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Synthetic language

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3494:. this sentence means "That village, that particular village, that village has always been empty ever since it was settled". From this example we can see that Bulgarian nouns are inflected by definiteness, gender, number. Bulgarian verbs are conjugated by tense, mood, person, gender, number, and evidential marking. Bulgarian is a fusional inflecting language with some analyticity (including prepositions in the nominal morphology, and some analytical-synthetic tenses in the verbal morphology). 3283:
for example) and southern dialects to a certain extent is more strictly monosyllabic: each character represents one word. The evolution of modern Mandarin Chinese was accompanied by a reduction in the total number of phonemes. Words which previously were phonetically distinct became homophones. Many
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Fusional languages are similar to agglutinating languages in that they involve the combination of many distinct morphemes. However, morphemes in fusional languages are often assigned several different lexical meanings, and they tend to be fused together so that it is difficult to separate individual
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Agglutinating languages have a high rate of agglutination in their words and sentences, meaning that the morphological construction of words consists of distinct morphemes that usually carry a single unique meaning. These morphemes tend to look the same no matter what word they are in, so it is easy
3806:. Consequently, a larger proportion of non-native speakers learning a language over the course of its historical development may lead to a simpler morphology, as the preferences of adult learners get passed on to second generation native speakers. This is especially noticeable in the grammar of 2947:
Mohawk: Washakotya'tawitsherahetkvhta'se means "He ruined her dress" (strictly, 'He made the-thing-that-one-puts-on-one's body ugly for her'). This one inflected verb in a polysynthetic language expresses an idea that can only be conveyed using multiple words in a more analytic language such as
3594:
Structurally: behaviour (present/future tense) (of their) obey (without) (in the manner/style) studying (they who (should be)) gets detention (some). Practically every word is derived and/or inflected. However, this is quite formal language, and (especially in speech) would have various words
3389:. this sentence means "Yesterday I told my friends about the idea I was thinking about". From this example we can see that Hebrew verbs are conjugated by tense/mood and person (including gender and number). In addition, there are prepositions that are also conjugated, but by person, like 2865:"They said that they would be forced by them [the others] to make someone to jump over in this direction." (The word describes the whole sentence that incorporates tense, subject, object, relation between them, direction of the action, conditional and causative markers etc.) 3368:
means strictly literally, 'To us, these photos of a child crying are things that are difficult to be shown', meaning "We cannot bear being shown these photos of a child crying" in more idiomatic English. In the example, most words have more than one morpheme and some have up to
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Derivational and relational morphology represent opposite ends of a spectrum; that is, a single word in a given language may exhibit varying degrees of both of them simultaneously. Similarly, some words may have derivational morphology while others have relational morphology.
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disyllabic words in modern Mandarin are the result of joining two related words (such as péngyou, literally "friend-friend") in order to resolve the phonetic ambiguity. A similar process is observed in some English dialects. For instance, in the
480:, etc.) are joined to create new words. That is, in general, the morphemes being combined are more concrete units of meaning. The morphemes being synthesized in the following examples either belong to a particular grammatical class – such as 3816:
suggests that evidence for this hypothesis can be seen in correlations between morphological complexity and factors such as the number of speakers of a language, geographic spread, and the degree of inter-linguistic contact.
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each have two morphemes per word, the former being an example of relational synthesis (inflection), and the latter of compounding synthesis (a special case of derivation with another free morpheme instead of a bound
2961:. Such languages would be functionally synthetic, but make use of a very limited array of morphemes (perhaps just a few hundred). The concept of an oligosynthetic language type was proposed by Whorf to describe the 1165: 1149:
may count as well, because it is merely an orthographic convention to write them as isolated words. Grammatically and phonetically they behave like one word (stress on the first syllable, plural morpheme at the
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The word describes the whole sentence that incorporates tense, subject, direct and indirect objects, their plurality, relation between them, direction of the action, conditional and causative markers, etc.
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to show grammatical function. In other words, it involves the combination of more abstract units of meaning than derivational synthesis. In the following examples many of the morphemes are related to
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However, with rare exceptions, each syllable in Mandarin (corresponding to a single written character) represents a morpheme with an identifiable meaning, even if many of such morphemes are
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to a root word is used in inflection to convey a grammatical property of the word, such as denoting a subject or an object. Combining two or more morphemes into one word is used in
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example, the first phrase makes use of inflection, but the second phrase uses a preposition. The development of preposition suggests the moving from synthetic to analytic.
