Seawater - Knowledge (XXG)

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consistently throughout their feces which is an indicator that krill is in whale diets. Antarctic krill had an average iron level of 174.3mg/kg dry weight, but the iron in the krill varied from 12 to 174 mg/kg dry weight. The average iron concentration of the muscular tissue of blue whales and fin whales was 173 mg/kg dry weight, which demonstrates that the large marine mammals are important to marine ecosystems such as they are to the Southern Ocean. In fact, to have more whales in the ocean could heighten the amount of iron in seawater through their excretions which would promote a better ecosystem.

47: 1741: 1812:. These whales not only rely on iron for a balance of minerals within their diet, but it also impacts the amount of iron that is regenerated back into the ocean. The whale's excretions also contain the absorbed iron which would allow iron to be reinserted into the ocean’s ecosystem. Overall, one mineral deficiency such as iron in the Southern Ocean can spark a significant chain of disturbances within the marine ecosystems which demonstrates the important role that seawater plays in the 1884:

protocols, can result in a disruption of the underwater ecosystems. Contrarily, this would have the opposite effect and prevent mineral extractions from being a long-term sustainable practice, and would result in a shortage of required metals. Any seawater mineral extractions also risk disrupting the habitat of the underwater life that is dependent on the uninterrupted ecosystem within their environment as disturbances can have significant disturbances on animal communities.

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well as increasing iron levels in seawater would allow for a balanced and productive system for the ocean. However, a more in depth study is required to understand the benefits of whale feces as a fertilizer and to provide further insight in iron recycling in the Southern Ocean. Projects on the management of ecosystems and conservation are vital for advancing knowledge of marine ecology.

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larger water supplies in areas where these plans weren't always available. Although seawater extractions can benefit society greatly, it is crucial to consider the environmental impact and to ensure that all extractions are conducted in a way that acknowledges and considers the associated risks to the sustainability of seawater ecosystems.

1413:; however, the animals that were fed these plants consumed more water than those that did not. Although agriculture from use of saltwater is still not recognized and used on a large scale, initial research has shown that there could be an opportunity to provide more crops in regions where agricultural farming is not usually feasible. 370:. Historically, several salinity scales were used to approximate the absolute salinity of seawater. A popular scale was the "Practical Salinity Scale" where salinity was measured in "practical salinity units (PSU)". The current standard for salinity is the "Reference Salinity" scale with the salinity expressed in units of "g/kg". 1835:

Organisms of all sizes play a significant role in the balance of marine ecosystems with both the largest and smallest inhabitants contributing equally to recycling nutrients in seawater. Prioritizing the recovery of whale populations because they boost the overall productivity in marine ecosystems as

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survived an ocean crossing in a small Zodiak rubber boat using mainly raw fish meat, which contains about 40% water (like most living tissues), as well as small amounts of seawater and other provisions harvested from the ocean. His findings were challenged, but an alternative explanation could not be

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announced that they were starting a hunt for undiscovered chemicals in organisms that have evolved in deep sea trenches, hoping to find "the next generation" of antibiotics, anticipating an "antibiotic apocalypse" with a dearth of new infection-fighting drugs. The EU-funded research will start in the

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There are also risks that come with extracting from the seafloor. Many biodiverse species have long lifespans on the seafloor, which means that their reproduction takes more time. Similarly to fish harvesting from the seafloor, the extraction of minerals in large amounts, too quickly, without proper

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density of 1050 kg/m or higher. The density of seawater also changes with salinity. Brines generated by seawater desalination plants can have salinities up to 120 g/kg. The density of typical seawater brine of 120 g/kg salinity at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure is 1088 kg/m.

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Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A.

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gas and a major contributor to atmospheric warming. Some bacteria break down the rocks of the sea floor, influencing seawater chemistry. Oil spills, and runoff containing human sewage and chemical pollutants have a marked effect on microbial life in the vicinity, as well as harbouring pathogens and

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Upon further analysis of the dynamic relationship between diatoms, krill, and baleen whales, fecal samples of baleen whales were examined in Antarctic seawater. The findings included that iron concentrations were 10 million times higher than those found in Antarctic seawater, and krill was found

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locations in the Pacific Ocean. Direct microscopic counts and cultures were used, the direct counts in some cases showing up to 10 000 times that obtained from cultures. These differences were attributed to the occurrence of bacteria in aggregates, selective effects of the culture media, and the

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of surface seawater ranges from about 1020 to 1029 kg/m, depending on the temperature and salinity. At a temperature of 25 °C, the salinity of 35 g/kg and 1 atm pressure, the density of seawater is 1023.6 kg/m. Deep in the ocean, under high pressure, seawater can reach a

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in order to achieve a more sustainable water supply from seawater. Although desalination also comes with environmental concerns, such as costs and resources, researchers are working closely to determine more sustainable practices, such as creating more productive water plants that can deal with

