513:, the "four Cs" (color, cut, clarity, and carats), has been introduced to help describe the factors used to grade a diamond. With modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones. The four criteria carry different weights depending upon whether they are applied to colored gemstones or to colorless diamonds. In diamonds, the cut is the primary determinant of value, followed by clarity and color. An ideally cut diamond will sparkle, to break down light into its constituent rainbow colors (dispersion), chop it up into bright little pieces (scintillation), and deliver it to the eye (brilliance). In its rough crystalline form, a diamond will do none of these things; it requires proper fashioning and this is called "cut". In gemstones that have color, including colored diamonds, the purity, and beauty of that color is the primary determinant of quality.
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983:
484:
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respected labs, AGTA-GTL (New York), CISGEM (Milano), GAAJ-ZENHOKYO (Tokyo), GIA (Carlsbad), GIT (Bangkok), GĂĽbelin (Lucerne) and SSEF (Basel), have established the
Laboratory Manual Harmonisation Committee (LMHC), for the standardization of wording reports, promotion of certain analytical methods and interpretation of results. Country of origin has sometimes been difficult to determine, due to the constant discovery of new source locations. Determining a "country of origin" is thus much more difficult than determining other aspects of a gem (such as cut, clarity, etc.).
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1185:(if any). Lab-created stones tend to have a more vivid color since impurities common in natural stones are not present in the synthetic stone. Synthetics are made free of common naturally occurring impurities that reduce gem clarity or color unless intentionally added in order to provide a more drab, natural appearance, or to deceive an assayer. On the other hand, synthetics often show flaws not seen in natural stones, such as minute particles of corroded metal from lab trays used during synthesis.
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practices, environmental sustainability, and ethical sourcing is essential. Additionally, investing in community development projects, such as education and healthcare initiatives, can help alleviate poverty and empower marginalized communities dependent on the gemstone industry. Collaboration across sectors is crucial for fostering a more equitable and sustainable gemstone trade that benefits both producers and consumers while respecting human rights and environmental integrity.
703:
1377:
206:
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941:, both the lighter and the darker blue shades such as "London" blue, has been irradiated to change the color from white to blue. Most green quartz (Oro Verde) are also irradiated to achieve the yellow-green color. Diamonds are mainly irradiated to become blue-green or green, although other colors are possible. When light-to-medium-yellow diamonds are treated with gamma rays they may become green; with a high-energy electron beam, blue.
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797:) but exhibit different colors because of impurities which absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light depending on their individual compositions. Even the same named gemstone can occur in many different colors: sapphires show different shades of blue and pink and "fancy sapphires" exhibit a whole range of other colors from yellow to orange-pink, the latter called "
56:
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stone's appearance to be enhanced. Depending on the type and extent of treatment, they can affect the value of the stone. Some treatments are used widely because the resulting gem is stable, while others are not accepted most commonly because the gem color is unstable and may revert to the original tone.
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Auguste
Verneuil, a student of Fremy, went on to develop flame-fusion as an alternative to the flux-melt method. He developed large furnaces which were able to produce large quantities of corundums more efficiently and shifted the gemstone market dramatically. This process is still used today and the
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Prior to development of synthesising processes the alternatives on the market to natural gemstones were imitations or fake. In 1837, the first successful synthesis of ruby occurred. French chemist Marc Gaudin managed to produce small crystals of ruby from melting together potassium aluminium sulphate
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Addressing these socio-economic challenges requires intensive effort from various stakeholders, including governments, industry executives, and society, to promote sustainable practices and ensure equitable outcomes for all involved parties. Implementing and enforcing regulations to ensure fair labor
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The color of any material is due to the nature of light itself. Daylight, often called white light, is all of the colors of the spectrum combined. When light strikes a material, most of the light is absorbed while a smaller amount of a particular frequency or wavelength is reflected. The part that is
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properties of the gem. If the angles are too steep or too shallow, the light will pass through and not be reflected back toward the viewer. The faceting machine is used to hold the stone onto a flat lap for cutting and polishing the flat facets. Rarely, some cutters use special curved laps to cut and
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Gemstone pricing and value are governed by factors and characteristics in the quality of the stone. These characteristics include clarity, rarity, freedom from defects, the beauty of the stone, as well as the demand for such stones. There are different pricing influencers for both colored gemstones,
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Synthetic gemstones share chemical and physical properties with natural gemstones, but there are some slight differences that can be used to discern synthetic from natural. These differences are slight and often require microscopy as a tool to distinguish differences. Undetectable synthetics pose a
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Synthetic corundum includes ruby (red variation) and sapphire (other color variations), both of which are considered highly desired and valued. Ruby was the first gemstone to be synthesized by
Auguste Verneuil with his development of the flame-fusion process in 1902. Synthetic corundum continues to
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Furthermore, the gemstone industry is also susceptible to issues related to transparency and ethics, which impact both producers and consumers. The lack of standardized certification processes and the prevalence of illicit practices undermine market integrity and trust. The lack of transparency and
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This difference in color is based on the atomic structure of the stone. Although the different stones formally have the same chemical composition and structure, they are not exactly the same. Every now and then an atom is replaced by a completely different atom, sometimes as few as one in a million
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A gemstone that has been rising in popularity is
Cuprian Elbaite Tourmaline which is also called "Paraiba Tourmaline". It was first discovered in the late 1980s in ParaĂba, Brazil and later in Mozambique and Nigeria. It is famous for its glowing neon blue color. Paraiba Tourmaline has become one of
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The flame fusion process is completed in a
Verneuil furnace. The furnace consists of an inverted blowpipe burner which produces an extremely hot oxyhydrogen flame, a powder dispenser, and a ceramic pedestal. A chemical powder which corresponds to the desired gemstone is passed through this flames.
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Synthetic gems are physically, optically, and chemically identical to the natural stone, but are created in a laboratory. Imitation or simulated stones are chemically different from the natural stone, but may appear quite similar to it; they can be more easily manufactured synthetic gemstones of a
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is heated, those stones should not be coated with boric acid (which can etch the surface) or any other substance. They do not have to be protected from burning, like a diamond (although the stones do need to be protected from heat stress fracture by immersing the part of the jewelry with stones in
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Before the innovation of modern-day tools, thousands of years ago, people were recorded to use a variety of techniques to treat and enhance gemstones. Some of the earliest methods of gemstone treatment date back to the Minoan Age, for example foiling, which is where metal foil is used to enhance a
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Gemstones are often treated to enhance the color or clarity of the stone. In some cases, the treatment applied to the gemstone can also increase its durability. Even though natural gemstones can be transformed using the traditional method of cutting and polishing, other treatment options allow the
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Today the gemstone trade no longer makes such a distinction. Many gemstones are used in even the most expensive jewelry, depending on the brand-name of the designer, fashion trends, market supply, treatments, etc. Nevertheless, diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and emeralds still have a reputation that
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Fracture filling has been in use with different gemstones such as diamonds, emeralds, and sapphires. In 2006 "glass-filled rubies" received publicity. Rubies over 10 carats (2 g) with large fractures were filled with lead glass, thus dramatically improving the appearance (of larger rubies in
748:, etc. are commonly cut as cabochons. These gems are designed to show the stone's color, luster and other surface properties as opposed to internal reflection properties like brilliance. Grinding wheels and polishing agents are used to grind, shape, and polish the smooth dome shape of the stones.