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Language Variation-European Perspectives VI: Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 8), Leipzig 2015
3316:). In these dialects, the ambiguity is often resolved by using the compounds "ink-pen" and "stick-pin", in order to clarify which "p*n" is being discussed. 3001:) concepts into separate words. These classifications comprise two ends of a spectrum along which different languages can be classified. The present-day 3678: 'futile'). Prefixes and suffixes are added to make the word incorporate subject, direct and indirect objects, number, gender, definiteness, etc. 3023:
In order to demonstrate the nature of the isolating-analytic–synthetic–polysynthetic classification as a "continuum", some examples are shown below.
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to separate a word into its individual morphemes. Morphemes may be bound (that is, they must be attached to a word to have meaning, like affixes) or
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ceases to be a verb. Some linguists consider relational morphology to be a type of derivational morphology, which may complicate the classification.
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is a language that is statistically characterized by a higher morpheme-to-word ratio. Rule-wise, a synthetic language is characterized by denoting
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that Chinese consists exclusively of "words of one syllable". As the sentence above illustrates, however, even simple Chinese words such as
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almost entirely, and most words consist of either one- or two-syllable morphemes, especially due to the very numerous
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The definite articles are not only suffixes but are also noun inflections expressing thought in a synthetic manner.
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is seen as analytic, but it used to be fusional. Certain synthetic qualities (as in the inflection of verbs to show
291: 2978: 184: 118: 3662:"And did we give it (masc.) to you futilely?" in Arabic, each word consists of one root that has a basic meaning ( 4279: 3285: 2962: 108: 4216: 3867: 3862: 3016:, consistently have one morpheme per word, while at the other extreme, in polysynthetic languages such as some 1585: 99: 1530: 2940: 2939:
as well as other morphemes into a single continuous word. These languages often turn nouns into verbs. Many
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Swahili is an agglutinating language. For example, distinct morphemes are used in the conjugation of verbs:
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Haspelmath and Michaelis observed that analyticity is increasing in a number of European languages. In the
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Polysynthetic languages are considered the most synthetic of the three types because they combine multiple
3625:"They said that they would be forced by them (the others) to make someone to jump over in this direction". 3040: 2930: 2880: 420: 381: 83: 78: 47: 3410: 317: 199: 194: 179: 4157: 3821: 4167: 4111: 3297: 3289: 3249: 3205: 905: 861: 397: 389: 170: 165: 145: 31: 3933: 3857: 3017: 3013: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2159: 2142: 2125: 1435: 40: 1236: 1210: 4240: 4236: 3852: 3482: 2318: 1565: 1355: 401: 373: 61: 1330: 1325: 1294: 1279: 910: 876: 2702:"Are you[plural/formal] amongst the ones whom we might not be able to make citizens of 4199: 4179: 4171: 4139: 3954: 3842: 3604: 3352: 3006: 2994: 2915: 2711: 2087: 2061: 1577: 160: 135: 73: 56: 3828:(which he calls "Israeli") "is much more analytic, both with nouns and verbs", compared with 2850: 2844: 2794: 2774: 2699:
Afyonkarahisar {citizen of} transform PASS notbe (thematic) able FUT PL we among you-PL-FUT-Q
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Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
3807: 3785: 3766: 3728: 3709: 3690: 3672: 3664: 3653: 3645: 3374: 2074: 2047: 2019: 1975: 1573: 1545:, as in "bile + solid + [alcohol suffix]", or "the solid alcohol present in bile". 1494: 1466: 995: 931: 492: 286: 204: 1335: 1309: 895: 831: 588: 560: 4115: 1671: 1612: 972: 947: 4134: 4099: 3847: 3599:
meaning 'When the student behaves in an insubordinate manner, they will get detention'.
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a single inflected verb may contain as much information as an entire English sentence.