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The ocean has a long history of human waste disposal on the assumption that its vast size makes it capable of absorbing and diluting all noxious material. While this may be true on a small scale, the large amounts of sewage routinely dumped has damaged many coastal ecosystems, and rendered them

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Seawater is a means of transportation throughout the world. Every day plenty of ships cross the ocean to deliver goods to various locations around the world. Seawater is a tool for countries to efficiently participate in international commercial trade and transportation, but each ship exhausts

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concentrations of 2% (in arguments to the contrary) is that the gut cannot absorb water at such concentrations, so that there is no benefit in drinking such water. The salinity of Baltic surface water, however, is never 2%. It is 0.9% or less, and thus never higher than that of bodily fluids.

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and persistent organic pollutants. Most of these perturbations are tied either directly or indirectly to human fossil fuel combustion, fertilizer, and industrial activity. Concentrations are projected to grow in coming decades, with negative impacts on ocean biota and other marine resources.

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Krill and baleen whales act as large iron reservoirs in seawater in the Southern Ocean. Krill can retain up to 24% of iron found on surface waters within its range.The process of krill feeding on diatoms releases iron into seawater, highlighting them as an important part of the ocean's

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Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, et al., 2021:

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Although the vast majority of seawater has a salinity of between 31 and 38 g/kg, that is 3.1–3.8%, seawater is not uniformly saline throughout the world. Where mixing occurs with freshwater runoff from river mouths, near melting glaciers or vast amounts of precipitation (e.g.

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Accidentally consuming small quantities of clean seawater is not harmful, especially if the seawater is taken along with a larger quantity of fresh water. However, drinking seawater to maintain hydration is counterproductive; more water must be excreted to eliminate the salt (via

981:-like forms were seen by microscope but not under cultivation. The disparity in numbers obtained by the two methods is well known in this and other fields. In the 1990s, improved techniques of detection and identification of microbes by probing just small snippets of 1391:

as a means to grow plants as the salt gathers and ruins the surrounding soil, it has been proven to be successful in sand and gravel soils. Large-scale desalination of seawater is another factor that would contribute to the success of agriculture farming in dry,

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emissions that can harm marine life, air quality of coastal areas. Seawater transportation is one of the fastest growing human generated greenhouse gas emissions. The emissions released from ships pose significant risks to human health in nearing areas as the

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In order for seawater mineral and element extractions to take place while taking close consideration of sustainable practices, it is necessary for monitored management systems to be put in place. This requires management of ocean areas and their conditions,

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and pure water (density 1.0 kg/L at 4 °C (39 °F)) because the dissolved salts increase the mass by a larger proportion than the volume. The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases. At typical salinity, it

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In most open waters concentrations vary somewhat around typical values of about 3.5%, far higher than the body can tolerate and most beyond what the kidney can process. A point frequently overlooked in claims that the kidney can excrete NaCl in

1800:. As the cycle continues, various larger sea animals feed off of Antarctic krill, but since there is a shortage of iron from the initial phytoplankton/diatoms, then these larger species also lack iron. The larger sea animals include 1543:

expanded the advocation of this practice to other countries, notably France, in the 20th century. Currently, it is widely practiced in Nicaragua and other countries, supposedly taking advantage of the latest medical discoveries.

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is typically limited to a range between 7.5 and 8.4. However, there is no universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements based on different reference scales may be up to 0.14 units.

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to excrete sodium, but seawater's sodium concentration is above the kidney's maximum concentrating ability. Eventually the blood's sodium concentration rises to toxic levels, removing water from cells and interfering with

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in seawater is about 1,500 m/s (whereas the speed of sound is usually around 330 m/s in air at roughly 101.3 kPa pressure, 1 atmosphere), and varies with water temperature, salinity, and pressure. The

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to identify thousands of previously unknown microbes usually present only in small numbers. This revealed a far greater diversity than previously suspected, so that a litre of seawater may hold more than 20,000 species.

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voyages estimated the risk of death at 39% for those who drank seawater, compared to 3% for those who did not. The effect of seawater intake on rats confirmed the negative effects of drinking seawater when dehydrated.