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The hydrothermal growth process attempts to imitate the natural growth process of minerals. The required gem materials are sealed in a container of water and placed under extreme pressure. The water is heated beyond its boiling point which allows normally insoluble materials to dissolve. As more
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The flux growth process was the first process able to synthesize emerald. Flux growth begins with a crucible which can withstand high heat; either graphite or platinum which is filled with a molten liquid referred to as flux. The specific gem ingredients are added and dissolved in this fluid and
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In 1918 this process was developed by J. Czocharalski and is also referred to as the "crystal pulling" method. In this process, the required gemstone materials are added to a crucible. A seed stone is placed into the melt in the crucible. As the gem begins to crystallize on the seed, the seed is
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A few years later an alternative to flux melt was developed which led to the introduction of what was labeled "reconstructed ruby" to the market. Reconstructed ruby was sold as a process which produced larger rubies from melting together bits of natural ruby. In later attempts to recreate this
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Types of synthetic quartz include citrine, rose quartz, and amethyst. Natural occurring quartz is not rare, but is nevertheless synthetically produced as it has practical application outside of aesthetic purposes. Quartz generates an electric current when under pressure and is used in watches,
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Each laboratory has its own methodology to evaluate gemstones. A stone can be called "pink" by one lab while another lab calls it "padparadscha". One lab can conclude a stone is untreated, while another lab might conclude that it is heat-treated. To minimize such differences, seven of the most
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Another treatment method that is commonly used to treat gemstones is bleaching. This method uses a chemical in order to reduce the colour of the gem. After bleaching, a combination treatment can be done by dying the gemstone once the unwanted colours are removed. Hydrogen peroxide is the most
293:. Use of the terms 'precious' and 'semi-precious' in a commercial context is, arguably, misleading in that it suggests certain stones are more valuable than others when this is not reflected in the actual market value, although it would generally be correct if referring to desirability.
506:(GIA) in the early 1950s. Historically, all gemstones were graded using the naked eye. The GIA system included a major innovation: the introduction of 10x magnification as the standard for grading clarity. Other gemstones are still graded using the naked eye (assuming 20/20 vision).
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the most popular gemstones in recent times thanks to its color and is considered to be one of the important gemstones after rubies, emeralds, and sapphires according to GĂĽbelin Gemlab. Even though it is a tourmaline, Paraiba
Tourmaline is one of the most expensive gemstones.
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The socio-economic dynamics of the gemstone industry are shaped by market forces and consumer preferences and typically go undiscussed. Changes in demand and prices can significantly affect the livelihoods of those involved in gemstone mining and trade, particularly in
495:
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The most common synthesized beryl is emerald (green). Yellow, red and blue beryls are possible but much more rare. Synthetic emerald became possible with the development of the flux growth process and is produced in this way and well as hydrothermal growth.
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Gems that are transparent are normally faceted, a method that shows the optical properties of the stone's interior to its best advantage by maximizing reflected light which is perceived by the viewer as sparkle. There are many commonly used shapes for
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threat to the market if they are able to be sold as rare natural gemstones. Because of this there are certain characteristic gemologists look for. Each crystal is characteristic to the environment and growth process under which it was created.
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material cannot be added once the container is sealed, in order to create a larger gem the process would begin with a "seed" stone from a previous batch which the new material will crystallize on. This process takes a few weeks to complete.
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Found all over the world, the industry of coloured gemstones (i.e. anything other than diamonds) is currently estimated at around US$ 1.55 billion as of 2023 and is projected to steadily increase to a value of US$ 4.46 billion by 2033.
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was discovered by Bart Cannon in 1968 on
Kangaroo Ridge near Washington Pass in Okanogan County, Washington, USA. The mineral was named in honor of mathematician and geologist Jack Zektzer, who presented the material for study in
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The flame fusion process was the first process used which successfully created large quantities of synthetic gemstones to be sold on the market. This remains the most cost effective and common method of creating corundums today.
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resulting from mining activities. Environmental degradation can pose long-term threats to ecosystems and biodiversity, further worsening the socio-economic state in affected regions. Unregulated mining practices often result in
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was discovered in 1967 in
Northern Tanzania. With its supply possibly declining in the next 30 years, this gemstone is considered to be more rare than a diamond. This type of gemstone receives its vibrant blue from being
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commonly used product used to alter gemstones and have notably been used to treat jade and pearls. The treatment of bleaching can also be followed by impregnation, which allows the gemstone's durability to be increased.
1064:
accountability in the supply chain aggravates pre-existing inequalities, as middlemen and corporations often capture a disproportionate share of the profits. As a result the unequal distribution of profits along the
1023:
operations are frequently conducted in remote or underdeveloped areas, lacking proper infrastructure and access to essential services such as healthcare and education. This further contributes to the pre-existing
567:) have been popular and hence been regarded as precious, thus reinforcing the notion that a mineral's rarity may have been implicated in its classification as a precious stone and thus contribute to its value.
1060:. The environmental impact of gemstone mining not only poses a threat to ecosystems but also undermines the long-term viability of the industry by diminishing the quality and quantity of available resources.
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and potassium chromate through what would later be known as the flux melt process. Following this, another French chemist Fremy was able to grow large quantities of small ruby crystals using a lead flux.
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Heat can either improve or spoil gemstone color or clarity. The heating process has been well known to gem miners and cutters for centuries, and in many stone types heating is a common practice. Most
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Synthetic spinel was first produced by accident. It can be created in any color making it popular to simulate various natural gemstones. It is created through flux growth and hydrothermal growth.
2006:
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was discovered by
Antoine François Alfred Lacroix (1863–1948) in 1902 in Tuléar Province, Madagascar. It was named in honor of the French naturalist and explorer Alfred Grandidier (1836–1912).
713:
A few gemstones are used as gems in the crystal or other forms in which they are found. Most, however, are cut and polished for usage as jewelry. The two main classifications are as follows:
1405:
was discovered in 1956 in
Ohngaing in Myanmar. The mineral was named in honor of the British gemologist Arthur Charles Davy Pain. At one point it was considered the rarest mineral on Earth.
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and labor within gemstone mining operations. Many mines, particularly in developing countries, face challenges such as inadequate safety measures, low wages, and poor working conditions.
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467:. Gemstones may also be classified in terms of their "water". This is a recognized grading of the gem's luster, transparency, or "brilliance". Very transparent gems are considered "
1193:
Some gemstones are more difficult to synthesize than others and not all stones are commercially viable to attempt to synthesize. These are the most common on the market currently.
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recrystallize to form the desired gemstone.This is a longer process compared to the flame fusion process and can take two months up to a year depending on the desired final size.
574:
Rare or unusual gemstones, generally understood to include those gemstones which occur so infrequently in gem quality that they are scarcely known except to connoisseurs, include
934:, the processes can make gemstones radioactive. Health risks related to the residual radioactivity of the treated gemstones have led to government regulations in many countries.
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to disguise them. This wax or oil is also colored to make the emerald appear of better color as well as clarity. Turquoise is also commonly treated in a similar manner.
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Physical characteristics that make a colored stone valuable are color, clarity to a lesser extent (emeralds will always have a number of inclusions), cut, unusual
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261:, with all other gemstones being semi-precious. This distinction reflects the rarity of the respective stones in ancient times, as well as their quality: all are
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Gemstone enhancement: heat, irradiation, impregnation, dyeing, and other treatments which alter the appearance of gemstones, and the detection of such treatments
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in Brazil in the 19th century, amethyst was considered a "precious stone" as well, going back to ancient Greece. Even in the last century certain stones such as
1474:
is directly mined in New South Wales, Australia, making it the rarest type of opal. Having a darker composition, this gemstone can be in a variety of colours.
3017:"Faceting the Future: The Need for and Proposal of the Adoption of a Kimberley Process-Styled Legitimacy Certification System for the Global Gemstone Market"
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process it was found to not be possible and is believed reconstructed rubies were most likely created using a multi-step method of melting of ruby powder.
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was discovered in 1956 in Madagascar. It was named after the discoverer, French geologist Paul Hibon. Gem quality hibonite has been found only in Myanmar.
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have been manufactured in labs that possess chemical and physical characteristics identical to the naturally occurring variety. Synthetic (lab created)
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American Gem Trade Laboratory which is part of the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA), a trade organization of jewelers and dealers of colored stones
1115:. The simulants imitate the look and color of the real stone but possess neither their chemical nor physical characteristics. In general, all are less
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The Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand (Public Organization) or GIT, Thailand's national institute for gemological research and gem testing, Bangkok
793:
A material which is mostly the same can exhibit different colors. For example, ruby and sapphire have the same primary chemical composition (both are
881:
is often heated to remove yellow tones, or to change green colors into the more desirable blue, or enhance its existing blue color to a deeper blue.
