455:
866:, that they release at high concentrations in their sweat. Their perspiration unlike humans is created by apocrine glands. This protein, by wetting the horses' coat hairs facilitate water flow for cooling evaporation. The presence of this protein can be seen in the lathering that often occurs on the coats of sweating horses, especially when rubbed. In hot conditions, horses during three hours of moderate-intensity exercise can lose 30 to 35 litres (6.6 to 7.7 imp gal; 7.9 to 9.2 US gal) of water and 100 grams (3.5 oz) of sodium, 198 grams (7.0 oz) of chloride and 45 grams (1.6 oz) of potassium.
760:
875:
718:, feet, and hands, it is possible for someone to experience this condition over their whole body. The face is another common area for hyperhidrosis to be an issue. Sweating uncontrollably is not always expected and may be embarrassing to people with the condition. It can cause both physiological and emotional problems in patients. It is generally inherited. It is not life-threatening, but it is threatening to a person's quality of life. Treatments for hyperhidrosis include
52:
1124:. Sweat can be sampled and sensed non-invasively and continuously using electronic tattoos, bands, or patches. However, sweat as a diagnostic fluid presents numerous challenges as well, such as very small sample volumes and filtration (dilution) of larger-sized hydrophilic analytes. Currently the only major commercial application for sweat diagnostics is for infant cystic fibrosis testing based on sweat chloride concentrations.
751:
there are too many covers on the bed. Night sweats caused by a medical condition or infection can be described as "severe hot flashes occurring at night that can drench sleepwear and sheets, which are not related to the environment". Some of the underlying medical conditions and infections that cause these severe night sweats can be life-threatening and should promptly be investigated by a medical practitioner.
402:
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If an individual weighs more, sweat rate is likely to increase because the body must exert more energy to function and there is more body mass to cool down. On the other hand, a fit person will start sweating earlier and more readily. As someone becomes fit, the body becomes more efficient at regulating the body's temperature and sweat glands adapt along with the body's other systems.
246:. The eccrine sweat glands are distributed over much of the body and are responsible for secreting the watery, brackish sweat most often triggered by excessive body temperature. Apocrine sweat glands are restricted to the armpits and a few other areas of the body and produce an odorless, oily, opaque secretion which then gains its characteristic odor from bacterial decomposition.
2621:
999:). Probably many other less-abundant trace minerals leave the body through sweating with correspondingly lower concentrations. Some exogenous organic compounds make their way into sweat as exemplified by an unidentified odiferous "maple syrup" scented compound in several of the species in the mushroom genus
790:
Sweating causes a decrease in core temperature through evaporative cooling at the skin surface. As high energy molecules evaporate from the skin, releasing energy absorbed from the body, the skin and superficial vessels decrease in temperature. Cooled venous blood then returns to the body's core and
1111:
Artificial skin capable of sweating similar to natural sweat rates and with the surface texture and wetting properties of regular skin has been developed for research purposes. Artificial perspiration is also available for in-vitro testing, and contains 19 amino acids and the most abundant minerals
814:
People have an average of two to four million sweat glands, but how much sweat is released by each gland is determined by many factors, including sex, genetics, environmental conditions, age and fitness level. Two of the major contributors to sweat rate are an individual's fitness level and weight.
681:
is well known for its use as a diaphoretic, and was widely used in the 19th and early 20th century by physicians to "purge" the body of an illness. However, due to the high toxicity of mercury, secondary symptoms would manifest, which were erroneously attributed to the former disease that was being
750:
While night sweats might be relatively harmless, it can also be a sign of a serious underlying disease. It is important to distinguish night sweats due to medical causes from those that occur simply because the sleep environment is too warm, either because the bedroom is unusually hot or because
841:: the maximum rate of sweating increases and its solute composition decreases. The volume of water lost in sweat daily is highly variable, ranging from 100 to 8,000 millilitres per day (0.041 to 3.259 imp fl oz/ks). The solute loss can be as much as 350
257:, which is achieved by the water-rich secretion of the eccrine glands. Maximum sweat rates of an adult can be up to 2–4 litres (0.53–1.06 US gal) per hour or 10–14 litres (2.6–3.7 US gal) per day, but is less in children prior to puberty.
