1068:
working class unity to be untenable. On 11 January 1924, communists murdered two libertarian members of the CGTU in Paris. The CGTU leadership refused to censure the communists for the murders, while the RILU alleged that the CDS itself had been responsible, despite an internal inquiry finding that the murderer had been a member of the PCF. The murders caused a further breakdown in relations between the libertarian minority and the communist majority, which respectively attacked each other in communications and attempted to seize control of each other's organisational structures. The minority called a conference to decide how to respond: either they reunite with the CGT, despite its turn towards reformism; they join with other independent unions that remained outside of both the CGT and CGTU, despite their lack of organisational cohesion; or they found their own organisation, which
Besnard proposed would be a "third CGT". Before the conference had a chance to be held, the construction workers' union of the Seine broke away from the CGTU.
887:, who told the CGTU delegates that the RILU intended to organise French workers in spite of their opposition. Fearing this to be a declaration of intent to take over the CGTU, the French delegates requested that the conference not provoke the Russian government further, as it would put the libertarians of the CGTU in jeopardy. The CGTU delegates were the only ones that supported the continuation of negotiations with the RILU and proposed that alternative statutes for the international be drawn up. The conference ultimately resolved to establish a separate syndicalist international, but the CGTU's official position on the matter had not yet been decided. The French delegates themselves declared their intention to support the establishment of a syndicalist international at their inaugural congress.
1035:
despite disagreements on international affiliation. After Gaston
Monmousseau had taken over the leadership of the CGTU, the French Communist Party had consolidated control over the organisation, which presented a challenge to attempts by the CDS to negotiate a solution. The PCF tightened relations between it and the CGTU, sought to exclude libertarians from union official positions and took over its publications. In May 1923, the CDS publicly condemned the consolidation of power by the PCF; the CDS was supported by the construction workers' union of the CGTU, which likewise rejected the PCF's
1099:, which provided them a means to propagate their views and regroup their forces. The UFSA leadership no longer considered working class unity in France to be a possibility, as their opponents had already broken working class unity in order to consolidate their own power. They also considered the informal structure of the UFSA to have been a reason for its downfall, as it had hindered the united action required of a trade union federation.
935:: the former called for the creation of an independent trade union international, without any links to the Communist International; the latter advocated for the CGTU to affiliate with the RILU, provided its autonomy would be respected and no reciprocal representation required. With the support of the pro-communist faction, Monmousseau's motion was carried and the new political bureau of the CGTU was brought under the control of the
704:
211:
837:, as the pro-communist faction of the CSR found itself disorientated by the break with Moscow. Despite frequent disagreements, the two opposition factions put forward a joint resolution to reaffirm the independence of trade unions from political parties. The CSR deferred its affiliation to the RILU until trade union independence was secured and called for an international trade union congress to debate the issue.
957:; CDS), which acted as an internal opposition within the CGTU, aiming to reassert libertarian control over the union. The CDS called for the complete independence of trade unions from political parties and expressed support for the establishment of a syndicalist international. The bureau of the RILU expressed hope that, in the interest of unity, the CDS would change its mind. Although RILU general secretary
680:
1022:(FORA), which urged the CDS to stop seeking a diplomatic solution to the break with the RILU, which they believed would only undermine the syndicalist movement. Despite the FORA's opposition, most delegates at the congress sympathised with the position of the CDS and endorsed the proposal. The following month, the IWA reached out to the RILU to coordinate action against the
692:
1018:
with all revolutionary organisations, including those not affiliated with it. The CDS delegates also proposed that the new secretariat of the IWA make one last attempt to come to an agreement with the RILU, and if the RILU rejected conciliation, that they then approach the RILU's affiliate unions. This proposal was vocally opposed by delegates from the
899:, which had recovered from its disorientation and prepared to take over the CGTU. As the RILU had so far only managed to secure the affiliation of small, minor unions, it focused its recruiting efforts on the CGTU, despite its concerns about the strong libertarian and anti-statist influence over the organisation. The Bolsheviks directed the
1088:; UFSA), which they intended to be a provisional organisation to link together unions outside of the CGT and CGTU. Besnard hoped that the UFSA would encourage defections from disillusioned members of both organisations, which in turn could compel their leaderships to reunite the syndicalist movement around
