Glasses - Knowledge (XXG)

988: 3195:(History of Eyeglasses) From pp. 266–267 (translated): "3. Do the Europeans have the Chinese to thank for eyeglasses? ... Messrs. Scrini and Fortin in Paris have asserted this recently with the words: 'One knows, on the other hand, that when Marco Polo went to China, he learned that for a very long time already, the inhabitants had been using eyeglasses.' This assertion lacked any substantiation. So I have closely perused the German translation of 'the books of Marco Polo' (2nd ed., Leipzig 1855) once again as well as carefully compared to the original text (the book of Marco Polo by Pauthier, Paris 1865, 2 volumes): not a syllable about eyeglasses in China is found therein. Our highly esteemed Sinologist, Prof. Graube, had the kindness to peruse also the English edition (by Yule, London 1875), with the same negative result. Thus the sentence of Messrs. Scrini and Fortin is to be crossed out; this error may not be the only one to have infiltrated the literature." 2094:

detail, has not yet become accessible to me. I, therefore, limit my criticism of it as far as possible and prefer to prove, by means of new material from Chinese literature, that the view of the original invention of spectacles in India is the greatest probability. HIRSCHBERG theory is highly unlikely, as all previous experience has shown and contradicts analogies in cultural history and in the history of inventions in particular; Crystal spectacles appear in the European Middle Ages, in India, and in China, and from the historical point of view one can suppose from the outset that these inventions did not occur independently in each of these three cultural groups, but that a historical connection is here present.

1114: 1401: 1154: 1693: 1603: 1008: 1466: 713: 236: 1619:

all". Pullin uses the example of spectacles, traditionally categorized as a medical device for "patients", and outlines how they are now described as eyewear: a fashionable accessory. Much like other fashion designs and accessories, eyewear is created by designers, has reputable labels, and comes in collections, by season and designer. In recent years, it has become more common for consumers to purchase eyewear with non-prescription lenses as a fashion accessory.

916: 509: 2762:(New York: Russell & Russell, Inc.) vol. 2. Part 5, Ch. IV, p. 582. From p. 582: "For we can so shape transparent bodies, and arrange them in such a way with respect to our sight and objects of vision, that the rays will be refracted and bent in any direction we desire, and under any angle, we wish we shall see the object near or at a distance. Thus from an incredible distance we might read the smallest letters and number grains of dust and sand ..." 453: 60: 1246: 414: 4116: 1275: 251: 1478: 3855: 2747:(On the rainbow) in Latin, p. 389: "This part of perspective, if perfectly understood, shows us how to make nearby objects appear very small, and how to make a small object placed at a distance appear as large as we wish, so that it would be possible to read minute letters from incredible distances or count sand, seeds, blades of grass, or any minute objects." 689:

computers does not lead to eye diseases, including macular degeneration. The total amount of light entering the eyes can be adjusted without glasses using the screen brightness settings. Similarly, the blue light can often specifically be adjusted using the "night mode" of different operating systems, which can usually be activated outside of nighttime hours.

136: 2093:

I am interested in the remarks of Prof. J. HIRSCHBERG on the "History of the Invention of Glasses" published in the last issue of this journal (Volume VI, pp. 221–223) and the subsequent discussion by Prof. GÜPPERT. The book by HIRSCHBERG mentioned therein, in which his theory should be presented in

1589:

alloys that return to their correct shape after being bent. Other frames have spring-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offer dramatically better ability to withstand the stresses of daily wear and the occasional accident. Modern frames are also often made from strong, lightweight materials such

620:

Yellow-tinted glasses are a type of glasses with a minor yellow tint. They perform a slight color correction, on top of reducing eyestrain from lack of blinking. They may also be considered minor corrective non-prescription glasses. Depending on the company, these computer or gaming glasses can also

1724:

For most of their history, eyeglasses were seen as unfashionable, and carried several potentially negative connotations: wearing glasses caused individuals to be stigmatized and stereotyped as pious clergymen, as those in religious vocation were the most likely to be literate and therefore the most

1663:

first. This means that Americans who lose or break their glasses may be unable to see well until they can get, and pay for, an appointment with an optometrist. In most of the world, someone who has lost their glasses merely goes to the nearest store selling glasses and buys a replacement over the

1618:

Graham Pullin describes how devices for disability, like glasses, have traditionally been designed to camouflage against the skin and restore ability without being visible. In the past, design for disability has "been less about projecting a positive image as about trying not to project an image at

803:

cable of coiled metal, sometimes inside a plastic or silicone sleeve. The tightness of the curl can be adjusted along its whole length, allowing the back to fit the wearer's ear curve perfectly. Used for physically active wearers, children, and people with high prescriptions (heavy lenses). See the

923:

Corrective lenses can be produced in many different shapes from a circular lens called a lens blank. Lens blanks are cut to fit the shape of the frame that will hold them. Frame styles vary and fashion trends change over time, resulting in a multitude of lens shapes. For lower power lenses, there

424:

Safety glasses are worn to protect the eyes in various situations. They are made with break-proof plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris or other matter. Construction workers, factory workers, machinists and lab technicians are often required to wear safety glasses to shield the eyes

185:

are clear or lightly tinted in dark or indoor conditions, but turn into sunglasses when they come into contact with ultraviolet light. Most over-the-counter sunglasses do not have corrective power in the lenses; however, special prescription sunglasses can be made. People with conditions that have

478:

is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses. Polarization filters are positioned to remove horizontally polarized rays of light, which eliminates glare from horizontal surfaces (allowing wearers to see into water when reflected light would otherwise overwhelm the scene). Polarized

1700:

Many people require glasses for the reasons listed above. There are many shapes, colors, and materials that can be used when designing frames and lenses that can be utilized in various combinations. Oftentimes, the selection of a frame is made based on how it will affect the appearance of the

688:

Long hours of computer use (not blue light) may cause eye strain. Many eye symptoms caused by computer use will lessen after the usage of the computer is stopped. Decreasing evening screen time and setting devices to night mode will improve sleep. Several studies have shown that blue light from

547:

on a two-dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different visual information. 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions by filtering a signal containing information for both eyes. The signal, often light reflected off a movie screen or emitted from an electronic

1396:

is mistakenly claimed to have encountered eyeglasses during his travels in China in the 13th century. However, no such evidence appears in his accounts. Indeed, the earliest mentions of eyeglasses in China occur in the 15th century and those Chinese sources state that eyeglasses were imported.

1203:–1311) wrote "It is not yet twenty years since there was found the art of making eyeglasses, which make for good vision ... And it is so short a time that this new art, never before extant, was discovered. ... I saw the one who first discovered and practiced it, and I talked to him." 528:

lenses could be also combined and easily removed from the field of view if needed without taking off glasses. These glasses often used for driver when they went through tunnels the upper frame,sunglasses and the second frame with transparent lenses. Drivers flip the sunglasses in tunnels while

704:(UK) is that "the best scientific evidence currently available does not support the use of blue-blocking spectacle lenses in the general population to improve visual performance, alleviate the symptoms of eye fatigue or visual discomfort, improve sleep quality or conserve macula health." 1614:

In the 1930s, "spectacles" were described as "medical appliances". Wearing spectacles was sometimes considered socially humiliating. In the 1970s, fashionable glasses started to become available through manufacturers, and governments also recognized the demand for stylized eyewear.

495:

Sunglasses may also have corrective lenses, which requires a prescription. Clip-on sunglasses or sunglass clips can be attached to another pair of glasses. Some wrap-around sunglasses are large enough to be worn over another pair of glasses. Otherwise, many people opt to wear

425:

from flying debris or hazardous splatters such as blood or chemicals. As of 2017, dentists and surgeons in Canada and other countries are required to wear safety glasses to protect against infection from patients' blood or other body fluids. There are also safety glasses for

1539:

suggested that eyepieces could be held in place by a ribbon passed over the wearer's head, this in turn secured by the weight of a hat. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was developed sometime before 1727, possibly by the British optician

1457:", but all dates are given well after the existence of eyeglasses in Italy was established, including significant shipments of eyeglasses from Italy to the Middle East, with one shipment as large as 24,000 glasses, as well as a spectacles dispensary in Strasbourg in 1466. 603:

mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses. Newer designs use smaller lightweight telescopes, which can be embedded into the corrective glass and improve aesthetic appearance (mini telescopic spectacles). They may take the form of self-contained glasses that resemble

1426:

speculated, in his history of glasses, that for glasses to be mentioned in the literature of China and Europe at approximately the same time it was probable that they were not invented independently, and after ruling out the Turks, proposed India as a location. However,

776:

pair of hinges connect the end pieces to the temples, allowing a swivel movement. Spring-loaded flex hinges are a variant that is equipped with a small spring that affords the temples a greater range of movement and does not limit them to the traditional, 90-degree

1431:

speculated that the mention of glasses in the Chinese manuscript Laufer used "in part" to credit the prior invention of them in Asia did not exist in older versions of that manuscript, and the reference to them in later versions was added during the

3007:

I was possessed of a clear complexion, between light and dark, lively eyes, and for long years a keen vision, which however deserted me, contrary to my hopes, after I reached my sixtieth birthday, and forced me, to my great annoyance, to resort to

483:

emit polarized light, making them sometimes difficult to view with polarized sunglasses. Sunglasses may be worn for aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were popular for these reasons include tea shades and

170:

Glasses wearers may use a strap to prevent the glasses from falling off. Wearers of glasses that are used only part of the time may have the glasses attached to a cord that goes around their neck to prevent the loss and breaking of the glasses.

