922:
fluid in preventing aspiration pneumonia has been questioned and these can be associated with poorer nutrition, hydration and quality of life. Also, there has been considerable variability in national approaches to describing different degrees of thickened fluids and food textures. However, in 2015, the
International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) group produced an agreed IDDSI framework consisting of a continuum of 8 levels (0–7), where drinks are measured from Levels 0 – 4, while foods are measured from Levels 3 – 7. It is likely that this initiative, which has widespread support among dysphagia practitioners, will improve communication with carers and will lead to greater standardisation of modified diets
845:
into the lungs). If oral feeding results in increased mealtimes and increased effort during the swallow, resulting in not enough food being ingested to maintain weight, a supplementary nonoral feeding method of nutrition may be needed. In addition, if the patient aspirates food or liquid into the lungs despite the use of compensatory strategies, and is therefore unsafe for oral feeding, nonoral feeding may be needed. Nonoral feeding includes receiving nutrition through a method that bypasses the oropharyngeal swallowing mechanism including a nasogastric tube, gastrostomy, or jejunostomy. Some people with dysphagia, especially those nearing the
52:
823:
pathologist specializing in swallowing disorders (swallowing therapist), primary physician, gastroenterologist, nursing staff, respiratory therapist, dietitian, occupational therapist, physical therapist, pharmacist, and radiologist. The role of the members of the multidisciplinary team will differ depending on the type of swallowing disorder present. For example, the swallowing therapist will be directly involved in the treatment of a patient with
921:
The most common interventions used for those with oropharyngeal dysphagia by speech language pathologists are rehabilitation of the swallow through oral motor exercises, texture modification of foods, thickening fluids and positioning changes during swallowing. The effectiveness of modifying food and
844:
Adequate nutrition and hydration must be preserved at all times during dysphagia treatment. The overall goal of dysphagia therapy is to maintain or return the patient to, oral feeding. However, this must be done while ensuring adequate nutrition and hydration and a safe swallow (no aspiration of food
835:
The implementation of a treatment strategy should be based on a thorough evaluation by the multidisciplinary team. Treatment strategies will differ on a patient to patient basis and should be structured to meet the specific needs of each individual patient. Treatment strategies are chosen based on a
791:
Esophageal dysphagia is almost always caused by disease in or adjacent to the esophagus but occasionally the lesion is in the pharynx or stomach. In many of the pathological conditions causing dysphagia, the lumen becomes progressively narrowed and indistensible. Initially, only fibrous solids cause
857:
A 2018 Cochrane review found no certain evidence about the immediate and long-term effects of modifying the thickness of fluids for swallowing difficulties in people with dementia. While thickening fluids may have an immediate positive effect on swallowing and improving oral intake, the long-term
822:
There are many ways to treat dysphagia, such as swallowing therapy, dietary changes, feeding tubes, certain medications, and surgery. Treatment for dysphagia is managed by a group of specialists known as a multidisciplinary team. Members of the multidisciplinary team include: a speech language
229:
secondary to food or liquids going the wrong way into the lungs. Some people present with "silent aspiration" and do not cough or show outward signs of aspiration. Undiagnosed dysphagia can also result in dehydration, malnutrition, and kidney failure.
917:
Patients may need a combination of treatment procedures to maintain a safe and nutritionally adequate swallow. For example, postural strategies may be combined with swallowing maneuvers to allow the patient to swallow in a safe and efficient manner.
2475:
2460:
245:
The most common symptom of esophageal dysphagia is the inability to swallow solid food, which the patient will describe as 'becoming stuck' or 'held up' before it either passes into the stomach or is regurgitated. Pain on swallowing or
658:
FEES (Fibreoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing), sometimes with sensory evaluation, is done usually by a
Medical Speech Pathologist or Deglutologist. This procedure involves the patient eating different consistencies as
2590:
238:, unexplained weight loss, gurgly or wet voice after swallowing, nasal regurgitation, and patient complaint of swallowing difficulty. When asked where the food is getting stuck, patients will often point to the cervical (
836:
number of different factors including diagnosis, prognosis, reaction to compensatory strategies, severity of dysphagia, cognitive status, respiratory function, caregiver support, and patient motivation and interest.