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in 1715, who proposed that salt and other minerals were carried into the sea by rivers after rainfall washed it out of the ground. Upon reaching the ocean, these salts concentrated as more salt arrived over time (see

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The temptation to drink seawater was greatest for sailors who had expended their supply of fresh water and were unable to capture enough rainwater for drinking. This frustration was described famously by a line from

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and low river run-off, and confined circulation result in unusually salty water. The salinity in isolated bodies of water can be considerably greater still – about ten times higher in the case of the

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A number of regional cuisines across the world traditionally incorporate seawater directly as an ingredient, cooking other ingredients in a diluted solution of filtered seawater as a substitute for conventional dry

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Although humans cannot survive on seawater in place of normal drinking water, some people claim that up to two cups a day, mixed with fresh water in a 2:3 ratio, produces no ill effect. The French physician

1768:: ASTM D1141-98 (Original Standard ASTM D1141-52). It is used in many research testing labs as a reproducible solution for seawater such as tests on corrosion, oil contamination, and detergency evaluation. 1404:

forces a higher level of salt filtration throughout the plant as it allows for the circulation of more water through the cells. The cultivation of halophytes irrigated with salt water were used to grow

1737:, can facilitate sustainable extractions. The use of low-carbon infrastructure would also allow for more sustainable extraction processes while reducing the carbon footprint from mineral extractions. 2132:

Millero, Frank J.; Feistel, Rainer; Wright, Daniel G.; McDougall, Trevor J. (January 2008). "The composition of Standard Seawater and the definition of the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale".

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The pH value of seawater is naturally as low as 7.8 in deep ocean waters as a result of degradation of organic matter in these waters. It can be as high as 8.4 in surface waters in areas of high

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of seawater is 0.6 W/mK at 25 °C and a salinity of 35 g/kg. The thermal conductivity decreases with increasing salinity and increases with increasing temperature.

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Halley's theory was partly correct. In addition, sodium leached out of the ocean floor when the ocean formed. The presence of salt's other dominant ion, chloride, results from

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from the seafloor at mass quantities could provide a substantial amount of renewable metals to promote more environmentally friendly practices in society to reduce humans'

1438:) than the amount of water obtained from the seawater itself. In normal circumstances, it would be considered ill-advised to consume large amounts of unfiltered seawater. 5143: 431:. There is no universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements based on different reference scales may be up to 0.14 units. 3557: 2069: 5133: 4192: 3348: 459:

is far lower than in river water. Bicarbonate ions constitute 48% of river water solutes but only 0.14% for seawater. Differences like these are due to the varying

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of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). This means that every kilogram (roughly one liter by volume) of seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2 oz) of

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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range of 7.3 to 10.6, while some species will grow only at pH 10 to 10.6. Archaea also exist in pelagic waters and may constitute as much as half the ocean's

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for uranium from other sources are about three to five times lower than the lowest price achieved by seawater extraction. Similar issues hamper the use of

1110:, a species of very large virus, with a genome much larger than that of any other virus species, was discovered in 2013. Like the other very large viruses 3362: 4097: 1648:, have adapted to living in a high-saline habitat. For example, sea turtles and saltwater crocodiles remove excess salt from their bodies through their 1852:

are two key metals that can be used for aiding with more environmentally friendly technologies above ground, such as powering batteries that energize

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at the surface of oceans in pre-industrial time (before 1850) was around 8.2. Since then, it has been decreasing due to a human-caused process called

2253: 5049: 202: 1301: 1556:, seawater can be evaporated or filtered to eliminate salt, germs, and other contaminants that would otherwise prevent it from being considered 1532:, claimed to have drunk two cups of seawater and one cup of fresh per day for 70 days without ill effect when he lost part of his water supply. 1077:, clearly playing an important part in oceanic processes. In 2000 sediments from the ocean floor revealed a species of Archaea that breaks down 443:

than all types of freshwater. However, the ratios of solutes differ dramatically. For instance, although seawater contains about 2.8 times more

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of plants would eliminate substantial costs associated with fresh water when it is not easily accessible. Although it is not typical to use

5469: 4696: 4096: 1308:. Rates of change for some aspects greatly exceed those in the historical and recent geological record. Major trends include an increasing 4157: 1217:, starting 4 billion years ago, released by degassing from molten rock. More recent work suggests much of the Earth's water may come from 4586: 2531: 1860:. An environmentally friendly approach to mining that allows for more sustainability would be to extract these metals from the seafloor. 4185: 2498:. Some evidence shows the potential for fairly regular ratios of elements maintained across surface oceans in a phenomenon known as the 1585: 961: 175: 291:

at about −2 °C (28 °F). The coldest seawater still in the liquid state ever recorded was found in 2010, in a stream under an

5291: 4718: 4606: 3498: 2767: 3814:"Innovative solutions for coastal and offshore infrastructure in seawater mining: Enhancing efficiency and environmental performance" 1182:. These pathogens are routinely present in the ballast water of large vessels, and are widely spread when the ballast is discharged. 5138: 4409: 4140:

Technical Papers in Marine Science 44, Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater, ioc-unesco.org, UNESCO 1983

3601: 2838: 2424: 4556: 4596: 4139: 1995: 33: 2596: 1623:, whose home country of Spain has six different companies sourcing filtered seawater for culinary use. The water is marketed as 5416: 5326: 4312: 1492: 1445:

actively regulates the levels of sodium and chloride in the blood within a very narrow range around 9 g/L (0.9% by mass).