158:

against flying debris for construction workers or lab technicians; these glasses may have protection on the sides of the eyes as well as in the lenses. Some types of safety glasses are used to protect against visible and near-visible light or

1777:

became synonymous with the styles of eye-glasses they wore to the point that thick, black horn-rimmed glasses are often called "Buddy Holly glasses" and perfectly round metal eyeglass frames called "John Lennon glasses" (or, more recently,

1658:

The United States also prohibits the sale of glasses unless the user has a recent prescription from an optometrist or ophthalmologist, whereas in most of the world, glasses and contact lenses can be bought without needing to get a new

987: 1899:

that those who wear glasses are intelligent. This belief can have positive consequences for people who wear glasses, for example in elections. Studies show that wearing glasses increases politicians' electoral success, at least in

437:

frames are usually used for protective eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties. Unlike most regular glasses, safety glasses often include protection beside the eyes as well as in front of the eyes.

2986:... colore vivido inter candidum et subnigrum, vivacibus oculis et visu per longum tempus acerrimo, qui preter spem supra sexagesimum etatis annum me destituit, ut indignanti michi ad ocularium confugiendum esset auxilium. 1912:

In the 20th century, eyeglasses came to be considered a component of fashion; as such, various different styles have come in and out of popularity. Most are still in regular use, albeit with varying degrees of frequency.

947:

prescriptions, with perfectly round frames being the most efficient. Before the advent of eyeglasses as a fashion item, when frames were constructed with only functionality in mind, virtually all eyeglasses were either

209:). Sometimes glasses are worn purely for fashion or aesthetic purposes. Even with glasses used for vision correction, a wide range of fashions are available, using plastic, metal, wire, and other materials for frames. 1765:

for normalizing and even popularizing the wearing of eyeglasses in front of live television and stage audiences; prior to this, performers who read on early television were expected to squint or use contact lenses.

685:(CVS) can result from focusing the eyes on a screen for long, continuous periods. Many times the glasses do not appear to have much of a tint, or, if any, a slight yellow tint, but they may be more heavily tinted. 3238: 1756:

to play while wearing glasses "continuously", after his vision deteriorated in 1897. "With their aid he placed himself in the forefront among English professionals of all-round abilities." The American tenor

942:

generally require a taller lens shape to leave room for the different segments while preserving an adequate field of view through each segment. Frames with rounded edges are the most efficient for correcting

1794:

by allowing him to "hear" vibrations. Some celebrities have become so associated with their eyeglasses that they continued to wear them even after taking other measures against vision problems: U.S. Senator

751:

pair of brows or caps, plastic or metal caps which fit over the top of the eye wires for style enhancement and to provide additional support for the lenses. The addition of brows makes a pair of glasses

289:(i.e. to focus on objects close to the eye). Few people have a pair of eyes that show exactly equal refractive characteristics; one eye may need a "stronger" (i.e. more refracting) lens than the other. 727:

The ophthalmic frame is the part of a pair of glasses that is designed to hold the lenses in the proper position. Ophthalmic frames come in a variety of styles, sizes, materials, shapes, and colors.

343:

have a continuous gradient. Lenses can also be manufactured with high refractive indices, which allow them to be more lightweight and thinner than their counterparts with "low" refractive indices.

700:

measured specifically for computer screen distance (depending on individuals, but possibly 20–26 inches from the face), which are not the same as "blue-light blocking" glasses. The position of the

492:

people wear nearly opaque glasses to hide their eyes for cosmetic reasons. Many people with light sensitivity conditions wear sunglasses or other tinted glasses to make the light more tolerable.

357:

or refractive or prismatic variations between the left and right eye. For the total correction of the individual's sight, glasses complying to a recent ophthalmic prescription are required.

2565: 471:(UV) light. To properly protect the eyes from the dangers of UV light, sunglasses should have UV-400 blocker to provide good coverage against the entire light spectrum that poses a danger. 1655:

inflates the prices of frames, which cost an average of $ 25–$ 50 U.S. to make, to an average retail price of $ 300 in the United States. This claim is disputed by some in the industry.

3331: 1871:

fiction, eyeglasses have become a standard component of various heroes' disguises as masks, allowing them to adopt a nondescript demeanor when they are not in their superhero personae:

581:. Polarized and active shutter glasses are used with many home theaters. Head-mounted displays are used by a single person, but the input signal can be shared between multiple units. 1226:

regulations in Venice governing the sale of eyeglasses and a separate guild of Venetian spectacle makers was formed in 1320. In the fourteenth century, they were very common objects:

745:

top bar or brow bar, a bar just above the bridge providing structural support and/or style enhancement (country/Grandpa style). The addition of a top bar makes a pair of glasses

1563:(with the assistance of H. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld) developed the Zeiss Punktal spherical point-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years. In 2008, 1214:

records: "Eyeglasses, having first been made by someone else, who was unwilling to share them, he made them and shared them with everyone with a cheerful and willing heart."

377:

might be used to replace bifocals or trifocals, or might be used to produce cheaper single-vision glasses (since they do not have to be custom-manufactured for every person).

4148: 2058:(1604), Kepler explained how eyeglass lenses compensate for the distortions that are caused by presbyopia or myopia, so that the image is once again properly focused on the 3531: 2470: 1343:

together by the handles so that they could grip the nose. These are referred to as "rivet spectacles". The earliest surviving examples were found under the floorboards at

629:, and other sources of light. This allows for reduced eye-strain. These glasses can be ordered as standard or prescription lenses that fit into standard optical frames. 516:

The double frame uplifting glasses have one moving frame with one pair of lenses and the basic fixed frame with another pair of lenses (optional), that are connected by

217:

Glasses can be marked or found by their primary function, but also appear in combinations such as prescription sunglasses or safety glasses with enhanced magnification.

3618: 1449:

was observed in possession of a pair of glasses in the 1520s, he argues that it "is, therefore, most likely that the use of lenses reached Europe via the Arabs, as did

3247: 1529:

Over time, the construction of frames for glasses also evolved. Early eyepieces were designed to be either held in place by hand or by exerting pressure on the nose (

2655:"Reversing the Trend of Large Scale and Centralization in Manufacturing: The Case of Distributed Manufacturing of Customizable 3-D-Printable Self-Adjustable Glasses" 640: 4178: 2372:

Duarte, IA; Mde F, Hafner; Malvestiti, AA (2015), "Ultraviolet radiation emitted by lamps, TVs, tablets and computers: are there risks for the population?",

2212: 2428: 2331: 1636:. Advertising restrictions in the United States, for example, have correlated with higher prices, suggesting that adverts make the spectacles market more 383:

are a type of corrective glasses that do not use a lens. Pinhole glasses do not actually refract the light or change focal length. Instead, they create a

796:

Riding bow temples: curve around the ear and extend down to the level of the ear lobe. Used mostly on athletic, children's, and industrial safety frames;

790:

Library temples: generally straight and do not bend down behind the ears. Hold the glasses primarily through light pressure against the side of the skull

3873: 1701:

wearer. Some people with good natural eyesight like to wear eyeglasses as a style accessory. In Japan, some companies ban women from wearing glasses.

391:

in photography. This form of correction has many limitations that prevent it from gaining popularity in everyday use. Pinhole glasses can be made in a

277:. The ability of one's eyes to accommodate their focus to near and distant focus alters over time. A common condition in people over forty years old is 2350: 1518:, suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and perhaps 50 years earlier than had been originally thought. The first lenses for correcting 1504:. Historians have from time to time produced evidence to suggest that others may have preceded him in the invention; however, a correspondence between 2495: 1744:

In the United Kingdom, wearing glasses was characterized in the nineteenth century as "a sure sign of the weakling and the mollycoddle", according to

968:. It was not until glasses began to be seen as an accessory that different shapes were introduced to be more aesthetically pleasing than functional. 479:

sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots since reflections from water and other structures often used to gauge altitude may be removed.

353:, and offer a cheap, practical solution, though these have a pair of simple lenses of equal power, and so will not correct refraction problems like 4001: 2559: 2510: 1684:

provide a way to donate glasses and sunglasses to people on low incomes or no income. Unite For Sight has redistributed more than 200,000 pairs.

3684: 2187: 589:

Glasses can also provide magnification that is useful for people with vision impairments or specific occupational demands. An example would be

548:

display, is filtered so that each eye receives a slightly different image. The filters only work for the type of signal they were designed for.

5157: 1070: 3337: 1113: 928:

and may become thick and heavy if a large lens shape is used. However, if the lens is too small, it can drastically reduce the field of view.

3177:

Hirschberg, Julius (1911), "Geschichte der Augenheilkunde" [History of Ophthalmology], in Graef, Alfred K; Saemisch, Theodor (eds.),

2615: 2713:"In the tomb of Liu Jing, the King of Guangling, a gold circle embedded with crystals was unearthed, which was the first glasses in history" 661:

are becoming increasingly popular in response to concerns about problems caused by blue light overexposure. The problems claimed range from

3975: 2545: 1102:), written between 1220 and 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances". A few years later in 1262, 312:

of the wearer. Not only do they enhance the wearer's visual experience, but can also reduce problems that result from eye strain, such as

2834: 2161: 1769:

Since then, eyeglasses have become an acceptable fashion item and often act as a key component in individuals' personal image. Musicians

2799:

Kriss, Timothy C; Kriss, Vesna Martich (April 1998), "History of the Operating Microscope: From Magnifying Glass to Microneurosurgery",

1710: 4552: 4106: 2238: 1106:

is also known to have written on the magnifying properties of lenses. The development of the first eyeglasses took place in northern

4235: 4073: 4052: 3908: 3452: 3043: 2737: 2541: 2491: 2466: 2424: 2327: 2239:"Computer glasses that claim to protect your eyes from screens are selling like crazy, but they probably aren't doing you much good" 1585:, glasses remain very common, as their technology has improved. For instance, it is now possible to purchase frames made of special 693: 4203: 4156: 4105: 3058: 1514: 1441: 3831: 3715: 2460: 1470: 854: 828:

material made especially for eyeglass frames. It features a type of elasticity that returns the material to its original shape.

