runs as sliver from the vicinity of
313:The Svecofennian orogen underwent a
282:Nordic orogeny and later development
866:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
254:(1870 to 1790 million years ago).
210:collided with the Keitele–Karelia
187:to the Keitele-Karelia-Norrbotten
148:Prior to the onset of orogeny the
14:
1518:Central SkĂĄne Volcanic Province
776:10.1016/j.precamres.2011.09.013
1599:Transscandinavian Igneous Belt
878:10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.34
503:Transscandinavian Igneous Belt
81:Transscandinavian Igneous Belt
33:Transscandinavian Igneous Belt
1:
811:10.1016/s0301-9268(97)00039-9
484:Southern Svecofennian terrane
252:continent-continent collision
39:emplaced by the much younger
959:Geological Survey of Finland
710:10.1016/0301-9268(93)90066-b
480:Central Svecofennian terrane
225:. This resulted in various
168:and the emplacement of the
1666:
1650:Paleoproterozoic orogenies
1640:Geology of European Russia
1574:Blekinge-Bornholm Province
1528:Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm
1184:Billingen terminal moraine
505:. As the name implies the
362:
350:Tectonostratigraphic units
115:Development of the orogeny
1322:Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone
1302:Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment
1159:Sub-Mesozoic hilly relief
930:10.1080/11035890201244217
650:10.1134/s0016852113060022
507:Oskarshamn-Jönköping belt
499:Oskarshamn-Jönköping belt
335:intermediate compositions
103:that then cooled to form
67:plus some minor parts of
43:are shown in light green.
1584:Scandinavian Caledonides
1327:South Finland Shear Zone
1245:Jotnian sedimentary rock
1010:10.17741/bgsf/76.1-2.004
545:South Finland Shear Zone
535:LuleĂĄ-Kuopio suture zone
529:Major faults and sutures
432:in the northeast and an
1594:Sveconorwegian Province
1424:Central Swedish lowland
1209:Skövde terminal moraine
1134:South SmĂĄland peneplain
1093:Geology of Fennoscandia
460:metamorphosed sediments
425:and Southern Finland).
203:. As a consequence the
51:is a series of related
1548:Särna Alkaline Complex
1533:Kola Alkaline Province
1469:Scandinavian Mountains
1154:Sub-Cambrian peneplain
519:East European Platform
436:in the southwest. The
360:
345:Features of the orogen
315:gravitational collapse
101:the formation of magma
85:Sveconorwegian orogeny
44:
25:Scandinavian Peninsula
23:Geological map of the
1609:Western Gneiss Region
1589:Svecofennian Province
1562:Provinces and orogens
1553:Satakunta dyke swarms
1489:White Sea Rift System
466:the inner zone hosts
379:Skellefte River Basin
357:
300:continental collision
264:extensional tectonics
22:
1429:Gulf of Bothnia rift
1336:Large impact craters
1235:Alum Shale Formation
791:Precambrian Research
760:Precambrian Research
689:Precambrian Research
440:is characterized by
304:Fennoscandian Craton
144:Lapland-Savo orogeny
134:Fennoscandian Craton
77:Paleoproterozoic Era
49:Svecofennian orogeny
1630:Orogenies of Europe
1569:Belomorian Province
1129:Ostrobothnian Plain
840:2014TeNov..26..330L
803:1997PreR...86...21N
768:2012PreR..192...34N
702:1993PreR...64....3G
642:2013Geote..47..452B
405:(Central Finland),
365:tectonostratigraphy
237:Svecobaltic orogeny
183:, the Knaften arc,
1635:Geology of Finland
1479:South Swedish Dome
1439:Lake Ladoga graben
1037:Lindström, Maurits
762:. 192–195: 34–51.
450:. In contrast the
375:SkellefteĂĄ Terrane
361:
308:Amazonia continent
268:sedimentary basins
223:compressive stress
45:
41:Caledonian orogeny
1645:Geology of Sweden
1617:
1616:
1543:Rapakivi granites
1497:
1496:
1434:Lake Inari graben
1358:Hummeln structure
1263:
1262:
1168:Sedimentary cover
1054:978-91-44-05847-4
1045:Studentlitteratur
1033:Lundqvist, Thomas
848:10.1111/ter.12107
513:northwest to the
395:Pyhäsalmi Terrane
260:continental crust
256:Magmatic activity
244:magmatic activity
73:million years ago
59:in what is today
57:continental crust
1657:
1454:Norrland terrain
1274:
1250:Reusch's Moraine
1228:Sedimentary rock
1172:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1058:
1015:
1014:
1012:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
948:
942:
941:
911:
905:
904:
896:
890:
889:
861:
852:
851:
821:
815:
814:
786:
780:
779:
755:
742:
741:
733:
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683:
677:
676:
668:
662:
661:
623:
610:
603:
597:
596:
582:
565:
561:
419:Southern Terrane
399:Northern Savonia
383:Bothnian Terrane
272:Sarmatian Craton
138:Sarmatian Craton
1665:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1604:Timanide Orogen
1557:
1493:
1417:Morphostrucures
1412:
1331:
1259:
1223:
1204:Sevetti moraine
1163:
1144:200 m peneplain
1139:300 m peneplain
1095:
1090:
1055:
1027:
1019:
1018:
988:
987:
983:
973:
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913:
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908:
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863:
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823:
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783:
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584:
583:
579:
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569:
568:
562:
558:
553:
531:
407:Western Terrane
403:Central Terrane
367:
352:
347:
284:
276:basin inversion
239:
231:Gulf of Bothnia
208:microcontinents
201:plate tectonics
197:
195:Fennian orogeny
146:
117:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
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1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
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1571:
1565:
1563:
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1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
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1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1484:Vättern graben
1481:
1476:
1474:Scanian horsts
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:Ritland crater
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Gardnos crater
1345:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1317:Röjnoret Fault
1314:
1312:Protogine Zone
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:Iapetus Suture
1289:
1287:Burträsk Fault
1283:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1255:Visingsö Group
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
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1191:
1186:
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1178:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1124:Paleic surface
1121:
1116:
1114:Hardangervidda
1111:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1029:Lundqvist, Jan
1017:
1016:
1003:(1–2): 63–91.