158:) may also be used for jewelry and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well. Most gemstones are hard, but some softer minerals such as
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Whether a gemstone is a natural stone or synthetic, the chemical, physical, and optical characteristics are the same: They are composed of the same
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Cultured, synthetic, or "lab-created" gemstones are not imitations: The bulk mineral and trace coloring elements are the same in both. For example,
1462:
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and obstructs community development such that the benefits of gemstone extraction may not adequately reach those directly involved in the process.
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1261:. For corundum the flame must be 2000 °C. This process takes hours and yields a crystal with the same properties as its natural counterpart.
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Gem dealers are aware of the differences between gem laboratories and will make use of the discrepancies to obtain the best possible certificate.
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644:(HRD Antwerp), The Diamond High Council, Belgium is one of Europe's oldest laboratories; its main stakeholder is the Antwerp World Diamond Centre
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Hainschwang, Thomas; Notari, Franck; Massi, Laurent; Armbruster, Thomas; Rondeau, Benjamin; Fritsch, Emmanuel; Nagashima, Mariko (Summer 2010).
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reflected reaches the eye as the perceived color. A ruby appears red because it absorbs all other colors of white light while reflecting red.
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471:", while "second" or "third water" gems are those of a lesser transparency. Additionally, material or flaws within a stone may be present as
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furnaces have not changed much from the original design. World production of corundum using this method reaches 1000 million carats a year.
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170:. However, generally speaking, soft minerals are not typically used as gemstones by virtue of their brittleness and lack of durability.
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be made typically by flame-fusion as it is most cost-effective, but can also be produced through flux growth and hydrothermal growth.
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is heated at low temperatures to remove brown undertones and give a more desirable blue / purple color. A considerable portion of all
903:; otherwise, the diamond, which is pure carbon, could be burned on the surface or even burned completely up. When jewelry containing
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and enabled the creation of gemstone colors that do not exist or are extremely rare in nature. However, particularly when done in a
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265:, with fine color in their purest forms (except for the colorless diamond), and very hard with a hardness score of 8 to 10 on the
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was discovered in 1965 at the Poudrette Quarry in Canada and named after the quarry's owners and operators, the Poudrette family.
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1015:, often from disadvantaged backgrounds, endure hazardous working conditions and receive meager wages, contributing to cycles of
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Some gemstone treatments make use of the fact that these impurities can be "manipulated", thus changing the color of the gem.
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and for diamonds. The pricing on colored stones is determined by market supply-and-demand, but diamonds are more intricate.
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was discovered in Sri Lanka by Sunil Palitha Gunasekera in 1902 and named after Serendib, the old Arabic name for Sri Lanka.
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chatter marks which on the surface which appear crack like which are caused from damage during polishing of the gemstone
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Enamelled gold, amethyst, and pearl pendant, about 1880, Pasquale Novissimo (1844–1914), V&A Museum number M.36-1928
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Gemstone Dedicated Gamma Irradiator Development: Proceedings of the INAC 2007 International Nuclear Atlantic Conference
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or bixbite was discovered in an area near Beaver, Utah in 1904 and named after the American mineralogist Maynard Bixby.
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refractive index than diamond, and when presented beside an equivalently sized and cut diamond will show more "fire".
2064:
369:, the form the gem is usually found in. For example, diamonds, which have a cubic crystal system, are often found as
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was discovered in 1945. It was named after the discoverer, the Irish gemologist Count Edward Charles Richard Taaffe.
781:
1790:"What are the differences between precious and semi-precious stones? - Information - Leysen - Joaillier since 1855"
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can be far more valuable than a mid-quality emerald. Another traditional term for semi-precious gemstones used in
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pulled away and the gem continues to grow. This is used for corundum but is currently the least popular method.
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The foreign material inside this fracture-filled emerald appears rainbow-colored under darkfield illumination.
674:(AIGS), the oldest gemological institute in South East Asia, involved in gemological education and gem testing
1741:"Colored Gemstones Market: Sales Projection Shows 11.6% CAGR Growth Potential by 2033 – Market Research Blog"
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In the addition to the aesthetic and adorning/ornamental purpose of gemstones, there are many proponents of
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was discovered in 1883 in Russia and named after its discoverer, Pawel Wladimirowich Jeremejew (1830–1899).
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To produce corundum, a pure aluminium powder is used with different additives to achieve different colors.
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Gemstones have no universally accepted grading system. Diamonds are graded using a system developed by the
273:, and hardness. The traditional distinction does not necessarily reflect modern values; for example, while
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or simply cab. These have been a popular shape since ancient time and is more durable than faceted gems.
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does little to improve socio-economic inequalities, particularly in regions where gemstones are mined.
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680:(SSEF), founded by Henry Hänni, focusing on colored gemstones and the identification of natural pearls
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Gemmological Association of All Japan (GAAJ-ZENHOKYO), Zenhokyo, Japan, active in gemological research
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Gems are characterized in terms of their color (hue, tone and saturation), optical phenomena, luster,
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Artisanal and small-scale mining and agriculture: Exploring their links in rural sub-Saharan Africa
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638:(IGI), independent laboratory for grading and evaluation of diamonds, jewelry, and colored stones
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2836:"Occupying the Margins: Labour Integration and Social Exclusion in Artisanal Mining in Tanzania"
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Pearls are a gemstone that is commonly treated with hydrogen peroxide to remove unwanted colours
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was discovered in 1967 in the Musgrave Mountains in South Australia and named for the location.
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was discovered in 1957 in Chambers County, Texas, US, and named after the deposit's location.
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When jewelry containing diamonds is heated for repairs, the diamond should be protected with
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within the stone such as color zoning (the uneven distribution of coloring within a gem) and
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3437:"Understanding Gem Synthetics, Treatments, And Imitations, Part 4: Synthetic Gemstone Guide"
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813:, which is colorless in its pure mineral form, becomes emerald with chromium impurities. If
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are sufficient to absorb certain colors and leave the other colors unaffected. For example,
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There are two main categories for creation of these minerals: melt or solution processes.
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245:; similar distinctions are made in other cultures. In modern use, the precious stones are
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This melts the ingredients which drop on to a plate and solidify into a crystal called a
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have also been defined as precious in the jewellery trade. Up to the discoveries of bulk
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grit inside a rotating barrel. The largest pebble here is 40 mm (1.6 in) long.
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Gemstones: a complete color reference for precious and semiprecious stones of the world
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4260:
4111:
3856:
2417:
1626:
1483:
1437:
1174:
1065:
1053:
1041:
798:
460:
392:, while any other color of corundum is considered sapphire. Other examples are the
270:
159:
131:
3793:
2938:
1650:
3034:
2201:
1620:
625:
There are a number of laboratories which grade and provide reports on gemstones.
5297:
5187:
5026:
4976:
4971:
4887:
4729:
4605:
4555:
4430:
4425:
4117:
4028:
3885:
2939:"Mining and socio-ecological systems: A systematic review of Sub-Saharan Africa"
2937:
Takam Tiamgne, Xavier; Kalaba, Felix K.; Nyirenda, Vincent R. (September 2022).
2874:
1587:
1489:
1443:
896:
is treated with a variety of heat treatments to improve both color and clarity.