1312:, reduced subsurface oxygen in both near-shore and pelagic waters, rising coastal nitrogen levels, and widespread increases in 460: 4999: 3859:

Ayaz, Muhammad; Namazi, M. A.; Din, M. Ammad ud; Ershath, M. I. Mohamed; Mansour, Ali; Aggoune, el-Hadi M. (15 October 2022).

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reported drinking seawater mixed with fresh in a 2:3 ratio during the 1947 expedition. A few years later, another adventurer,

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The minerals found in seawater can also play an important role in the ocean and its ecosystem's food cycle. For example, the

1569: 1400:. The halophyte is a salt tolerant plant whose cells are resistant to the typically detrimental effects of salt in soil. The 2874: 3471: 4454: 4112: 3684: 995: 498:

at concentrations of up to 2 micrograms of nitrogen atoms per liter, which are thought to have played a key role in the

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Nicol, Stephen; Bowie, Andrew; Jarman, Simon; Lannuzel, Delphine; Meiners, Klaus M; Van Der Merwe, Pier (13 May 2010).

4514: 1788:, the deficiency impacts the marine life living in its waters. As a result, this ocean is not able to produce as much 1734: 479:

formation) tends to precipitate much more quickly. The most abundant dissolved ions in seawater are sodium, chloride,

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Chester, R.; Jickells, Tim (2012). "Chapter 9: Nutrients, oxygen, organic carbon and the carbon cycle in seawater".

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Diagram showing concentrations of various salt ions in seawater. The composition of the total salt component is:

3764:"SUSTAINABILITY IN DEEP WATER: The Challenges of Climate Change, Human Pressures, and Biodiversity Conservation" 5449: 5316: 4691: 4681: 4621: 4257: 4227: 1969: 1536: 1208: 1005:, as well as in the sediments, some being aerobic, others anaerobic. Most are free-swimming, but some exist as 410: 334: 46: 3373: 1868:. Lithium mining from the seafloor could be successful, but its success would be dependent on more productive 1660:

Minerals have been extracted from seawater since ancient times. Currently the four most concentrated metals –

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from seawater has been considered at least from the 1960s, but only a few grams of uranium were extracted in

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extraction from seawater was tried in the 1970s, but the tests were soon abandoned. The idea of extracting

1629:, "the perfect salt", containing less sodium with what is considered a superior taste. A restaurant run by 5348: 5286: 4713: 4399: 3398:

Etzion, Z.; Yagil, R. (1987). "Metabolic effects in rats drinking increasing concentrations of seawater".

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in the late 1990s. The main issue is not one of technological feasibility but that current prices on the

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Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water

2283:"Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-CO 1464: 986: 488: 428: 165: 3861:"Sustainable seawater desalination: Current status, environmental implications and future expectations" 2440: 2172:"Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations that include pressure dependence" 998:

feels that "the number of different kinds of bacteria in the oceans could eclipse five to 10 million."

3860: 3813: 3660:"Over 40 minerals and metals contained in seawater, their extraction likely to increase in the future" 1126:

infects amoebas, but its genome, containing 1.9 to 2.5 megabases of DNA, is twice as large as that of

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1.1%, Other 0.7%. Note that the diagram is only correct when in units of wt/wt, not wt/vol or vol/vol.

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surprised marine microbiologists by their survival and thriving in extreme environments, such as the

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which hinders the first source of the marine food chain. One of the main types of phytoplankton are

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system which removes as much salt as is deposited; for instance, sodium and chloride sinks include

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known as biotoxins, which move along the ocean food chain, tainting higher-order animal consumers.

413:: Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. 406: 396: 5306: 5019: 5009: 4974: 4874: 4859: 4756: 4009: 3791: 3551: 3322: 3262: 3202: 3147: 3108: 3053: 2980: 2915: 2673: 2562: 2324: 2063: 1761: 1468: 1270:

Ocean salinity has been stable for billions of years, most likely as a consequence of a chemical/

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presence of inactive cells. A marked reduction in bacterial culture numbers was noted below the

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Nayar, Kishor G.; Sharqawy, Mostafa H.; Banchik, Leonardo D.; Lienhard V, John H. (July 2016).

1267:. The sodium and chloride ions subsequently became the most abundant constituents of sea salt. 5388: 5378: 5321: 5301: 4984: 4949: 4884: 4864: 4854: 4736: 4424: 4282: 4060: 4001: 3974: 3888: 3841: 3783: 3741: 3597: 3537: 3494: 3451: 3415: 3314: 3254: 3194: 3139: 3100: 3045: 3020: 2959: 2834: 2570: 2471: 2420: 2394: 2384: 2357: 2316: 2090: 2049: 1875: 1829: 1313: 1264: 1256: 1224: 1179: 1074: 424: 342: 1844:

Like any mineral extraction practices, there are environmental advantages and disadvantages.

