426:, following the view that a cohesive group is more than the sum of its parts, synergy is the ability of a group to outperform even its best individual member. These conclusions are derived from the studies conducted by Jay Hall on a number of laboratory-based group ranking and prediction tasks. He found that effective groups actively looked for the points in which they disagreed and in consequence encouraged conflicts amongst the participants in the early stages of the discussion. In contrast, the ineffective groups felt a need to establish a common view quickly, used simple decision making methods such as averaging, and focused on completing the task rather than on finding solutions they could agree on. In a technical context, its meaning is a construct or collection of different elements working together to produce results not obtainable by any of the elements alone. The elements, or parts, can include people, hardware, software, facilities, policies, documents: all things required to produce system-level results. The value added by the system as a whole, beyond that contributed independently by the parts, is created primarily by the relationship among the parts, that is, how they are interconnected. In essence, a system constitutes a set of interrelated components working together with a common objective: fulfilling some designated need.
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is itself a combination of several chemical agents, and thus the safe levels actually represent levels of the mixture. In contrast, a combination created by the end user, such as a farmer, has rarely been tested in that combination. The potential for synergy is then unknown or estimated from data on similar combinations. This lack of information also applies to many of the chemical combinations to which humans are exposed, including residues in food, indoor air contaminants, and occupational exposures to chemicals. Some groups think that the rising rates of cancer, asthma, and other health problems may be caused by these combination exposures; others have alternative explanations. This question will likely be answered only after years of exposure by the population in general and research on chemical toxicity, usually performed on animals. Examples of pesticide synergists include
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nutshell, is that synergistic effects have often provided functional advantages (economic benefits) in relation to survival and reproduction that have been favored by natural selection. The cooperating parts, elements, or individuals become, in effect, functional "units" of selection in evolutionary change. Similarly, environmental systems may react in a non-linear way to perturbations, such as climate change, so that the outcome may be greater than the sum of the individual component alterations. Synergistic responses are a complicating factor in environmental modeling.
483:(1997): this book describes the principles and management practices, which provide the basis of effective health and safety management. It sets out the issues that need to be addressed, and can be used for developing improvement programs, self-audit, or self-assessment. Its message is that organizations must manage health and safety with the same degree of expertise and to the same standards as other core business activities, if they are to effectively control risks and prevent harm to people.
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operate. That is to say, SYNGEq constitutes a big picture of the factors/motivations which determine the entrepreneurs to contour an active synergistic network. SYNGEq includes both factors which character is changing over time (such as the competitive conditions), as well as classics factors, such as the imperative of the access to resources of the collaboration and the quick answers. The synergistic gravity equation (SINGEq) comes to be represented by the formula:
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cases, positive synergy has positive effects such as improved efficiency in operations, greater exploitation of opportunities, and improved utilization of resources. Negative synergy on the other hand has negative effects such as: reduced efficiency of operations, decrease in quality, underutilization of resources and disequilibrium with the external environment.
84:
479:. The successful performance of the health and safety management depends upon the analyzing the causes of incidents and accidents and learning correct lessons from them. The idea is that all events (not just those causing injuries) represent failures in control, and present an opportunity for learning and improvement. UK Health and Safety Executive,
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308:, in which he argued that Darwinian theory failed to account of "social synergy" or "social love", a collective evolutionary drive. The highest civilizations were the work not only of the elite but of the masses too; those masses must be led, however, because the crowd, a feminine and unconscious force, cannot distinguish between good and evil.
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Etymologically, the "synergy" term was first used around 1600, deriving from the Greek word "synergos", which means "to work together" or "to cooperate". If during this period the synergy concept was mainly used in the theological field (describing "the cooperation of human effort with divine will"),
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Toxicological synergy is of concern to the public and regulatory agencies because chemicals individually considered safe might pose unacceptable health or ecological risk in combination. Articles in scientific and lay journals include many definitions of chemical or toxicological synergy, often vague
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needs to be considered. Group cohesion is that property that is inferred from the number and strength of mutual positive attitudes among members of the group. As the group becomes more cohesive, its functioning is affected in a number of ways. First, the interactions and communication between members
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The synergy effects are difficult (even impossible) to imitate by competitors and difficult to reproduce by their authors because these effects depend on the combination of factors with time-varying characteristics. The synergy effects are often called "synergistic benefits", representing the direct
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However, in normal agricultural practice, it is rare to use only a single pesticide. During the production of a crop, several different materials may be used. Each of them has had determined a regulatory level at which they would be considered individually safe. In many cases, a commercial pesticide
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A second, potential negative consequence of group cohesion is group think. Group think is a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in cohesive group, when the members' striving for unanimity overrides their motivation to appraise realistically the alternative courses of
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The synergistic action of the economic players lies within the economic phenomenon's profundity. The synergistic action gives different dimensions to competitiveness, strategy and network identity becoming an unconventional "weapon" which belongs to those who exploit the economic systems' potential
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and in relation to teamwork refers to the combined effort of individuals as participants of the team. The condition that exists when the organization's parts interact to produce a joint effect that is greater than the sum of the parts acting alone. Positive or negative synergies can exist. In these
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Synergy exists in individual and social interactions among humans, with some arguing that social cooperation cannot be requires synergy to continue. One way of quantifying synergy in human social groups is via energy use, where larger groups of humans (i.e., cities) use energy more efficiently that
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A cost synergy refers to the opportunity of a combined corporate entity to reduce or eliminate expenses associated with running a business. Cost synergies are realized by eliminating positions that are viewed as duplicate within the merged entity. Examples include the headquarters office of one of
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exhaustive tests are performed to discern health effects on humans at various exposure levels. A regulatory upper limit of presence in foods is then placed on this pesticide. As long as residues in the food stay below this regulatory level, health effects are deemed highly unlikely and the food is
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I have characterized the social struggle as centrifugal and social solidarity as centripetal. Either alone is productive of evil consequences. Struggle is essentially destructive of the social order, while communism removes individual initiative. The one leads to disorder, the other to degeneracy.