826:
753:
587:
583:
556:
494:
468:
452:
397:
286:
282:
262:
194:
2095:. His Majesty's Stationery Office, Wyman & Sons. p. 11. Archived from
659:
European Gemological Laboratory (EGL), founded in 1974 by Guy Margel in Belgium
5131:
5076:
4951:
4864:
4832:
4822:
4724:
4673:
4610:
4585:
4460:
4265:
4239:
3997:
3991:
2993:
2704:
1834:
1495:
1471:
1455:
1342:
small air bubbles which were trapped inside the boule during formation process
1100:
938:
900:
806:
575:
521:
370:
362:
222:
182:
3529:
3390:
3334:
3274:
3170:
3001:
2962:
2898:
2859:
2795:
756:. The facets must be cut at the proper angles, which varies depending on the
17:
5277:
5270:
5141:
5136:
5116:
5041:
4966:
4960:
4941:
4837:
4778:
4693:
4590:
4525:
4500:
4490:
4420:
4399:
4268:
4218:
4150:
4145:
4102:
4056:
4036:
4032:
3933:
3918:
3913:
3845:
3751:
2552:
1449:
1431:
1408:
1326:
1096:
1049:
904:
885:
822:
814:
745:
741:
707:
595:
564:
413:
405:
401:
290:
278:
186:
123:
119:
59:
Group of precious and semiprecious stones—both uncut and faceted—including (
3186:
2820:
308:. The first characteristic a gemologist uses to identify a gemstone is its
55:
3763:
3712:
632:(GIA), the main provider of education services and diamond grading reports
5345:
5319:
5308:
5245:
5172:
5111:
5101:
5096:
5056:
4996:
4986:
4946:
4917:
4912:
4827:
4783:
4668:
4663:
4600:
4540:
4530:
4495:
4470:
4445:
4440:
4287:
4255:
4234:
4180:
4168:
4122:
4097:
4087:
4045:
4007:
3951:
3908:
3880:
3571:
2786:
1530:
1415:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1104:
889:
874:
870:
818:
794:
718:
552:
536:
448:
409:
389:
358:
305:
297:
254:
226:
178:
139:
80:
68:
3483:
3467:
3131:
2978:"Environmental impact of mining, erosion and sedimentation in Sri Lanka"
5340:
5250:
5162:
5071:
5036:
5021:
5006:
4991:
4981:
4854:
4788:
4739:
4678:
4535:
4510:
4475:
4281:
4208:
4092:
4019:
3968:
3875:
3865:
3521:
3266:
3178:
3146:
2118:
Secrets of The Gem Trade: The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones
2052:
Secrets of The Gem Trade, The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones
2032:
Secrets of The Gem Trade, The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones
1815:
Secrets of The Gem Trade, The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones
1402:
1331:
1166:
1158:
1139:
1127:
1016:
757:
668:
Gemmology Institute of Southern Africa, Africa's premium gem laboratory
610:
591:
579:
560:
540:
528:
393:
313:
258:
246:
190:
115:
112:
76:
64:
3625:
2873:
Hinton, Jennifer J; Veiga, Marcello M; Veiga, A.Tadeu C (March 2003).
1676:
656:
American Gemological Laboratories (AGL), owned by Christopher P. Smith
527:
Apart from the more generic and commonly used gemstones such as from
5240:
5146:
5106:
5081:
5016:
5001:
4897:
4882:
4877:
4793:
4744:
4734:
4450:
4415:
4200:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4040:
4024:
3923:
3505:
3250:
2092:
Precious Stones considered in their scientific and artistic relations
1108:
1085:
1020:
908:
847:
gemstone's colour. Other methods recorded 2000 years ago in the book
317:
274:
214:
2500:
1964:"Gemstone Identification: How to Identify Gemstones | Gemstones.com"
3736:"Vidéo – Nolwenn Leroy lumineuse et enceinte dans le clip de Gemme"
3600:
Harris, Daniel C. (September 26, 2003). Tustison, Randal W. (ed.).
1080:
Synthetic gemstones are distinct from imitation or simulated gems.
1007:
A situation that arises as a result of this is the exploitation of
233:
The traditional classification in the West, which goes back to the
5219:
5209:
5199:
5182:
5177:
5167:
5126:
4956:
4936:
4872:
4804:
4545:
4520:
4465:
4140:
4107:
4013:
4003:
3962:
3890:
2823:(Report). International Institute for Environment and Development.
1651:"Pearl | Natural, Cultured & Imitation Gemstones | Britannica"
1461:
1421:
1375:
1325:
1243:
1012:
981:
964:
810:
780:
768:
729:
701:
544:
493:
482:
417:
155:
147:
2275:"The Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand (Public Organization)"
5091:
5066:
5061:
5011:
4773:
4295:
4229:
4222:
4174:
3973:
3928:
3870:
3839:
Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated
1131:
893:
737:
548:
532:
250:
135:
72:
4372:
3803:
1996:
Desirable diamonds: The world's most famous gem. by Sarah Todd.
949:
Emeralds containing natural fissures are sometimes filled with
3118:
Shigley, James (2000). "Treated and synthetic gem materials".
1622:
Simply Gemstones: Designs for Creating Beaded Gemstone Jewelry
1516:(meaning gemstone in French) and the single of the same name.
954:
950:
1701:
4368:
3799:
2535:
Gemstone Enhancement: History, Science and State of the Art
1161:
and are colored by the same trace materials, have the same
3468:"A brief overview of gem materials: Natural and synthetic"
2443:"Padparadscha Sapphires: 10 Tips On Judging The Rare Gem"
1338:
Gemstones created from the flame-fusion process may have
1150:
have been manufactured in large quantities as industrial
1004:
where the industry serves as a crucial source of income.
873:, and partial heating with a strong gradient results in "
974:
particular). Such treatments are fairly easy to detect.
785:
A variety of semiprecious stones in a piece of jewellery
349:). Many gems are crystals which are classified by their
2626:. Associação Brasileira de Energia Nuclear. p. 1.
2235:"Geographic Origin Determination of ParaĂba Tourmaline"
2203:
Gemstone Energy Medicine: Healing Body, Mind and Spirit
1987:
AskOxford.com Concise Oxford English dictionary online.
1380:
Auguste Verneuil – creator of flame-fusion process 1902
650:(AGS) is not as widely recognized nor as old as the GIA
609:
who also value gemstones on the basis of their alleged
416:(pink), which are all varieties of the mineral species
3051:"New process promises bigger, better diamond crystals"
2976:
Dissanayake, C. B.; Rupasinghe, M. S. (October 1996).
2089:
Church, A.H. (1905). "Definition of Precious Stones".
683:
GĂĽbelin Gem Lab, the traditional Swiss lab founded by
388:. For example, ruby is the red variety of the species
2665:
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Kammerling, Robert C. (1991).
2293:"Rapaport report of ICA Gemstone Conference in Dubai"
3602:"A peek into the history of sapphire crystal growth"
1363:
Gemstones created from hydrothermal growth may have
773:
Nearly 300 variations of diamond color exhibited at
300:, who describe gems and their characteristics using
5290:
5233:
5155:
4926:
4863:
4802:
4764:
4757:
4717:
4619:
4573:
4566:
4406:
4305:
4193:
4131:
4078:
4069:
3982:
3942:
3899:
3854:
3844:
3506:"Study on inclusions in natural and synthetic gems"
2914:
Global Report on Artisanal & Small-Scale Mining
2875:"Clean artisanal gold mining: a utopian approach?"
2350:
2175:"Pricing of Colored Gemstones | Joseph Menzie Inc"
1356:small cavities which are filled with flux solution
1352:Gemstones created from flux melt process may have
1091:Examples of simulated or imitation stones include
277:are relatively inexpensive, a green garnet called
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
3303:"Historical aspects of crystal growth technology"
2418:"Ruby and Sapphire: Gems of the Mineral Corundum"
1512:was inspired by the gemstones for her 2017 album
162:may be used in jewelry because of their color or
3249:Hervey, P. R.; Foise, J. W. (February 1, 2001).
2916:. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development.
877:" – a stone partly amethyst and partly citrine.
717:Stones cut as smooth, dome-shaped stones called
3663:"10 Gems Rarer and More Valuable Than Diamonds"
3218:
3216:
2660:
2658:
2537:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1835:"Crystal Habits and Forms of Minerals and Gems"
1088:), glass, plastic, resins, or other compounds.
926:The irradiation process is widely practiced in
736:Stones which are opaque or semi-opaque such as
3402:
3400:
3296:
3294:
3292:
2982:International Journal of Environmental Studies
2528:
2526:
2120:, Brunswick House Press, Lenox, Massachusetts.
2099:on September 29, 2007 – via Farlang.com.