861:
Horses have a thick, waterproofed, hairy coat that would normally block the rapid translocation of sweat water from the skin to the surface of the hair required for evaporative cooling. To solve this, horses have evolved a detergent-like protein,
889:. A microfluidic model of the eccrine sweat gland provides details on what solutes partition into sweat, their mechanisms of partitioning, and their fluidic transport to the skin surface. Dissolved in the water are trace amounts of
853:
under the most extreme conditions. During average intensity exercise, sweat losses can average up to 2 litres (0.44 imp gal; 0.53 US gal) of water/hour. In a cool climate and in the absence of
696:. The allergy is not due to the sweat itself but instead to an allergy-producing protein secreted by bacteria found on the skin. Tannic-acid has been found to suppress the allergic response along with showering.
794:
There are two situations in which the nerves will stimulate the sweat glands, causing perspiration: during physical heat and during emotional stress. In general, emotionally induced sweating is restricted to
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One of the most common causes of night sweats in women over 40 is the hormonal changes related to menopause and perimenopause. This is a very common occurrence during the menopausal transition years.
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Bandodkar AJ, Hung VW, Jia W, Ramirez GV, Windmiller JR, Martinez AG, Ramirez J, Chan G, Kagan K, Wang J (2013). "Tattoo-based potentiometric ion-selective sensors for epidermal pH monitoring".
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Relative to the plasma and extracellular fluid, the concentration of Na ions is much lower in sweat (~40 mM in sweat versus ~150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid). Initially, within
1967:
Kameia T, Tsudab T, Kitagawab S, Naitoha K, Nakashimaa K, Ohhashi T (5 June 1998). "Physical stimuli and emotional stress-induced sweat secretions in the human palm and forehead".
2403:
Hou L, Hagen J, Wang X, Papautsky I, Naik R, Kelley-Loughnane N, Heikenfeld J (2013-04-23). "Artificial microfluidic skin for in vitro perspiration simulation and testing".
689:(childhood mercury poisoning) is characterized by excessive perspiration. A clinician should immediately consider acrodynia in an afebrile child who is sweating profusely.
787:. Overall, however, the sweating response to a rise in hypothalamic ('core') temperature is much larger than the response to the same increase in average skin temperature.
744:
Night sweats, also known as nocturnal hyperhidrosis, is the occurrence of excessive sweating during sleep. The person may or may not also perspire excessively while awake.
470:, fever, ingestion of toxins or irritants, and high environmental temperature. Strong emotions (anger, fear, anxiety) and recall of past trauma can also trigger sweating.
117:
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and hence are termed sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and some blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic cholinergic neurons.
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1349:
Sawka ML, Wenger CB, Pandolf KB (1996). "Thermoregulatory responses to acute exercise-heat stress and heat acclimation". In Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM (eds.).
771:, where thermosensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the
858:, sodium loss can be very low (less than 5 mmol/d). Sodium concentration in sweat is 30–65 mmol/L, depending on the degree of acclimatisation.
349:
to an underlying condition (in which case it is called secondary hyperhidrosis) and usually involving the body as a whole (in which case it is called
767:
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the preoptic and anterior regions of the brain's
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1822:
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714:, but more than half never receive treatment due to embarrassment, lack of awareness, or lack of concern. While it most commonly affects the
288:) produce sweat in order to cool down. In horses, such cooling sweat is created by apocrine glands and contains a wetting agent, the protein
2034:
1729:
Boron, Walter F., and Emile L. Boulpaep. "Sweating." Medical
Physiology. Updated 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2012. 1260–264. Print.
567:, which can result in serious sickness or even death. Diaphoresis can also be caused by many types of infections, often accompanied by
2289:
Robyn A Peterson, Audrey
Gueniche, Ségolène Adam de Beaumais, Lionel Breton, Maria Dalko-Csiba, Nicolle H Packer (17 November 2015).
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441:
273:, accomplish similar temperature regulation results by panting, which evaporates water from the moist lining of the oral cavity and
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weather, or when the individual's muscles heat up due to exertion, more sweat is produced. Animals with few sweat glands, such as
2705:
1208:
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Sato K, Kang WH, Saga K, Sato KT (April 1989). "Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. I. Normal sweat gland function".