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This word demonstrates the hierarchical construction of synthetically derived words:
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Comparison between English and Bulgarian (this table should be read left-to-right)
638: 571: 508: 3979: 2692: 2629: 2470: 2443: 4124: 2856: 2822: 2400: 2334: 3779: 3760: 3591:"Should they behave in an insubordinate manner, the student will get detention." 3423:
Comparison between English and Hebrew (this table should be read right-to-left)
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The distinction is, therefore, a matter of degree. The most analytic languages,
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It has been argued that analytic grammatical structures are easier for adults
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Watashitachi ni totte, kono naku kodomo no shashin wa miseraregatai mono desu
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Haspelmath, M, & Michaelis, S. M. (2017). Analytic and synthetic. In
4023: 4006: 3812: 987: 977: 959: 577: 528: 1914: 1872: 1846: 1780: 1775: 1754: 1742: 1686: 1681: 1653: 1638: 1524: 2970: 2966: 1886: 303: 709: 1695:"Communicating those[feminine plural] to you[plural]" 1589: 1536: 385: 361: 701: 2352: 3331:"He travelled by hovercraft on the sea" is largely isolating, but 2250: 2073:"give + to me + it[singular] + you[plural] + [ 477: 473: 3784: 3765: 3727: 3708: 1660: 3597:
Kun oppilas käyttäytyy tottelemattomasti, hän saa jälki-istuntoa
986:"Public transportation stop [without facilities]" (i.e. 469: 3721: 3702: 3386:
Etmol siparti l'khaverim sheli al hara'ayon, she'alav khashavti
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Lupyan, Gary; Dale, Rick; O'Rourke, Dennis (20 January 2010).
2641: 2583: 488:– or are affixes that usually have a single form and meaning: 384:(most of them belonging to an agglutinative subtype, although 4100:"Language Structure Is Partly Determined by Social Structure" 3778: 3759: 3276:, both of which mean 'friend') are synthetic compound words. 2957:
Oligosynthetic languages are a theoretical notion created by
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are often classified as belonging to a fusional subtype) and
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Käyttäytyessään tottelemattomasti oppilas saa jälki-istuntoa
1904: 965: 2462: 2134: 1936: 3335:(although it is possible to say "did travel" instead) and 3238:"Tomorrow my friend(s) will make a birthday cake for me." 1893: 1426:{direction/intent} {adjective} {approach} {fast movement} 1956: 1918: 1734: 1630: 4282:
Linguistics for Students of Asian and African Languages
3901:(12 ed.). Ohio State University. pp. 172–175. 3489: 2943:
and other Native American languages are polysynthetic.
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subtypes of word synthesis. Further divisions include
4007:"Benjamin Lee Whorf and Ultimate Reality and Meaning" 2498:
Afyonkarahisarlılaştıramayabileceklerimizden misiniz?
2313:"I wonder if I should run around [aimlessly]" 1269: 1170: 3404: 3394: 3384: 412:
to denote syntactic relationship between the words.
806: 30:For a language consciously designed by people, see 3934:"Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech" 3916:(12 ed.). Ohio State University. p. 156. 1592:, or other abstract distinctions in a language: 1429:"after something or someone that is moving away" 1350:"musicianship" or "playing a musical instrument" 3912:Dawson, Hope C.; Phelan, Michael, eds. (2016). 3897:Dawson, Hope C.; Phelan, Michael, eds. (2016). 3488:Селото, селото, пустото селото откак заселено. 3288:, it is not unusual for the short vowel sounds 2903:A-na-soma: s/he-present-read or s/he is reading 2890:(they can stand alone and still have meaning). 