258:
is a major exception to usual pattern of dysphagia in that swallowing of fluid tends to cause more difficulty than swallowing solids. In achalasia, there is idiopathic destruction of parasympathetic ganglia of the
930:
Swallowing disorders can occur in all age groups, resulting from congenital abnormalities, structural damage, and/or medical conditions. Swallowing problems are a common complaint among older individuals, and the
233:
Some signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal dysphagia include difficulty controlling food in the mouth, inability to control food or saliva in the mouth, difficulty initiating a swallow, coughing, choking, frequent
179:, which is the sensation of a lump in the throat. A person can have dysphagia without odynophagia (dysfunction without pain), odynophagia without dysphagia (pain without dysfunction) or both together. A
2583:
221:
Some patients have limited awareness of their dysphagia, so lack of the symptom does not exclude an underlying disease. When dysphagia goes undiagnosed or untreated, patients are at a high risk of
2428:
3222:
2576:
2117:
McCurtin A, Healy C (February 2017). "Why do clinicians choose the therapies and techniques they do? Exploring clinical decision-making via treatment selections in dysphagia practice".
866:
Compensatory treatment procedures are designed to change the flow of the food/liquids and eliminate symptoms but do not directly change the physiology of the swallow.
796:
if the person is more comfortable with those liquids, although, so far, there is no scientific study that proves that those thickened liquids are beneficial.
2217:"Development of International Terminology and Definitions for Texture-Modified Foods and Thickened Fluids Used in Dysphagia Management: The IDDSI Framework"
242:) region as the site of the obstruction. The actual site of obstruction is always at or below the level at which the level of obstruction is perceived.
3227:
1213:
1128:
1973:
Supporting people who have eating and drinking difficulties. A guide to practical care and clinical assistance, particularly towards the end of life
1162:
1985:
1351:
1197:
1158:
1971:
760:
792:
difficulty but later the problem can extend to all solids and later even to liquids. Patients with difficulty swallowing may benefit from
662:
Swallowing sounds and vibrations could be potentially used for dysphagia screening, but these approaches are in the early research stages.
1452:
Rofes, Laia; Arreola, Viridiana; Almirall, Jordi; CabrĂ©, Mateu; Campins, LluĂs; GarcĂa-Peris, Pilar; Speyer, RenĂ©e; ClavĂ©, Pere (2011).
1217:
814:- the normal healthy changes in swallowing associated with age - should be considered as an alternative explanation for symptoms.
171:
sensation or various other inadequacies of the swallowing mechanism. Dysphagia is distinguished from other symptoms including
2215:, Hanson B, Chen J, Dantas RO, Duivestein J, Kayashita J, Lecko C, Murray J, Pillay M, Riquelme L, Stanschus S (April 2017).
2811:
167:
It may be a sensation that suggests difficulty in the passage of solids or liquids from the mouth to the stomach, a lack of
935:
of dysphagia is higher in the elderly, and in patients who have had strokes. Dysphagia affects about 3% of the population.
2060:"Therapeutic exercises for affecting post-treatment swallowing in people treated for advanced-stage head and neck cancers"
849:, may choose to continue eating and drinking orally even when it has been deemed unsafe. This is known as "risk feeding".
775:
3232:
2433:
2568:
1977:
1454:"Diagnosis and Management of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia and Its Nutritional and Respiratory Complications in the Elderly"
1946:
3196:
1243:
Franko, Debra L.; Shapiro, Jo; Gagne, Adele (1997). "Phagophobia: A form of
Psychogenic Dysphagia a New Entity".
632:
3105:
2494:
932:
800:
731:
711:
555:
685:
655:
are not very useful in finding causes of dysphagia, but can detect masses in mediastinum and aortic aneurysms.
645:
can be performed on esophageal lavage obtained by esophagoscopy. It can detect malignant cells in early stage.
574:
2304:
1540:"Dysphagia Screening: Contributions of Cervical Auscultation Signals and Modern Signal-Processing Techniques"
613:
Difficulty with or inability to swallow may be caused or exacerbated by usage of opiate and/or opioid drugs.
3151:
2731:
2672:
994:
Smithard DG, Smeeton NC, Wolfe CD (January 2007). "Long-term outcome after stroke: does dysphagia matter?".
824:
755:
680:
504:
416:
398:
212:
Functional dysphagia is defined in some patients as having no organic cause for dysphagia that can be found.