3632: 2140: 433:

is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are often called "flash goggles" because they provide protection from welding flash.

308:

can be used to verify the specifications of an existing pair of glasses. Corrective eyeglasses can significantly improve the

1023:

Scattered evidence exists for use of visual aid devices in Greek and Roman times, most prominently the use of an emerald by

349:

provide a separate set of glasses for focusing on close by objects. Reading glasses are available without prescription from

562:

filters. Polarized 3D glasses allow for color 3D, while the red-blue lenses produce an image with distorted coloration. An

5248: 1400: 3659: 395:

fashion by making small holes in a piece of card which is then held in front of the eyes with a strap or cardboard arms.

132:, typically utilizing a bridge over the nose and hinged arms, known as temples or temple pieces that rest over the ears. 4834: 3945: 3598: 3381: 2772: 1641: 4140: 3773: 3352: 2636: 1048:(which survives only in a poor Arabic translation). Ptolemy's description of lenses was commented upon and improved by 512:

Double-frame eyewear with one set of lenses on the moving frame and another pair of lenses on a fixed frame (optional).

5549: 1995: 1153: 374: 177:

allow for better vision in bright daylight and are used to protect one's eyes against damage from excessive levels of

3178: 1012: 4188: 3580: 5544: 4819: 3321:

Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes, Vincent Ilardi, American Philosophical Society 2007 pages 118–125

1786:

was known in the United Kingdom for wearing thick, square, horn-rimmed glasses, which were in fact a sophisticated

850: 42: 2280: 429:, which are styled like wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for use in welding where a full-sized 5559: 5107: 3690: 3506: 2000: 1673: 1336:

published the first correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia.

842: 371:. Many state prisons in the United States issue glasses to inmates, often in the form of clear plastic aviators. 3801: 2933: 5554: 4514: 2418: 2321: 1779: 1049: 682: 563: 35: 2073: 5281: 5188: 4519: 2358: 1544:. These designs were not immediately successful, however, and various styles with attached handles such as " 1256: 907:

Natural materials such as wood, bone, ivory, leather and semi-precious or precious stones may also be used.

701: 4136: 2485: 1415: 787:

Skull temples: bend down behind the ears, follow the contour of the skull and rest evenly against the skull

508: 5152: 4545: 4441: 3000: 1681: 1602: 1218:

quickly became an important center of manufacture, especially due to using the high-quality glass made at

1207: 485: 480: 3900: 181:. Typical sunglasses lenses are tinted for protection against bright light or polarized to remove glare; 4497: 4228: 2010: 1085: 567: 293: 5047: 2520: 1814:

Other celebrities have used glasses to differentiate themselves from the characters they play, such as

1692: 1332:(near-sightedness) had made their first appearance in the mid-15th century, it was not until 1604 that 1007: 924:

are few restrictions, allowing for many trendy and fashionable shapes. Higher power lenses can distort

3187:], Handbuch der Augenheilkunde, vol. 13, Leipzig, Germany: Wilhelm Engelmann, pp. 265 ff 2141:"Personal Protective Equipment Eye and Face Protection (Appendix A) – Environmental Health and Safety" 1465: 712: 235: 5509: 5256: 5052: 4431: 3806: 3694: 1567:

designed eyewear with adjustable corrective glasses. They work by using a built-in syringe to pump a

1387: 1231: 800: 697: 674: 626: 571: 559: 475: 361: 182: 3976:"NBA Finals: LeBron James, Dwyane Wade and Other Fashion Plates of the NBA Make Specs of Themselves" 5482: 5430: 4605: 4466: 4451: 4393: 4303: 4121: 1947: 1845: 1738: 1718: 1536: 1251: 1077:

and of Alhazen became available in Europe in the 12th century, coinciding with the development of "

555: 286: 2757: 2609: 5467: 5455: 5172: 4941: 4921: 4492: 4388: 4340: 4288: 4021: 3941: 3752: 3488: 1917: 1730: 1652: 1582: 1344: 1297: 1227: 1142: 1091: 996: 746: 554:

glasses have a different colored filter for each eye, typically red and blue or red and green. A

340: 292:

Corrective lenses bring the image back into focus on the retina. They are made to conform to the

3555: 2535: 1552:

were also fashionable from the second half of the 18th century and into the early 19th century.

681:(UV) radiation. However, there is no measurable UV light from computer monitors. The problem of 4000:

Fleischmann, Alexandra; Lammers, Joris; Stoker, Janka I.; Garretsen, Harry (10 December 2018),

2688:, Book 37, Chpt.16. John Bostock and H. T. Riley, translators. London: Taylor and Francis. 1855 5229: 5062: 5057: 4971: 4756: 4620: 4595: 4538: 4426: 4069: 4048: 3904: 3448: 3304: 3217: 3128: 3039: 2842: 2816: 2733: 2727: 2395: 2015: 1829: 1824: 1637: 1489: 1450: 1371: 1293: 1000: 925: 819: 591: 574:

can filter the signal electronically and then transmit light directly into the viewer's eyes.

265:

by bending the light entering the eye in order to alleviate the effects of conditions such as

178: 118: 78: 31: 3148: 3033: 2777:, University of Maryland, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, archived from 1832:, who wears glasses to separate his professional persona as a chef from his stage persona as 5539: 5520: 5502: 5440: 5405: 4996: 4946: 4714: 4408: 4350: 4345: 4308: 4273: 4221: 4207: 4013: 3802:""It gives a cold impression": Why Japanese companies ban female staff from wearing glasses" 3480: 3294: 3284: 3164: 3120: 2979: 2902: 2808: 2666: 2385: 2377: 1977: 1952: 1922: 1841: 1633: 1545: 1408: 1279: 1235: 1169:

The earliest recorded comment on the use of lenses for optical purposes was made in 1268 by

1162: 1044: 939: 753: 517: 320: 262: 254: 230: 2045:

Chinese judges wore dark glasses to hide their facial expressions during court proceedings.

5415: 5410: 5224: 5097: 5072: 5067: 5011: 4880: 4471: 4461: 4365: 4360: 4335: 4298: 4283: 4278: 4183: 3721: 2005: 1982: 1967: 1932: 1927: 1901: 1884: 1796: 1714: 1677: 1556: 1541: 1481: 1423: 1333: 1189: 1028: 992: 949: 935: 915: 896: 884: 858: 658: 452: 380: 364:

that require them to wear their glasses every time they drive or risk fines or jail time.

346: 297: 226: 151:; however, without the specialized lenses, they are sometimes used for cosmetic purposes. 148: 144: 3874:"The Spin | Tim Killick, the bespectacled rogue who got clattered for 34 in an over" 2561:

Blue blocking spectacle lenses - The College's position on blue blocking spectacle lenses

1084:

There are claims that single lens magnifying glasses were being used in China during the

194:

disorders) often wear sunglasses or precision tinted glasses, even indoors and at night.

696:(AAO) does not recommend special eyewear for computer use, although it recommends using 367:

Some militaries issue prescription glasses to servicemen and women. These are typically

59: 5492: 5369: 5219: 5214: 5198: 5122: 4981: 4966: 4403: 4162: 3925: 3893: 3532:"Meet the Four-Eyed, Eight-Tentacled Monopoly That is Making Your Glasses So Expensive" 3299: 3272: 2712: 2698: 2390: 2025: 1849: 1819: 1815: 1749: 1745: 1575: 1505: 1428: 1383: 1193: 1058: 1053: 825: 646: 430: 417: 404: 282: 164: 155: 1733:

was regularly photographed wearing eyeglasses, and in the 1910s when popular comedian

197:

Specialized glasses may be used for viewing specific visual information, for example,

5533: 5234: 5162: 5137: 5132: 5039: 5015: 4961: 4936: 4859: 4665: 4318: 4263: 4025: 3837: 3779: 3725: 3492: 2812: 2443: 1726: 1564: 1560: 1313: 1309: 1177: 1078: 1035: 982: 464: 270: 125: 83: 3468: 2934:"Advances in 13th Century Glass Manufacturing and Their Effect on Chemical Progress" 1362:

The world's first specialist shop for spectacles - what we might regard today as an

1129:" for eye protection, without any corrective properties. For example, flat panes of 5487: 5477: 5324: 5291: 5092: 5077: 4916: 4824: 4736: 4600: 4504: 4456: 4398: 4355: 3405: 2020: 1888: 1880: 1857: 1734: 1586: 1433: 1405: 1390:

of Florence invented eyeglasses in the 13th century has been exposed as erroneous.