269:. Other stones are classified by their color,
4384:
3815:
1359:inclusions in the gemstone from crucible used
1277:Nickel, chromium and iron for orange sapphire
995:Socioeconomic issues in the gemstone industry
118:which, when cut or polished, is used to make
27:Piece of mineral crystal used to make jewelry
8:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3087:"An Introduction to Synthetic Gem Materials"
2718:Nuclear Regulatory Commission (April 2019).
1240:Verneuil flame fusion process (melt process)
296:In modern times gemstones are identified by
3145:Elwell, Dennis (1981). Nassau, Kurt (ed.).
2780:(2). Gemological Institute of America: 70.
1345:visible banding from formation of the boule
4761:
4570:
4391:
4377:
4369:
4339:
4075:
3851:
3822:
3808:
3800:
3499:
3497:
2568:"The Early History of Gemstone Treatments"
2495:
2493:
1890:. Princeton University Press. p. 47.
3657:
3655:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
2785:
1938:Hurrell, Karen; Johnson, Mary L. (2017).
1586:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1271:Iron and titanium oxide for blue sapphire
146:materials that are not minerals (such as
1702:"Soft Gemstones and Minerals | Gem5.com"
1119:than diamond. Moissanite actually has a
912:the water when metal parts are heated).
376:Gemstones are classified into different
204:
54:
3722:from the original on December 13, 2017.
3430:
3428:
2617:Omi, Nelson M.; Rela, Paulo R. (2007).
1571:
777:at the Natural History Museum in London
728:by polishing small flat windows called
672:Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences
166:or other physical properties that have
3646:
3553:"Synthetic Gem Materials in the 1980s"
2730:from the original on September 1, 2022
2720:"Backgrounder on Irradiated Gemstones"
2378:Vargas, Glenn; Vargas, Martha (2002).
2141:from the original on November 6, 2014.
1309:Hydrothermal growth (solution process)
221:the rough stones, except the ruby and
3581:from the original on November 1, 2021
3251:"Synthetic quartz crystal — A review"
3057:from the original on December 1, 2010
2814:
2812:
2765:"Color in Gems: The New Technologies"
2695:from the original on November 4, 2022
2453:from the original on January 19, 2018
2316:
2314:
2181:from the original on October 27, 2021
2163:from the original on August 28, 2017.
1917:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 13.
732:at regular intervals at exact angles.
7:
3490:from the original on April 15, 2023.
3255:Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration
3053:. Carnegie Institution for Science.
2580:from the original on January 2, 2023
1887:Gemstones: A Concise Reference Guide
1466:Black Opal – the rarest type of opal
857:include oiling and dyeing/staining.
487:Spanish emerald and gold pendant at
237:, begins with a distinction between
3673:from the original on March 31, 2023
3447:from the original on March 22, 2023
3341:from the original on April 15, 2023
3201:from the original on April 15, 2023
3099:from the original on April 15, 2023
2501:"An Introduction to Gem Treatments"
1727:"Gemstone Hardness and Wearability"
1677:"Gemopedia - Gemstone Encyclopedia"
1031:Another such issue revolves around
636:International Gemological Institute
3466:Jayaraman, A (December 28, 2023).
2763:Rossman, George R. (Summer 1981).
2749:from websites or documents of the
2511:from the original on April 6, 2023
2299:from the original on July 26, 2011
2241:from the original on April 9, 2022
1291:Czochralski process (melt process)
1076:Synthetic and artificial gemstones
571:exceeds those of other gemstones.
201:Characteristics and classification
25:
3606:Window and Dome Technologies VIII
2600:"Tanzanite heating – the science"
2447:The Natural Sapphire Company Blog
1817:, Brunswick House Press, pp. 3–8
1768:. Dover Publications. p. 2.
4350:
4338:
3788:
3774:
3762:
3750:
3504:Li, Zhaolin (December 1, 2001).
3301:Scheel, Hans J (April 1, 2000).
3036:Jewelers' circular-keystone: JCK
2852:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00431.x
2745: This article incorporates
2740:
1884:Hansen, Robin (April 12, 2022).
1274:Nickel oxide for yellow sapphire
630:Gemological Institute of America
504:Gemological Institute of America
3952:Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires
3510:Chinese Journal of Geochemistry
3163:10.1126/science.211.4487.1156.a
2955:10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102947
2336:"A Guide to Gem Cutting Styles"
2322:"A Guide to Gem Cutting Styles"
2261:"International Gem Society LLC"
2153:"A complete guide to Gemstones"
48:Precious stone (disambiguation)
2295:. Diamonds.net. May 16, 2007.
2054:, Brunswick House Press, p. 15
2034:, Brunswick House Press, p.36
1864:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
1426:Red Beryl - discovered in 1940
1367:inclusions from container used
1300:Flux growth (solution process)
1283:Copper for blue-green sapphire
1:
3779:The dictionary definition of
3694:"Hibonite: A New Gem Mineral"
3327:10.1016/S0022-0248(99)00780-0
2891:10.1016/s0959-6526(02)00031-8
2879:Journal of Cleaner Production
2834:Fisher, Eleanor (July 2007).
2724:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1942:. New York: Chartwell Books.
1286:Cobalt for dark blue sapphire
4344:List of gemstones by species
4313:List of individual gemstones
3974:Precious White and Fire Opal
3796:travel guide from Wikivoyage
2476:. London u.a: Butterworths.
1541:List of individual gemstones
1536:List of gemstones by species
724:Stones which are cut with a
678:Swiss Gemmological Institute
648:American Gemological Society
1280:Manganese for pink sapphire
1103:, and uncolored, synthetic
1019:and exploitation. Gemstone
5423:
2912:Hentschel, Thomas (2002).
1026:socio-economic disparities
919:
489:Victoria and Albert Museum
181:, a gem maker is called a
29:
5328:
4336:
4328:List of sapphires by size
3837:
3441:International Gem Society
3411:. John Wiley & Sons.
3409:Crystal Growth Technology
3375:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
3307:Journal of Crystal Growth
3015:Harrington, Alexandra R.
2994:10.1080/00207239608711069
2206:. Natural Healing Press.
2065:"Zoning (Colour Banding)"
2007:"Inclusions in Gemstones"
1601:Webster Online Dictionary
1556:List of sapphires by size
1508:French singer-songwriter
1220:clocks, and oscillators.
1033:environmental degradation
304:specific to the field of
32:Gemstone (disambiguation)
4323:List of emeralds by size
3229:pubs.geoscienceworld.org
3039:. Chilton Company. 1994.
2751:United States Government
2353:Introduction to Lapidary
2349:Kraus, Pansy D. (2007).
2131:"5 Most Precious Stones"
1551:List of emeralds by size
825:. With iron, it becomes
4893:Nickel silver (alpacca)
3371:Read, Peter G. (1999).
2357:. Krause Publications.
1911:Read, Peter G. (2005).
1058:sustainable development
805:atoms. These so-called
365:. Another term used is
61:clockwise from top left
44:Jewels (disambiguation)
3755:Quotations related to
2840:Development and Change
2819:Hilson, Gavin (2016).
2747:public domain material
2382:. G. & M. Vargas.
2200:Katz, Michael (2005).
1467:
1427:
1397:List of rare gemstones
1381:
1335:
1330:Visible banding in an
1268:Chromic oxide for ruby
1249:
987:
970:
786:
778:
761:polish curved facets.
710:
642:Hoge Raad Voor Diamant
499:
491:
230:
84:
5234:Other natural objects
3891:Natural marine pearls
3713:10.5741/GEMS.46.2.135
3551:Nassau, Kurt (1990).
3407:Scheel, Hans (2003).
3147:"Synthetic Gemstones"
2805:on November 12, 2022.
2566:Nassau, Kurt (1984).
2533:Nassau, Kurt (1994).
2472:Nassau, Kurt (1984).
2380:Faceting For Amateurs
1619:Alden, Nancy (2009).
1465:
1425:
1379:
1329:
1247:
985:
968:
821:, beryl becomes pink
799:padparadscha sapphire
784:
772:
705:
698:Cutting and polishing
497:
486:
302:technical terminology
208:
58:
36:Gems (disambiguation)
5387:Jewellery components
4709:Wire wrapped jewelry
4689:Repoussé and chasing
4010:, pink, yellow-green
3771:at Wikimedia Commons
3738:. RTL. 19 July 2017.