199:
94:
1221:
2615:
2603:
1136:
1132:
765:
1072:
2889:
2162:"Use of modified diets to prevent aspiration in oropharyngeal dysphagia: is current practice justified?"
322:
3083:
2836:
2746:
3181:
3171:
3110:
3063:
3046:
2965:
2806:
2677:
785:
636:
425:
276:
226:
222:
204:
99:
886:
Therapeutic treatment procedures – designed to change and/or improve the physiology of the swallow.
2815:
2741:
2716:
2479:
827:, while a gastroenterologist will be directly involved in the treatment of an esophageal disorder.
550:
180:
2831:
51:
3013:
2942:
2874:
2865:
2599:
2395:
2212:
2142:
1276:
1166:
1054:
770:
690:
675:
532:
478:
468:
406:
153:
129:
84:
3166:
3058:
2947:
2711:
545:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3136:
3068:
2985:
2759:
2534:
2505:
2387:
2352:
2285:
2246:
2193:
2134:
2099:
2040:
2022:
1981:
1928:
1879:
1830:
1781:
1763:
1719:
1569:
1493:
1475:
1408:
1390:
1347:
1307:
1268:
1260:
1193:
1110:
1046:
1011:
750:
742:
726:
590:
540:
518:
117:
68:
3156:
3078:
2899:
2826:
2736:
2379:
2342:
2277:
2236:
2228:
2183:
2173:
2126:
2089:
2079:
2071:
2030:
2014:
1918:
1910:
1869:
1861:
1820:
1812:
1771:
1753:
1709:
1701:
1559:
1551:
1483:
1465:
1398:
1380:
1252:
1102:
1038:
1003:
846:
793:
260:
176:
73:
2001:
Flynn, Eadaoin; Smith, Christina H; Walsh, Cathal D; Walshe, Margaret (24 September 2018).
2990:
2879:
2786:
2754:
2699:
2645:
2423:
973:
648:
579:
508:
421:
60:
3161:
2764:
2726:
2721:
357:
671:
All causes of dysphagia are considered as differential diagnoses. Some common ones are:
3141:
3131:
3073:
3008:
2922:
2484:
2347:
2330:
2241:
2216:
2188:
2161:
2094:
2059:
2035:
1923:
1898:
1874:
1849:
1825:
1800:
1776:
1741:
1714:
1689:
1637:
1564:
1539:
1488:
1453:
1403:
1368:
1042:
721:
436:
125:
17:
2488:
2058:
Perry A, Lee SH, Cotton S, Kennedy C, et al. (Cochrane ENT Group) (August 2016).
2003:"Modifying the consistency of food and fluids for swallowing difficulties in dementia"
3216:
3146:
2927:
2821:
2801:
2418:
2399:
944:
736:
642:
622:
598:
512:
334:
2146:
1899:"Central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis: the osmotic demyelination syndromes"
1280:
1058:
3023:
3018:
2884:
2791:
2650:
2075:
2018:
811:
716:
626:
528:
490:
486:
383:
351:
141:
103:
2545:
2130:
1512:
2499:
2329:
Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R (December 2005).
2265:
2002:
1663:
1612:
3176:
3053:
2684:
2529:
2281:
1106:
706:
584:
494:
393:
343:
317:
284:
247:
184:
172:
121:
77:
2510:
1758:
1587:
1426:
1295:
1256:
3126:
2937:
2869:
2860:
2852:
2842:
2694:
2689:
2655:
2640:
2551:
2383:
2232:
2178:
1865:
1850:"A case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis presented as oropharyngeal Dysphagia"
1555:
482:
474:
364:
347:
327:
133:
107:
2026:
1914:
1767:
1705:
1479:
1394:
1264:
1190:
254:, although it also has numerous other causes that are not related to cancer.
2660:
2635:
2540:
2469:
1007:
858:
impact on the health of the person with dementia should also be considered.
698:
522:
500:
280:
264:
263:
of the entire esophagus, which results in functional narrowing of the lower
255:
251:
235:
137:
33:
2391:
2356:
2331:"Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications"
2250:
2197:
2138:
2103:
2044:
1932:
1883:
1834:
1785:
1723:
1573:
1497:
1412:
1311:
1114:
1050:
1015:
2289:
1470:
1272:
1093:
Boczko F (November 2006). "Patients' awareness of symptoms of dysphagia".