1130:, and it differs greatly from the other large viruses in appearance and in genome structure. 1034:

eruptions from diatomaceous sediments off the Namibian coast, and generated by high rates of

5343: 5311: 5281: 5090: 5075: 4944: 4879: 4771: 4686: 4616: 4541: 4322: 4292: 4222: 4217: 4050: 4040: 3966: 3880: 3833: 3775: 3742:"Cost-effective method of extracting uranium from seawater promises limitless nuclear power" 3638: 3630: 3407: 3306: 3246: 3186: 3092: 3037: 2988: 2905: 2897: 2720: 2653: 2554: 2349: 2306: 2201: 2191: 2149: 1865: 1853: 1596: 1148: 1039: 1031: 712: 160: 2830: 2823:

Panel On Radioactivity In The Marine Environment, National Research Council (U.S.) (1971).

2775: 5148: 5044: 4994: 4959: 4919: 4811: 4781: 4631: 4581: 4491: 4449: 4382: 4307: 4267: 2271:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 33−144. 2268: 2257: 1963: 1957: 1797: 1599:. The natural sea salt obtained by evaporating seawater can also be collected and sold as 1577: 1474: 1349: 1271: 1245: 1154: 1091: 1054: 1024:, and form a critical link in the cycling of silicon in the ocean. One anaerobic species, 1013:

played an important role in the evolution of ocean processes, enabling the development of

329: 32:"Ocean water" redirects here. For the standard for isotope composition of pure water, see 3096: 3018:(18 June 2010). "The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry". 1616: 1540: 4503: 3962: 3876: 3829: 3302: 3242: 3182: 3088: 3033: 2893: 2741: 2716: 2649: 2550: 2302: 2187: 2145: 1364:

released from the operation of merchant ships decreases the air quality and causes more

5258: 5253: 5158: 5153: 4989: 4929: 4924: 4656: 4546: 4367: 4302: 4277: 3727: 2875:"The thermophysical properties of seawater: A review of existing correlations and data" 2499: 1921: 1861: 1777: 1705: 1620: 1557: 1525: 1442: 1422: 1297: 1291: 1191: 1139: 991: 124: 106: 3946: 3310: 3250: 2634:"Bacterial Populations in Sea Water as Determined by Different Methods of Enumeration" 1999: 1832:

is created, increasing the overall productivity of marine life in the Southern Ocean.

5443: 5428: 5276: 5196: 5085: 5004: 4979: 4914: 4844: 4751: 4646: 4523: 4444: 4404: 4377: 4287: 4237: 3970: 3411: 2607: 2532:"Dissolved free amino acids in coastal seawater using a modified fluorometric method" 2491: 2328: 1901: 1789: 1514: 1454:

Drinking seawater temporarily increases blood's NaCl concentration. This signals the

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Aquatic Chemistry, An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters

5423: 5383: 5331: 5271: 5222: 5100: 5095: 5070: 5054: 5029: 4746: 4636: 4576: 4362: 4272: 4247: 3072: 3057: 2107: 2022: 1975: 1939: 1915: 1895: 1801: 1781: 1749: 1561: 1428: 1388: 1305: 1002: 129: 3994:"Deep Sea Rush: With valuable metals on the ocean floor, speculators are circling" 3340: 3112: 2824: 1371:

Another human use of seawater that has been considered is the use of seawater for

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Emerson, Steven; Hedges, John (24 April 2008). "Chapter 4: Carbonate chemistry".

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environments. One of the most successful plants in salt water agriculture is the

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life-threatening. Pathogenic viruses and bacteria occur in such waters, such as

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Martin, Francisco (2020). "chapter 12: Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua".

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Loganathan, Paripurnanda; Naidu, Gayathri; Vigneswaran, Saravanamuthu (2017).

2153: 1891: 1857: 1825: 1813: 1805: 1649: 1637: 1600: 1450: 1401: 1384: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1252: 1175: 1082: 448: 353:), seawater can be substantially less saline. The most saline open sea is the 170: 4064: 4005: 3978: 3892: 3845: 3787: 3779: 3318: 3258: 3198: 3190: 3143: 2797: 2658: 2633: 2398: 2353: 2320: 5263: 5125: 5110: 5024: 4869: 4708: 4703: 4486: 4414: 4342: 4262: 4252: 4209: 3041: 1978: – Oceanographic temperature and salinity dataset global ocean salinity 1869: 1809: 1681: 1673: 1665: 1645: 1612: 1604: 1603:, typically sold separately owing to its unique mineral make-up compared to 1553: 1410: 1397: 1365: 1304:, excess nutrients, and pollution in many forms are altering global oceanic 1275: 1236:). Halley noted that most lakes that do not have ocean outlets (such as the 1118: 1112: 1006: 913: 841: 777: 666: 636: 480: 476: 292: 155: 3104: 3049: 4115:

was created from a revision of this article dated 16 August 2014

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within other organisms – examples of these being bioluminescent bacteria.

