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137:
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was the first commercially successful synthetic thermoplastic polymer. DuPont began its research project in 1927. The first nylon, nylon 66, was synthesized on
February 28, 1935, by Wallace Hume Carothers at DuPont's research facility at the DuPont Experimental Station.
295:
About half of all fibres are synthetic, with applications in every field of fiber and textile technology. Although many classes of fibers based on synthetic polymers have been evaluated as potentially valuable commercial products, four of them -
81:, forming a fiber. These are called synthetic or artificial fibers. The word polymer comes from a Greek prefix "poly" which means "many" and suffix "mer" which means "single units". (Note: each single unit of a polymer is called a monomer).
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42:
312:- dominate the market. These four account for approximately 98 percent by volume of synthetic fiber production, with polyester alone accounting for around 60 percent.
124:
as a potential replacement for real silk. Realizing the value of such a discovery, Chardonnet began to develop his new product, which he displayed at the
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918:
The original source of this article and much of the synthetic fiber articles (copied with permission) is Whole Earth magazine, No. 90, Summer 1997.
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fiber was patented in
Britain in 1928 by the International General Electric company. It was also produced by British chemists working at the
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in 1905. The name "rayon" was adopted in 1924, with "viscose" being used for the viscous organic liquid used to make both rayon and
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953:
795:
Frank
Greenaway, 'Whinfield, John Rex (1901–1966)', rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
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and James
Tennant Dickson, in 1941. They produced and patented one of the first polyester fibers which they named
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was discovered in 1865. Rayon and acetate are both artificial fibers, but not truly synthetic, being made from
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Chardonnet's material was extremely flammable, and subsequently replaced with other, more stable materials.
61:
organisms, such as plants (like cotton) or fur from animals. They are the result of extensive research by
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205:, the first synthetic fiber in the "fully synthetic" sense of that term, was developed by
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827:
J E McIntyre, Professor
Emeritus of Textile Industries, University of Leeds, UK (ed.).
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120:. Failure to clean up a spill in the darkroom resulted in Chardonnet's discovery of
112:, which he called "Chardonnet silk". In the late 1870s, Chardonnet was working with
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833:. Woodhead Publishing - Series in Textiles. Vol. 36. Cambridge. Archived from
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The world production of synthetic fibers was 55.2 million tonnes in 2014.
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overshadowed more practical uses, such as a replacement for the silk in
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The first successful process was developed in 1894 by
English chemist
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Modern fibers that are made from older artificial materials include:
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627:. Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. pp.
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109:
58:
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726:
Loasby, G. (1951). "The
Development of the Synthetic Fibres".
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27:
Artificially manufactured fibers, often based on polymers
221:, just in time for the introduction of rationing during
830:
Synthetic fibers: Nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyolefin
116:
on a remedy to the epidemic that was destroying French
858:"News Feature: Microplastics present pollution puzzle"
175:
in basic conditions gave a highly viscous solution of
676:
Biographical
Dictionary of the History of Technology
559:
elimination and prevention of static charge build-up
291:
A device for spinning
Viscose Rayon dating from 1901
276:
went on to produce their own versions of the fiber.
1346:
1313:
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1211:
1098:
978:
969:
701:"A Brief History of Regenerated Cellulosic fibers"
642:
620:
486:Other synthetic materials used in fibers include:
862:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
209:, an American researcher at the chemical firm
73:. In general, synthetic fibers are created by
947:
507:industrial, automotive, and home insulation (
8:
728:Journal of the Textile Institute Proceedings
213:in the 1930s. It soon made its debut in the
649:. New York: Time-Life Books. 1991. p.
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225:. Its novel use as a material for women's
163:and Clayton Beadle. They named the fiber "
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881:
552:(usually made with composite plastic and
473:(TLCP fiber) made from Vectra LCP polymer
135:
611:
678:. Taylor & Francis. p. 113.
7:
1472:
762:from the original on 28 October 2009
365:Specialty synthetic fibers include:
108:, who invented the first artificial
167:", because the reaction product of
707:from the original on 22 April 2012
444:(1992) (artificial, not synthetic)
25:
330:Common synthetic fibers include:
319:pollution from laundry machines.
315:Synthetic fibers are a source of
65:to replicate naturally occurring
1471:
1462:
1461:
808:Man-Made Fibers Continue To Grow
432:(Polybenzimidazole fiber) (1983)
77:fiber-forming materials through
674:Day, Lance; Ian McNeil (1998).
524:glass fiber reinforced concrete
183:was produced by the UK company
179:. The first commercial viscose
57:that are directly derived from
544:adding metallic properties to
1:
781:Allen, P (1967). "Obituary".
268:in toughness and resilience.
191:. A similar product known as
250:Calico Printers' Association
703:. WOODINGS CONSULTING LTD.
479:used in manufacture of rugs
96:The next step was taken by
1514:
85:The first synthetic fibres
1457:
856:Katsnelson, Alla (2015).
740:10.1080/19447015108663852
533:separators and filtration
264:, equal to or surpassing
143:was first synthesized by
126:Paris Exhibition of 1889.
619:Garrett, Alfred (1963).
520:glass-reinforced plastic
159:, and his collaborators
43:see spelling differences
883:10.1073/pnas.1504135112
566:to transmit information
326:Common synthetic fibers
157:Charles Frederick Cross
49:made by humans through
925:6 January 2009 at the
758:. Thomson Gale. 2005.