3041:
2970:
2894:
2630:
1369:"Management of Dehydration in Patients Suffering Swallowing Difficulties"
536:
2556:
1816:
2980:
2975:
2704:
2607:
1385:
963:
652:
430:
168:
161:
2452:
2084:
1192:. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. pp. Chapter 6, p. 63.
3097:
2625:
2464:
2437:
1735:
1733:
968:
807:, or due to rapid iatrogenic correction of an electrolyte imbalance.
780:
566:
441:
157:
1801:"Validation of a dysphagia screening tool in acute stroke patients"
1690:"Unusual Cause of Dysphagia in a Patient With Cervical Spondylosis"
2932:
2781:
1742:"Treatment burden associated with the intake of thickened fluids"
1740:
Steele, Simon J.; Ennis, Samantha L.; Dobler, Claudia C. (2021).
603:
Tight hiatus repairs/laparoscopic fundoplication; gastric banding
2370:
Kim JP, Kahrilas PJ (January 2019). "How I Approach
Dysphagia".
1513:"Opioid Effects on Swallowing and Esophageal Sphincter Pressure"
239:
2572:
1029:
Brady A (January 2008). "Managing the patient with dysphagia".
804:
295:
The following table enumerates possible causes of dysphagia:
1367:
Reber; Gomes; Dähn; Vasiloglou; Stanga (8 November 2019).
250:
is a distinctive symptom that can be highly indicative of
1799:
Edmiaston J, Connor LT, Loehr L, Nassief A (July 2010).
195:
Dysphagia is classified into the following major types:
152:
is difficulty in swallowing. Although classified under "
1848:
Noh EJ, Park MI, Park SJ, Moon W, Jung HJ (July 2010).
1095:
Journal of the
American Medical Directors Association
2442:
3119:
3096:
3034:
3001:
2958:
2915:
2908:
2851:
2773:
2614:
2520:
2446:
1947:"Resources: Presbyphagia/ or swallowing and ageing"
113:
93:
83:
67:
44:
2266:"Disorders of the digestive system in the elderly"
2119:International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
1903:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1752:(1). European Respiratory Society (ERS): 210003.
267:, and peristaltic failure throughout its length.
3223:Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen
1344:Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders
876:Modifying volume and speed of food presentation
1245:Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology
1188:Sleisenger MH, Feldman M, Friedman LM (2002).
1159:"Swallowing Disorders – Symptoms of Dysphagia"
175:, which is defined as painful swallowing, and
2584:
1854:Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
976:, an irrational fear of swallowing or choking
890:Oral and pharyngeal range-of-Motion exercises
8:
1538:Dudik JM, Coyle JL, Sejdić E (August 2015).
2064:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
879:Technique to improve oral sensory awareness
2912:
2591:
2577:
2569:
2443:
1544:IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems
297:
50:
41:
2346:
2264:Shamburek RD, Farrar JT (February 1990).
2240:
2187:
2177:
2093:
2083:
2034:
1922:
1873:
1824:
1775:
1757:
1713:
1563:
1487:
1469:
1402:
1384:
943:The word "dysphagia" is derived from the
160:, in some contexts it is classified as a
2427:) is being considered for deletion. See
1694:Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports
950:meaning bad or disordered, and the root
799:Dysphagia may manifest as the result of
2007:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
986:
275:Complications of dysphagia may include
1511:Savilampi, Johanna (31 January 2012).
1458:Gastroenterology Research and Practice
1163:New York University School of Medicine
7:
1668:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1642:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1617:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1592:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1431:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
367:/dry mouth – e.g. Sjogren's syndrome
205:Esophageal and obstructive dysphagia
2270:The New England Journal of Medicine
853:Swallowing difficulties in dementia
2348:10.1161/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb
1218:University of Texas Medical Branch
1043:10.1097/01.NHH.0000305554.40220.6d
89:Inability or difficulty swallowing
63:, with the esophagus marked in red
25:
2431:to help reach a consensus. ›
1951:Melbourne Swallow Analysis Centre
1805:American Journal of Critical Care
1519:. US National Library of Medicine
1251:(4). SAGE Publications: 286–290.
803:pathologies including stroke and
3228:Gastrointestinal tract disorders
1688:Chu EC, Shum JS, Lin AF (2019).
739:, especially paraesophageal type
873:Food consistency (diet) changes
629:can give direct view of lumens.