1010:
influence in the organisation rather than break off. Although they distrusted that the amendments to the RILU statutes had significantly changed its relationship with the CI, they requested that the assembly negotiate further with the RILU and proposed that any new syndicalist international work towards a
1034:
As the question of affiliation with either the RILU or IWA was raised, the CGTU entered into a protracted internal dispute over the issue. As the CDS advocated staunchly for working class unity and wanted to avoid another split in the labour movement, it requested that its members remain in the CGTU,
1050:
spoke out against the communist takeover, which she said had subverted internal democracy and purged union members not aligned with the party. Pierre
Besnard complained that the minority had been sidelined into mere dues-paying members, without decision-making power. He put forward a resolution that
1017:
Ultimately, the resolution to establish an independent syndicalist international was passed unanimously, with the qualified support of the CDS. Besnard stated that while the CDS "attached itself morally" to the new international, it did so on the condition that the international seek a united front
1059:
by denying them the right to speak at union assemblies. An appeal from the IWA, passed on by
Besnard, for the CGTU to reject communist party control, but it was unsuccessful in eliciting further support. The Bourges congress ultimately proved to be a victory for the communist faction; although the
941:
group, with the PCF declaring it a "brilliant victory for the party". Although the RILU agreed to drop the condition of "reciprocal representation" between the RILU and the CI, it insisted that communist parties would take a "leading role" in the unions affiliated with the RILU. Nevertheless, the
907:
its trade unions, attacking the libertarians in their publications and forming alliances with other pro-communist factions. Communists denounced the libertarians for taking over the leadership of the CSR, for their role in the Berlin conference and for their withdrawal of support for the
Russian
1067:
criticised the CDS for its conciliatory approach towards the communists, which it considered indecisive and lacking in "ideological clarity". Over the following year, the libertarian minority began to align with the view of their international counterparts and came to consider their desire for
1009:
While the majority of delegates present were ready to establish a syndicalist international, Besnard and
Lemoine were reluctant to endorse this. Unlike the other organisations represented, the CDS was not an autonomous organisation; as an organised minority within the CGTU, it hoped to regain
1051:
declared syndicalism to be a revolutionary movement to abolition both capitalism and the state, and which called for the CGTU to remain autonomous of political parties. But the CGTU majority rebuffed the minority's overtures, insisting that union autonomy was a
833:(PCF) and likewise the requirement for "reciprocal representation" between the RILU and the CI, although it didn't entirely reject collaboration between the two. The revolutionary syndicalists' opposition to these terms resulted in the strengthening of the
926:
promised the organisation that affiliation between it and the PCF would not be mandatory and that its autonomy would be respected by the RILU. Two resolutions on international affiliation were put before the congress, one by the libertarian
1115:
802:
536:
62:
883:; they announced that they would abstain from the vote, as the CGTU had not yet held its inaugural St. Etienne Congress, which would decide its international policy. The conference's resolutions were protested by the RILU delegate
793:(RILU). Despite its conflict with the CGTU leadership, the CDS remained within the organisation, as it sought to preserve working class unity. While still within the CGTU, the CDS participated in the founding of the
961:
publicly disregarded the CDS as an unimportant splinter group, in his private correspondence with Pierre
Monatte, he called for the organisation to be destroyed "with fixed bayonets" and insisted that each issue of
797:(IWA), in which it called for a conciliatory stance towards the RILU. After the murder of two libertarian activists by a PCF member, the CDS broke away from the CGTU. In 1924, the CDS formed the short-lived
1055:
proposal and dismissing the CDS leadership as "enemies of the working class". The majority passed a resolution that sanctioned collaboration between the PCF and CGTU, and revoked the minority's
864:
movement, positioning it against all political parties and governments. The CGTU refused to affiliate itself with the RILU unless it remained completely independent from the nascent
844:(CGT) had culminated in a split, as the CSR dedicated itself to establishing a new trade union centre. The revolutionary faction ultimately withdrew from the CGT and established the
845:
782:
172:
734:
516:
1076:
In
November 1924, the minority syndicalist conference was held, bringing together CGTU dissidents and representatives of independent trade unions. They established the
2121:
1026:. When the RILU Executive failed to respond, the IWA Bureau declared that the RILU had "automatically rejected" the CDS resolution for a diplomatic solution.