17: 5080: 4939: 4831: 4821: 4766: 4242: 2873:

Sharqawy, Mostafa H.; Lienhard V, John H.; Zubair, Syed M. (April 2010).

2206: 1936: – Explanation of the color of oceans and ocean color remote sensing 1717: 1580:. These energy-intensive processes were not usually available during the 1361: 1237: 1095: 978: 934: 735: 616: 606: 468: 402: 367: 320: 288: 260: 241: 237: 98: 4170: 4013: 3993: 3947:"Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill" 3795: 3763: 3643: 3326: 3286: 3266: 3226: 3206: 3166: 3151: 3127: 2910: 63: 5227: 5217: 4387: 4357: 4055: 3634: 2725: 2700: 2558: 1945: 1849: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1669: 1641: 1337: 1260: 1214: 1159: 1078: 1046: 1021: 969: 965: 877: 820: 798: 676: 656: 484: 472: 379: 354: 350: 295: 279: 4045: 4028: 2261: 1328:

uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO

278:). The average density at the surface is 1.025 kg/L. Seawater is 4934: 4347: 4156:

G. W. C Kaye, T. H. Laby (1995). "Physical properties of sea water".

2774:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from 1960: – Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area 1930: – Naturally occurring water with low amounts of dissolved salts 1845: 1793: 1661: 1455: 1393: 1380: 1279: 1065: 756: 686: 646: 626: 596: 464: 245: 1748:

Another practice that is being considered closely is the process of

1633:

sources as much as 60,000 litres a month from supplier Mediterranea

1142:

and then move on to search trenches off New Zealand and Antarctica.

1094:

may at certain times undergo population explosions called blooms or

1942: – Water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts 5296: 5115: 4894: 4849: 3702: 2826:

Radioactivity in the marine environment - National Academies, 1971

1909: 1874: 1739: 1701: 1689: 1460: 1435: 1218: 1171: 504: 328: 324: 233: 225: 134: 3472:"History of the 18th century medical use of sea water in Britain" 83:

Ocean salinity at different latitudes in the Atlantic and Pacific

4728: 3075:(1 January 2009). "Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem". 2111: 1785: 1784:. Given that this body of water does not contain high levels of 1477:

consistently advise against drinking seawater. A summary of 163

1376: 275: 4174: 4149: 2674:"Ocean Microbe Census Discovers Diverse World of Rare Bacteria" 1676:– are commercially extracted from seawater. During 2015 in the 2383:(3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley/Blackwell. 2224: 1357: 1098:, often after human-caused pollution. The process may produce 982: 977:, but not by direct microscopic observation. Large numbers of 456: 440: 229: 4150:

Tables and software for thermophysical properties of seawater

3165:

Iodice, Paolo; Langella, Giuseppe; Amoresano, Amedeo (2017).

298:: the measured temperature was −2.6 °C (27.3 °F). 4093: 3575:"Cooking with seawater – is it the best way to season food?" 2470:. St. Paul: West Publishing Company. pp. 126, 134–135. 2281:

Terhaar, Jens; Frölicher, Thomas L.; Joos, Fortunat (2023).

3703:"Mining the Oceans: Can We Extract Minerals from Seawater?" 3619:"Mining valuable minerals from seawater: a critical review" 3285:

Glenn, Edward P.; Brown, J. Jed; O’Leary, James W. (1998).

1951: 1924: – Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater 1677: 1070: 392: 302: 69:

Temperature-salinity diagram of changes in density of water

1539:

advocated the medical use of this practice in the UK, and

1213:

The water in the sea was thought to come from the Earth's

3593:

The Bird in the Waterfall: Exploring the Wonders of Water

1996:"U.S. Office of Naval Research Ocean, Water: Temperature" 1278:

deposits, pore-water burial, and reactions with seafloor

3071:

Doney, Scott C.; Fabry, Victoria J.; Feely, Richard A.;

1290:

For the increase in the Earth's volume of seawater, see

4029:"Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis" 3128:"Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Transport" 2934:"Thermal conductivity of seawater and its concentrates" 2134:

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

494:

Small amounts of other substances are found, including

3623:

Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology

3536:. Vol. 1: 1827–1939. Spellmount. pp. 78–79. 2701:"Alkalotolerant and Alkalophilic Bacteria in Seawater" 1332:

and higher temperatures, because it severely affects

427:

of seawater, and several distinct pH scales exist in

1584:. Larger sailing warships with large crews, such as 1564:

potable water from seawater using processes such as

1042:

upwelling zone, eventually falling to the seafloor.