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synergy refers to the opportunity of a combined corporate entity to generate more revenue than its two predecessor stand-alone companies would be able to generate. For example, if company A sells product X through its sales force, company B sells product Y, and company A decides to buy company B,
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The synergistic network represents an integrated part of the economic system which, through the coordination and control functions (of the undertaken economic actions), agrees synergies. The networks which promote synergistic actions can be divided in horizontal synergistic networks and vertical
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A may cause 10% fatalities, and parasite B may also cause 10% loss. When both parasites are present, the losses would normally be expected to total less than 20%, yet, in some cases, losses are significantly greater. In such cases, it is said that the parasites in combination have a synergistic
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as a causal agency that can explain the progressive evolution of complexity in living systems over the course of time. According to the
Synergism Hypothesis, synergistic effects have been the drivers of cooperative relationships of all kinds and at all levels in living systems. The thesis, in a
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to rigorously define the relationships between "wholes" and "parts". In this context, synergy is said to occur when there is information present in the joint state of multiple variables that cannot be extracted from the individual parts considered individually. For example, consider the logical
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The synergistic gravity equation (SYNGEq), according to its complex "title", represents a synthesis of the endogenous and exogenous factors which determine the private and non-private economic decision makers to call to actions of synergistic exploitation of the economic network in which they
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has one of the more detailed and precise definitions of toxic interaction, designed to facilitate risk assessment. In their guidance documents, the no-interaction default assumption is dose addition, so synergy means a mixture response that exceeds that predicted from dose addition. The EPA
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There is, thus far, no universal agreement on how synergy can best be quantified, with different approaches that decompose information into redundant, unique, and synergistic components appearing in the literature. Despite the lack of universal agreement, information-theoretic approaches to
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Abraham Maslow and John
Honigmann drew attention to an important development in the cultural anthropology field which arose in lectures by Ruth Benedict from 1941, for which the original manuscripts have been lost but the ideas preserved in "Synergy: Some Notes of Ruth Benedict" (1969).
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The informational synergies which can be applied also in media involve a compression of transmission, access and use of information's time, the flows, circuits and means of handling information being based on a complementary, integrated, transparent and coordinated use of knowledge.
469:). But the external devices used for communication were made by two different companies, and the incompatibility between the external devices led to a financial loss for the company. He argues that systems will be safe only if they are designed, not if they emerge by chance.
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another corporation. This type of synergy is a nearly ubiquitous feature of a corporate acquisition and is a negotiating point between the buyer and seller that impacts the final price both parties agree to. There are distinct types of corporate synergies, as follows.
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Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones, state that "highly engaged employees are, on average, 50% more likely to exceed expectations that the least-engaged workers. And companies with highly engaged people outperform firms with the most disengaged folks- by 54% in
927:, and by fourfold in revenue growth. Also, those that are able to be open about their views on the company, and have confidence that they will be heard, are likely to be a more organized employee who helps his/ her fellow team members succeed.
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statistical synergy have been applied to diverse fields, including climatology, neuroscience sociology, and machine learning
Synergy has also been proposed as a possible foundation on which to build a mathematically robust definition of
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When synergy occurs in the work place, the individuals involved get to work in a positive and supportive working environment. When individuals get to work in environments such as these, the company reaps the benefits. The authors of
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This is when a firm having a number of cash extensive projects acquires a firm which is cash-rich, thus enabling the new combined firm to enjoy the profits from investing the cash of one firm in the projects of the other.
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before individually, it is possible for them to join and gain the capacity to carry the debt through decreased gearing (leverage). This creates value for the firm, as debt is thought to be a cheaper source of finance.
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or in conflict with each other. Because toxic interactions are defined relative to the expectation under "no interaction", a determination of synergy (or antagonism) depends on what is meant by "no interaction". The
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If used in a business application, synergy means that teamwork will produce an overall better result than if each person within the group were working toward the same goal individually. However, the concept of group
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Faerie cannot be caught in a net of words; for it is one of its qualities to be indescribable, though not imperceptible. It has many ingredients, but analysis will not necessarily discover the secret of the whole.
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character in products and ads, and continued to market Disney media through licensing arrangements. These products can help advertise the film itself and thus help to increase the film's sales. For example, the
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receptors, but benzodiazepines increase the frequency of channel opening, whilst barbiturates increase the channel closing time, making these two drugs dramatically enhance GABAergic neurotransmission).
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VCust = the necessity of customer value in purchasing future profits and competitive advantages VInfo = the necessity of informational value in purchasing future profits and competitive advantages
465:, an international standard set by the leading US standards body; it led to a failure of small automation systems using the IEEE-488 standard (which codified a proprietary communications standard
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increase. Common goals, interests and small size all contribute to this. In addition, group member satisfaction increases as the group provides friendship and support against outside threats.