3572:10.5741/GEMS.26.1.50
2787:10.5741/GEMS.17.2.60
2137:. November 9, 2009.
1173:, and show the same
1002:developing countries
922:Gemstone irradiation
817:is added instead of
706:A diamond cutter in
310:chemical composition
40:Gem (disambiguation)
5251:Ebonite (vulcanite)
4357:Minerals portal
3929:Precious Black Opal
3701:Gems & Gemology
3618:2003SPIE.5078....1H
3560:Gems & Gemology
3319:2000JCrGr.211....1S
3225:"Synthetic emerald"
3223:Lefever, R (1982).
2773:Gems & Gemology
2643:on October 21, 2022
2116:Wise, R. W., 2003,
2050:Wise, R. W., 2006,
2030:Wise, R. W., 2006,
1813:Wise, R. W., 2006,
1762:Bauer, Max (1968).
1111:; all of which are
1084:different mineral (
1046:water contamination
869:is made by heating
465:absorption spectrum
451:. They may exhibit
193:cutter is called a
142:) and occasionally
4596:Jewellery designer
4179:Opaque iridescent
4070:Jewelry-Industrial
4016:yellow, blue, pink
3522:10.1007/BF03166857
3267:10.1007/BF03402862
2676:Wiley-Interscience
1657:. January 19, 2024
1655:www.britannica.com
1606:2007-06-03 at the
1590:on March 21, 2020.
1561:Luminous gemstones
1504:In popular culture
1468:
1428:
1382:
1336:
1250:
1197:Synthetic corundum
1148:synthetic diamonds
988:
971:
787:
779:
775:the Aurora display
711:
500:
492:
463:and a distinctive
231:
177:A gem expert is a
105:semiprecious stone
85:
67:, uncut synthetic
46:, and
5369:
5368:
5286:
5285:
5156:Organic gemstones
4753:
4752:
4366:
4365:
4194:Industrial stones
4189:
4188:
4065:
4064:
3767:Media related to
3667:The Spruce Crafts
3626:10.1117/12.501428
3478:(11): 1555–1565.
3126:(11): 1566–1571.
2633:978-85-99141-02-1
2483:978-0-408-01447-2
2449:. April 6, 2015.
2159:. April 2, 2015.
2157:Jewellery Monthly
2135:HowStuffWorks.com
1968:www.gemstones.com
1949:978-0-7858-3498-4
1924:978-0-7506-6449-3
1897:978-0-691-21448-1
1681:www.gemstones.com
1636:978-0-307-45135-4
1113:diamond simulants
1099:oxide, synthetic
1048:thus threatening
1009:natural resources
524:(star effects).
518:optical phenomena
457:double refraction
16:(Redirected from
5414:
4813:Britannia silver
4762:
4571:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4370:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4342:
4341:
4318:List of diamonds
4076:
3852:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3698:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3557:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3368:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3298:
3287:
3286:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3091:
3082:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2943:Resources Policy
2934:
2928:
2927:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2798:. Archived from
2789:
2769:
2760:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2673:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2636:. Archived from
2625:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2606:on 20 June 2016.
2602:. Archived from
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2530:
2521:
2520:
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2414:
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2318:
2309:
2308:
2306:
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2289:
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2271:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2069:www.gemporia.com
2061:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1831:
1825:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1786:
1780:
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1759:
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1752:
1750:
1748:
1737:
1731:
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1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
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1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1625:. New York, NY:
1616:
1610:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1576:
1546:List of diamonds
1248:Verneuil furnace
1232:Creation process
1224:Synthetic spinel
1215:Synthetic quartz
1206:Synthetic beryls
1179:refractive index
961:Fracture filling
928:jewelry industry
726:faceting machine
459:. They may have
437:specific gravity
425:refractive index
348:
347:
346:
338:
337:
324:) and rubies of
323:
111:) is a piece of
83:crystal cluster.
21:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5324:
5282:
5271:Spondylus shell
5229:
5151:
4922:
4908:Stainless steel
4859:
4843:Sterling silver
4803:Precious metal
4798:
4766:Precious metals
4749:
4713:
4615:
4562:
4402:
4397:
4367:
4362:
4351:
4349:
4332:
4301:
4185:
4127:
4071:
4061:
3978:
3938:
3895:
3840:
3833:
3828:
3747:
3742:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3719:
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3691:
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3686:
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3598:
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3584:
3582:
3578:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3472:Current Science
3465:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3383:
3370:
3369:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3120:Current Science
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2741:
2733:
2731:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2678:. p. 170.
2671:
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2646:
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2640:
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2623:
2616:
2615:
2611:
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2577:
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2565:
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2512:
2499:
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2471:
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2426:
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2416:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2104:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1883:
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1878:
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1841:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1765:Precious Stones
1761:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1743:. March 1, 2024
1739:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
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1708:
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1648:
1644:
1637:
1629:. p. 136.
1618:
1617:
1613:
1608:Wayback Machine
1599:
1595:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1522:
1506:
1399:
1374:
1320:
1318:Characteristics
1311:
1302:
1293:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1191:
1078:
997:
980:
963:
947:
932:nuclear reactor
924:
918:
863:
855:Pliny the Elder
850:Natural History
844:
835:
767:
700:
623:
607:energy medicine
563:and cat's eye (
511:mnemonic device
481:
345:
342:
341:
340:
336:
333:
332:
331:
329:
326:aluminium oxide
321:
312:. For example,
203:
168:aesthetic value
91:(also called a
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5420:
5418:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
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5374:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5332:Related topics
5329:
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5317:
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4776:
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4755:
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4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4704:Wire sculpture
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4649:
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4608:
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4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
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4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4285:
4271:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4216:
4214:Petrified wood
4211:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4166:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4001:
4000:, polychromous
3995:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3849:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3786:
3772:
3760:
3746:
3745:External links
3743:
3741:
3740:
3725:
3707:(2): 135–138.
3684:
3651:
3649:, p. 206.
3639:
3612:. SPIE: 1–11.
3592:
3543:
3516:(4): 324–332.
3493:
3458:
3424:
3417:
3396:
3381:
3352:
3288:
3241:
3212:
3157:(4487): 1156.
3137:
3110:
3068:
3042:
3026:
3007:
2968:
2929:
2922:
2904:
2865:
2846:(4): 735–760.
2826:
2808:
2755:
2710:
2684:
2654:
2632:
2609:
2591:
2558:
2543:
2522:
2489:
2482:
2464:
2434:
2409:
2404:"Seeing Color"
2395:
2388:
2370:
2363:
2341:
2327:
2310:
2284:
2266:
2252:
2226:
2212:
2192:
2166:
2144:
2122:
2102:
2081:
2056:
2043:
2023:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1955:
1948:
1930:
1923:
1903:
1896:
1876:
1851:
1826:
1806:
1781:
1774:
1754:
1732:
1718:
1693:
1668:
1642:
1635:
1611:
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1570:
1568:
1565:
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1521:
1518:
1505:
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1501:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
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1459:
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1447:
1441:
1435:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
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1288:
1287:
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1275:
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1241:
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1233:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1175:color spectrum
1095:, composed of
1093:cubic zirconia
1077:
1074:
996:
993:
979:
976:
962:
959:
946:
943:
937:Virtually all
920:Main article:
917:
914:
862:
859:
843:
840:
834:
831:
766:
763:
754:faceted stones
734:
733:
722:
699:
696:
688:
687:
685:Eduard GĂĽbelin
681:
675:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
645:
639:
633:
622:
619:
480:
477:
412:(yellow), and
351:crystal system
343:
334:
235:ancient Greeks
202:
199:
101:precious stone
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5419:
5408:
5407:Stone objects
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:Body piercing
5334:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5225:Tortoiseshell
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Bench jeweler
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
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4514:
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4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
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4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
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4411:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4389:
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4382:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4359:
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4345:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4297:
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4289:
4286:
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4279:
4275:
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4270:
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4264:
4262:
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4257:
4254:
4252:
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4247:
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4236:
4233:
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4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4068:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Pink sapphire
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Blue Sapphire
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3785:at Wiktionary
3784:
3783:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3593:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3459:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3418:9780470871683
3414:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3382:0-7506-4411-7
3378:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3021:Research Gate
3018:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2923:9978-40-971-8
2919:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2885:(2): 99–115.