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423:
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579:. Most infections can cause some degree of diaphoresis and it is a very common symptom in some serious infections such as
419:
2503:
Heikenfeld J (2016). "Non-invasive
Analyte Access and Sensing through Eccrine Sweat: Challenges and Outlook circa 2016".
2063:"The microfluidics of the eccrine sweat gland, including biomarker partitioning, transport, and biosensing implications"
454:
951:
are also excreted in sweat, again an indication of their concentration is (although measurements can vary fifteenfold)
40:
944:(ENaC) that are located on the apical membrane of epithelial cells that form the duct (see Fig. 9 of the reference).
3114:
2698:
2440:"A mass-customizable dermal patch with discrete colorimetric indicators for personalized sweat rate quantification"
2118:
Montain SJ, Cheuvront SN, Lukaski HC (2007). "Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exercise-heat stress".
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412:
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350:
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Nadel ER, Bullard RW, Stolwijk JA (July 1971). "Importance of skin temperature in the regulation of sweating".
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2291:"Sweating the small stuff: Glycoproteins in human sweat and their unexplored potential for microbial adhesion"
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or sign, which means that it has many possible causes. Some causes of diaphoresis include physical exertion,
380:. Medications that are used for other treatments and diet also affect odor. Some medical conditions, such as
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Sonner Z, Wilder E, Heikenfeld J, Kasting G, Beyette F, Swaile D, Sherman F, Joyce J, Hagen J (2015-05-01).
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that either bind directly to, or prevent the binding of microbes to, the skin and seem to form part of the
1969:
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sweat has a high concentration of Na ions. In the sweat ducts, the Na ions are re-absorbed into tissue by
33:
1250:"Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages"
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climate, adaptive changes occur in the sweating mechanisms of the person. This process is referred to as
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is increased or excessive sweating in certain regions such as the underarm, palms, soles, face, or groin.
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1078:
1070:, was shown to be effective at killing some species of bacteria and fungi that affect humans, including
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or differentiable from it only by clinical criteria involved in narrow specialist senses of the words).
1910:"The impact of hyperhidrosis on patients' daily life and quality of life: a qualitative investigation"
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Hidromeiosis is a reduction in sweating that is due to blockages of sweat glands in humid conditions.
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or other secretory fluids (e.g., tears, saliva, and milk). It does this through a combination of
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neurons; however, the sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands secrete
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1015:). Sweat is found at moderately acidic to neutral pH levels, typically between 4.5 and 7.0.
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Although sweating is found in a wide variety of mammals, relatively few (apart from humans,
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Mack GW, Nadel ER (1996). "Body fluid balance during heat stress in humans". In Fregly MJ,
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775:. High skin temperature reduces the hypothalamic set point for sweating and increases the
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Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A (January 2017).
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587:. In addition, pneumothorax can cause diaphoresis with splinting of the chest wall.
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Kamudoni P, Mueller B, Halford J, Schouveller A, Stacey B, Salek M (8 June 2017).
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McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ (1998). "Sweating: Fluid and Ion Losses and
Replacement".
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injections or surgical cutting of nerves that stimulate the excessive sweating (
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Cohn JR, Emmett EA (1978). "The excretion of traces of metals in human sweat".
822:; though it contains no protein, it always contains a small amount (0.2–1%) of
323:) or excessive perspiration (in which sense they can be either synonymous with
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2729:
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2463:
2190:"Sweat Copper, Zinc, Iron, Magnesium and Chromium Levels in National Wrestler"
1926:
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McDonald RE, Fleming RI, Beeley JG, et al. (2009). Koutsopoulos S (ed.).
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677:) also cause contraction of sweat gland smooth muscle leading to diaphoresis.
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range of human sweat, where it was present at concentrations of 1–10 mg/ml.
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A substance or medicine that causes perspiration is a sudorific or sudatory.
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1382:" [Further research on the branched sweat glands in some mammals].
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and other malignant diseases (e.g. leukemias) can also cause diaphoresis.
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from skin. This protein, which could be cleaved into other antimicrobial
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901:. Although the mineral content varies, some measured concentrations are:
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549:
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722:, iontophoresis, and surgical removal of sweat glands. In severe cases,
621:, antidepressants and certain antipsychotics) may be causes, as well as
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have also been associated with diaphoresis. Diaphoresis due to ectopic
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426: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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60:
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1814:
1803:
Yokozeki H, Murota H, Katayama I (1 September 2016). "Sweat
Allergy".