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In media economics, synergy is the promotion and sale of a product (and all its versions) throughout the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate, e.g. films, soundtracks or video games.
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What is not seen—the truth that has no expounders—is that the wholesome, constructive movement consists in the properly ordered combination and interaction of both these principles. This is
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Mehrad Babaei et al., Biochemical reaction network topology defines dose-dependent Drug–Drug interactions. Comput Biol Med 155:106584 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106584
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In addition to the chemical nature of the drug itself, the topology of the chemical reaction network that connect the two targets determines the type of drug-drug interaction.
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defined by many threads. For with the picture in the tapestry a new element has come in: the picture is greater than, and not explained by, the sum of the component threads.
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is an interaction or cooperation giving rise to a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts (i.e., a non-linear addition of force, energy, or effect). The term
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often shows the power of synergy, while also poking fun at the use of the term in the corporate world. There are also different forms of synergy in popular card games like
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in the 19th and 20th centuries, "synergy" was promoted in physics and biochemistry, being implemented in the study of the open economic systems only in the 1960 and 1970s.
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emphasizes that synergy does not always make a mixture dangerous, nor does antagonism always make the mixture safe; each depends on the predicted risk under dose addition.
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the predecessor companies, certain executives, the human resources department, or other employees of the predecessor companies. This is related to the economic concept of
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which might be offset against the profits of another after combination, thus resulting in less tax being paid. However this greatly depends on the tax law of the country.
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is when individuals in a group begin by taking a moderate stance on an issue regarding a common value and, after having discussed it, end up taking a more extreme stance.
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Human synergy can also occur on a smaller scale, like when individuals huddle together for warmth or in workplaces where labor specialization increase efficiencies.
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synergy gained by the combined firm is a result of number of benefits which flow to the entity as a consequence of acquisition and merger. These benefits may be:
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Effect on the same receptor but different sites (e.g. the coadministration of benzodiazepines and barbiturates, both act by enhancing the action of GABA on GABA
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There are negative aspects of group cohesion that have an effect on group decision-making and hence on group effectiveness. There are two issues arising. The
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30 Rock episode 3.09; Liz: "I hate those corporate things; a bunch of drunk people talking about 'synergy'." Jack: "First of all, never badmouth 'synergy'!"
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415:. Even the tools and technologies that are widespread in the natural world represent important sources of synergistic effects. The tools that enabled early
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then the new company could use each salesperson to sell products X and Y, thereby increasing the revenue that each salesperson generates for the company.
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Jia J, Zhu F, Ma X, Cao Z, Cao ZW, Li Y, Li YX, Chen YZ (February 2009). "Mechanisms of drug combinations: interaction and network perspectives".
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bit. There is information about the target that can only be extracted from the joint state of the inputs considered jointly, and not any others.
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occurs when corporations interact congruently. A corporate synergy refers to a financial benefit that a corporation expects to realize when it
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phenomenon is the tendency of a group to make decisions that are riskier than those that the group would have recommended individually. Group
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The cooperative action of two or more stimuli (or drugs), resulting in a different or greater response than that of the individual stimuli.
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Choudhury H, Hertzberg R, Rice G, Cogliano J, Mukerjee D, Teuschler L, et al. (Risk
Assessment Forum Technical Panel) (August 2000).
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1581:. Proceedings of First International Conference on System Safety. London: Institution of Engineering and Technology. pp. 344–351.
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387:) to chemistry (a popular example is water, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen), to the cooperative interactions among the genes in
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Rosas FE, Mediano PA, Rassouli B, Barrett AB (2020-12-04). "An operational information decomposition via synergistic disclosure".
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fiasco (1961), Irving Janis argued that they were due to the cohesive nature of the committees that made the relevant decisions.
1174:. Computers can process data much more quickly than humans, but lack the ability to respond meaningfully to arbitrary stimuli.
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That decisions made by committees lead to failure in a simple system is noted by Dr. Chris Elliot. His case study looked at
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1413:
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Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA (March 2012). Derry S (ed.). "Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults".
285:, 'work'. A correlation or concourse of action between different organs in health; and, according to some, in disease.
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action. Studying the events of several
American policy "disasters" such as the failure to anticipate the Japanese
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1918:"Debates—Does Information Theory Provide a New Paradigm for Earth Science? Causality, Interaction, and Feedback"
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355:. Synergy is manifested when the system makes the transition between the different information (i.e. order,
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1198:, published in 1966. In it, he made two references to synergy, although he did not use that term. He wrote:
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2374:"What it is like to be a bit: an integrated information decomposition account of emergent mental phenomena"
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And more succinctly, in a footnote, about the "part of producing the web of an intricate story", he wrote:
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that interfere with the action of the MAO enzyme and stop the breakdown of chemical compounds such as DMT).
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is an approach to improving group efficacy by increasing synergy in human groups via technological means.
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2150:"Untangling Synergistic Effects of Intersecting Social Identities with Partial Information Decomposition"
1649:"Bits and pieces: understanding information decomposition from part-whole relationships and formal logic"
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had toys of webshooters and figures of the characters made, as well as posters and games. The NBC sitcom
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pioneered synergistic marketing techniques in the 1930s by granting dozens of firms the right to use his
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A dynamic state in which combined action is favored over the difference of individual component actions.