209:Neuromuscular symptom complexes
2076:10.1002/14651858.CD011112.pub2
2019:10.1002/14651858.cd011077.pub2
639:and diffuse esophageal spasms.
495:scleroderma/systemic sclerosis
128:, mental illness, alcoholism,
1:
2305:"When the Meal Won't Go Down"
2131:10.3109/17549507.2016.1159333
776:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
261:Auerbach's (Myenteric) plexus
1897:Martin RJ (September 2004).
1373:Journal of Clinical Medicine
2812:Charcot's cholangitis triad
2282:10.1056/NEJM199002153220705
1978:Royal College of Physicians
1107:10.1016/j.jamda.2006.08.002
761:Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
527:Nervous disorders, such as
314:Inflammation and infection
3249:
1759:10.1183/20734735.0003-2021
1342:Logemann, Jeri A. (1998).
1257:10.1177/000348949710600404
905:Super-supraglottic swallow
31:
3197:Sister Mary Joseph nodule
2384:10.1007/s11894-019-0718-1
2233:10.1007/s00455-016-9758-y
2179:10.1186/s12877-018-0839-7
2160:O'Keeffe ST (July 2018).
1866:10.5056/jnm.2010.16.3.319
1556:10.1109/thms.2015.2408615
1464:. Hindawi Limited: 1–13.
1300:American Family Physician
633:Esophageal motility study
58:
49:
2429:templates for discussion
2303:Span P (21 April 2010).
1915:10.1136/jnnp.2004.045906
1706:10.1177/1179547619882707
1294:Spieker MR (June 2000).
1037:(1): 41–46, quiz 47–48.
840:Oral vs. nonoral feeding
801:autonomic nervous system
732:Eosinophilic esophagitis
712:Diffuse esophageal spasm
556:Eosinophilic esophagitis
32:Not to be confused with
29:Difficulty in swallowing
1346:. Austin, Tex: Pro-Ed.
896:Bolus control exercises
825:oropharyngeal dysphagia
756:Wernicke encephalopathy
681:Paterson-Kelly syndrome
505:Paterson-Kelly syndrome
417:Retropharyngeal abscess
399:Paterson-Kelly syndrome
200:Oropharyngeal dysphagia
18:Swallowing difficulties
2604:human digestive system
2372:Curr Gastroenterol Rep
1976:(2 ed.). London:
1296:"Evaluating dysphagia"
1133:University of Virginia
703:Esophageal diverticula
667:Differential diagnosis
635:is useful in cases of
183:dysphagia is known as
2890:Obstructed defecation
1909:(Suppl 3): iii22–28.
1379:(11). MDPI AG: 1923.
1031:Home Healthcare Nurse
1008:10.1093/ageing/afl149
899:Swallowing maneuvers
882:Intraoral prosthetics
686:Zenker's diverticulum
575:Zenker's diverticulum
460:Impacted foreign body
323:Peritonsillar abscess
3152:Aure-Rozanova's sign
3111:Hannington-Kiff sign
3106:Howship–Romberg sign
3064:Aortic insufficiency
2966:Abdominal distension
1700:: 1179547619882707.
902:Supraglottic swallow
893:Resistance exercises
862:Treatment procedures
831:Treatment strategies
786:Cervical Spondylosis
643:Exfoliative cytology
637:esophageal achalasia
523:esophageal leiomyoma
452:Esophageal dysphagia
426:cervical lymph nodes
374:Pharyngeal dysphagia
227:aspiration pneumonia
223:pulmonary aspiration
100:Pulmonary aspiration
3233:Otorhinolaryngology
2717:Chilaiditi syndrome
2211:Cichero JA, Lam P,
1817:10.4037/ajcc2009961
1638:"Esophageal Cancer"
1471:10.1155/2011/818979
1169:on 14 November 2007
911:Mendelsohn maneuver
870:Postural techniques
766:Parkinson's disease
551:Candida esophagitis
517:Neoplasms, such as
287:, and weight loss.