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Diaphoresis may be associated with some abnormal conditions, such as
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1809:. Current Problems in Dermatology. Vol. 51. pp. 101–108.
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811:, while physical heat-induced sweating occurs throughout the body.
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873:
819:
758:
662:
509:
453:
250:
172:
1458:
Jenkinson DM (April 1973). "Comparative
Physiology of Sweating".
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International
Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
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The vast majority of sweat glands in the body are innervated by
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224:
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neurons. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons typically secrete
1204:"Simultaneous Study of Constituents of Urine and Perspiration"
395:
270:
45:
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292:
which transfers from the skin to the surface of their coats.
39:"Perspire" redirects here. For the song by Gigolo Aunts, see
2380:"DCD dermcidin [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI"
1683:"Maintaining health, comfort and productivity in heat waves"
1889:. MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 7 June 2023
1351:
Handbook of
Physiology. Section 4: Environmental Physiology
1326:
Handbook of
Physiology. Section 4: Environmental Physiology
261:
of sweat from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to
2438:
Jain V, Ochoa M, Jiang H, Rahimi R, Ziaie B (2019-06-17).
1759:
Hiragun T, Hiragun M, Ishii K, Kan T, Hide M (July 2017).
1556:"Latherin: A Surfactant Protein of Horse Sweat and Saliva"
1384:
Bollettino della Società Italiana di
Biologia Sperimentale
458:
An athlete with sweat on his face after physical exertion.
2534:
Ferner S, Koszmagk R, Lehmann A, Heilmann W (1990). "".
1617:
1328:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–214.
1094:. It was active at high salt concentrations and in the
70:
552:, and chest discomfort, it suggests serious illness.
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Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice
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The evaporation of sweat on the skin cools the body.
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1411:"Sweat gland function of the donkey (Equus asinus)"
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1297:Temperature Regulation in Humans and Other Mammals
559:(heart attack), from the increased firing of the
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504:and shock. If it is accompanied by unexplained
2586:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2536:Zeitschrift für Erkrankungen der Atmungsorgane
2706:
8:
311:can both mean either perspiration (in which
32:"Sweat" redirects here. For other uses, see
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333:is decreased sweating from whatever cause.
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2218:1986 Ten Speed Press, Berkeley California
2163:Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science
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1943:
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1589:
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1434:
1409:Robertshaw D, Taylor CR (November 1969).
1221:
783:system in response to variations in core
442:Learn how and when to remove this message
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
2194:İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi
1761:"Sweat allergy: Extrinsic or intrinsic?"
1619:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1380:Cavia cobaya, Sus scrofa, Equus caballus
1740:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome~clinical
1194:
598:shots or oral medications may have low
27:Fluid secreted from sudoriferous glands
1881:
1879:
1877:
791:counteracts rising core temperatures.
2284:
2282:
2188:Saraymen R, Kılıç E, Yazar S (2004).
1754:
1752:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1353:. New York: Oxford University Press.
606:), which can also cause diaphoresis.
555:Diaphoresis is also seen in an acute
7:
424:adding citations to reliable sources
124:Droplets of perspiration on the skin
2214:Aurora, David "Lactarius fragilis"
2035:American College of Sports Medicine
1914:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
1659:. Allaboutsweat.com. Archived from
710:Millions of people are affected by
253:, sweating is primarily a means of
2444:Microsystems & Nanoengineering
1472:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb07573.x
1062:, isolated a large protein called
496:Pathological sweating and symptoms
71:improve coverage for other species
25:
1765:Journal of Dermatological Science
728:endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy
2619:
2332:"Bacteria killer found in sweat"
1120:There is interest in its use in
575:which can trigger the result of
400:
50:
1254:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
1209:Journal of Biological Chemistry
411:needs additional citations for
345:is excessive sweating, usually
110:Sweating, hidrosis, diaphoresis
1778:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.03.002
1460:British Journal of Dermatology
1427:10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008952
589:Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
388:, can also affect sweat odor.