1014:
front with revolutionary unions affiliated with the RILU. Lemoine's proposal for further negotiations was met with widespread opposition from the conference.
875:, where syndicalist organisations would discuss the terms of affiliation with the RILU. The CGTU was represented at the Berlin conference by the libertarians
2136:
895:
By the time of the Berlin syndicalist conference, the libertarian leadership of the CGTU was already being challenged by a growing communist faction, led by
581:
1060:
CDS criticised the decisions of the congress, it nevertheless affirmed its allegiance to the CGTU, maintaining its desire to preserve working class unity.
2131:
2116:
1019:
727:
841:
531:
546:
1892:
Garner, Jason (2006). "Separated by an 'Ideological Chasm': The
Spanish National Labour Confederation and Bolshevik Internationalism, 1917â1922".
526:
2111:
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principles. However, neither the CGTU nor the CGT lost a substantial amount of members, while the UFSA itself steadily declined in influence.
1882:
991:
541:
1095:
By 1926, the collapse of the UFSA had prompted its leading members to reassess their strategy. They began publishing the monthly periodical
856:; CGTU). The libertarians of the CSR initially dominated the leadership of the CGTU, which declared French syndicalism to be a definitively
818:
720:
52:
20:
790:
919:
accused the delegates to the Berlin conference of exceeding their mandate and deliberately sabotaging the affiliation with the RILU.
2126:
2091:
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1983:
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418:
2058:
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194:
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108:
998:. In December 1922, delegates of the CDS, representing 100,000 workers, participated in the founding congress of the
937:
275:
1126:; CGT-SR) was established, bringing together eighty independent unions. The CGTU became the IWA's French affiliate.
483:
468:
428:
1914:
987:
586:
591:
1919:
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649:
982:
The CDS quickly established relations with other syndicalist organisations throughout Europe, including in
1977:
1023:
900:
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619:
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119:
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225:
133:
871:
In March 1922, the CGTU decided to send delegates to a planned international syndicalist conference in
378:
1052:
255:
1039:. The conflict between the communists and the libertarians came to a head at the CGTU's congress in
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2054:
Syndicalist Legacy: Trade Unions and
Politics in Two French Cities in the Era of World War I
2020:
2016:
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leadership of the CGTU agreed to these terms and finalised its affiliation with the RILU.
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825:, so syndicalist organisations could freely debate the RILU's affiliation with the
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789:(PCF), which quickly took over the leadership of the CGTU and brought it into the
561:
2010:
840:
By 1922, the divisions between the reformists and the revolutionaries within the
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654:
393:
373:
330:
2009:
Tosstorff, Reiner (2004). "From the First to the Second Congress of the RILU".
2024:
1905:
829:(CI). The CSR itself rejected the subordination of French trade unions to the
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1932:
1968:
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minority subsequently formed the Syndicalist Defense Committee (
922:
At the St. Etienne congress of the CGTU, RILU general secretary
817:(RILU) was established in July 1921, French syndicalists of the
2001:
1124:
Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire
537:
Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire
1260:
1258:
1102:
To solve the minority syndicalists' organisational crisis,
785:(CGTU). The CDS was formed to oppose the influence of the
2012:
The Red International of Labour Unions (RILU) 1920 - 1937
1116:
Revolutionary Syndicalist General Confederation of Labour
803:
Revolutionary Syndicalist General Confederation of Labour
63:
Revolutionary Syndicalist General Confederation of Labour
1700:
1698:
1533:
1531:
1529:
903:(PCF) to rally support for the RILU within the CGTU by
761:
Committee for the Defense of Revolutionary Syndicalism
2079:
A History of the French Anarchist Movement, 1917â1945
1915:"Revolutionary Unionism: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow"
1002:(IWA). Representing the CDS were Pierre Besnard and
821:(CSR) called for a congress to be held outside the
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40:
517:AsociaciĂłn Continental Americana de Trabajadores
1063:In December 1923, the first IWA conference in
769:Comité de Défense Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire
728:
8:
582:Swedish Anarcho-syndicalist Youth Federation
28:
1078:Federative Union of Autonomous Trade Unions
799:Federative Union of Autonomous Trade Unions
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854:Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire
735:
721:
189:
27:
1577:
1561:
1549:
1520:
1046:At the congress, the anarcho-syndicalist
1086:Union Fédérative des Syndicats Autonomes
1871:Anarcho-syndicalism in the 20th Century
1158:
1135:
868:(PCF) and the Communist International.