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2091:"Partial information decomposition as a unified approach to the specification of neural goal functions"
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For example, a consequence of pesticide use is the risk of health effects. During the registration of
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1975:"Revealing the Dynamics of Neural Information Processing with Multivariate Information Decomposition"
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is the idea that salvation involves some form of cooperation between divine grace and human freedom.
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Hertzberg RC, MacDonell MM (April 2002). "Synergy and other ineffective mixture risk definitions".
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Synergy can also be defined as the combination of human strengths and computer strengths, such as
976:. This promotes the sale of products for varied use or off-market sales as well as development of
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2325:"Greater than the parts: a review of the information decomposition approach to causal emergence"
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Behavior of whole systems unpredicted by the behavior of their parts taken separately, known as
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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
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399:, as well as the many different kinds of synergies produced by socially-organized groups, from
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A modern view of synergy in natural sciences derives from the relationship between energy and
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Luppi AI, Mediano PA, Rosas FE, Harrison DJ, Carhart-Harris RL, Bor D, Stamatakis EA (2021).
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IA = the imperative for purchasing unimitable competitive advantages (for the economic actor)
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between any individual source and the target is 0 bit. However, the joint mutual information
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Williams PL, Beer RD (2010-04-14). "Nonnegative
Decomposition of Multivariate Information".
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1443:"A Law for Irreversible Thermodynamics? Synergy Increases Free Energy by Decreasing Entropy"
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Luppi AI, Mediano PA, Rosas FE, Holland N, Fryer TD, O'Brien JT, et al. (June 2022).
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Mediano PA, Rosas FE, Luppi AI, Jensen HJ, Seth AK, Barrett AB, et al. (July 2022).
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in collaboration with E. J. Applewhite. Introduction and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb.
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Philosophical
Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
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Philosophical
Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
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407:, a mechanism of indirect coordination between agents or actions that results in the
324:, which is a form of cosmic synergy, the universal constructive principle of nature.
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2736:"Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures"
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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Mechanisms that may be involved in the development of synergistic effects include:
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Holistic
Darwinism : synergy, cybernetics, and the bioeconomics of evolution
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Holistic Darwinism : synergy, cybernetics, and the bioeconomics of evolution
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2090:
1625:. New York: Estate of R. Buckminster Fuller; Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc.
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1215:— an incident, a name, a motive — than to trace the history of any
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1737:"Quantifying Synergistic Information Using Intermediate Stochastic Variables"
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cc = the specific competitive conditions in which the economic actor operates
1121:ΣSYN.Act = the sum of the synergistic actions adopted (by the economic actor)
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and in several cases exaggeration of effects. It is also often a meaningless
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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
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2217:"The Partial Information Decomposition of Generative Neural Network Models"
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2097:. Perspectives on Human Probabilistic Inferences and the 'Bayesian Brain'.
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2018:
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DNA, thereby preventing the cell from replicating DNA. Irinotecan inhibits
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In the natural world, synergistic phenomena are ubiquitous, ranging from
2901:
Beyond Political Correctness: Social Transformation in the United States
1973:
Newman EL, Varley TF, Parakkattu VK, Sherrill SP, Beggs JM (July 2022).
1010:, synergy is the promotion and sale of a product throughout the various
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offers "cooperation" as a refinement suggestion to the word "synergy."
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490:, who analyzed some of its implications more fully and coined the term
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The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network's Synergistic Potential
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Wibral M, Priesemann V, Kay JW, Lizier JT, Phillips WA (March 2017).
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to become systematic big-game hunters is a primordial human example.
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Nature's magic : synergy in evolution and the fate of humankind
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Prevention or delay of degradation in the body (e.g. the antibiotic
27:
Creation of a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts
2756:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2010. Archived from
2473:"Synergy and self-organization in the evolution of complex systems"
2107:
1865:
1800:
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defined synergy as the universal constructive principle of nature:
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1595:( ed.). Sudbury: UK Health and Safety Executive Books. 2000.
1194:, delivered at an Andrew Lang Lecture, and reprinted in his book,
1134:= the imperative for deep cooperation (functional interdependence)
824:
466:
376:
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The synergism hypothesis : a theory of progressive evolution
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and implied result of the developed/adopted synergistic actions.
523:
Mathematical formalizations of synergy have been proposed using
3091:
2276:"Emergence as the conversion of information: a unifying theory"
1237:
Synergy; A Theoretical Model of Canada's Comprehensive Approach
237:, meaning "working together". Synergy is similar in concept to
2813:
Nature's Magic: Synergy in Evolution and the Fate of Humankind
790:, may have a lower liability for abuse as a recreational drug)
124:
77:
36:
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Human interaction with technology can also increase synergy.
2034:"A synergistic core for human brain evolution and cognition"
1418:
The joy of life : the idyllic in French art, circa 1900
860:
More mechanisms are described in an exhaustive 2009 review.
1916:
Goodwell AE, Jiang P, Ruddell BL, Kumar P (February 2020).
1849:"A Novel Approach to the Partial Information Decomposition"
972:, studies, and scientific discovery or experimentation for
304:
applied the term "synergy" to social psychology by writing
1355:"Quantifying social synergy in insect and human societies"
805:
provide slightly greater pain relief than aspirin alone.).
666:
and may be relevant to formal theories of consciousness.