73:and discuss this issue on the
1:
2598:10.1016/S0190-9622(89)70063-3
2557:Journal of Applied Physiology
1991:10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00642-9
1520:10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30213-4
1223:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)76026-2
1202:Mosher HH (1 February 1933).
878:Beads of sweat emerging from
826:. When a person moves from a
2232:(6th ed.). p. 151.
1639:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
1581:10.1371/journal.pone.0005726
2722:Skin and related structures
219:, is the fluid secreted by
41:Tales from the Vinegar Side
3146:
2569:10.1152/jappl.1971.31.1.80
2348:10.1136/bmj.323.7323.1206c
1657:"Academy of Hyperhidrosis"
1374:Goglia G (January 1953). "
1112:and metabolites in sweat.
942:epithelial sodium channels
737:
703:
692:Some people can develop a
657:is a classic symptom of a
643:Sympathetic nervous system
561:sympathetic nervous system
484:and are named sympathetic
372:when it is metabolized by
38:
31:
2464:10.1038/s41378-019-0067-0
2330:Josefson D (2001-11-24).
2200:(1): 7–10. Archived from
1927:10.1186/s12955-017-0693-x
1415:The Journal of Physiology
1266:10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3
1056:Eberhard-Karls University
682:treated with mercurials.
641:painkiller dependencies.
351:generalized hyperhidrosis
284:, some primates and some
123:
114:
65:excessively human-centric
2028:Hansen J (22 May 2013).
1151:Hidradenitis suppurativa
1054:In 2001, researchers at
849:mmol/d acclimatised) of
818:Human sweat is not pure
238:can be found in humans:
2876:Loose connective tissue
2336:British Medical Journal
2132:10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.574
1107:Artificial perspiration
1039:function, like that of
2999:Bulb with matrix cells
2517:10.1002/elan.201600018
2030:"The Science of Sweat"
1970:Analytica Chimica Acta
1379:
1003:. In humans, sweat is
882:
764:
673:inhibitors (e.g. some
459:
34:Sweat (disambiguation)
2308:10.1093/glycob/cwv102
2216:Mushrooms Demystified
1806:Perspiration Research
1699:10.3402/gha.v2i0.2057
1085:Staphylococcus aureus
1079:Enterococcus faecalis
877:
762:
704:Further information:
594:Diabetics relying on
563:, and is frequent in
557:myocardial infarction
457:
386:diabetic ketoacidosis
368:Sweat contributes to
3022:Arrector pili muscle
2912:Apocrine sweat gland
2628:at Wikimedia Commons
2384:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2042:on 21 September 2013
1299:. Berlin: Springer.
1049:innate immune system
1018:Sweat contains many
957:0.4 milligrams/litre
807:, and sometimes the
779:of the hypothalamic
730:) may be an option.
671:Acetylcholinesterase
464:non-specific symptom
420:improve this article
2917:Eccrine sweat gland
2865:Panniculus carnosus
2860:Panniculus adiposus
2844:Subcutaneous tissue
2456:2019MicNa...5...29J
2257:2013Ana...138..123B
1983:1998AcAC..365..319K
1572:2009PLoSO...4.5726M
1122:wearable technology
1102:Society and culture
1035:Sweat may serve an
645:stimulants such as
522:shortness of breath
337:Focal hyperhidrosis
263:evaporative cooling
59:This article about
3032:Pilosebaceous unit
2881:Superficial fascia
2790:Basal keratinocyte
2757:Stratum granulosum
2665:External resources
2417:10.1039/C3LC41231H
2265:10.1039/c2an36422k
1687:Glob Health Action
1681:Parsons K (2009).
883:
765:
635:nonbenzodiazepines
565:serotonin syndrome
460:
364:Signs and symptoms
3115:Animal physiology
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3049:
3048:
2954:Inner root sheath
2949:Outer root sheath
2838:
2837:
2782:Basement membrane
2688:
2687:
2624:Media related to
2411:(10): 1868–1875.
2079:10.1063/1.4921039
1824:978-3-318-05904-5
1815:10.1159/000446788
1642:, Wolters Kluwer.
1360:978-0-19-507492-5
1335:978-0-19-507492-5
1306:978-3-540-41234-2
1295:Jessen C (2000).