1267: 1245: 1130: 497: 413: 309: 3406:"Self-adjustable eyeglasses: how one man's vision is helping others to see better" 2653:

Gwamuri, Jephias; Wittbrodt, Ben T.; Anzalone, Nick C.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2014),

2381: 2256: 793:

Convertible temples: used either as library or skull temples depending on the bent

4104: 4063: 4042: 5374: 5271: 5167: 5127: 5001: 4991: 4788: 4731: 4726: 4709: 4697: 4692: 4660: 4650: 4370: 4017: 2875: 1892: 1861: 1787: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1607: 1523: 1519: 1446: 1301: 1170: 1118: 1103: 957: 834: 758:

pair of nose pads that allows a comfortable resting of the eye wires on the nose

678: 670: 654: 551: 544: 538: 468: 387:

limited system, which has an increased depth of field, similar to using a small

384: 360:

People who need glasses to see often have corrective lens restrictions on their

354: 319:

The most common type of corrective lens is "single vision", which has a uniform

301: 274: 206: 187: 4986: 1274: 250: 5497: 5472: 5462: 5420: 5354: 5147: 5112: 5082: 4976: 4931: 4844: 4839: 4829: 4814: 4704: 4655: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4380: 4293: 3950: 3623: 2671: 2515: 1972: 1937: 1896: 1876: 1800: 1783: 1758: 1509: 1497: 1477: 1393: 1367: 1321: 1304:. Another early example would be a depiction of eyeglasses found north of the 1126: 666: 609: 525: 520:. For example, sun lenses could be easily lifted up and down while mixed with 457: 447: 368: 324: 278: 244: 198: 174: 129: 17: 3124: 3087: 2778: 2586: 1725:

likely to need reading glasses, elderly, or physically weak and passive. The

1125:

Independently of the development of optical lenses, some cultures developed "

339:

glasses provide two or three different refractive indices, respectively, and

5445: 5435: 5379: 5359: 5334: 5319: 5142: 4885: 4776: 4761: 4682: 4640: 4487: 4330: 4313: 3360: 1962: 1868: 1853: 1833: 1753: 1709: 1645: 1549: 1531: 1317: 961: 880: 838: 650: 600: 489: 350: 328: 313: 305: 160: 87: 3132: 2984:(in Latin), vol. 1, Florence, Italy: Felice Le Monnier, pp. 1–2, 2399: 3505:

Hutchinson, Dr Emma; Hutchinson, University of Victoria and; Emma (2017),

3308: 2820: 257:

designed for cleaning corrective lenses without scratching sensitive glass

5384: 5364: 5349: 5339: 5329: 5309: 5276: 5261: 5193: 4854: 4809: 4783: 4751: 4721: 4687: 4645: 4561: 4509: 4268: 4124:

was created from a revision of this article dated 31 March 2008

3628: 3603: 3289: 2999:

Petrarch (1914), Robinson, James Harvey; Rolfe, Henry Winchester (eds.),

1872: 1804: 1791: 1660: 1591: 1568: 1501: 1454: 1363: 1185: 1016: 931: 888: 662: 388: 336: 332: 191: 135: 5450: 5425: 5344: 5314: 5266: 5087: 4951: 4926: 4793: 4771: 4766: 4741: 4446: 4436: 4418: 4325: 4245: 2288: 1957: 1942: 1348: 1039: 605: 578: 426: 408: 240: 202: 121: 2192:

Phillips Safety | Leading Manufacturer of Occupational Safety Products

1019:

circa 1600 shows glasses with temples passing over and around the ears

770:

pair of end pieces connect the eye wires via the hinges to the temples

5117: 5102: 5030: 4956: 4890: 4875: 4746: 4675: 4670: 4615: 2116: 2059: 1493: 1329: 1219: 1215: 1212:

Ancient Chronicle of the Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine in Pisa

965: 944: 846: 736:

pair of eye wires or rims surrounding and holding the lenses in place

521: 285:

losing elasticity, progressively reducing the ability of the lens to

266: 2188:"What Glasses Prevent Welding Flash? Phillips Safety Has the Answer" 96: 4213: 3484: 3222:

Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften

2732:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p. 389, 2654: 1729:

began to fall away in the U.S. in the early 1900s when the popular

1249:

Seated apostle holding lenses in position for reading. Detail from

5286: 5006: 4905: 4849: 4610: 1808: 1803:

continued to wear non-prescription glasses after being fitted for

1708: 1691: 1632:

The market for spectacles has been characterized as having highly

1579: 1476: 1464: 1399: 1352: 1340: 1325: 1273: 1244: 1223: 1152: 1138: 1134: 1107: 1006: 986: 914: 892: 876: 864: 799:

Comfort cable temples: similar to the riding bow, but made from a

711: 507: 451: 434: 412: 249: 234: 134: 4204:"Common Spectacles Styles before, during and after the Civil War" 1038:

to form an enlarged/magnified image was most likely described in

500:

to correct their vision so that standard sunglasses can be used.

4895: 4068:, vol. IV, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 3443:

Pullin, Graham; et al. (2009), "Fashion Meets Discretion",

1606:

Woman wearing eyewear with non-prescription lenses in a fashion

1305: 1188:, by about 1290: In a sermon delivered on 23 February 1306, the 1181: 1024: 953: 4534: 4217: 577:

Anaglyph and polarized glasses are distributed to audiences at

4577: 4572: 4047:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, 3746: 2281:"BluTech Lenses – Technology, The story behind BluTech Lenses" 1883:

wears either round, Harold Lloyd-style glasses or 1970s-style

1837: 1818:, who wore oversized 1980s-style round horn-rimmed glasses as 463:

Sunglasses provide more comfort and protection against bright

392: 163:. Glasses are worn for eye protection in some sports, such as 1875:

is well known for wearing 1950s-style horn-rimmed glasses as

1339:

Early frames for glasses consisted of two magnifying glasses

1292:

The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses is

879:

may be used to make glasses, such as gold, silver, aluminum,

30:

This article is about the eyewear. For drinking vessels, see

4102: 2519:, Medically reviewed by Ann Marie Griff, O.D, archived from 1453:

and the ophthalmological works of the ancient Hindu surgeon

4530: 3005:(2nd ed.), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, p. 60, 2345: 2343: 2341: 677:

which can cause partial blindness. They may also block out

3383:

Eyeglass Lenses and Visual Aids from Industrial Production

2972:

Petrarch (Franciscus Petrarca) mentions eyeglasses in his

128:

mounted in a frame that holds them in front of a person's

3357:

The Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge University

3038:, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, pp. 45–46, 2743:

From Grant's English translation of Robert Grosseteste's

1176:

The first eyeglasses were estimated to have been made in

3748:

The world's online database of high quality used glasses

3469:"The Effects of Advertising on the Price of Eye Glasses" 2213:"Sunglasses not just an accessory in the Sunshine State" 742:

chassis, the combination of the eye wires and the bridge

623:

high energy blue and ultra-violet light from LCD screens

4200:, on eyes and how eyeglasses correct vision (page 120). 2978:

Petrarca, Francisci (1859), Fracassetti, Joseph (ed.),

1484:, 33rd President of the United States, had poor vision. 764:

pair of temples (earpieces) on either side of the skull

761:

pair of pad arms connect the nose pads to the eye wires

3113:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 243:

seen through a corrective lens, showing the effect of

3111:

Rosen, Edward (1956), "The invention of eyeglasses",

3002:

Petrarch: The First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters

3895:

The Bluebird of Happiness: The Memoirs of Jan Peerce

1234:

that, until he was 60, he did not need glasses, and

645:

By the end of the 2010s, eyeglasses that filter out

147:, such as with reading glasses and glasses used for 5393: 5300: 5247: 5207: 5181: 5038: 5029: 4904: 4868: 4802: 4588: 4568: 4480: 4417: 4379: 4252: 3088:"Why do billions of people still not have glasses?" 1594:alloys, which were not available in earlier times. 77: 69: 52: 3892: 3581:"Does Luxottica Own 80% of the Eyeglass Industry?" 2835:"Sunglasses History – The Invention of Sunglasses" 1210:of Pisa (d. 1313) was soon making eyeglasses. The 2927: 2925: 2923: 2756:Bacon, Roger; Burke, Robert Belle, trans. (1962) 2448:, Reviewed by Benjamin Bert, MD, Business Insider 2412: 2410: 2408: 41:"Spectacles" redirects here. For other uses, see 4044:Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes 3924:Sykes, Eric (31 December 2004), "Comedy Great", 2511:"Can blue light glasses prevent damage to eyes?" 1761:, plagued with poor eyesight, credited comedian 2462:Should You Use Night Mode to Reduce Blue Light? 2091: 831:Cellulose propionate, a molded, durable plastic 641:Biological effects of high-energy visible light 4115: 3619:"Sticker shock: Why are glasses so expensive?" 767:pair of temple tips at the ends of the temples 4546: 4229: 3336:, The College of Optometrists, archived from 2981:Epistolae de Rebus Familiaribus et Variae ... 1439:In 1971, Rishi Agarwal, in an article in the 8: 3190: 2699:"Opening our eyes to spectacles of the past" 2376:, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 595–7, 2351:"Blue Light Glasses - Helpful or Just Hype?" 1312:, Germany, in 1403. These early glasses had 919:Modern glasses with a rectangular lens shape 5035: 4585: 4553: 4539: 4531: 4236: 4222: 4214: 3868: 3866: 2943:, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 29–34 2257:"Computer Eye Strain: 10 Steps For Relief" 1651:There are claims that insufficiently free 612:, or may be attached to existing glasses. 58: 4151:at the British Optical Association Museum 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3298: 3288: 3240:Science and Civilization in China Vol 4.1 2670: 2537:Computers, Digital Devices and Eye Strain 2389: 1741:as the "Glasses" character in his films. 4187:(article), February 1944, archived from 4132:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3825: 3823: 3447:, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 13–64, 2117:"Eyeglasses - All What You Need to Know" 1696:Glasses - Decoration, Prezi HQ, Budapest 1601: 1522:were designed by the British astronomer 1404:Man wearing glasses on the 16th century 1112: 1110:in the second half of the 13th century. 849:Mylon (The frames can be 3-D printed by 3772:"Brick Award Winner: Jennifer Staple", 3204: 3160: 3119:(2): 13–46 (part 1), 183–218 (part 2), 2862: 2108: 2038: 1324:that commonly develops as a symptom of 995:Cardinal and renowned biblical scholar 739:bridge which connects the two eye wires 3849: 3847: 3830:"Understanding Three-Piece Mounting", 3144: 3081: 3079: 3019: 2960: 2914: 2898: 2568:from the original on 19 September 2020 2334:from the original on 23 September 2020 261:Corrective lenses are used to correct 49: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3032:Ronchi, Vasco; Rosen, Edward (1991), 2941:Bulletin for the History of Chemistry 2473:from the original on 8 September 2020 616:Yellow-tinted computer/gaming glasses 7: 3800:Steger, Isabelle (7 November 2019), 3404:Whiteman, Honor (12 November 2015), 3277:The British Journal of Ophthalmology 3180:Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde 2841:, Vaunt Design Group, archived from 2774:...Optics Highlights: II. Spectacles 2618:from the original on 27 January 2007 2431:from the original on 28 October 2020 1860:'s infamous styling as TV character 1412:The Bustling and Hustling of Nanjing 1355:in Germany; they have been dated to 4065:Science & Civilisation in China 3065:, The College of Optometrists, 2015 2548:from the original on 3 October 2020 2540:, Reviewed by James M Huffman, MD, 2509:Caporuscio, Jessica (2 June 2020), 2490:, Reviewed by Ninel Z Gregori, MD, 2484:Porter, Daniel (15 November 2019), 2423:, Reviewed by Ninel Z Gregori, MD, 1052:(10th century) and most notably by 190:as a primary symptom (like certain 92: 4062:Needham, Joseph (1962), "Part 1", 3660:"The Great American Eye-Exam Scam" 3658:Mounk, Yascha (27 November 2019). 3246:, pp. 118–119, archived from 2498:from the original on 9 August 2020 2442:Iallonardo, Marisa (24 May 2020), 2417:Porter, Daniel (16 January 2020), 2357:, 16 December 2019, archived from 2186:Milani, Clara (14 February 2024). 1640:. It has also been claimed to be 1308:in an altarpiece of the church of 25: 3086:Harford, Tim (20 November 2019), 2729:A Source Book in Medieval Science 2542:American Academy of Ophthalmology 2492:American Academy of Ophthalmology 2467:American Academy of Ophthalmology 2445:Do blue light glasses work ? 2425:American Academy of Ophthalmology 2420:Blue Light and Digital Eye Strain 2328:American Academy of Ophthalmology 2326:, Reviewed by Rahul Khurana, MD, 2237:Loria, Kevin (21 February 2017), 1782:glasses"). British comedic actor 1296:'s 1352 portrait of the cardinal 694:American Academy of Ophthalmology 504:Mixed double-frame (Flip glasses) 4210:; Antique Eyeglasses in America. 4114: 3974:Cacciola, Scott (14 June 2012), 3717:Donate Eyeglasses and Sunglasses 3686:Lions Eyeglasses Recycling Facts 3631:, 7 October 2012, archived from 2813:10.1097/00006123-199804000-00116 2637:"Cable conversion temple covers" 2465:, Reviewed by Raj K Maturi, MD, 1856:that draws comparisons to actor 1515:The Gazette of the United States 1442:British Journal of Ophthalmology 4002:"You Can Leave Your Glasses on" 3599:"Why are glasses so expensive?" 3273:"Origin of spectacles in India" 2833:Ament, Phil (4 December 2006), 2534:Boyd, Kierstan (3 March 2020), 2459:Hazanchuk, Vered (7 May 2019), 2320:Vimont, Celia (27 April 2017), 2162:"Why do I need safety glasses?" 1844:with thick plastic frames like 1571:solution into a flexible lens. 1471:Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas 622: 281:, which is caused by the eye's 143:Glasses are typically used for 3359:, Robert Bruen, archived from 2323:Are Computer Glasses Worth It? 1328:. Although concave lenses for 773:pair of frame-front end pieces 271:farsightedness (hypermetropia) 1: 3951:"Whacky NBA Playoff Fashion!" 3899:. Harper & Row. pp. 3185:Handbook of all ophthalmology 3035:Optics: The Science of Vision 2759:The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon 2487:Digital Devices and Your Eyes 2382:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153616 1713:Former United States senator 1283: 1260: 1197: 1063: 717: 3511:Principles of Microeconomics 3473:Journal of Law and Economics 3063:www.college-optometrists.org 2659:Challenges in Sustainability 1642:monopolistically competitive 991:Detail of a portrait of the 804:image of 1920s frames above. 723:, with springy cable temples 545:illusion of three dimensions 524:lenses that always stay on. 3857:The Fashion of Harold Lloyd 3333:The 'Inventor' of Bifocals? 2932:Rasmussen, Seth C. (2008), 2726:Grant, Edward, ed. (1974), 2056:Ad Vitellionem paralipomena 1996:Adjustable-focus eyeglasses 1752:was the first professional 1555:In the early 20th century, 1238:mentions them often in his 1206:Giordano's colleague Friar 635:Blue-light blocking glasses 375:Adjustable-focus eyeglasses 64:Two pairs of modern glasses 5576: 3556:"Is Luxottica A Monopoly?" 1574:Despite the popularity of 1382:The 17th-century claim by 1320:(farsightedness), and the 1133:were used in 12th-century 980: 851:Fused Filament Fabrication 638: 536: 445: 402: 224: 43:Spectacle (disambiguation) 40: 29: 5518: 4018:10.1027/1864-9335/a000359 3691:Lions Clubs International 3353:"Sir George Biddell Airy" 3216:Laufer, Berthold (1907). 2672:10.12924/cis2014.02010030 2166:Mayo Clinic Health System 2081:, vol. 6, p. 26 2072:Laufer, Berthold (1907), 1674:Lions Clubs International 1282:(with one lens missing), 843:Selective laser sintering 837:plastic using super-fine 93: 57: 4041:Ilardi, Vincent (2007), 1836:Japanese. In 2012, some 1672:Some organizations like 1316:that could correct both 1117:The Persian miniaturist 1013:Fernando Niño de Guevara 683:computer vision syndrome 585:Magnification (bioptics) 564:active shutter 3D system 267:nearsightedness (myopia) 36:Glasses (disambiguation) 4206:(2012 article) via the 4158:The Medieval Technology 3980:The Wall Street Journal 3854:Lloyd, Annette (1996), 3836:, Seiko, archived from 3445:Design Meets Disability 3271:Agarwal, R. K. (1971). 3218:"Geschichte der Brille" 2976:(Letter to Posterity): 2880:Encyclopedia Britannica 1488:The American scientist 1374:, now France) in 1466. 1257:Master of Heiligenkreuz 702:College of Optometrists 558:on the other hand uses 481:Liquid-crystal displays 154:Safety glasses provide 4110: 4090:Listen to this article 3192:Geschichte der Brillen 3191: 3125:10.1093/jhmas/xi.2.183 2096: 2001:Baden-Powell's unilens 1721: 1697: 1682:New Eyes for the Needy 1611: 1583:corrective eye surgery 1485: 1474: 1419: 1289: 1271: 1222:. By 1301, there were 1208:Alessandro della Spina 1166: 1122: 1121:wearing glasses, 1673. 