2998:
Media & culture: Mass communication in a digital age
2985:. Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
1420:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 51.
1124:Σ R- = the amount of unpurchased but necessary resources
724:
Effect on the same cellular system (e.g. two different
2874:
The Synergy Myth: And Other Ailments Of Business Today
827:
excretion of Penicillin and thus prolongs its effect).
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
1622:
Synergetics: Explorations in the geometry of thinking
830:
Anticounteractive action: for example, the effect of
603:
538:
1556:(3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. p. 8.
736:; penicillins damage the cell wall of gram-positive
697:
population, where, for example, the introduction of
403:
colonies to wolf packs and human societies: compare
3254:
3196:
3123:
472:The idea of a systemic approach is endorsed by the
1788:Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical
846:, consequently the cytostatic effect is increased.
650:
585:
2215:Tax TM, Mediano PA, Shanahan M (September 2017).
1735:Quax R, Har-Shemesh O, Sloot PM (February 2017).
1046:If two firms have no or little capacity to carry
2563:
2561:
2559:
740:and improve the penetration of aminoglycosides).
716:Combination drug § Common combination drugs
2930:"Beyond success: Achieving synergy in teamwork"
2572:(Seventh ed.). New Delhi: JP Medical Ltd.
2512:Myers N (July 1995). "Environmental unknowns".
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
261:since at least the middle of the 19th century:
3034:Journal of Integrated Marketing Communications
2835:
2833:
1647:Gutknecht AJ, Wibral M, Makkeh A (July 2021).
1614:
1612:
1529:Organizational behaviour: an introduction text
674:Synergy of various kinds has been advanced by
3103:
871:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
2773:"Synergy: Another idea whose time has come?"
375:(for example, the different combinations of
3000:. Boston, Bedford St. Martins. p. 606.
2634:
2632:
2595:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1059:It is possible for one firm to have unused
1018:, e.g. films, soundtracks, or video games.
230:
223:
215:
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3110:
3096:
3088:
3010:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2951:Kenton W (30 June 2021). Khartit K (ed.).
2777:Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems
1127:ICRed = the imperative for cost reductions
2934:The Journal for Quality and Participation
2397:
2348:
2299:
2250:
2240:
2191:
2173:
2116:
2106:
2057:
2008:
1998:
1941:
1892:
1882:
1864:
1799:
1762:
1752:
1719:
1690:
1664:
1454:
627:
614:
602:
574:
561:
537:
190:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
3239:List of medicine contamination incidents
2904:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 92.
2450:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1499:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1474:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1211:It is indeed easier to unravel a single
108:of all important aspects of the article.
3118:Combined substance use and adulteration
1593:Successful health and safety management
1531:(3rd ed.). London: Prentice Hall.
1342:
481:Successful health and safety management
3003:
2996:Campbell R, Martin C, Fabos B (2007).
2842:"Creating the best workplace on earth"
2148:Varley TF, Kaminski P (October 2022).
793:Increased potency (e.g. as with other
104:Please consider expanding the lead to
7:
3273:List of reagent testing color charts
2693:The Science of the Total Environment
1348:
1346:
916:Creating the Best Workplace on Earth
2877:. St. Martin's Press. p. xii.
1359:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3161:List of polysubstance combinations
2570:Essentials of medical pharmacology
651:{\displaystyle I(X_{1},X_{2};Y)=1}
586:{\displaystyle Y=XOR(X_{1},X_{2})}
154:Knowledge (XXG)'s inclusion policy
25:
1527:Buchanan DA, Huczynski A (1997).
519:Partial Information Decomposition
335:G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1918, p. 358
52:This article has multiple issues.
3214:Counterfeit illegal drug selling
3070:
3027:"Hollywood media synergy as IMC"
2771:Corning, Peter A. (1998-01-01).
2520:(5222). New York, N.Y.: 358–60.
1148:Synergistic networks and systems
773:, which is a combination of the
593:for three binary variables, the
486:The term synergy was refined by
129:
82:
41:
2274:Varley TF, Hoel E (July 2022).
257:have been used in the field of
96:may be too short to adequately
60:or discuss these issues on the
2840:Goffee R, Jones G (May 2013).
2816:. Cambridge University Press.
2641:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
2607:10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub2
687:Pest synergy would occur in a
639:
607:
580:
554:
106:provide an accessible overview
1:
3295:Evolutionary biology concepts
2810:Corning, Peter (2003-05-05).
2789:10.1016/S1061-7361(99)80002-2
2713:10.1016/s0048-9697(01)01113-5
2378:Neuroscience of Consciousness
1554:System engineering management
1235:, a book: DION, Eric (2017),
1093:Synergistic action in economy
968:synergy refers to the use of
2754:"Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins"
2534:10.1126/science.269.5222.358
886:considered safe to consume.
819:Slowdown of excretion (e.g.
712:Codrug § Common codrugs
664:emergence in complex systems
395:, the synergies of scale in
359:) embedded in both systems.
2928:Lawford GR (October 2003).
2871:Geneen H, Bowers B (1997).
2742:. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
2118:10.1016/j.bandc.2015.09.004
1847:Kolchinsky A (March 2022).
1398:Online Etymology Dictionary
1353:Jaffe, Klaus (2010-11-01).
984:used by corporate leaders.
907:smaller groups of humans.