201:
2122:National trade union centers of France
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1020:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation
846:United General Confederation of Labour
783:United General Confederation of Labour
173:United General Confederation of Labour
19:For the anti-war wing of the CGT, see
1110:. In November 1926, at a congress in
1006:, who were given consultative votes.
7:
1873:. Translated by Archibald, Malcolm.
819:Revolutionary Syndicalist Committees
801:; and in 1926, they established the
53:Revolutionary Syndicalist Committees
21:Syndicalist Defense Committee (1915)
2137:Trade unions disestablished in 1926
1106:called for the creation of a third
1000:International Workers' Association
815:Red International of Labour Unions
795:International Workers' Association
791:Red International of Labour Unions
562:International Workers' Association
547:Confédération nationale du travail
542:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
183:International Workers' Association
14:
1946:Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism
1030:Conflict with the CGTU leadership
532:Confédération Générale du Travail
527:Confederacion General del Trabajo
2132:Trade unions established in 1922
2117:1926 disestablishments in France
1144:Committee of Syndicalist Defense
702:
690:
678:
209:
931:and the other by the communist
842:General Confederation of Labour
955:Comité de Défense Syndicaliste
757:Comité de Défense Syndicaliste
557:Free Workers' Union of Germany
35:Comité de Défense Syndicaliste
1:
2112:1922 establishments in France
1894:Contemporary European History
749:Syndicalist Defense Committee
29:Syndicalist Defense Committee
2059:University of Illinois Press
567:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund
1608:, pp. 244â245, 313n13.
1108:national trade union centre
597:Workers Solidarity Alliance
109:National trade union centre
92:; 97 years ago
2153:
1984:Kluwer Academic Publishers
759:; CDS), also known as the
18:
2025:10.1163/9789004325579_007
1906:10.1017/S0960777306003341
587:Unione Sindacale Italiana
33:
16:French trade union centre
2127:Syndicalist trade unions
1913:Jakopovich, Dan (2007).
592:Union of Russian Workers
276:Workers' self-management
34:
2051:Amdur, Kathryn (1986).
1869:Damier, Vadim (2009) .
1142:Also translated as the
978:International relations
827:Communist International
650:Participatory economics
74:; 102 years ago
1979:The Workers Themselves
1976:Thorpe, Wayne (1989).
1123:
1085:
1024:occupation of the Ruhr
954:
901:French Communist Party
866:French Communist Party
853:
831:French Communist Party
787:French Communist Party
768:
756:
620:Collectivist anarchism
266:Prefigurative politics
120:French Communist Party
2076:Berry, David (2002).
1057:freedom of expression
635:Libertarian socialism
572:Solidarity Federation
226:Anti-authoritarianism
2019:. pp. 422â608.
1053:counterrevolutionary
1043:, in November 1923.
697:Socialism portal
685:Anarchism portal
256:Industrial democracy
1877:: Black Cat Press.
1827:, pp. 264â265.
1803:, pp. 263â264.
1779:, pp. 262â263.
1767:, pp. 261â262.
1755:, pp. 260â261.
1731:, pp. 259â260.
1680:, pp. 251â252.
1656:, pp. 246â247.
1644:, pp. 245â246.
1620:, pp. 244â245.
1564:, pp. 486â487.
1467:, pp. 232â233.
1443:, pp. 229â232.
1419:, pp. 228â229.
1407:, pp. 227â228.
1395:, pp. 226â227.
1371:, pp. 225â226.
1359:, pp. 222â224.
1335:, pp. 221â222.
1283:, pp. 208â209.
1267:, pp. 208â209.
1240:, pp. 206â207.
1228:, pp. 205â206.
1216:, pp. 204â205.
1204:, pp. 200â202.