2434: 2325: 1576:(e.g. passive voice), whether a word is in the 1362: 3610: 3491:Seloto, seloto, pustoto seloto, otkak zaseleno 3381:אתמול סיפרתי לחברים שלי על הרעיון, שעליו חשבתי 3358: 3279:The Chinese language of the classic works (of 2900:U-na-soma: you-present-read or you are reading 2718: 2094: 2066: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3053: 2496: 2212: 1801: 1707: 1603: 597:"Meeting of members of the supervisory board" 337: 8: 3639: 999: 773: 767: 761: 755: 749: 737: 729: 721: 707: 699: 691: 685: 675: 669: 661: 651: 643: 627: 619: 613: 499: 2200:"It's difficult to be shown [this]" 800: 2897:Ni-na-soma: I-present-read or I am reading 594:supervision {} council {} members assembly 344: 330: 36: 4133: 4123: 4022: 3499: 3421: 3046: 1523:alternately, cholesterol can be read as 4229:Comparison of inflection and derivation 3880: 919:pre {next to} sharp pitch/tone tendency 435:, remains an adjective, while the word 302: 217: 98: 46: 39: 3595:replaced by more analytic structures: 728:(a verb prefix of variable meaning) + 3308:: thus the words "pen" and "pin" are 3286:Southern dialects of American English 7: 4088:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 3927: 3925: 3923: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 2993:) multiple concepts into each word. 3640: 1692:communicate GER you.PL those.FEM.PL 364:relationship between the words via 3620:gadmo-gv-a-kht'un-eb-in-eb-d-nen-o 618:"members of supervisory board" + 501:Aufsichtsratsmitgliederversammlung 427:, if inflectionally combined with 25: 4280:Halvor Eifring & Rolf Theil: 2862:gadmo gv a khtun eb in eb d nen o 926:[third-to-last] position" 423:, instead. For example, the word 2985:Synthetic and analytic languages 468:, morphemes of different types ( 4066:. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc 3304:to be indistinguishable before 1508:the presence of high levels of 400:). In contrast, rule-wise, the 3655:wa-aʻṭay-nā-ku-mū-hu ʻabath-an 3360:私たちにとって、この泣く子供の写真は見せられがたいものです。 1131:against ending {to institute} 1: 4039:"Ygyde Language Introduction" 2989:Synthetic languages combine ( 4125:10.1371/journal.pone.0008559 4011:Ultimate Reality and Meaning 3984:Glossary of Linguistic Terms 2921:morphemes from one another. 2870:Types of synthetic languages 1537: 1145:English word chains such as 1020:antidisestablishmentarianism 3832:(which he calls "Hebrew"). 3804:learning a foreign language 3673: 3665: 3654: 3647:’awa’aʼṭaynākumūhu ʻabathan 3646: 3490: 3405: 3395: 3385: 3364: 2827: 2815: 2807: 2799: 2787: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2747: 2739: 2725: 2164: 2147: 2130: 2115: 2101: 2056:"They are crushed together" 1962:"She would have bathed him" 1412: 1401: 1390: 1379: 1369: 1314: 1299: 1284: 1270: 1215: 1200: 1185: 1171: 922:"Tendency to accent on the 881: 866: 851: 836: 821: 807: 714:"element, constituent part" 439:derivatively combined with 161:Ditransitive/Monotransitive 27:Type of language morphology 4314: 3795:of the.DAT.SG house.DAT.SG 3237: 2928: 2913: 2878: 1529: 1445: 29: 4005:Ellos, William J (1982). 3616:gadmogvakht'unebinebdneno 3611: 3400: 3390: 3380: 3359: 3248:. This gives rise to the 3117: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3018:Native American languages 2855: 2849: 2843: 2838: 2832: 2821: 2793: 2773: 2761: 2733: 2719: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2158: 2141: 2124: 2109: 2095: 1363: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1308: 1293: 1278: 1263: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1209: 1194: 1179: 1164: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 875: 860: 845: 830: 815: 801: 4064:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3955:"Agglutinating language" 3868:Morphology (linguistics) 3863:Morphological derivation 3268:'friend' (a compound of 2726:gadmogvakhṭunebinebdneno 2426:house POSS PL your.PL in 2053:together crush they PASS 1438:based on Greek and Latin 1242:dosto primečátelʹn -ostʹ 394:oligosynthetic languages 4246:Lexicon of Linguistics: 4234:Lexicon of Linguistics: 4168:Oxford University Press 3738:the.GEN.SG house.GEN.SG 3685:Increase in analyticity 3612:გადმოგვახტუნებინებდნენო 3037:inflectional morphology 2875:Agglutinating languages 2720:გადმოგვახტუნებინებდნენო 2197:see CAUS PASS difficult 1942: 1932: 1924: 1910: 1900: 1894: 1881:"Let's get out of here" 1803:Anem-se'n / Anem-nos-en 615:Aufsichtsratsmitglieder 421:agglutinating languages 382:polysynthetic languages 18:Synthetic (linguistics) 2931:Polysynthetic language 2881:Agglutinative language 2820: 2812: 2804: 2792: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2752: 2744: 2732: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2628: 2627: 2616: 2615: 2604: 2603: 2590: 2589: 2576: 2575: 2564: 2563: 2555: 2544: 2543: 2533: 2525: 2514: 2513: 2503: 2497: 2474: 2469: 2454: 2453: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2388: 2387: 2373: 2372: 2359: 2358: 2345: 2344: 2333: 2332: 2326: 2300: 2295: 2289: 2284: 2271: 2270: 