1171:Sweat diagnostics
1060:Tübingen, Germany
609:Drugs (including
462:Diaphoresis is a
452:
451:
444:
210:
209:
96:Medical condition
94:
93:
86:
16:(Redirected from
3137:
2937:
2896:
2871:Membranous layer
2767:Malpighian layer
2762:Stratum spinosum
2735:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2633:
2623:
2609:
2580:
2551:
2521:
2520:
2511:(6): 1242–1249.
2500:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2067:Biomicrofluidics
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2038:. Archived from
2025:
2019:
2018:
1977:(1–3): 319–326.
1964:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1883:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1756:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1583:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1199:
1091:Candida albicans
1073:Escherichia coli
998:
990:
982:
974:
966:
958:
932:
924:
916:
908:
885:Sweat is mostly
848:
844:
659:pheochromocytoma
447:
440:
436:
433:
427:
404:
396:
255:thermoregulation
215:, also known as
119:
99:
89:
82:
78:
54:
53:
46:
21:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3094:
3045:
3041:sebaceous gland
3026:
3008:
2970:
2926:
2885:
2834:
2823:Dermal papillae
2804:
2776:
2752:Stratum lucidum
2747:Stratum corneum
2724:
2719:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2660:
2659:
2644:
2616:
2583:
2554:
2533:
2530:
2528:Further reading
2525:
2524:
2505:Electroanalysis
2502:
2501:
2497:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1887:"Hyperhidrosis"
1885:
1884:
1875:
1861:
1859:
1825:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1130:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1033:
1028:
1026:Other functions
996:
988:
980:
972:
964:
956:
930:
922:
914:
906:
872:
846:
842:
839:acclimatization
757:
742:
736:
724:botulinum toxin
720:antiperspirants
708:
702:
631:benzodiazepines
526:unconsciousness
502:hyperthyroidism
498:
448:
437:
431:
428:
417:
405:
394:
366:
298:
244:apocrine glands
183:
179:
175:
171:
97:
90:
79:
68:
55:
51:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2964:Huxley's layer
2961:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2772:Stratum basale
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:Classification
2630:
2629:
2615:
2614:External links
2612:
2611:
2610:
2581:
2552:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2495:
2430:
2395:
2371:
2342:(7323): 1206.
2322:
2301:(3): 218–229.
2278:
2235:
2230:BRS Physiology
2228:Constanzo LS.
2220:
2207:
2204:on 2011-08-20.
2180:
2153:
2126:(6): 574–582.
2110:
2053:
2020:
1959:
1900:
1873:
1823:
1792:
1748:
1731:
1722:
1673:
1645:
1634:Wolters Kluwer
1625:
1605:
1541:
1493:
1466:(4): 397–406.
1450:
1401:
1386:(in Italian).
1366:
1359:
1341:
1334:
1312:
1305:
1287:
1260:(6): 733–748.
1237:
1216:(3): 781–790.
1193:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
949:trace elements
938:eccrine glands
907:0.9 gram/litre
880:eccrine glands
871:
868:
756:
753:
738:Main article:
735:
732:
701:
698:
497:
494:
482:norepinephrine
450:
449:
408:
406:
399:
393:
390:
382:kidney failure
365:
362:
361:
360:
357:
354:
340:
334:
328:
297:
294:
240:eccrine glands
208:
207:
205:Antiperspirant
202:
198:
197:
195:Drinking water
192:
188:
187:
166:
162:
161:
156:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
121:
120:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
95:
92:
91:
58:
56:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3142:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3004:Hair follicle
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Henle's layer
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Lamina lucida
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:(4): 537–63.
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:(in German).
2537:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:Lab on a Chip
2399:
2396:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:(3): 031301.