981:
967:
943:
924:(4): 217–224.
906:
891:
853:
834:(4): 330–335.
816:
797:(1–2): 21–44.
781:
743:
715:
678:
663:
636:(6): 452–464.
611:
598:
576:
575:
573:
570:
567:
566:
555:
554:
552:
549:
530:
527:
494:respectively.
464:metagreywackes
454:contains more
415:Ladoga Terrane
387:Västernorrland
351:
348:
346:
343:
283:
280:
238:
235:
196:
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145:
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116:
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10:
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4:
3:
2:
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1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Kola Province
1577:
1575:
1572:
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1564:
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1554:
1551:
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1546:
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1500:
1490:
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1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Lofoten horst
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:Lockne crater
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:Granby crater
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
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1328:
1325:
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1280:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:Hedmark Group
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1219:Veiki moraine
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:Rogen moraine
1192:
1190:
1189:Pulju moraine
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
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1127:
1125:
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1120:
1119:Muddus plains
1117:
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1109:Borsu surface
1107:
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1101:Paleosurfaces
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696:(1–4): 3–21.
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445:calc-alkaline
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166:igneous rocks
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159:
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105:igneous rocks
102:
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82:
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70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
1588:
1513:Alnö Complex
1459:Omberg horst
1449:Muhos Graben
1398:Söderfjärden
1326:
1307:Pärvie Fault
1297:Lainio Fault
1199:Salpausselkä
1040:
1021:
1020:
1000:
994:
984:
972:. Retrieved
953:
946:
921:
915:
909:
900:
894:
869:
865:
831:
825:
819:
794:
790:
784:
759:
737:
693:
687:
681:
672:
666:
633:
629:Geotectonics
627:
606:
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592:
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506:
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474:between the
471:
451:
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394:
391:Ostrobothnia
382:
374:
368:
312:
285:
240:
198:
156:creating an
147:
118:
109:metamorphism
91:of numerous
48:
46:
29:Fennoscandia
1523:Fen Complex
1464:Oslo Graben
1388:Siljan Ring
1279:shear zones
1277:Faults and
1214:Trollgarden
872:: 561–578.
468:metapelites
288:Andean-type
229:around the
158:ocean basin
130:compression
93:island arcs
75:during the
1624:Categories
1538:Norra Kärr
1393:Sääksjärvi
1363:Lappajärvi
1269:Structures
1149:Strandflat
1022:Cited book
968:9516909213
827:Terra Nova
605:Lundqvist
572:References
511:Oskarshamn
492:inner zone
476:outer zone
452:outer zone
448:granitoids
438:inner zone
434:inner zone
430:outer zone
423:Bergslagen
363:See also:
325:and large
323:migmatites
292:subduction
218:change in
216:orthogonal
205:Bergslagen
181:island arc
177:ophiolites
162:subduction
111:of rocks.
1506:provinces
1403:Suvasvesi
974:31 August
938:140162187
886:128614152
658:129418672
523:Lithuania
515:Jönköping
411:Gävleborg
306:with the
296:accretion
248:extension
227:oroclines
174:Outokumpu
136:and the
126:extension
89:accretion
53:orogenies
1176:Moraines
371:terranes
321:forming
319:anatexis
220:tectonic
185:accreted
107:and the
1504:igneous
1502:Lesser
1373:Lumparn
836:Bibcode
799:Bibcode
764:Bibcode
698:Bibcode
638:Bibcode
609:, p. 49
542:dextral
327:plutons
294:but no
212:collage
189:collage
150:Archean
65:Finland
1408:Tvären
1343:Dellen
1051:
965:
936:
884:
656:
607:et al.
595:: 3–4.
456:S-type
442:I-type
359:white.
339:felsic
170:Jormua
154:rifted
97:craton
69:Russia
61:Sweden
37:nappes
35:. The
934:S2CID
882:S2CID
654:S2CID
551:Notes
488:outer
331:mafic
122:model
1378:Mien
1049:ISBN
976:2015
963:ISBN
540:The
497:The
490:and
482:and
389:and
333:and
172:and
128:and
63:and
47:The
27:and
1005:doi
926:doi
922:124
917:GFF
874:doi
844:doi
807:doi
772:doi
706:doi
646:doi
521:in
413:),
401:),
393:),
381:),
298:or
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856:^
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832:26
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850:.
846::
838::
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801::
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774::
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712:.
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700::
660:.
648::
640::
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385:(
377:(
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