2257: 2256: 2245: 2232: 2231: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2157: 2140: 2123: 2108: 2067: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2018: 2017: 2006: 2005: 1994: 1993: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1845: 1844: 1833: 1832: 1821: 1820: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1753: 1752: 1741: 1740: 1727: 1726: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1652: 1651: 1637: 1636: 1623: 1622: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1505:high cholesterol blood 1498: 1493: 1488: 1477: 1476: 1465: 1464: 1453: 1452: 1443:hypercholesterolemia ( 1409: 1398: 1387: 1376: 1307: 1292: 1277: 1208: 1193: 1178: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1088: 1087: 1076: 1075: 1062: 1061: 1050: 1049: 1038: 1037: 1026: 1025: 1000: 976: 971: 958: 957: 946: 945: 938: 874: 859: 844: 829: 814: 774: 768: 762: 756: 750: 738: 730: 722: 708: 700: 692: 686: 676: 670: 662: 652: 644: 632:"supervisory board" + 628: 620: 614: 587: 582: 576: 570: 559: 558: 547: 546: 538: 527: 526: 518: 507: 506: 500: 466:derivational synthesis 460:Derivational synthesis 4263:"Linguistic typology" 4207:morphological process 3411:Modern Hebrew grammar 2971:constructed languages 1172:dostoprimečátelʹnostʹ 1166:достопримечательность 916:pro par oxý tón -esis 398:constructed languages 372:, dividing them into 151:Nominative–absolutive 114:Nominative–accusative 4060:"synthetic language" 4024:10.3138/uram.5.2.140 3250:common misconception 3160:Literal translation 2080:'You, give it to me' 1878:go we ourselves from 1562:relational synthesis 1556:Relational synthesis 390:Athabaskan languages 32:Constructed language 4298:Synthetic languages 4158:Zuckermann, Ghil‘ad 4116:2010PLoSO...5.8559L 3980:"Fusional Language" 3858:Linguistic typology 3641:أوأعطيناكموه عبثًا؟ 3502: 3424: 3014:isolating languages 2977:such as Ygyde and 2214:juoksentelisinkohan 1446:υπερχοληστερολαιμία 1436:classical compounds 1251:"Place of interest" 265:Object–verb–subject 260:Object–subject–verb 255:Subject–object–verb 243:Verb–object–subject 238:Verb–subject–object 233:Subject–verb–object 126:Ergative–absolutive 41:Linguistic typology 3853:Isolating language 3822:Ghil'ad Zuckermann 3810:. A 2010 paper in 3500: 3422: 2995:Analytic languages 2910:Fusional languages 2307:run FREQ I.COND Q 2194:mi sase rare gatai 1789:"Writing it to me" 1344:{play music} -ing 1245:deserving notable 742:present participle 451:Forms of synthesis 402:analytic languages 358:synthetic language 4247: 4235: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4156:See pp. 65-67 in 3843:Analytic language 3670: 'give' and 3569: 3568: 3479: 3478: 3242: 3241: 3206:genitive particle 3009:) were retained. 2916:Fusional language 2481:love {I REFL you} 1584:of the sentence, 1135:advocate ideology 666:"council, board" 443:to form the word 431:to form the word 354: 353: 296:Place–manner–time 292:Time–manner–place 185:Dependent-marking 136:Symmetrical voice 119:Marked nominative 16:(Redirected from 4305: 4277: 4269: 4267: 4245: 4233: 4225: 4213: 4198: 4186: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4137: 4127: 4095: 4089: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3929: 3918: 3917: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3894: 3830:Classical Hebrew 3808:creole languages 3788: 3782: 3769: 3763: 3731: 3725: 3712: 3706: 3676: 3668: 3657: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3634:Classical Arabic 3614: 3613: 3503: 3493: 3425: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3367: 3362: 3361: 3347:Rather synthetic 3306:nasal consonants 3303: 3295: 3125:Transliteration 3120: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3047: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2842: 2836: 2825: 2797: 2777: 2765: 2737: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2599: 2585: 2539: 2500: 2464: 2438: 2429:"In your houses" 2383: 2368: 2354: 2329: 2310: 2280: 2266: 2252: 2241: 2216: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2162: 2153: 2145: 2136: 2128: 2113: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2070: 2027: 1958: 1952:ō c ā lti zquiya 1948: 1938: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1897: 1805: 1736: 1711: 1666: 1662: 1647: 1632: 1607: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1448: 1447: 1383:direction/intent 1372: 1366: 1365: 