1020: 1004: 920: 724: 513: 460: 421: 258: 247: 140: 73:Eyeglasses, spectacles 34:. For other uses, see 4179:"Are Your Eyes Right" 4161:, NYU, archived from 4109: 2997:English translation: 2876:"Eyeglasses | optics" 2839:The Great Idea Finder 2075:Geschichte der Brille 2011:Eyeglass prescription 1712: 1695: 1605: 1480: 1468: 1403: 1277: 1248: 1156: 1116: 1086:Northern Song dynasty 1011:Portrait of Cardinal 1010: 990: 981:Further information: 918: 911:Corrective lens shape 715: 572:Head-mounted displays 511: 455: 416: 253: 238: 138: 124:with clear or tinted 5510:Head-mounted display 5158:Enhanced Combat (US) 4141:More spoken articles 4035:General bibliography 3807:Quartz (publication) 3775:People: do something 3697:on 15 September 2008 3467:Benham, Lee (1972), 3290:10.1136/bjo.55.2.128 2974:Epistola ad Posteros 2781:on 23 September 2015 2261:All about vision.com 1891:. An example of the 1850:post-game interviews 1790:that alleviated his 1644:, as in the case of 1388:Salvino degli Armati 1145:for eye protection. 698:prescription glasses 675:macular degeneration 627:fluorescent lighting 183:photochromic glasses 5431:Horn-rimmed glasses 3891:Levy, Alan (1976). 3587:, 20 September 2016 3228:(4) : 379–385. 2686:The Natural History 2591:, OpticalCourse.com 1978:Wayfarer sunglasses 1948:Horn-rimmed glasses 1846:horn-rimmed glasses 1748:, writing in 1928. 1739:horn-rimmed glasses 1719:horn-rimmed glasses 1680:, ReSpectacle, and 1623:Society and culture 1537:Girolamo Savonarola 1422:In 1907, Professor 1278:French Empire gilt 1252:Death of the Virgin 1230:says in one of his 875:Various metals and 814:Plastic and polymer 556:polarized 3D system 5550:Italian inventions 5108:Lobster-tailed pot 4165:on 16 October 2015 4149:Spectacles Gallery 4111: 3840:on 28 October 2008 3782:, 20 February 2007 3410:Medical News Today 3363:on 25 January 2021 3059:"Rivet spectacles" 2523:on 16 October 2020 1918:Aviator sunglasses 1822:in the soap opera 1731:Theodore Roosevelt 1722: 1698: 1653:market competition 1612: 1486: 1475: 1461:Later developments 1420: 1345:Kloster Wienhausen 1298:Hugh de Saint-Cher 1290: 1272: 1228:Francesco Petrarca 1167: 1123: 1092:Robert Grosseteste 1071:Latin translations 1021: 1005: 997:Hugh of Saint-Cher 940:progressive lenses 921: 747:aviator eyeglasses 725: 673:disruption, up to 597:bioptic telescopes 514: 467:and often against 461: 422: 341:progressive lenses 323:. For people with 259: 248: 141: 27:Form of vision aid 5545:Corrective lenses 5527: 5526: 5243: 5242: 5025: 5024: 4528: 4527: 4107: 4006:Social Psychology 3982:(online ed.) 3728:on 20 August 2008 3635:on 8 October 2012 3562:, 19 January 2021 3253:on 23 August 2016 2684:Pliny the Elder. 2641:www.optiboard.com 2355:WebMD Health News 2016:History of optics 1830:Masaharu Morimoto 1825:Coronation Street 1809:laser eye surgery 1638:price-competitive 1490:Benjamin Franklin 1451:Hindu mathematics 1372:Holy Roman Empire 1294:Tommaso da Modena 1180:, most likely in 1001:Tommaso da Modena 926:peripheral vision 824:Optyl, a type of 820:Cellulose acetate 599:which have small 420:with side shields 362:driver's licenses 263:refractive errors 179:ultraviolet light 145:vision correction 139:Man with glasses. 104: 103: 32:List of glassware 16:(Redirected from 5567: 5560:Sports equipment 5521:List of headwear 5249:Other protective 5036: 4586: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4532: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4215: 4208:Internet Archive 4199: 4198: 4196: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4131: 4129: 4118: 4117: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4078: 4057: 4029: 4028: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3898: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3870: 3861: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3724:, archived from 3712: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3693:, archived from 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3655: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3607:, 7 October 2012 3595: 3589: 3588: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3440: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3302: 3292: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3235: 3229: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3188: 3174: 3168: 3158: 3152: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3010: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2938: 2929: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2516:MedicalNewsToday 2506: 2500: 2499: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2414: 2403: 2402: 2393: 2374:An Bras Dermatol 2369: 2363: 2362: 2361:on 7 August 2020 2347: 2336: 2335: 2317: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2287:, archived from 2277: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243:Business Insider 2234: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2217:Sun-Sentinel.com 2209: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2113: 2097: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2080: 2069: 2063: 2054:In his treatise 2052: 2046: 2043: 1953:Lensless glasses 1923:Browline glasses 1902:Western cultures 1842:lensless glasses 1811:, respectively. 1634:inelastic demand 1546:scissors-glasses 1409:Chinese painting 1288: 1285: 1280:scissors glasses 1265: 1262: 1236:Franco Sacchetti 1202: 1199: 1194:Giordano da Pisa 1163:Conrad von Soest 1068: 1065: 1027:as mentioned by 903:Natural material 845:processes – see 754:browline glasses 722: 719: 566:uses electronic 518:four-bar linkage 321:refractive index 283:crystalline lens 255:Microfiber cloth 231:Refractive error 109:, also known as 97:edit on Wikidata 62: 50: 21: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5555:Protective gear 5530: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5514: 5389: 5302: 5296: 5282:Padded headgear 5239: 5203: 5177: 5153:Advanced Combat 5021: 4909: 4900: 4864: 4798: 4582: 4564: 4559: 4529: 4524: 4476: 4413: 4375: 4248: 4242: 4194: 4192: 4184:Popular Science 4177: 4168: 4166: 4154: 4145: 4144: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4122:This audio file 4119: 4112: 4103: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4076: 4061: 4055: 4040: 4037: 4032: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3983: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3946:Wayback Machine 3939: 3935: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3785: 3783: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3757: 3755: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3729: 3722:Unite For Sight 3714: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3698: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3636: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3540: 3538: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3442: 3441: 3424: 3415: 3413: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3387: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3366: 3364: 3351:Bruen, Robert, 3350: 3349: 3345: 3340:on 13 June 2011 3330: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3165:119, footnote c 3159: 3155: 3143: 3139: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3096: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3068: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2944: 2936: 2931: 2930: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2782: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2755: 2751: 2740: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2715:. 7 April 2022. 2711: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2683: 2679: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2619: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2594: 2592: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2416: 2415: 2406: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2349: 2348: 2339: 2319: 2318: 2303: 2294: 2292: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2263: 2255:Heiting, Gary, 2254: 2253: 2249: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2219:, 12 March 2018 2211: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2125: 2123: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2006:Eye examination 1991: 1983:Windsor glasses 1968:Rimless glasses 1933:Cat eye glasses 1928:Bug-eye glasses 1910: 1895:is seen in the 1885:bug-eye glasses 1797:Barry Goldwater 1737:wore a pair of 1715:Barry Goldwater 1707: 1690: 1678:Unite For Sight 1670: 1630: 1625: 1600: 1557:Moritz von Rohr 1542:Edward Scarlett 1492:, who had both 1482:Harry S. Truman 1463: 1424:Berthold Laufer 1380: 1334:Johannes Kepler 1286: 1263: 1240:Trecentonovelle 1200: 1159:Glasses Apostle 1151: 1066: 1029:Pliny the Elder 985: 979: 974: 913: 905: 897:nickel titanium 885:stainless steel 873: 853:for pennies of 816: 811: 784: 733: 720: 710: 643: 637: 618: 587: 541: 535: 506: 450: 444: 411: 401: 381:Pinhole glasses 347:Reading glasses 298:ophthalmologist 233: 227:Corrective lens 225:Main articles: 223: 215: 149:nearsightedness 100: 65: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5573: 5571: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5532: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5493:Shutter shades 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4685: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4515:Shutter system 4512: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4250: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4201: 4191:on 2 June 2013 4175: 4155:"Spectacles", 4152: 4134: 4120: 4113: 4101: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084:External links 4082: 4081: 4080: 4074: 4059: 4053: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4030: 3992: 3966: 3933: 3916: 3909: 3883: 3862: 3843: 3819: 3792: 3764: 3738: 3707: 3676: 3645: 3610: 3590: 3572: 3547: 3530:Swanson, Ana, 3522: 3507:"8.1 Monopoly" 3497: 3485:10.1086/466740 3459: 3453: 3422: 3412:, Red Ventures 3396: 3373: 3343: 3323: 3314: 3283:(2): 128–129. 