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1663:on 2018-12-27
1662:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1181:Transpiration
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:glycoproteins
1042:
1038:
1037:antimicrobial
1031:Antimicrobial
1030:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1020:glycoproteins
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
970:
962:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
934:
928:
920:
912:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
881:
876:
869:
867:
865:
859:
857:
852:
845:mmol/d (or 90
840:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
816:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
792:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
761:
754:
752:
748:
745:
741:
733:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:hyperhidrosis
707:
706:Hyperhidrosis
700:Hyperhidrosis
699:
697:
695:
694:sweat allergy
690:
688:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:adrenal gland
664:
660:
656:
655:catecholamine
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
490:acetylcholine
487:
483:
479:
476:
471:
469:
465:
456:
446:
443:
435:
425:
421:
415:
414:
409:This section
407:
403:
398:
397:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
358:
355:
352:
348:
344:
343:Hyperhidrosis
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
325:hyperhidrosis
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
234:Two types of
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
157:
155:
154:Complications
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
100:
88:
85:
76:
72:
66:
62:
57:
48:
47:
42:
35:
30:
19:
2908:Sweat glands
2800:Lamina densa
2672:
2648:
2626:Perspiration
2589:
2585:
2560:
2556:
2539:
2535:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:
2374:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2298:
2295:Glycobiology
2294:
2251:(1): 123–8.
2248:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2210:
2202:the original
2197:
2193:
2183:
2169:(4): 270–5.
2166:
2162:
2156:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2040:the original
2033:
2023:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1868:Google Books
1866:– via
1860:. Retrieved
1805:
1768:
1764:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:the original
1638:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1566:(5): e5726.
1563:
1559:
1514:(1): 75–95.
1511:
1507:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1421:(1): 79–89.
1418:
1414:
1404:
1390:(1): 58–60.
1387:
1383:
1369:
1350:
1344:
1325:
1315:
1296:
1290:
1257:
1253:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1161:Hyponatremia
1156:Hyperthermia
1119:
1110:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1053:
1034:
1017:
1013:concentrated
1007:relative to
1000:
965:0.3–0.8 mg/L
946:
935:
884:
860:
817:
813:
793:
789:
769:hypothalamus
766:
749:
746:
743:
740:Night sweats
734:Night sweats
709:
691:
684:
675:insecticides
651:amphetamines
608:
604:hypoglycemia
593:
585:tuberculosis
577:hyperthermia
554:
518:palpitations
499:
472:
461:
438:
429:
418:Please help
413:verification
410:
367:
331:Hypohidrosis
320:
306:
302:
279:
265:. Hence, in
248:
236:sweat glands
233:
221:sweat glands
216:
213:Perspiration
212:
211:
181:Hyperthermia
102:Perspiration
80:
64:
29:
3120:Body fluids
3090:Hyponychium
3085:Paronychium
3063:Nail matrix
2941:Root sheath
2900:Skin glands
2674:MedlinePlus
2563:(1): 80–7.
2542:(2): 70–5.
1622:, Elsevier.
1322:Blatteis CM
1116:Diagnostics
1011:(i.e. less
1005:hypoosmotic
947:Many other
895:lactic acid
870:Composition
785:temperature
600:blood sugar
538:muscle pain
506:weight loss
478:cholinergic
475:sympathetic
303:diaphoresis
296:Definitions
259:Evaporation
159:Dehydration
135:Dermatology
107:Other names
3109:Categories
3080:Eponychium
3068:Nail plate
2976:Hair shaft
2852:Panniculus
2389:2022-12-04
2046:13 January
1920:(1): 121.
1893:17 January
1862:13 January
1833:2016030383
1771:(1): 3–9.
1667:2014-04-05
1189:References
1176:Sauna suit
1166:Pheromones
931:0.0013 g/L
685:Infantile
623:withdrawal
569:high fever
486:adrenergic
432:March 2016
317:synonymous
301:The words
191:Prevention
3125:Excretion
2922:Sebaceous
2830:Reticular
2818:Papillary
2739:Epidermis
2472:2055-7434
2450:(1): 29.
2356:0959-8138
2087:1932-1058
2007:0003-2670
1999:1873-4324
1936:1477-7525
1849:40308286M
1841:958455309
1745:eMedicine
1528:0749-0739
1146:Deodorant
1141:Body odor
1064:dermcidin
1001:Lactarius
997:0.05 mg/L
989:0.05 mg/L
927:magnesium
923:0.015 g/L
911:potassium
755:Mechanism
687:acrodynia
661:, a rare
534:dizziness
468:menopause
370:body odor
347:secondary
315:they are
201:Treatment
185:Hot flash
147:Body odor
130:Specialty
75:talk page
3130:Reflexes
2490:31240108
2425:23576120
2317:26582610
2273:23113321
2140:18156662
2105:26045728
2015:01716731
1954:28595584
1857:27584969
1787:28416076
1717:20052377
1693:: 2057.