1347: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1320: 1312: 1297: 1282: 1273: 1267: 1248: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1221: 1213: 1198: 1183: 1174: 1168: 1147:child labour law 1134: 1071: 1005: 967: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 879: 864: 849: 834: 819: 810: 808:proparoxutónesis 804: 803: 802:προπαροξυτόνησις 777: 771: 765: 759: 753: 741: 735: 727: 713: 705: 695: 689: 679: 673: 665: 656:"supervision" + 655: 647: 631: 623: 617: 503: 346: 339: 332: 37: 21: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4288: 4287: 4278:, chapter 4 of 4271: 4265: 4261: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4155: 4151: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3932:Sapir, Edward. 3931: 3930: 3921: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3895: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3838: 3800: 3790: 3771: 3752: 3743: 3733: 3714: 3687: 3577: 3565:it was settled 3551:has always been 3545:that particular 3419: 3349: 3322: 3029: 2987: 2963:Native American 2955: 2933: 2927: 2918: 2912: 2883: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2830: 2818: 2810: 2802: 2790: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2750: 2742: 2730: 2708: 2649: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2587: 2573: 2561: 2553: 2541: 2531: 2523: 2511: 2501: 2486: 2467: 2451: 2439: 2431: 2397: 2385: 2370: 2356: 2342: 2330: 2315: 2282: 2268: 2254: 2243: 2229: 2217: 2202: 2170: 2155: 2138: 2121: 2106: 2102:misaseraregatai 2075:imperative mood 2058: 2029: 2015: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1964: 1950: 1940: 1930: 1922: 1908: 1898: 1883: 1854: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1806: 1791: 1786:write GER me it 1762: 1750: 1738: 1724: 1712: 1709:escribiéndomelo 1697: 1668: 1649: 1634: 1620: 1608: 1605:comunicandovele 1570:bound morphemes 1558: 1514: 1486: 1474: 1462: 1450: 1431: 1418: 1407: 1396: 1385: 1374: 1352: 1341:navâz -ande -gi 1322: 1305: 1290: 1275: 1253: 1223: 1206: 1191: 1176: 1140: 1097: 1085: 1073: 1059: 1047: 1035: 1023: 1008: 969: 955: 943: 928: 887: 872: 857: 842: 827: 812: 780:bound morphemes 599: 568: 556: 544: 536: 524: 516: 504: 462: 453: 406:auxiliary verbs 396:(only found in 350: 287:Free word order 205:Syntactic pivot 100:Morphosyntactic 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4311: 4309: 4301: 4300: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4259: 4243: 4231: 4223: 4211: 4194: 4193:External links 4191: 4188: 4187: 4149: 4090: 4077: 4051: 4030: 4017:(2): 140–150. 3997: 3971: 3946: 3919: 3914:Language Files 3904: 3899:Language Files 3879: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3848:Bound morpheme 3845: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3798:'of the house' 3772: 3753: 3745: 3744: 3715: 3696: 3695: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3660: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3589: 3576: 3575:Very synthetic 3573: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3321: 3318: 3314:pin-pen merger 3240: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3041:compound words 3028: 3025: 2986: 2983: 2959:Benjamin Whorf 2954: 2953:Oligosynthetic 2951: 2950: 2949: 2941:Native Alaskan 2929:Main article: 2926: 2923: 2914:Main article: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2879:Main article: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2819: 2811: 2803: 2791: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2731: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2704:Afyonkarahisar 2652:Afyonkarahisar 2626: 2614: 2602: 2588: 2574: 2562: 2554: 2542: 2532: 2524: 2512: 2509:Afyonkarahisar 2505:Afyonkarahisar 2502: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2452: 2440: 2433: 2432: 2386: 2371: 2357: 2343: 2331: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2269: 2255: 2244: 2230: 2218: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2156: 2139: 2122: 2107: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1980: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1959:water CAUS IRR 1941: 1931: 1923: 1909: 1899: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1843: 1831: 1819: 1807: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1751: 1739: 1725: 1713: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1650: 1635: 1621: 1609: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1568:are joined