812:inhibits the metabolism of
477:Health and Safety Executive
391:, the division of labor in
224:
216:
3321:
3146:Combined drug intoxication
3040:(1): 47–52. Archived from
3025:Dalecki L (January 2008).
2050:10.1038/s41593-022-01070-0
1110:ΣSYN.Act = ΣR-*I(CRed+COOP
941:
709:
516:
29:
2425:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1414:"Idyl of the Living Dead"
1371:10.1007/s00265-010-1059-0
231:
3178:Polysubstance dependence
2981:Laura-Melinda S (2011).
1922:Water Resources Research
1818:10.1088/1751-8121/abb723
1102:Synergistic determinants
974:research and development
32:Synergy (disambiguation)
3234:Counterfeit medications
2846:Harvard Business Review
2492:10.1002/sres.3850120204
953:merges with or acquires
424:organizational behavior
397:multicellular organisms
367:Descriptions and usages
333:, volume VI (1897–1912)
295:Blanchard and Lea, 1853
3124:Combined substance use
3075:Quotations related to
2341:10.1098/rsta.2021.0246
2292:10.1098/rsta.2021.0150
1683:10.1098/rspa.2021.0110
1282:Future Card Buddyfight
1221:
1205:
1190:wrote an essay titled
1153:synergistic networks.
652:
587:
452:attack on Pearl Harbor
338:
331:Glimpses of the Cosmos
298:
3219:Clandestine chemistry
2740:Risk Assessment Forum
1579:System safety and Law
1552:Blanchard BS (2004).
1441:Jaffe, Klaus (2023).
1239:, iUniverse, 308 pp.
1209:
1200:
1178:Synergy in literature
1114:+A)*V(Cust.+Info.)*cc
970:information campaigns
925:customer satisfaction
864:Toxicological synergy
653:
588:
488:R. Buckminster Fuller
317:
263:
3305:Production economics
3083:Synergism Hypothesis
2898:Cummings MS (2001).
2568:Tripathi KD (2013).
1943:10.1029/2019WR024940
1278:Cardfight!! Vanguard
1270:Magic: The Gathering
1243:Synergy in the media
932:Organismic computing
601:
536:
456:Bay of Pigs Invasion
30:For other uses, see
2760:on 2 February 2011.
2705:2002ScTEn.288...31H
2526:1995Sci...269..358M
2471:Corning PA (1995).
2446:Corning PA (2005).
2421:Corning PA (1983).
2233:2017Entrp..19..474T
2166:2022Entrp..24.1387V
2095:Brain and Cognition
2038:Nature Neuroscience
1991:2022Entrp..24..930N
1934:2020WRR....5624940G
1875:2022Entrp..24..403K
1810:2020JPhA...53V5001R
1675:2021RSPSA.47710110G
1495:Corning PA (2005).
1470:Corning PA (2003).
670:Biological sciences
306:La synergie sociale
289:—Dunglison, Robley
2917:Extract of page 92
2852:(5): 98–106, 150.
2390:10.1093/nc/niab027
2335:(2227): 20210246.
2286:(2227): 20210150.
1659:(2251): 20210110.
1619:Fuller RB (1982).
1224:The book "Synergy"
1196:The Tolkien Reader
1087:economies of scale
1016:media conglomerate
921:employee retention
892:Piperonyl butoxide
648:
595:mutual information
583:
525:information theory
513:Information theory
422:In the context of
393:bacterial colonies
342:Christian theology
3282:
3281:
3156:Polysubstance use
3131:Active metabolite
2911:978-1-58826-006-2
2884:978-0-312-14724-2
2823:978-1-139-44218-3
2457:978-0-226-11613-6
2432:978-0-07-013166-8
2242:10.3390/e19090474
2175:10.3390/e24101387
2000:10.3390/e24070930
1884:10.3390/e24030403
1764:10.3390/e19020085
1632:978-0-02-065320-2
1602:978-0-7176-1276-5
1577:Elliot C (2006).
1563:978-0-471-29176-3
1538:978-0-13-207259-5
1506:978-0-226-11613-6
1481:978-0-521-82547-4
1456:10.32388/2VWCJG.5
1427:978-0-520-22182-6
1412:Werth M (2002) .
1365:(11): 1721–1724.
949:Corporate synergy
944:corporate synergy
938:Corporate synergy
788:dextroamphetamine
780:
765:Reduced risk for
503:emergent behavior
328:—Ward, Lester F.
313:Lester Frank Ward
200:
199:
192:
182:
181:
174:
123:
122:
75:
16:(Redirected from
3312:
3151:Drug interaction
3141:Combination drug
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2627:
2626:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2554:
2553:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2494:. Archived from
2480:Systems Research
2477:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2418:
2412:
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2401:
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2012:
2002:
1970:
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1945:
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1492:
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1467:
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1460:
1458:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1350:
1262:Spider-Man films
1188:J. R. R. Tolkien
778:
771:lisdexamfetamine
657:
655:
654:
649:
632:
631:
619:
618:
592:
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589:
584:
579:
578:
566:
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236:
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133:
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125:
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109:
86:
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67:
45:
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3320:
3319:
3315:
3314:
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3311:
3310:
3309:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3269:Reagent testing
3250:
3192:
3119:
3116:
3067:
3062:
3061:
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3044:
3029:
3024:
3023:
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2765:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2653:10.1038/nrd2683
2638:
2637:
2630:
2601:(3): CD009281.