3084:Grey Turner's sign
3014:Hepatosplenomegaly
2943:Abdominal guarding
2875:Fecal occult blood
2866:Fecal incontinence
2837:Mirizzi's syndrome
2747:Sherren's triangle
2600:Signs and symptoms
2521:External resources
2309:The New York Times
1517:clinicaltrials.gov
1386:10.3390/jcm8111923
771:Multiple sclerosis
691:Esophageal varices
676:Esophageal atresia
562:Outside the wall:
533:pseudobulbar palsy
479:reflux esophagitis
469:Esophageal atresia
413:Outside the wall:
407:Malignant neoplasm
217:Signs and symptoms
164:in its own right.
154:symptoms and signs
130:refeeding syndrome
3210:
3209:
3182:Fothergill's sign
3172:Rosenstein's sign
3092:
3091:
3047:Mallet-Guy's sign
2986:Shifting dullness
2807:Courvoisier's law
2566:
2565:
1987:978-1-86016-796-6
1644:. 26 October 2020
1433:. 14 October 2020
1353:978-0-89079-728-0
1199:978-0-7216-0010-9
908:Effortful swallow
810:In older adults,
743:Dysphagia lusoria
727:Esophageal cancer
695:Benign strictures
611:
610:
591:Dysphagia lusoria
541:myasthenia gravis
519:esophageal cancer
403:Pharyngeal spasms
346:, usually due to
147:
146:
118:Esophageal cancer
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3240:
2913:
2900:Rectal discharge
2816:Reynolds' pentad
2755:Radiologic signs
2742:McBurney's point
2616:Gastrointestinal
2602:relating to the
2593:
2586:
2579:
2570:
2444:
2404:
2403:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1761:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1473:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1388:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1339:
1316:
1315:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1220:. Archived from
1210:
1204:
1203:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1165:. Archived from
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1135:. Archived from
1125:
1119:
1118:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1026:
1020:
1019:
991:
794:thickened fluids
513:esophageal rings
350:in children and
298:
74:Gastroenterology
54:
42:
21:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3167:Lockwood's sign
3115:
3088:
3059:Ballance's sign
3030:
2997:
2991:Fluid wave test
2954:
2948:Blumberg's sign
2904:
2880:Rectal tenesmus
2847:
2787:Councilman body
2769:
2712:Goodsall's rule
2700:Hypersalivation
2617:
2610:
2597:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2516:
2515:
2455:
2432:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2341:(12): 2756–63.
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2070:(8): CD011112.
2057:
2056:
2052:
2013:(9): CD011077.
2000:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1341:
1340:
1319:
1306:(12): 3639–48.
1293:
1292:
1288:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1224:on 6 March 2008
1212:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1028:
1027:
1023:
993:
992:
988:
983:
974:Pseudodysphagia
960:
954:meaning "eat".
941:
928:
864:
855:
842:
833:
820:
669:
649:Ultrasonography
619:
595:Periesophagitis
580:Aortic aneurysm
546:Crohn's disease
509:esophageal webs
499:Spasms, due to
422:Lymphadenopathy
293:
273:
225:and subsequent
219:
193:
61:digestive tract
40:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3202:Blumer's shelf
3199:
3194:
3192:Massouh's sign
3189:
3187:Carnett's sign
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Hamburger sign
3139:
3137:Rovsing's sign
3134:
3132:Obturator sign
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3069:Castell's sign
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3009:Abdominal mass
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2923:Abdominal pain
2919:
2917:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2818:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2760:Hampton's line
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2548:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2502:
2491:
2472:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:Classification
2441:
2440:
2416:
2412:
2411:External links
2409:
2406:
2405:
2362:
2321:
2295:
2256:
2227:(2): 293–314.
2203:
2166:BMC Geriatrics
2152:
2109:
2050:
1993:
1986:
1963:
1938:
1889:
1840:
1791:
1729:
1680:
1655:
1629:
1604:
1579:
1550:(4): 465–477.