to 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1475: 1463: 1451: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1434:international 1408: 1397: 1386: 1375: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1306: 1291: 1276: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1207: 1192: 1177: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1086: 1074: 1060: 1048: 1036: 1024: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 956: 944: 937: 936: 935: 934: 873: 858: 843: 828: 813: 799: 798: 797: 796: 790: 789: 788: 787: 786: 785: 784: 783: 746: 745: 744: 743: 736:"to gather" + 719: 718: 717: 716: 715: 683: 682: 681: 608: 607: 557: 545: 537: 525: 517: 505: 498: 497: 496: 495: 461: 458: 452: 449: 352: 351: 349: 348: 341: 334: 326: 323: 322: 321: 320: 315: 307: 306: 300: 299: 298: 297: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 268: 267: 262: 257: 247: 246: 245: 240: 235: 222: 221: 215: 214: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 190:Double-marking 187: 182: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 168: 158: 156:Direct-inverse 153: 148: 143: 141:Active–stative 138: 133: 131:Split ergative 128: 123: 122: 121: 103: 102: 96: 95: 94: 93: 92: 91: 89:Oligosynthetic 86: 81: 76: 66: 65: 64: 51: 50: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4310: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4275: 4264: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4184:9780199812776 4181: 4177: 4176:9780199812790 4173: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3998: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3935: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3826:Modern Hebrew 3823: 3820:According to 3818: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3741:'the house's' 3739: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3677: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3457:that about it 3456: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3412: 3407: 3397: 3387: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3293: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3172:friend friend 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3059: 3052: 3050:Chinese text 3049: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2925:Polysynthetic 2924: 2922: 2917: 2909: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2727: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2466: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2437: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2328: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2103: 2089: 2086: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1977: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1921: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1804: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1512:in the blood. 1511: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1416:fast movement 1414: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1371: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1272: 1266: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1222: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1173: 1167: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1022: 1021: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 998:)—compare to 997: 993: 989: 984: 981: 980: 979: 975: 974: 968: 963: 962: 961: 954: 951: 950: 949: 942: 941: 933: 930: 929: 927: 925: 924:proparoxytone 920: 917: 914: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 886: 883: 880: 878: 871: 868: 865: 863: 856: 853: 850: 848: 841: 838: 835: 833: 826: 823: 820: 818: 809: 795: 792: 791: 781: 776: 770: 764: 758: 752: 748: 747: 740: 734: 733: 726: 725: 720: 712: 711: 704: 703: 698: 697: 694: 688: 684: 678: 672: 668: 667: 664: 659: 654: 650: 649: 646: 641: 640: 635: 630: 626: 625: 622: 616: 612: 611: 610: 609: 605: 604: 603: 602: 601: 600: 598: 595: 592: 591: 590: 586: 585: 580: 579: 574: 573: 567: 564: 563: 562: 555: 552: 551: 550: 543: 540: 535: 532: 531: 530: 523: 520: 515: 512: 511: 510: 502: 494: 491: 490: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 459: 457: 450: 448: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 413: 411: 407: 404:rely more on 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378:agglutinating 375: 371: 370:agglutination 367: 363: 359: 347: 342: 340: 335: 333: 328: 327: 325: 