2592:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2557:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2031:
2030:
2026:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1734:
1733:
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1641:
1633:
1618:
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1610:
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1526:
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1514:
1507:
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1428:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1295:Behavioral cusp
1290:
1245:
1226:
1192:On Fairy Stores
1180:
1168:
1159:
1157:Synergy effects
1150:
1133:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1057:
1044:
1035:
1024:
996:
978:marketing tools
962:
946:
940:
904:
866:
852:
844:topoisomerase 1
801:of aspirin and
767:substance abuse
744:Bioavailability
718:
708:
685:
672:
623:
610:
599:
598:
570:
557:
534:
533:
521:
515:
454:(1941) and the
413:complex systems
369:
292:Medical Lexicon
247:
209:comes from the
196:
185:
184:
183:
178:
167:
161:
158:
144:Please help by
143:
134:
130:
119:
113:
110:
103:
91:This article's
87:
46:
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35:
28:
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22:
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5:
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3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
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3277:
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3258:
3256:Harm reduction
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:Illegal drugs
3208:
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3200:
3194:
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3115:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3066:
3065:External links
3063:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3047:on 2010-06-13.
3017:
2988:
2962:
2953:"Cost Synergy"
2943:
2920:
2910:
2890:
2883:
2863:
2829:
2822:
2802:
2763:
2745:
2726:
2699:(1–2): 31–42.
2683:
2674:
2628:
2585:
2578:
2555:
2504:
2501:on 2011-07-20.
2463:
2456:
2438:
2431:
2413:
2384:(2): niab027.
2364:
2315:
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2207:
2140:
2081:
2044:(6): 771–782.
2024:
1965:
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1794:(48): 485001.
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1330:Systems theory
1327:
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1297:
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1172:advanced chess
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988:Microsoft Word
961:
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942:Main article:
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862:
858:
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854:
850:
847:
838:. Oxaliplatin
828:
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758:combined with
754:) consists of
741:
734:aminoglycoside
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474:United Kingdom
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322:social synergy
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281:, 'with', and
246:
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213:word συνεργία
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100:the key points
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3264:Drug checking
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2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
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2843:
2836:
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2806:
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2737:
2730:
2727:
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2694:
2687:
2684:
2678:
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2670:
2666:
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2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:(2): 111–28.
2646:
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2604:
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2527:
2523:
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2515:
2508:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:(2): 89–121.
2485:
2481:
2474:
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2252:10044/1/50586
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2100:
2096:
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2077:
2073:
2069:
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2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
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2035:
2028:
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2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
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1931:
1927:
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1909:
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1900:
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1349:
1347:
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1328:
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1323:
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1318:
1316:
1315:Perfect storm
1313:
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1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1285:
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1234:
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1197:
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1092:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1042:Debt capacity
1041:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:media revenue
1004:
1001:
993:
991:
989:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
959:
957:
954:
950:
945:
937:
935:
933:
928:
926:
922:
917:
911:
908:
902:Human synergy
901:
899:
897:
893:
887:
884:
883:United States
880:
875:
872:
863:
861:
855:
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:
822:
818:
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811:
810:Ciprofloxacin
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:
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782:
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772:
768:
764:
761:
757:
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727:
723:
722:
721:
717:
713:
705:
703:
700:
696:
693:
690:
682:
680:
677:
676:Peter Corning
669:
667:
665:
659:
645:
642:
636:
633:
628:
624:
620:
615:
611:
604:
596:
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
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548:
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531:
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512:
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459:
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453:
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436:
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427:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
409:self-assembly
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:that produce
378:
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366:
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294:
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138:This article
136:
127:
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117:
107:
101:
99:
94:
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
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58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3198:Adulteration
3168:Polypharmacy
3079:at Wikiquote
3053:
3042:the original
3037:
3033:
3020:
2997:
2991:
2982:
2957:Investopedia
2956:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2900:
2893:
2873:
2866:
2849:
2845:
2812:
2805:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2758:the original
2748:
2739:
2729:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2677:
2644:
2640:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2569:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2496:the original
2483:
2479:
2466:
2447:
2441:
2422:
2416:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2332:
2328:
2318:
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2224:
2220:
2210:
2160:(10): 1387.
2157:
2153:
2143:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2041:
2037:
2027:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1709:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1621:
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1528:
1496:
1490:
1471:
1465:
1446:
1436:
1417:
1407:
1396:
1387:
1362:
1358:
1257:Mickey Mouse
1250:
1246:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1116:
1105:
1096:
1083:
1070:
1061:tax benefits
1058:
1055:Tax benefits
1045:
1036:
1025:
1012:subsidiaries
1005:
997:
986:
963:
947:
929:
923:, by 89% in
915:
912:
909:
905:
888:
876:
867:
859:
840:intercalates
814:Theophylline
799:combinations
752:pharmahuasca
719:
706:Drug synergy
686:
683:Pest synergy
673:
660:
522:
485:
480:
471:
460:
448:
444:Polarisation
437:
428:
421:
370:
361:
350:
339:
330:
321:
318:
310:
305:
299:
291:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
264:
254:
250:
248:
222:
214:
206:
202:
201:
186:
168:
159:
146:spinning off
139:
111:
95:
93:lead section
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
1325:Synergetics
1253:Walt Disney
1071:Synergy in
832:oxaliplatin
823:delays the
785:attached to
726:antibiotics
492:synergetics
440:risky shift
353:information
302:Henri Mazel
271:Synenergi'a
211:Attic Greek
18:Synergistic
3289:Categories
3230:Medicines
3206:Drug fraud
2783:(1): 1–6.