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2691:
2687:
2685:0-471-52667-3
2681:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2544:9780750617970
2540:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2389:9780917646096
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2364:9780801972669
2360:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2215:
2213:9780924700248
2209:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2193:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:0-9728223-8-0
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:0-9728223-8-0
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1795:
1794:www.leysen.eu
1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1775:9780486219103
1771:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1755:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1707:
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1697:
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1628:
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1609:
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1602:
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1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
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1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Assembled gem
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:Nolwenn Leroy
1503:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:Grandidierite
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
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1430:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1414:
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1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
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1394:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1333:
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1324:
1317:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1183:birefringence
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:deforestation
1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
994:
992:
984:
977:
975:
967:
960:
958:
956:
952:
945:Waxing/oiling
944:
942:
940:
935:
933:
929:
923:
915:
913:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
860:
858:
856:
852:
851:
842:Early history
841:
839:
832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
802:
800:
796:
791:
783:
776:
771:
764:
762:
759:
755:
749:
747:
743:
739:
731:
727:
723:
720:
716:
715:
714:
709:
704:
697:
695:
692:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
627:
626:
620:
618:
614:
612:
608:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
496:
490:
485:
478:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:birefringence
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
408:(colorless),
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
327:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:semi-precious
240:
236:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
200:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Synthetic gem
5361:Wearable art
5356:Phaleristics
5351:Metalworking
5256:Gutta-percha
5032:Lapis lazuli
4928:
4818:Colored gold
4699:Stonesetting
4348:
4292:Pyrophyllite
4261:Serpentinite
4242:(green mica)
4132:
4112:Baltic amber
4079:
3983:
3943:
3900:
3855:
3830:
3781:
3759:at Wikiquote
3728:
3704:
3700:
3687:
3675:. Retrieved
3666:
3642:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3566:(1): 50–63.
3563:
3559:
3546:
3513:
3509:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3440:
3435:Arem, Joel.
3408:
3372:
3343:. Retrieved
3310:
3306:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3232:. Retrieved
3228:
3203:. Retrieved
3154:
3150:
3140:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3059:. Retrieved
3045:
3035:
3029:
3020:
3010:
2988:(1): 35–50.
2985:
2981:
2971:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2913:
2907:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2800:the original
2777:
2771:
2758:
2734:November 12,
2732:. Retrieved
2713:
2703:– via
2697:. Retrieved
2667:
2645:. Retrieved
2638:the original
2619:
2612:
2604:the original
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2561:
2534:
2513:. Retrieved
2504:
2473:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2446:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2421:
2412:
2398:
2379:
2373:
2352:
2344:
2330:
2301:. Retrieved
2287:
2279:Bangkok Post
2278:
2269:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2202:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2169:
2156:
2147:
2134:
2125:
2117:
2097:the original
2091:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2031:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1967:
1958:
1939:
1933:
1913:
1906:
1886:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1838:
1829:
1814:
1809:
1799:February 10,
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1764:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1735:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1654:
1645:
1627:Random House
1621:
1614:
1596:
1588:the original
1583:
1574:
1513:
1507:
1484:Poudretteite
1438:Jeremejevite
1391:
1387:
1383:
1362:
1351:
1337:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1235:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1192:
1156:
1125:
1120:
1090:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1066:supply chain
1062:
1054:biodiversity
1042:soil erosion
1030:
1006:
998:
989:
972:
948:
936:
925:
898:
883:
864:
848:
845:
836:
803:
792:
788:
750:
735:
712:
693:
689:
624:
615:
604:
600:
573:
569:
526:
515:
508:
501:
461:luminescence
422:
385:
381:
377:
375:
316:are made of
295:
271:translucency
242:
238:
232:
213:of gemstone
176:
172:
160:brazilianite
132:lapis lazuli
108:
107:, or simply
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
86:
60:
52:
5298:Art jewelry
5122:Tiger's eye
5027:Labradorite
4977:Chrysocolla
4972:Chrysoberyl
4888:Mokume-gane
4865:Base metals
4637:centrifugal
4606:Silversmith
4481:Ferronnière
4431:Belt buckle
4426:Belly chain
4274:Ophicalcite
4155:Colorless,
4118:Chrysoprase
4029:Spessartine
3994:– Verdelite
3886:Alexandrite
3733:(in French)
3647:Hansen 2022
3313:(1): 1–12.
3085:Weldon, R.
2722:. The U.S.
2699:November 4,
2647:October 21,
2505:www.gia.edu
2457:January 19,
2422:geology.com
2185:October 27,
2011:www.gia.edu
1839:geology.com
1490:Serendibite
1444:Chambersite
884:Nearly all
827:aquamarine.
588:clinohumite
584:cassiterite
469:first water
453:pleochroism
371:octahedrons
298:gemologists
287:archaeology
283:art history
263:translucent
195:diamantaire
5397:Mineralogy
5376:Categories
5132:Tourmaline
5077:Prasiolite
4952:Aventurine
4823:Crown gold
4725:Draw plate
4674:Metal clay
4611:Watchmaker
4601:Lapidarist
4586:Clockmaker
4461:Collar pin
4456:Chatelaine
4278:Serpentine
4266:Aventurine
4240:Listwanite
4031:(malaya),
3998:Indicolite
3992:Tourmaline
3965:(Imperial)
3957:Aquamarine
3261:(1): 1–4.
3061:January 7,
2949:: 102947.
2705:LibreTexts
1580:"Gemstone"
1567:References
1496:Zektzerite
1472:Black opal
1456:Musgravite
1101:moissanite
1050:ecosystems
939:blue topaz
901:boric acid
879:Aquamarine
807:impurities
576:andalusite
557:aquamarine
473:inclusions
433:dispersion
398:aquamarine
363:monoclinic
267:Mohs scale
223:tourmaline
211:collection
183:lapidarist
179:gemologist
126:. Certain
124:adornments
5392:Materials
5382:Gemstones
5278:Toadstone
5215:Operculum
5142:Variscite
5137:Turquoise
5117:Tanzanite
5052:Moonstone
5047:Marcasite
5042:Malachite
4967:Carnelian
4942:Amazonite
4929:gemstones
4903:Pinchbeck
4848:Argentium
4838:Shibuichi
4779:Palladium
4758:Materials
4694:Soldering
4684:Polishing
4659:Engraving
4654:Enameling
4620:Processes
4591:Goldsmith
4526:Tie chain
4501:Neck ring
4491:Lapel pin
4400:Jewellery
4269:quartzite
4221:(Porouse
4219:Cacholong
4181:feldspars
4151:Rhodonite
4146:Amazonite
4133:2nd order
4103:Malachite
4080:1st order
4057:Turquoise
4037:Almandine
4033:Rhodolite
3984:4th order
3944:3rd order
3934:Tanzanite
3919:Tsavorite
3914:Demantoid
3901:2nd order
3857:1st order
3831:Gemstones
3782:gemstones
3769:Gemstones
3677:March 31,
3634:109528895
3585:April 15,
3538:129031255
3530:1993-0364
3451:March 30,
3391:807757024
3373:Gemmology
3345:April 15,
3335:0022-0248
3283:140031745
3275:2524-3470
3234:March 15,
3205:April 15,
3195:239860410
3171:0036-8075
3103:April 14,
3002:0020-7233
2963:0301-4207
2899:0959-6526
2860:0012-155X
2796:0016-626X
2584:March 31,
2515:March 31,
2245:March 17,
1914:Gemmology
1860:"Diamond"
1450:Taaffeite
1432:Red beryl
1409:Tanzanite
1152:abrasives
1136:sapphires
1097:zirconium
978:Bleaching
916:Radiation
905:sapphires
886:tanzanite
833:Treatment
823:morganite
815:manganese
746:variscite
742:turquoise
719:cabochons
708:Amsterdam
596:red beryl
565:cymophane
537:sapphires
414:morganite
406:goshenite
402:red beryl
396:(green),
386:varieties
291:hardstone
279:tsavorite
187:gemcutter
130:(such as
122:or other
5402:Minerals
5346:Gemology
5320:Fineness
5311:(purity)
5246:Bog-wood
5193:Precious
5173:Ammolite
5112:Sunstone
5102:Sodalite
5097:Sapphire
5057:Obsidian
4997:Fluorite
4987:Diopside
4947:Amethyst
4927:Mineral
4918:Tungsten
4913:Titanium
4828:Electrum
4784:Platinum
4669:Kazaziye
4664:Filigree
4642:lost-wax
4541:Toe ring
4531:Tie clip
4506:Pectoral
4496:Necklace
4471:Cufflink
4446:Bracelet
4441:Bolo tie
4421:Barrette
4288:Pagodite
4256:Fluorite
4251:Selenite
4235:Obsidian
4169:Hematite
4123:Charoite
4098:Nephrite
4088:Lazurite
4046:Amethyst
4008:Heliodor
3794:Gemstone
3757:Gemstone
3717:Archived
3671:Archived
3576:Archived
3488:Archived
3484:24104848
3445:Archived
3339:Archived
3199:Archived
3187:17755153
3132:24104849
3094:Archived
3055:Archived
2728:Archived
2690:Archived
2668:Gemology
2575:Archived
2553:28889342
2509:Archived
2451:Archived
2427:March 1,
2303:July 30,
2297:Archived
2239:Archived
2219:April 6,
2179:Archived
2161:Archived
2139:Archived
2074:March 1,
2016:March 1,
1973:March 1,
1869:March 1,
1844:March 1,
1747:March 1,
1711:March 1,
1706:gem5.com
1686:March 1,
1661:March 1,
1604:Archived
1531:Gemology
1520:See also
1416:Hibonite
1334:gemstone
1171:strength
1163:hardness
1144:corundum
1140:emeralds
1128:diamonds
1105:corundum
890:sapphire
875:ametrine
871:amethyst
819:chromium
795:corundum
613:powers.