324: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 309: 308: 305: 301: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 282:OS word order 280: 278: 277:V2 word order 275: 273: 272:V1 word order 270: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 230: 229: 226: 225: 224: 223: 220: 216: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 180:Zero-marking 178: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 120: 117: 116: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 106: 105: 104: 101: 97: 90: 87: 85: 84:Polysynthetic 82: 80: 79:Agglutinative 77: 75: 72: 71: 70: 67: 63: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 53: 52: 49: 48:Morphological 45: 42: 38: 33: 19: 4281: 4218: 4206: 4161: 4152: 4110:(1): e8559. 4107: 4103: 4093: 4085: 4080: 4068:. Retrieved 4063: 4054: 4042:. Retrieved 4033: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3988:. Retrieved 3986:. 2015-12-04 3983: 3974: 3962:. Retrieved 3958: 3949: 3937:. Retrieved 3913: 3907: 3898: 3819: 3811: 3801: 3797: 3794: 3792:von dem Haus 3791: 3776: 3773: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3719: 3716: 3700: 3697: 3688: 3671: 3663: 3652: 3644: 3619: 3615: 3596: 3586: 3570: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3418: 3336: 3332: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3256:'tomorrow' ( 3253: 3243: 3022: 3011: 2998: 2990: 2988: 2956: 2934: 2919: 2884: 2864: 2861: 2831: 2701: 2698: 2650: 2635: 2622: 2610: 2596: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2550: 2536: 2528: 2520: 2508: 2484:"I love you" 2483: 2480: 2468: 2460: 2448: 2428: 2425: 2398: 2394: 2379: 2365: 2351: 2339: 2312: 2306: 2283: 2277: 2263: 2248: 2238: 2226: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2171: 2167: 2150: 2133: 2118: 2055: 2052: 2030: 2024: 2012: 2000: 1988: 1976:comprimuntur 1961: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1935: 1927: 1913: 1903: 1895:ōcāltizquiya 1880: 1877: 1855: 1851: 1839: 1827: 1815: 1788: 1785: 1763: 1759: 1747: 1733: 1721: 1694: 1691: 1669: 1658: 1643: 1629: 1617: 1561: 1559: 1507: 1504: 1487: 1483: 1471: 1459: 1428: 1425: 1423:na vz do hin 1422: 1420:на вз до гін 1419: 1415: 1404: 1393: 1382: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1323: 1317: 1302: 1287: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1232:примечательн 1224: 1218: 1203: 1201:primečátelʹn 1196:примечательн 1188: 1146: 1137: 1130: 1098: 1094: 1082: 1068: 1057:to institute 1056: 1044: 1032: 1018: 985: 982: 970: 964: 952: 921: 918: 915: 888: 884: 869: 854: 839: 824: 657: 637: 633: 629:Aufsichtsrat 596: 593: 569: 565: 553: 541: 533: 521: 513: 486:prepositions 484:, nouns, or 465: 463: 454: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 414: 357: 355: 250:OV languages 228:VO languages 200:Null-subject 195:Head-marking 68: 3959:Glottopedia 3409:. More at: 3264:"day") and 2327:házaitokban 1618:communicate 1510:cholesterol 1495:cholesterol 1472:cholesterol 1467:cholesterol 1271:navâzandegi 690:"member" + 674:"on, up" + 621:Versammlung 589:Versammlung 561:Versammlung 514:supervision 313:Color terms 171:Indirective 166:Secundative 4272:(275  4241:Derivation 4237:Inflection 4219:derivation 4205:What is a 4070:9 December 3990:9 December 3964:9 December 3939:9 December 3875:References 3735:des Hauses 3562:ever since 3475:Yesterday 3469:to friends 3337:hovercraft 3310:homophones 2997:break up ( 2991:synthesize 2659:-laş -tır 2559:(thematic) 2521:citizen of 1586:possession 1566:root words 1288:play music 983:harbor DIM 940:przystanek 870:pitch/tone 648:"members" 645:Mitglieder 624:"meeting" 584:Mitglieder 549:Mitglieder 482:adjectives 410:word order 388:and other 366:inflection 219:Word order 210:Theta role 146:Tripartite 3533:заселено 3483:Bulgarian 3454:I thought 3333:travelled 3281:Confucius 3260:"next" + 3190:egg cake 3187:birth day 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Index

Synthetic (linguistics)
Constructed language
Linguistic typology
Morphological
Analytic
Isolating
Synthetic
Fusional
Agglutinative
Polysynthetic
Oligosynthetic
Morphosyntactic
Alignment
Nominative–accusative
Marked nominative
Ergative–absolutive
Split ergative
Symmetrical voice
Active–stative
Tripartite
Nominative–absolutive
Direct-inverse
Ditransitive/Monotransitive
Secundative
Indirective
Zero-marking
Dependent-marking
Double-marking
Head-marking
Null-subject

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