1614:Elsevier
1600:19478940
1560:PLOS ONE
1488:35727313
1396:13066656
1324:(eds.).
1274:28130590
1232:43499897
1136:Apocrine
1128:See also
1068:peptides
981:0.1 mg/L
977:chromium
891:minerals
864:latherin
856:exercise
809:forehead
781:feedback
639:narcotic
615:morphine
611:caffeine
550:diarrhea
546:vomiting
516:, or by
374:bacteria
321:sweating
308:hidrosis
290:latherin
169:Exercise
142:Symptoms
2994:Medulla
2984:Cuticle
2655:D013546
2606:2654204
2577:5556967
2548:2264363
2481:6572848
2452:Bibcode
2365:1173041
2253:Bibcode
2245:Analyst
2148:3030692
2096:4433483
1979:Bibcode
1945:5465471
1708:2799322
1591:2684629
1568:Bibcode
1536:9561689
1480:4582049
1445:5347721
1436:1348626
1376:Italian
1282:8504408
1096:acidity
991:), and
925:), and
919:calcium
915:0.2 g/L
831:climate
805:armpits
716:armpits
679:Mercury
665:of the
647:cocaine
627:alcohol
619:alcohol
596:insulin
581:malaria
571:and/or
530:fatigue
376:on the
286:bovidae
275:pharynx
229:mammals
223:in the
69:Please
63:may be
61:biology
3073:Lunula
3014:Muscle
2989:Cortex
2891:Adnexa
2856:Pannus
2810:Dermis
2679:003218
2604:
2575:
2546:
2488:
2478:
2470:
2423:
2362:
2354:
2315:
2271:
2175:686643
2173:
2146:
2138:
2103:
2093:
2085:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1952:
1942:
1934:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1821:
1785:
1715:
1705:
1598:
1588:
1534:
1526:
1486:
1478:
1443:
1433:
1394:
1357:
1332:
1303:
1280:
1272:
1230:
1088:, and
1041:earwax
1009:plasma
985:nickel
973:1 mg/L
961:copper
903:sodium
897:, and
851:sodium
847:
843:
824:solute
573:chills
542:nausea
514:chills
392:Causes
282:horses
251:humans
165:Causes
3039:Hair
2144:S2CID
1995:eISSN
1484:S2CID
1278:S2CID
1228:S2CID
887:water
833:to a
820:water
801:soles
797:palms
663:tumor
625:from
510:fever
319:with
313:sense
217:sweat
173:Fever
18:Sweat
3055:Nail
2932:Hair
2730:Skin
2650:MeSH
2602:PMID
2573:PMID
2544:PMID
2486:PMID
2468:ISSN
2421:PMID
2352:ISSN
2313:PMID
2269:PMID
2171:PMID
2136:PMID
2101:PMID
2083:ISSN
2048:2023
2011:OCLC
2003:ISSN
1950:PMID
1932:ISSN
1895:2024
1864:2024
1853:PMID
1837:OCLC
1829:LCCN
1819:ISBN
1783:PMID
1713:PMID
1596:PMID
1532:PMID
1524:ISSN
1476:PMID
1441:PMID
1392:PMID
1355:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1270:PMID
993:lead
969:iron
953:zinc
899:urea
828:cold
777:gain
773:skin
649:and
583:and
384:and
378:skin
305:and
271:dogs
242:and
225:skin
177:Heat
2594:doi
2565:doi
2540:175
2513:doi
2476:PMC
2460:doi
2413:doi
2360:PMC
2344:doi
2340:323
2303:doi
2261:doi
2249:138
2128:doi
2091:PMC
2075:doi
1987:doi
1975:365
1940:PMC
1922:doi
1811:doi
1773:doi
1743:at
1703:PMC
1695:doi
1586:PMC
1576:doi
1516:doi
1468:doi
1431:PMC
1423:doi
1419:205
1262:doi
1258:147
1218:doi
1058:in
983:),
975:),
967:),
959:),
933:).
917:),
909:),
835:hot
637:or
422:by
267:hot
249:In
227:of
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2590:20
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