373:(1894) artificial silk
292:
152:
813:28 April 2016 at the
797:accessed 20 June 2011
290:
217:as a replacement for
139:
98:Hilaire de Chardonnet
783:Chemistry in Britain
699:Woodings, Calvin R.
541:(1946) is used for:
529:specialty papers in
504:(1938) is used for:
874:2015PNAS..112.5547K
623:The Flash of Genius
548:for the purpose of
516:composite materials
132:Commercial products
920:www.wholeearth.com
755:World of Chemistry
403:(1961) - known as
293:
254:John Rex Whinfield
153:
51:chemical synthesis
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1452:
1229:
1228:
868:(18): 5547–5549.
660:978-0-8094-7699-2
514:reinforcement of
207:Wallace Carothers
193:cellulose acetate
161:Edward John Bevan
145:Wallace Carothers
16:(Redirected from
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1498:Synthetic fibers
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645:Inventive Genius
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260:, also known as
169:carbon disulfide
53:, as opposed to
35:synthetic fibres
31:Synthetic fibers
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18:Synthetic fibers
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913:Further reading
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837:on 17 July 2011
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493:rubber (1930)
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491:Acrylonitrile
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114:Louis Pasteur
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106:industrialist
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1413:Polyethylene
865:
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851:
839:. Retrieved
835:the original
829:
822:
803:
791:
782:
776:
764:. Retrieved
754:
748:
731:
727:
721:
709:. Retrieved
694:
675:
669:
644:
637:
622:
614:
496:
485:
483:
456:(PIPD fiber)
364:
329:
321:
317:microplastic
314:
294:
283:Descriptions
278:
243:
223:World War II
201:
154:
95:
88:
71:plant fibers
34:
30:
29:
1244:Regenerated
1188:Spider silk
564:electricity
562:conducting
554:metal foils
502:Glass fiber
467:(PBO fiber)
100:, a French
1393:Modacrylic
1388:Microfiber
1305:Triacetate
1257:Milk fiber
1123:Camel hair
1055:Lotus silk
766:1 November
606:References
600:Delustrant
590:Elasterell
509:glass wool
341:Modacrylic
310:polyolefin
244:The first
237:uses like
233:and other
231:parachutes
189:cellophane
185:Courtaulds
79:spinnerets
63:scientists
1408:Polyester
1280:Diacetate
1235:Synthetic
1138:Chiengora
359:Polyester
302:polyester
246:polyester
227:stockings
173:cellulose
118:silkworms
75:extruding
1492:Category
1467:Category
1376:Technora
1338:Metallic
1221:Asbestos
1163:Pashmina
1128:Cashmere
923:Archived
902:25944930
841:21 April
811:Archived
760:Archived
705:Archived
579:See also
546:clothing
258:Terylene
235:military
177:xanthate
102:engineer
1477:Commons
1435:Vinylon
1430:Vectran
1425:Spandex
1356:Acrylic
1348:Polymer
1315:Mineral
1295:Piñatex
1285:Lyocell
1275:Acetate
1213:Mineral
1143:Guanaco
993:Bagasse
971:Natural
893:4426466
870:Bibcode
550:fashion
531:battery
477:Derclon
471:Vectran
442:Lyocell
420:(1960s)
401:Aramids
395:Vinalon
389:Spandex
353:Acrylic
306:acrylic
165:viscose
1440:Vinyon
1418:UHMWPE
1403:Olefin
1371:Kevlar
1366:Twaron
1361:Aramid
1333:Basalt
1328:Carbon
1198:Vicuña
1183:Tendon
1173:Rabbit
1168:Qiviut
1158:Mohair
1133:Catgut
1118:Byssus
1113:Angora
1108:Alpaca
1100:Animal
1080:Rattan
1070:Raffia
1013:Cotton
998:Bamboo
963:Fibers
900:
890:
711:26 May
682:
657:
450:(2002)
438:(1983)
436:Sulfar
426:(1979)
413:Twaron
409:Kevlar
397:(1939)
391:(1959)
385:(1941)
379:(1939)
377:Vinyon
361:(1953)
355:(1950)
349:(1949)
347:Olefin
343:(1949)
337:(1931)
274:DuPont
262:Dacron
211:DuPont
149:DuPont
67:animal
59:living
47:fibers
45:) are
1445:Zylon
1398:Nylon
1381:Nomex
1323:Glass
1300:Rayon
1290:Modal
1153:Llama
1085:Sisal
1075:Ramie
1050:Kenaf
1045:Kapok
1028:Linen
1018:Fique
1003:BashĹŤ
988:Abacá
980:Plant
629:48–49
465:Zylon
460:Orlon
418:Modal
405:Nomex
383:Saran
371:Rayon
335:Nylon
298:nylon
266:nylon
239:ropes
203:Nylon
181:rayon
141:Nylon
90:Nylon
1193:Wool
1178:Silk
1148:Hair
1090:Wood
1065:Pine
1060:Piña
1040:Jute
1035:Hemp
1023:Flax
1008:Coir
898:PMID
843:2010
768:2009
713:2012
680:ISBN
655:ISBN
595:Rope
571:heat
411:and
308:and
272:and
219:silk
197:wood
171:and
110:silk
104:and
69:and
37:(in
1203:Yak
888:PMC
878:doi
866:112
736:doi
454:M-5
448:PLA
430:PBI
270:ICI
147:at
33:or
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955:e
948:t
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