698:

Total molar composition of seawater (salinity = 35)

5236: 5210: 5172: 5124: 5063: 4958: 4830: 4727: 4522: 4208: 2513:"Osmolarity of sea water - Biosphere - BNID 100802" 2502:. National Council for Science and the Environment. 236:. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a 3432:Heyerdahl, Thor; Lyon, F. H. (translator) (1950). 333:Annual mean sea surface salinity expressed in the 5144:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System 3448:Skeletons on the Zahara: a true story of survival 2345:Chemical Oceanography and the Marine Carbon Cycle 1595:, were fitted with distilling apparatus in their 3728:"Viability of Uranium Extraction from Sea Water" 2419:, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands 1227:behind the origins of sea salt started with Sir 5134:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis 1498: 4106: 3534:The evolution of engineering in the Royal Navy 1912: – Concentrated solution of salt in water 1030:, plays an important part in the breakdown of 4186: 2632:Jannasch, Holger W.; Jones, Galen E. (1959). 1972: – Part of large-scale ocean circulation 1724:The future of mineral and element extractions 1624: 1320:One of the most striking features of this is 1259:) with other gases from Earth's interior via 196: 8: 3556:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2981:"Comets take pole position as water bearers" 2417:in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes 2068:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1368:both in the seawater and surrounding areas. 3436:. Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, Ill. 1918: – Extracting materials from saltwater 4193: 4179: 4171: 2348:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1684:production came from seawater and brines. 1615:. Proponents include world-renowned chefs 1375:purposes. In areas with higher regions of 579: 203: 189: 89: 4159:Tables of physical and chemical constants 4054: 4044: 3685:"Global Bromine Industry And Its Outlook" 3642: 2992: 2909: 2724: 2657: 2411:Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001) 2310: 2205: 2195: 1948: – Outcome of seawater as it freezes 1780:contributes greatly to the environmental 985:, enabled researchers taking part in the 451:of bicarbonate in seawater as a ratio of 4123:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3569: 3567: 3450:. New York: Back Bay Books. p. 74. 2798:"Antibiotics search to focus on sea bed" 2461: 2459: 2457: 2227:. Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1001:Bacteria are found at all depths in the 696: 423:Measurement of pH is complicated by the 3515:"Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua" 2434: 2432: 2225:"Thermophysical properties of seawater" 2165: 2163: 1987: 1879:Marine life flourishing on the seafloor 1840:Environmental impact and sustainability 1463:conduction, ultimately producing fatal 141: 113: 97: 4465:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3807: 3805: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3549: 3220: 3218: 3216: 2530:Tada, K.; Tada, M.; Maita, Y. (1998). 2089:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 414–416. 2061: 1966: – Form of therapy using seawater 471:have very long residence times, while 3532:Rippon, P. M., Commander, RN (1998). 3280: 3278: 3276: 2699:Maeda, M.; Taga, N. (31 March 1980). 2602:. In A. G. Dickson; C. Goyet (eds.). 2229:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2219: 2217: 7: 5412: 3434:Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific by Raft 3097:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 2854:Hoyle, Brian D.; Robinson, Richard. 2081: 2079: 2044:Chester, Jickells, Roy, Tim (2012). 1796:which is the primary food source of 1712:and are often brought forth against 1302:carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 3590:Dennis, Jerry (23 September 2014). 2766:Leslie, Mitchell (5 October 2000). 2742:"Thousands of microbes in one gulp" 2494:, eds. A. Jorgensen, C. Cleveland. 1053:on the ocean floor. Alkalotolerant 962:Scripps Institution of Oceanography 5292:National Oceanographic Data Center 4719:World Ocean Circulation Experiment 4607:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project 3812:Santos, Eleonora (16 April 2024). 2606:. 2. ORNL/CDIAC-74. Archived from 1764:has an international standard for 1688:is also produced from seawater in 25: 5139:Global Sea Level Observing System 3311:10.1038/scientificamerican0898-76 3251:10.1038/scientificamerican0367-89 2768:"The Case of the Missing Methane" 2013:Sylte, Gudrun Urd (24 May 2010). 