3263: 3230: 3209: 3207:, p. 119. 3197: 3169: 3153: 3137: 3103: 3075: 3050: 3044: 3024: 3022:, p. 244. 3012: 2990: 2965: 2953: 2919: 2907: 2891: 2867: 2865:, p. 121. 2855: 2845:on 3 July 2007 2825: 2807:(4): 899–907, 2791: 2764: 2749: 2738: 2718: 2704: 2690: 2677: 2645: 2628: 2601: 2588:Optical Course 2578: 2551: 2526: 2501: 2476: 2451: 2434: 2404: 2364: 2337: 2301: 2285:BluTech Lenses 2272: 2247: 2229: 2204: 2178: 2153: 2132: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2064: 2047: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2026:Plurale tantum 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1909: 1906: 1820:Deirdre Barlow 1816:Anne Kirkbride 1746:Neville Cardus 1706: 1705:Personal image 1703: 1689: 1686: 1669: 1668:Redistribution 1666: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1599: 1596: 1576:contact lenses 1506:George Whatley 1469:A portrait of 1462: 1459: 1445:, states that 1429:Joseph Needham 1384:Francesco Redi 1379: 1376: 1150: 1147: 1100:On the Rainbow 1079:reading stones 1059:Book of Optics 978: 975: 973: 970: 912: 909: 904: 901: 872: 869: 868: 867: 862: 832: 829: 826:hypoallergenic 822: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 797: 794: 791: 788: 783: 780: 779: 778: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 749: 743: 740: 737: 732: 729: 709: 706: 639:Main article: 636: 633: 617: 614: 586: 583: 537:Main article: 534: 531: 505: 502: 498:contact lenses 456:Woman wearing 446:Main article: 443: 440: 431:welding helmet 418:Safety glasses 405:Eye protection 400: 397: 316:or squinting. 222: 219: 214: 211: 156:eye protection 102: 101: 94: 91: 90: 81: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 26: 24: 18:Safety glasses 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5572: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4860:Utility cover 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757:Stormy Kromer 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Asian conical 4594: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4123: 4083: 4077: 4075:9780521058025 4071: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4054:9780871692597 4050: 4046: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3993: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3967: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3920: 3917: 3912: 3910:0-06-013311-2 3906: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3887: 3884: 3880:, 7 July 2020 3879: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3793: 3781: 3780:HowStuffWorks 3777: 3776: 3768: 3765: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3605: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3561: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3523: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479:(2): 337–52, 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3454:9780262162555 3450: 3446: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3397: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3374: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3249: 3242: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3104: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3045:9780486668468 3041: 3037: 3036: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3003: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2792: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739:9780674823600 2735: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2611:Cable Temples 2605: 2602: 2590: 2589: 2582: 2579: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2291:on 4 May 2015 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2179: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2103: 2095: 2090:Translation: 2077: 2076: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1840:players wore 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799:and comedian 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1750:"Tim" Killick 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1702: 1694: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1565:Joshua Silver 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1483: 1479: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1366:- opened in 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:convex lenses 1311: 1310:Bad Wildungen 1307: 1303: 1300:reading in a 1299: 1295: 1281: 1276: 1269: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178:Central Italy 1174: 1172: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1073:of Ptolemy's 1072: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1034:The use of a 1032: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1002: 999:, painted by 998: 994: 989: 984: 983:Reading stone 976: 971: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 946: 941: 937: 933: 929: 927: 917: 910: 908: 902: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 870: 866: 863: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 833: 830: 827: 823: 821: 818: 817: 813: 808: 802: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 785: 781: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 755: 750: 748: 744: 741: 738: 735: 734: 730: 728: 714: 707: 705: 703: 699: 695: 690: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 642: 634: 632: 630: 628: 624: 615: 613: 611: 607: 602: 598: 594: 593: 584: 582: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 546: 540: 532: 530: 527: 523: 519: 510: 503: 501: 499: 493: 491: 487: 482: 477: 472: 470: 466: 459: 454: 449: 441: 439: 436: 432: 428: 419: 415: 410: 406: 398: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 376: 372: 370: 365: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 256: 252: 246: 242: 237: 232: 228: 220: 218: 212: 210: 208: 204: 200: 195: 193: 189: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 166: 162: 157: 152: 150: 146: 137: 133: 131: 127: 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 98: 89: 85: 84:Ophthalmology 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 61: 56: 51: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 5488:Solar viewer 5400: 5325:Deely bobber 5301:Hairwear and 5292:Sports visor 5078:Lamellenhelm 4715:Anthony Eden 4452:Night-vision 4442:Fatal Vision 4432:Dark adaptor 4399:Solar viewer 4257:/ spectacles 4254: 4193:, retrieved 4189:the original 4182: 4167:, retrieved 4163:the original 4157: 4064: 4043: 4012:(1): 38–52, 4009: 4005: 3995: 3984:, retrieved 3979: 3969: 3958:, retrieved 3954: 3942:Ghostarchive 3940:Archived at 3936: 3926: 3919: 3894: 3886: 3878:the Guardian 3877: 3856: 3838:the original 3832: 3811:, retrieved 3805: 3795: 3784:, retrieved 3774: 3767: 3756:, retrieved 3747: 3741: 3730:, retrieved 3726:the original 3716: 3710: 3699:, retrieved 3695:the original 3685: 3679: 3667:. Retrieved 3664:The Atlantic 3663: 3637:, retrieved 3633:the original 3622: 3613: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3564:, retrieved 3559: 3550: 3539:, retrieved 3535: 3525: 3514:, retrieved 3510: 3500: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3444: 3414:, retrieved 3409: 3399: 3388:, retrieved 3382: 3376: 3365:, retrieved 3361:the original 3356: 3346: 3338:the original 3332: 3326: 3317: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3255:, retrieved 3248:the original 3239: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3212: 3205:Needham 1962 3200: 3184: 3179: 3172: 3161:Needham 1962 3156: 3140: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3095:, retrieved 3091: 3067:, retrieved 3062: 3053: 3034: 3027: 3015: 3006: 3001: 2993: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2963:, p. 9. 2956: 2945:, retrieved 2940: 2917:, p. 6. 2910: 2894: 2883:, retrieved 2879: 2870: 2863:Needham 1962 2858: 2847:, retrieved 2843:the original 2838: 2828: 2804: 2801:Neurosurgery 2800: 2794: 2783:, retrieved 2779:the original 2773: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2728: 2721: 2707: 2693: 2685: 2680: 2665:(1): 30–40, 2662: 2658: 2648: 2640: 2631: 2620:, retrieved 2610: 2604: 2593:, retrieved 2587: 2581: 2570:, retrieved 2560: 2554: 2536: 2529: 2521:the original 2514: 2504: 2486: 2479: 2461: 2454: 2444: 2437: 2419: 2373: 2367: 2359:the original 2354: 2322: 2293:, retrieved 2289:the original 2284: 2275: 2264:, retrieved 2260: 2250: 2242: 2232: 2221:, retrieved 2216: 2207: 2195:. Retrieved 2191: 2181: 2169:. Retrieved 2165: 2156: 2144:. Retrieved 2135: 2124:, retrieved 2120: 2111: 2092: 2083:, retrieved 2074: 2067: 2055: 2050: 2041: 2021:X-ray vision 1911: 1889:Diana Prince 1881:Wonder Woman 1866: 1858:Jaleel White 1823: 1813: 1807:and getting 1780:Harry Potter 1768: 1743: 1735:Harold Lloyd 1723: 1699: 1671: 1657: 1650: 1631: 1617: 1613: 1587:memory metal 1573: 1554: 1530: 1528: 1513: 1512:, editor of 1487: 1440: 1438: 1434:Ming dynasty 1421: 1411: 1406:Ming dynasty 1392: 1381: 1378:Other claims 1361: 1356: 1338: 1291: 1268:Getty Center 1250: 1239: 1211: 1205: 1175: 1168: 1158: 1143:snow goggles 1131:smoky quartz 1124: 1099: 1095: 1094:'s treatise 1090: 1088:(960–1127). 