1530:
1503:
1444:
1418:
1359:
1352:
1317:
1286:
1235:
1205:
1198:
1180:
1150:
1139:on 9 July 2004
1120:
1085:
1064:
1021:
996:Age and Ageing
985:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
971:
966:
959:
956:
940:
937:
927:
924:
915:
914:
913:
912:
909:
906:
903:
897:
894:
891:
884:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
863:
860:
854:
851:
841:
838:
832:
829:
819:
816:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
751:Fahr's disease
748:
745:
740:
734:
729:
724:
722:Webs and rings
719:
714:
709:
704:
701:
696:
693:
688:
683:
678:
668:
665:
664:
663:
660:
656:
646:
640:
630:
618:
615:
609:
608:
607:
606:
605:
604:
601:
596:
593:
588:
582:
577:
572:
569:
560:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
525:
515:
497:
471:
463:
462:
461:
453:
449:
448:
447:
446:
445:
444:
439:
437:Eagle syndrome
434:
428:
419:
411:
410:
409:
404:
401:
396:
388:
387:
386:
375:
371:
370:
369:
368:
362:
361:
360:
355:
337:
332:
331:
330:
325:
320:
310:
309:Oral dysphagia
306:
305:
302:
292:
289:
272:
269:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
207:
202:
192:
191:Classification
189:
145:
144:
126:Stomach cancer
115:
111:
110:
97:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
71:
65:
64:
56:
55:
47:
46:
38:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3245:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Dunphy's sign
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Heel tap sign
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Cullen's sign
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Acute abdomen
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:LĂ©pine's sign
2830:
2828:
2827:Murphy's sign
2824:
2823:
2822:cholecystitis
2819:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Markle's sign
2735:
2733:
2732:Arapov's sign
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:oropharyngeal
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:(7): 438–43.
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:(3): 319–22.
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:(4): 357–64.
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1669:
1665:
1664:"Esophagitis"
1659:
1656:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1618:
1614:
1613:"Scleroderma"
1608:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:(9): 587–90.
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
987:
980:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
955:
953:
949:
946:
938:
936:
934:
925:
923:
919:
910:
907:
904:
901:
900:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
887:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
868:
867:
861:
859:
852:
850:
848:
839:
837:
830:
828:
826:
817:
815:
813:
808:
806:
802:
797:
795:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
737:Hiatus hernia
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
702:
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
672:
666:
661:
657:
654:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
634:
631:
628:
624:
623:Esophagoscopy
621:
620:
616:
614:
602:
600:
599:Hiatus hernia
597:
594:
592:
589:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
570:
568:
565:Retrosternal
564:
563:
561:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
470:
467:
466:
464:
459:
458:
456:
455:
454:
451:
450:
443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
429:
427:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
412:
408:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:
378:
377:
376:
373:
372:
366:
363:
359:
356:
353:
349:
345:
342:Paralysis of
341:
340:
339:Neurological
338:
336:
335:Tongue cancer
333:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
313:
312:
311:
308:
307:
303:
300:
299:
296:
290:
288:
286:
282:
278:
271:Complications
270:
268:
266:
262:
257:
253:
249:
243:
241:
237:
231:
228:
224:
216:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
190:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
139:
136:, infection,
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
98:
96:
95:Complications
92:
88:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
48:
43:
35:
27:
19:
3162:Alder's sign
3024:Splenomegaly
3019:Hepatomegaly
2885:Constipation
2820:
2798:
2792:Mallory body
2780:
2765:Klemm's sign
2753:
2727:Aaron's sign
2722:Dance's sign
2667:
2651:Trichophagia
2550:
2539:
2528:
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2125:(1): 69–76.
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1002:(1): 90–94.
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926:Epidemiology
920:
916:
885:
865:
856:
843:
834:
821:
812:presbyphagia
809:
798:
790:
717:Polymyositis
670:
627:laryngoscopy
612:
529:bulbar palsy
491:radiotherapy
487:tuberculosis
481:, swallowed
384:foreign body
358:Bell's palsy
352:bulbar palsy
294:
274:
244:
232:
220:
194:
166:
149:
148:
142:malnutrition
104:malnutrition
26:
3177:Cupola sign
3074:Kehr's sign
3054:Puddle sign
2685:Odynophagia
2530:MedlinePlus
2417:‹ The
1588:"Dysphagia"
1427:"Achalasia"
1228:23 February
1214:"Dysphagia"
1173:24 February
1143:24 February
1129:"Dysphagia"
1078:23 February
847:end of life
707:Scleroderma
585:Mediastinal
394:Pharyngitis
344:soft palate
318:Tonsillitis
285:dehydration
248:odynophagia
185:phagophobia
181:psychogenic
173:odynophagia
122:Esophagitis
78:phoniatrics
3217:Categories
3127:Psoas sign
2959:Distension
2938:Baby colic
2870:encopresis
2861:Flatulence
2853:Defecation
2843:Nardi test
2802:Boas' sign
2695:Xerostomia
2690:Bad breath
2678:esophageal
2656:Pagophagia
2641:Aerophagia
2552:Patient UK
2506:DiseasesDB
2378:(10): 49.