910:Maurice Chambelland
835:libertarian faction
776:anarcho-syndicalist
709:Politics portal
665:Synthesis anarchism
615:Anarchist communism
577:SAC Syndikalisterna
552:Free Workers' Union
261:Industrial unionism
203:Anarcho-syndicalism
168:Parent organisation
30:
1580:, p. 487n222.
1511:, pp. 80â81;
1495:, pp. 80â81;
1479:, pp. 80â81;
1307:, pp. 77â78;
1097:La Voix du Travail
933:Gaston Monmousseau
779:trade union centre
118:Opposition to the
90:November 1926
1884:978-0-9737827-6-9
745:
744:
625:Council communism
314:Solidarity action
304:Industrial action
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1037:entryist tactics
959:Solomon Lozovsky
924:Solomon Lozovsky
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271:Workers' control
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72:9 July 1922
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2084:Greenwood Press
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2044:Further reading
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2008:
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1598:Jakopovich 2007
1596:, p. 322;
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964:La Vie OuvriĂšre
912:
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885:Andrey Andreyev
811:
771:; CDSR), was a
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231:Anti-capitalism
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2073:
2067:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2006:
1992:
1973:
1959:
1941:Rocker, Rudolf
1937:
1910:
1900:(3): 293â326.
1889:
1883:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1855:, p. 265.
1851:, p. 85;
1841:
1839:, p. 265.
1829:
1817:
1815:, p. 264.
1805:
1793:
1791:, p. 263.
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1743:, p. 260.
1733:
1721:
1719:, p. 259.
1709:
1707:, p. 262.
1694:
1692:, p. 252.
1682:
1670:
1668:, p. 251.
1658:
1646:
1634:
1632:, p. 245.
1622:
1610:
1604:, p. 42;
1592:, p. 82;
1582:
1578:Tosstorff 2004
1566:
1562:Tosstorff 2004
1554:
1552:, p. 486.
1550:Tosstorff 2004
1542:
1540:, p. 233.
1525:
1523:, p. 486.
1521:Tosstorff 2004
1501:
1499:, p. 322.
1485:
1483:, p. 233.
1469:
1457:
1455:, p. 232.
1445:
1433:
1431:, p. 229.
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1383:, p. 216.
1373:
1361:
1349:
1347:, p. 222.
1337:
1325:
1323:, p. 219.
1313:
1311:, p. 209.
1297:
1285:
1279:, p. 77;
1269:
1254:
1252:, p. 208.
1242:
1230:
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1194:
1182:
1170:
1157:
1155:
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1149:
1148:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1090:anti-political
1073:
1070:
1031:
1028:
1004:Albert Lemoine
979:
976:
929:Pierre Besnard
897:Pierre Monatte
892:
889:
881:Pierre Besnard
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2095:
2093:0-313-32026-8
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2068:0-252-01238-0
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2034:9789004325579
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2014:
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1993:0-7923-0276-1
1989:
1985:
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1960:9780900384455
1956:
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1951:Freedom Press
1948:
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1295:, p. 77.
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1048:Marie Guillot
1044:
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1029:
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1025:
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908:Revolution.
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902:
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891:Establishment
890:
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511:Organizations
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379:GarcĂa Oliver
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319:Strike action
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299:Direct action
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241:Anti-politics
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224:
223:
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216:
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208:
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204:
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155:
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89:
85:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
26:
22:
2078:
2053:
2011:
1978:
1945:
1927:(3): 60â66.
1924:
1920:New Politics
1918:
1897:
1893:
1870:
1862:Bibliography
1844:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1585:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1504:
1488:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1300:
1288:
1272:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1143:
1138:
1104:Lucien Huart
1101:
1096:
1094:
1075:
1062:
1045:
1033:
1016:
1008:
981:
974:against it.