1083: 1074: 1057: 1043: 1033: 1025:Emperor Nero 1022: 930: 922: 906: 874: 782:Temple types 726: 721: 1920s 691: 687: 644: 631: 619: 596: 590: 588: 576: 550: 542: 515: 494: 486:mirrorshades 476:polarization 473: 462: 423: 379: 373: 366: 359: 345: 318: 310:life quality 294:prescription 291: 260: 216: 196: 173: 169: 153: 142: 114: 110: 106: 105: 47: 5303:other items 5272:Face shield 5189:Firefighter 5173:Paratrooper 5128:Pickelhaube 5048:Boar's tusk 4967:Ferronnière 4651:Chilote cap 4467:Upside down 4304:Horn-rimmed 3753:ReSpectacle 3390:2 September 3147:, pp. 3145:Ilardi 2007 3097:21 November 3069:28 February 3020:Ilardi 2007 2961:Ilardi 2007 2915:Ilardi 2007 2899:Ilardi 2007 2885:18 February 2785:1 September 2266:1 September 1893:halo effect 1862:Steve Urkel 1788:hearing aid 1775:John Lennon 1771:Buddy Holly 1763:Steve Allen 1608:photo shoot 1524:George Airy 1520:astigmatism 1500:, invented 1473:, 1580–1645 1447:Vyasatirtha 1302:scriptorium 1287: 1805 1264: 1400 1201: 1255 1171:Roger Bacon 1119:Reza Abbasi 1104:Roger Bacon 1067: 1021 1036:convex lens 958:rectangular 841:powder and 679:ultraviolet 671:sleep cycle 655:smartphones 621:filter out 552:Anaglyph 3D 469:ultraviolet 385:diffraction 355:astigmatism 302:optometrist 287:accommodate 275:astigmatism 207:stereoscopy 188:photophobia 70:Other names 5534:Categories 5463:Sunglasses 5401:Eyeglasses 5355:Headphones 5230:Motorcycle 5182:Vocational 5113:Kulah khud 5063:Chalcidian 5058:Corinthian 4947:Coronation 4520:VR headset 4381:Sunglasses 4137:Audio help 4128:2008-03-31 3813:7 November 3639:19 October 3624:60 Minutes 3585:snopes.com 3560:Financhill 3416:25 October 3163:, p. 2947:18 October 2901:, p. 2622:27 January 2572:24 October 2121:Eyewa Blog 2104:References 1973:Sunglasses 1938:GI glasses 1897:stereotype 1877:Clark Kent 1801:Drew Carey 1784:Eric Sykes 1759:Jan Peerce 1598:In fashion 1550:lorgnettes 1510:John Fenno 1498:presbyopia 1394:Marco Polo 1368:Strasbourg 1322:presbyopia 1141:have used 1137:, and the 1127:sunglasses 977:Precursors 835:3D-printed 667:eye strain 647:blue light 610:binoculars 601:telescopes 539:3D Viewers 533:3D glasses 526:Presbyopia 458:sunglasses 448:Sunglasses 442:Sunglasses 403:See also: 369:GI glasses 351:drugstores 325:presbyopia 279:presbyopia 245:refraction 221:Corrective 199:3D glasses 175:Sunglasses 115:spectacles 111:eyeglasses 5498:Teashades 5446:Lorgnette 5436:Pince-nez 5380:Scrunchie 5360:Headpiece 5335:Hair drop 5320:Claw clip 5257:Balaclava 5143:Stahlhelm 4886:Tengkolok 4835:Mitznefet 4683:Fez (hat) 4641:Casquette 4488:Blindfold 4427:Ballistic 4361:Trifocals 4331:Pince-nez 4314:Lorgnette 4244:Types of 4195:23 August 4026:150204262 3786:20 August 3732:20 August 3701:20 August 3493:154878241 3367:1 January 1963:Pince-nez 1869:superhero 1854:geek chic 1834:Iron Chef 1754:cricketer 1664:counter. 1646:Luxottica 1532:pince-nez 1526:in 1825. 1318:hyperopia 1255:, by the 1190:Dominican 1149:Invention 993:Dominican 962:octagonal 956:, panto, 881:beryllium 861:or nylon) 839:polyamide 809:Materials 716:Glasses, 651:computers 579:3D movies 560:polarized 529:driving. 329:hyperopia 314:headaches 306:lensmeter 161:radiation 88:optometry 79:Specialty 5503:Wayfarer 5483:Mirrored 5441:Lensless 5406:Browline 5385:Shpitzel 5375:Peinetón 5365:Kerchief 5350:Headband 5340:Hair tie 5330:Dush-toh 5310:Barrette 5277:Facekini 5262:Earmuffs 5225:Football 5194:Hard hat 5073:Imperial 5068:Phrygian 4982:Imperial 4825:Campaign 4810:Bearskin 4803:Military 4784:Tricorne 4752:Sombrero 4737:Pork pie 4646:Chupalla 4601:Baseball 4562:Headwear 4510:Eyepatch 4409:Wayfarer 4394:Mirrored 4351:Shooting 4346:Scissors 4309:Lensless 4274:Browline 4269:Bifocals 4139: · 3944:and the 3629:CBS News 3604:CBS News 3189:Section 3133:13306950 3092:BBC News 3008:glasses. 2745:De Iride 2616:archived 2566:archived 2546:archived 2496:archived 2471:archived 2429:archived 2400:26375236 2332:archived 2223:10 April 2126:24 March 1989:See also 1879:, while 1873:Superman 1805:contacts 1792:deafness 1661:eye exam 1592:titanium 1569:silicone 1502:bifocals 1455:Sushruta 1416:zh:南都繁会图 1364:optician 1186:Florence 1096:De iride 1050:Ibn Sahl 1017:El Greco 1003:in 1352. 936:trifocal 889:titanium 663:dry eyes 592:bioptics 568:shutters 389:aperture 337:trifocal 203:3D films 192:migraine 5540:Glasses 5473:Glacier 5468:Aviator 5456:Rimless 5451:Monocle 5426:Goggles 5416:Cat eye 5411:Bug-eye 5394:Eyewear 5370:Peineta 5345:Hairnet 5315:Bumpits 5267:Earplug 5220:Bicycle 5215:Batting 5199:Welding 5123:Dragoon 5088:Barbute 5053:Ilyrian 5031:Helmets 5014: ( 4997:Queen's 4962:Eastern 4952:Coronet 4942:Corolla 4937:Consort 4927:Circlet 4922:Chaplet 4869:Wrapped 4794:Ushanka 4789:Trucker 4742:Salakot 4732:Pillbox 4710:Homburg 4698:Newsboy 4693:Coppola 4661:Cricket 4589:General 4505:Contact 4498:Blinker 4493:Blinder 4472:Welding 4462:Swedish 4447:Foggles 4437:Doggles 4419:Goggles 4404:Shutter 4389:Aviator 4366:Windsor 4341:Rimless 4336:Pinhole 4326:Monocle 4299:Groucho 4289:Chicken 4284:Cat eye 4279:Bug-eye 4255:glasses 4246:eyewear 4169:15 June 4126: ( 4097:minutes 3986:26 June 3960:26 June 3955:YouTube 3833:Eyewear 3758:11 July 3669:22 July 3386:, Zeiss 3309:4927695 3300:1208150 2849:28 June 2821:9574655 2391:4560556 1958:Monocle 1943:Goggles 1848:during 1688:Fashion 1349:convent 1341:riveted 1266:–1430 ( 1232:letters 1054:Alhazen 1040:Ptolemy 972:History 932:Bifocal 801:springy 659:tablets 606:goggles 488:. Many 427:welding 409:Goggles 333:bifocal 241:skyline 122:eyewear 107:Glasses 53:Glasses 5478:Iggaak 5235:Racing 5163:Flight 5138:Brodie 5133:Adrian 5118:Kabuto 5103:Sallet 5098:Morion 5040:Combat 5016:laurel 5012:Wreath 4987:Makuṭa 4972:Fillet 4957:Diadem 4917:Astral 4906:Crowns 4891:Turban 4876:Do-rag 4845:Sailor 4840:Peaked 4830:Forage 4815:Boonie 4747:Salako 4705:Gandhi 4676:Trilby 4671:Fedora 4666:Easter 4656:Cowboy 4636:Buntal 4631:Bucket 4626:Bowler 4621:Bonnet 4616:Boater 4606:Beanie 4072: 4051: 4024: 3907: 3536:Forbes 3491: 3451: 3307: 3297: 3131: 3042: 2819: 2736: 2398: 2388: 2295:11 May 2197:3 July 2171:3 July 2146:3 July 2085:29 May 2060:retina 1908:Styles 1828:; and 1727:stigma 1628:Market 1548:" and 1494:myopia 1370:(then 1359:1400. 1330:myopia 1220:Murano 1216:Venice 1192:friar 1165:(1403) 1075:Optics 1045:Optics 966:square 945:myopic 938:, and 895:, and 877:alloys 847:Mykita 777:angle. 708:Frames 522:myopia 474:Light 399:Safety 296:of an 165:squash 126:lenses 119:vision 117:, are 5287:Scarf 5208:Sport 5093:Close 5083:Great 5007:Tiara 5002:State 4992:Naval 4910:bands 4850:Shako 4820:Busby 4777:Opera 4762:Straw 4727:Kofia 4611:Beret 4481:Other 4371:X-ray 4356:Smart 4319:Opera 4264:Belay 4253:(Eye) 4022:S2CID 3930:, BBC 3566:6 May 3541:6 May 3516:6 May 3489:S2CID 3257:3 May 3251:(PDF) 3244:(PDF) 3183:[ 3149:13–18 2937:(PDF) 2595:7 May 2079:(PDF) 2033:Notes 1580:laser 1561:Zeiss 1386:that 1357:circa 1353:Celle 1351:near 1326:aging 1224:guild 1139:Inuit 1135:China 1108:Italy 964:, or 950:round 893:monel 871:Metal 865:Nylon 731:Parts 649:from 490:blind 465:light 435:Nylon 213:Types 95:[ 5168:Mk 7 4977:Hoop 4932:Camp 4896:Veil 4881:Hood 4855:Side 4722:Knit 4688:Flat 4578:caps 4573:Hats 4457:Snow 4197:2010 4171:2009 4070:ISBN 4049:ISBN 3988:2012 3962:2012 3927:News 3905:ISBN 3815:2019 3788:2008 3760:2017 3734:2008 3703:2008 3671:2023 3641:2012 3568:2021 3543:2021 3518:2021 3449:ISBN 3418:2021 3392:2007 3369:2014 3305:PMID 3259:2014 3129:PMID 3099:2019 3071:2015 3040:ISBN 2949:2021 2887:2021 2851:2007 2817:PMID 2787:2007 2734:ISBN 2624:2007 2597:2014 2574:2020 2396:PMID 2297:2015 2268:2017 2225:2018 2199:2024 2173:2024 2148:2024 2128:2020 2087:2019 1773:and 1578:and 1559:and 1508:and 1496:and 1347:, a 1306:Alps 1182:Pisa 1157:The 954:oval 692:The 657:and 595:or 543:The 407:and 335:and 327:and 304:. A 229:and 201:for 130:eyes 113:and 5148:M33 4908:and 4772:Top 4767:Sun 4014:doi 3901:283 3481:doi 3295:PMC 3285:doi 3121:doi 2809:doi 2667:doi 2386:PMC 2378:doi 1887:as 1867:In 1838:NBA 1717:in 1590:as 1535:). 1184:or 1161:by 1081:". 1069:). 1042:'s 1015:by 859:PLA 855:ABS 665:to 608:or 393:DIY 300:or 273:or 5536:: 5421:GI 4294:GI 4181:, 4095:25 4020:, 4010:50 4008:, 4004:, 3978:, 3953:, 3948:: 3903:. 3876:, 3865:^ 3846:^ 3822:^ 3804:, 3778:, 3751:, 3720:, 3689:, 3662:. 3648:^ 3627:, 3621:, 3601:, 3583:, 3558:, 3534:, 3509:, 3487:, 3477:15 3475:, 3471:, 3425:^ 3408:, 3355:, 3303:. 3293:. 3281:55 3279:. 3275:. 3224:, 3220:. 3127:, 3117:11 3115:, 3090:, 3078:^ 3061:, 2939:, 2922:^ 2878:, 2837:, 2815:, 2805:42 2803:, 2661:, 2657:, 2639:, 2614:, 2564:, 2544:, 2513:, 2494:, 2469:, 2427:, 2407:^ 2394:, 2384:, 2353:, 2340:^ 2330:, 2304:^ 2283:, 2259:, 2241:, 2215:, 2190:. 2164:. 2119:, 1904:. 1864:. 1852:- 1676:, 1648:. 1436:. 1284:c. 1270:). 1261:c. 1259:, 1242:. 1198:c. 1173:. 1064:c. 1062:, 1031:. 960:, 952:, 934:, 899:. 891:, 887:, 883:, 857:, 718:c. 669:, 653:, 625:, 570:. 331:, 269:, 239:A 167:. 86:, 5018:) 4554:e 4547:t 4540:v 4237:e 4230:t 4223:v 4174:. 4143:) 4135:( 4130:) 4099:) 4092:( 4079:. 4058:. 4016:: 3913:. 3673:. 3483:: 3311:. 3287:: 3226:6 3167:. 3151:. 3123:: 2905:. 2903:5 2811:: 2701:. 2669:: 2663:2 2380:: 2201:. 2175:. 2150:. 2062:. 1778:" 1610:. 1418:) 1414:( 1196:( 1098:( 1056:( 205:( 99:] 45:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index