439:Seawater contains more dissolved 5422: 5411: 5402: 5401: 4597:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study 4513: 4502: 4105: 3971:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00356.x 3287:"Irrigating Crops with Seawater" 3132:Issues in Science and Technology 2882:Desalination and Water Treatment 2015:"Den aller kaldaste havstraumen" 1894: 1174:, along with protozoans causing 105: 76: 62: 45: 34:Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 5327:Ocean thermal energy conversion 5050:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis 4162:(16th ed.). Archived from 3077:Annual Review of Marine Science 2740:Cheung, Louisa (31 July 2006). 2085:Stumm, W, Morgan, J. J. (1981) 1493:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 2829:. National Academies. p. 2705:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2291:Environmental Research Letters 2021:(in Norwegian). Archived from 1636:Animals such as fish, whales, 1570:multi-stage flash distillation 1503:And all the boards did shrink; 1086:toxins affecting all forms of 1017:and oxygen in the atmosphere. 581:Seawater elemental composition 1: 2979:Cowen, Ron (5 October 2011). 1324:, resulting from increased CO 4587:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 4557:Craik–Leibovich vortex force 4313:Luke's variational principle 3412:10.1016/0300-9629(87)90275-1 3341:"Can humans drink seawater?" 1020:Some bacteria interact with 996:Marine Biological Laboratory 27:Water from a sea or an ocean 5470:Oceanographical terminology 3885:10.1016/j.desal.2022.116022 3838:10.1016/j.desal.2023.117282 2958:. Oxford University Press. 2197:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024 1958:Surface tension of seawater 137:(> 5% up to 26%–28% max) 5486: 4652:Ocean dynamical thermostat 4500: 3992:McCarthy, Rebecca (2020). 2956:Encyclopedia of the Oceans 2638:Limnology and Oceanography 2517:bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu 2490:Hogan, C. Michael (2010). 2468:Invitation to Oceanography 2441:"Ocean Chemical Processes" 1720:as economically unviable. 1560:. Most oceangoing vessels 1426: 1420: 1383:, the use of seawater for 1289: 1206: 390: 318: 31: 5397: 5187:Ocean acoustic tomography 5000:Mohorovičić discontinuity 4592:General circulation model 4228:Benjamin–Feir instability 4027:Bardi, Ugo (April 2010). 2154:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001 1716:and the manufacturing of 1554:raw or contaminated water 1535:During the 18th century, 1505:Water, water, everywhere, 1501:Water, water, everywhere, 1133:In 2013 researchers from 1027:Thiomargarita namibiensis 5317:Ocean surface topography 4692:Thermohaline circulation 4682:Subsurface ocean current 4622:Hydrothermal circulation 4455:Wave–current interaction 4233:Boussinesq approximation 3780:10.5670/oceanog.2019.224 3227:"Salt-Water Agriculture" 3191:10.1177/0958305X17734050 3171:Energy & Environment 3126:Vaishnav, Parth (2014). 2659:10.4319/lo.1959.4.2.0128 2354:10.1017/cbo9780511793202 2312:10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91 2108:"World Ocean Atlas 2009" 2048:. Blackwell Publishing. 1970:Thermohaline circulation 1872:practices above ground. 1518:given. In his 1948 book 1209:Origin of water on Earth 960:Research in 1957 by the 411:carbon dioxide emissions 335:Practical Salinity Scale 321:Salinity § Seawater 5354:Sea surface temperature 5337:Outline of oceanography 4532:Atmospheric circulation 4470:shallow water equations 4460:Waves and shallow water 4353:Significant wave height 3762:Levin, Lisa A. (2019). 3042:10.1126/science.1185198 2856:"Microbes in the Ocean" 2539:Journal of Oceanography 2466:Pinet, Paul R. (1996). 1644:, such as penguins and 1552:Like any other type of 1521:The Kon-Tiki Expedition 1507:Nor any drop to drink. 1488:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 706:Concentration (mol/kg) 418:biological productivity 5349:Sea surface microlayer 4714:Wind generated current 4101: 4081:Listen to this article 3400:Comp Biochem Physiol A 3345:National Ocean Service 1880: 1830:positive feedback loop 1745: 1731:environmental planning 1625: 1510: 964:sampled water in both 577: 491:is about 1000 mOsm/L. 447:than river water, the 357:, where high rates of 345: 5465:Physical oceanography 5455:Chemical oceanography 5182:Deep scattering layer 5164:World Geodetic System 4672:Princeton Ocean Model 4552:Coriolis–Stokes force 4202:Physical oceanography 4100: 3907:"ASTM D1141-98(2013)" 2994:10.1038/news.2011.579 2954:Stow, Dorrik (2004). 2902:10.5004/dwt.2010.1079 2496:Encyclopedia of Earth 2267:9 August 2021 at the 1878: 1743: 1576:, or, more recently, 987:Census of Marine Life 508: 463:of seawater solutes; 429:chemical oceanography 391:Further information: 332: 325:Ocean § Salinity 319:Further information: 5202:Underwater acoustics 4762:Perigean spring tide 4627:Langmuir circulation 4338:Rossby-gravity waves 4132:More spoken articles 3519:drinkingseawater.com 3476:drinkingseawater.com 3351:). 26 February 2021. 3225:Boyko, Hugo (1967). 2256:21 July 2022 at the 2002:on 12 December 2007. 1714:nuclear reprocessing 1197:thermal conductivity 1107:Pandoravirus salinus 956:Microbial components 435:Chemical composition 5364:Science On a Sphere 4970:