967:
963:
944:
938:Vie OuvriĂšre
936:
921:
905:infiltrating
894:
877:Louis Lecoin
870:
862:anti-statist
839:
823:Soviet Union
812:
760:
748:
746:
645:Neozapatismo
179:Affiliations
41:Abbreviation
25:
1853:Thorpe 1989
1849:Damier 2009
1837:Thorpe 1989
1825:Thorpe 1989
1813:Thorpe 1989
1801:Thorpe 1989
1789:Thorpe 1989
1777:Thorpe 1989
1765:Thorpe 1989
1753:Thorpe 1989
1741:Thorpe 1989
1729:Thorpe 1989
1717:Thorpe 1989
1705:Thorpe 1989
1690:Thorpe 1989
1678:Thorpe 1989
1666:Thorpe 1989
1654:Thorpe 1989
1642:Thorpe 1989
1630:Thorpe 1989
1618:Thorpe 1989
1606:Thorpe 1989
1602:Rocker 1988
1594:Garner 2006
1590:Damier 2009
1574:Thorpe 1989
1538:Thorpe 1989
1517:Thorpe 1989
1513:Garner 2006
1509:Damier 2009
1497:Garner 2006
1493:Damier 2009
1481:Thorpe 1989
1477:Damier 2009
1465:Thorpe 1989
1453:Thorpe 1989
1441:Thorpe 1989
1429:Thorpe 1989
1417:Thorpe 1989
1405:Thorpe 1989
1393:Thorpe 1989
1381:Thorpe 1989
1369:Thorpe 1989
1357:Thorpe 1989
1345:Thorpe 1989
1333:Thorpe 1989
1321:Thorpe 1989
1309:Thorpe 1989
1305:Damier 2009
1293:Damier 2009
1281:Thorpe 1989
1277:Damier 2009
1265:Thorpe 1989
1250:Thorpe 1989
1238:Thorpe 1989
1226:Thorpe 1989
1214:Thorpe 1989
1202:Thorpe 1989
1190:Rocker 1988
1166:Damier 2009
947:libertarian
913: [
660:Sorelianism
655:Platformism
449:Petrichenko
434:Novomirskii
145:Membership
69:Established
49:Predecessor
2106:Categories
1154:References
972:hit pieces
968:L'Humanité
809:Background
805:(CGT-SR).
630:De Leonism
439:Pelloutier
404:Mainwaring
251:Federalism
79:1922-07-09
1943:(1988) .
1933:0028-6494
1065:Innsbruck
813:When the
640:Mutualism
469:SantillĂĄn
354:Ascaso J.
349:Ascaso F.
87:Dissolved
59:Successor
1969:26127983
1875:Edmonton
474:Schapiro
409:Maksimov
384:Gröndahl
309:Sabotage
288:Practice
195:a series
193:Part of
126:Location
2002:89-8205
1041:Bourges
984:Germany
781:of the
499:Yarchuk
464:RĂŒdiger
444:Pestaña
414:Meltzer
374:Dolgoff
369:Chomsky
359:Besnard
294:Boycott
152:100,000
115:Purpose
97:1926-11
95: (
77: (
2090:
2065:
2031:
2000:
1990:
1967:
1957:
1931:
1881:
1120:French
1114:, the
1082:French
1012:united
996:Sweden
970:carry
951:French
873:Berlin
850:French
773:French
765:French
753:French
494:Witkop
489:Souchy
459:Rocker
454:Pouget
429:GandĂa
419:OrobĂłn
399:Köster
343:People
220:Theory
157:Leader
147:(1922)
134:France
2017:Brill
1130:Notes
1072:Split
992:Spain
988:Italy
917:]
479:SeguĂ
424:PeirĂł
394:Kater
389:Leval
364:Camus
2088:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1998:LCCN
1988:ISBN
1965:OCLC
1955:ISBN
1929:ISSN
1879:ISBN
1112:Lyon
994:and
966:and
945:The
879:and
860:and
747:The
484:Soto
105:Type
2021:doi
1902:doi
44:CDS
2108::
2086:.
2082:.
2061:.
2057:.
2027:.
2015:.
1996:.
1986:.
1982:.
1963:.
1953:.
1949:.
1925:11
1923:.
1917:.
1898:15
1896:.
1697:^
1600:;
1528:^
1257:^
1122::
1084::
990:,
986:,
953::
915:fr
852::
767::
755::
197:on
2096:.
2071:.
2037:.
2023::
2004:.
1971:.
1935:.
1908:.
1904::
1887:.
1180:.
1168:.
1146:.
1118:(
1080:(
848:(
763:(
751:(
736:e
729:t
722:v
99:)
81:)
23:.
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