553:amethyst
541:emeralds
529:diamonds
449:fracture
445:cleavage
441:hardness
410:heliodor
400:(blue),
390:corundum
359:trigonal
353:such as
314:diamonds
306:gemology
255:sapphire
239:precious
227:abrasive
219:tumbling
217:made by
140:obsidian
93:fine gem
89:gemstone
81:amethyst
75:, uncut
69:sapphire
5341:Fashion
5315:Finding
5163:Abalone
5072:Peridot
5037:Larimar
5022:Kyanite
5007:Howlite
4992:Emerald
4982:Diamond
4855:Tumbaga
4833:ShakudĹŤ
4789:Rhodium
4740:Mandrel
4679:Plating
4632:Casting
4627:Carving
4536:Tie pin
4511:Pendant
4486:Genital
4476:Earring
4306:Related
4282:Calcite
4228:Marble
4209:granite
4206:Graphic
4173:Common
4093:Jadeite
4051:Citrine
4025:Garnets
4020:Peridot
3969:Elbaite
3961:Orange
3876:Emerald
3866:Diamond
3846:Jewelry
3614:Bibcode
3315:Bibcode
3179:1685235
3151:Science
1412:heated.
1403:Painite
1372:History
1332:apatite
1167:density
1159:mineral
1109:spinels
1017:poverty
867:citrine
758:optical
621:Grading
611:healing
592:painite
580:axinite
561:peridot
522:asteria
404:(red),
394:emerald
382:species
275:garnets
259:diamond
247:emerald
225:, with
215:pebbles
191:diamond
144:organic
120:jewelry
116:crystal
113:mineral
77:emerald
65:diamond
5305:(mass)
5241:Bezoar
5147:Zircon
5107:Spinel
5082:Quartz
5017:Jasper
5002:Garnet
4898:Pewter
4883:Copper
4878:Bronze
4805:alloys
4794:Silver
4745:Pliers
4735:Hammer
4647:vacuum
4574:People
4567:Making
4551:pocket
4451:Brooch
4416:Anklet
4201:Jasper
4164:quartz
4072:stones
4041:Pyrope
3924:Spinel
3848:stones
3632:
3536:
3528:
3482:
3415:
3389:
3379:
3333:
3281:
3273:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3130:
3000:
2961:
2920:
2897:
2858:
2794:
2682:
2630:
2551:
2541:
2480:
2386:
2361:
2210:
2038:
1946:
1921:
1894:
1821:
1772:
1633:
1584:Lexico
1181:, and
1138:, and
1132:rubies
1121:higher
1086:spinel
1044:, and
1021:mining
1013:Miners
909:rubies
765:Colors
730:facets
545:pearls
539:, and
533:rubies
447:, and
384:, and
378:groups
318:carbon
164:luster
154:, and
138:, and
79:, and
42:,
38:,
34:,
5309:Carat
5303:Carat
5291:Terms
5266:Shell
5220:Pearl
5210:Nacre
5200:Ivory
5188:Black
5183:Coral
5178:Copal
5168:Amber
5127:Topaz
5086:smoky
4957:Beryl
4937:Agate
4873:Brass
4718:Tools
4556:strap
4546:Watch
4521:Tiara
4466:Crown
4436:Bindi
4408:Forms
4157:smoky
4141:Agate
4108:Amber
4055:Blue
4014:Topaz
4004:Beryl
3963:topaz
3720:(PDF)
3697:(PDF)
3630:S2CID
3579:(PDF)
3556:(PDF)
3534:S2CID
3480:JSTOR
3279:S2CID
3191:S2CID
3175:JSTOR
3128:JSTOR
3097:(PDF)
3090:(PDF)
2803:(PDF)
2768:(PDF)
2693:(PDF)
2672:(PDF)
2641:(PDF)
2624:(PDF)
2578:(PDF)
2571:(PDF)
1514:Gemme
1499:1976.
1259:boule
1189:Types
811:beryl
479:Value
418:beryl
367:habit
355:cubic
156:pearl
148:amber
128:rocks
97:jewel
5261:Hair
5092:Ruby
5067:Opal
5062:Onyx
5012:Jade
4774:Gold
4730:File
4516:Ring
4296:Talc
4230:onyx
4223:opal
4175:opal
4161:pink
4159:and
3871:Ruby
3679:2023
3610:5078
3587:2023
3526:ISSN
3453:2023
3413:ISBN
3387:OCLC
3377:ISBN
3347:2023
3331:ISSN
3271:ISSN
3236:2023
3207:2023
3183:PMID
3167:ISSN
3105:2023
3063:2011
2998:ISSN
2959:ISSN
2918:ISBN
2895:ISSN
2856:ISSN
2792:ISSN
2736:2022
2701:2022
2680:ISBN
2649:2022
2628:ISBN
2586:2023
2549:OCLC
2539:ISBN
2517:2023
2478:ISBN
2459:2018
2429:2024
2384:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2305:2010
2247:2022
2221:2020
2208:ISBN
2187:2021
2076:2024
2036:ISBN
2018:2024
1975:2024
1944:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1871:2024
1846:2024
1819:ISBN
1801:2024
1770:ISBN
1749:2024
1713:2024
1688:2024
1663:2024
1631:ISBN
1169:and
1165:and
1117:hard
1052:and
894:ruby
892:and
861:Heat
738:opal
594:and
549:opal
547:and
285:and
257:and
251:ruby
241:and
189:; a
136:opal
73:ruby
5205:Jet
4961:red
4246:Jet
3709:doi
3622:doi
3568:doi
3518:doi
3323:doi
3311:211
3263:doi
3159:doi
3155:211
2990:doi
2951:doi
2887:doi
2848:doi
2782:doi
1107:or
955:oil
953:or
951:wax
907:or
853:by
801:".
455:or
361:or
357:or
289:is
185:or
152:jet
109:gem
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4035:,
4027:–
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