2227:(9): 474.
2108:1510.00831
1985:(7): 930.
1866:1908.08642
1859:(3): 403.
1801:2001.10387
1754:1602.01265
1666:2008.09535
1337:References
1098:in depth.
1073:management
1067:Management
1033:Cash slack
879:pesticides
836:irinotecan
821:Probenecid
775:amino acid
730:penicillin
710:See also:
689:biological
517:See also:
357:complexity
265:SYN'ERGY,
259:physiology
255:synergetic
249:The words
162:March 2023
150:relocating
114:March 2023
57:improve it
3006:cite book
2797:1061-7361
2623:205199173
2261:1099-4300
2184:1099-4300
2101:: 25–38.
2076:249096746
1960:216201598
1952:0043-1397
1834:210932609
1826:1751-8113
1773:1099-4300
1747:(2): 85.
1721:1004.2515
1393:"Synergy"
1379:1432-0762
1300:Emergence
1274:Yu-Gi-Oh!
1186:In 1938,
1166:Computers
1027:Financial
1022:Financial
966:marketing
960:Marketing
748:ayahuasca
405:stigmergy
346:synergism
311:In 1909,
300:In 1896,
267:Synergi'a
239:emergence
98:summarize
63:talk page
3246:Impurity
3173:Polypill
2940:(3): 23.
2858:23898736
2721:12013546
2669:54466254
2661:19180105
2615:22419343
2550:45407924
2542:17841254
2408:34804593
2359:35599558
2310:35599561
2202:37420406
2127:26475739
2068:35618951
2019:35885153
1903:35327914
1701:35197799
1288:See also
982:buzzword
803:caffeine
738:bacteria
702:effect.
699:parasite
695:organism
530:XOR gate
463:IEEE-488
432:cohesion
417:hominins
401:honeybee
385:neutrons
275:Synergie
233:συνεργός
225:synergos
217:synergia
3188:Synergy
3183:Prodrug
3077:synergy
2701:Bibcode
2522:Bibcode
2514:Science
2399:8600547
2350:9125226
2301:9131462
2229:Bibcode
2221:Entropy
2193:9611752
2162:Bibcode
2154:Entropy
2135:4394452
2059:7614771
2010:9319160
1987:Bibcode
1979:Entropy
1930:Bibcode
1894:8947370
1871:Bibcode
1853:Entropy
1806:Bibcode
1741:Entropy
1692:8261229
1671:Bibcode
1305:Gestalt
1266:30 Rock
1231:Synergy
1217:picture
1117:where:
1000:revenue
994:Revenue
896:MGK 264
881:in the
781:-lysine
732:and an
728:like a
389:genomes
381:protons
373:physics
277:; from
273:, (F.)
251:synergy
245:History
207:synergy
203:Synergy
3300:Holism
3224:Lacing
3136:Codrug
2908:
2881:
2856:
2820:
2795:
2719:
2667:
2659:
2621:
2613:
2576:
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2540:
2454:
2429:
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2182:
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2125:
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2066:
2056:
2017:
2007:
1958:
1950:
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1832:
1824:
1771:
1699:
1689:
1629:
1599:
1560:
1535:
1503:
1478:
1424:
1377:
1320:Stroke
1310:Holism
1280:, and
1213:thread
795:NSAIDs
769:(e.g.
746:(e.g.
714:, and
377:quarks
3045:(PDF)
3030:(PDF)
2665:S2CID
2619:S2CID
2546:S2CID
2499:(PDF)
2476:(PDF)
2131:S2CID
2103:arXiv
2072:S2CID
1956:S2CID
1928:(2).
1861:arXiv
1830:S2CID
1796:arXiv
1749:arXiv
1716:arXiv
1661:arXiv
1447:Qeios
1130:ICOOP
1014:of a
825:renal
760:MAOIs
532:. If
467:HP-IB
283:εργον
221:from
3012:link
2906:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2854:PMID
2818:ISBN
2793:ISSN
2717:PMID
2657:PMID
2611:PMID
2574:ISBN
2538:PMID
2452:ISBN
2427:ISBN
2404:PMID
2382:2021
2355:PMID
2306:PMID
2257:ISSN
2198:PMID
2180:ISSN
2123:PMID
2064:PMID
2015:PMID
1948:ISSN
1899:PMID
1822:ISSN
1769:ISSN
1697:PMID
1627:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1375:ISSN
1080:Cost
1048:debt
894:and
834:and
750:(or
692:host
383:and
253:and
2785:doi
2709:doi
2697:288
2649:doi
2603:doi
2530:doi
2518:269
2488:doi
2394:PMC
2386:doi
2345:PMC
2337:doi
2333:380
2296:PMC
2288:doi
2284:380
2247:hdl
2237:doi
2188:PMC
2170:doi
2113:doi
2099:112
2054:PMC
2046:doi
2005:PMC
1995:doi
1938:doi
1889:PMC
1879:doi
1814:doi
1759:doi
1687:PMC
1679:doi
1657:477
1451:doi
1367:doi
1006:In
756:DMT
411:of
340:In
279:συν
148:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