2172:(1): 167.
2085:10059/1671
981:References
818:Treatments
571:Malignancy
483:corrosives
475:strictures
433:malignancy
365:Xerostomia
348:diphtheria
328:Stomatitis
277:aspiration
169:pharyngeal
134:starvation
108:starvation
2774:Accessory
2668:Dysphagia
2661:Geophagia
2636:Heartburn
2557:Dysphagia
2541:eMedicine
2434:Dysphagia
2400:201064709
2221:Dysphagia
2213:Steele CM
2027:1465-1858
1768:1810-6838
1480:1687-6121
1395:2077-0383
1265:0003-4894
939:Etymology
933:incidence
699:Achalasia
617:Diagnosis
501:achalasia
477:, due to
382:Impacted
354:in adults
281:pneumonia
265:esophagus
256:Achalasia
252:carcinoma
236:pneumonia
162:condition
150:Dysphagia
138:gastritis
69:Specialty
45:Dysphagia
34:Dysphasia
3042:Jaundice
2971:Bloating
2895:Diarrhea
2799:biliary:
2631:Vomiting
2419:template
2392:31432250
2357:16269630
2251:27913916
2198:30029632
2147:31193444
2139:27063701
2104:27562477
2045:30251253
1980:. 2021.
1933:15316041
1884:20680172
1835:19875722
1786:34295407
1724:31908560
1574:26213659
1523:23 March
1498:20811545
1413:31717441
1312:10892635
1281:22215557
1115:17095424
1073:"ICD-10"
1059:11420756
1051:18158492
1016:17172601
958:See also
537:vagotomy
301:Location
85:Symptoms
2981:Tympany
2976:Ascites
2909:Abdomen
2705:Burping
2608:abdomen
2546:pmr/194
2500:D003680
2421:below (
2314:27 July
2290:2405269
2242:5380696
2189:6053717
2095:7104309
2036:6513397
1956:7 March
1924:1765665
1875:2912126
1826:2896456
1777:8291955
1746:Breathe
1715:6937524
1673:22 July
1648:22 July
1622:22 July
1597:12 July
1565:4511276
1489:2929516
1437:12 July
1404:6912295
1273:9109717
964:Aphagia
653:CT scan
535:, post-
473:Benign
431:Thyroid
379:Lumen:
3098:Hernia
3002:Masses
2626:Nausea
2535:003115
2485:438.82
2438:Curlie
2424:Curlie
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969:MEGF10
781:Rabies
747:Stroke
659:above.
587:growth
567:goitre
511:, and
489:, and
465:Wall:
457:Lumen
442:Rabies
390:Wall:
304:Cause
291:Causes
177:globus
158:ICD-10
114:Causes
3120:Other
3035:Other
2933:Colic
2782:liver
2618:tract
2511:17942
2489:787.2
2396:S2CID
2143:S2CID
1277:S2CID
1055:S2CID
952:phag-
945:Greek
156:" in
2916:Pain
2868:and
2646:Pica
2495:MeSH
2480:9-CM
2388:PMID
2353:PMID
2316:2014
2286:PMID
2247:PMID
2194:PMID
2135:PMID
2100:PMID
2068:2016
2041:PMID
2023:ISSN
2011:2018
1982:ISBN
1958:2022
1929:PMID
1880:PMID
1831:PMID
1782:PMID
1764:ISSN
1720:PMID
1675:2021
1650:2021
1624:2021
1599:2021
1570:PMID
1525:2018
1494:PMID
1476:ISSN
1462:2011
1439:2021
1409:PMID
1391:ISSN
1348:ISBN
1308:PMID
1269:PMID
1261:ISSN
1230:2008
1194:ISBN
1175:2008
1145:2008
1111:PMID
1080:2008
1047:PMID
1012:PMID
651:and
625:and
240:neck
59:The
2606:or
2476:ICD
2470:R13
2461:ICD
2436:at
2380:doi
2343:doi
2278:doi
2274:322
2237:PMC
2229:doi
2184:PMC
2174:doi
2127:doi
2090:PMC
2080:hdl
2072:doi
2031:PMC
2015:doi
1919:PMC
1911:doi
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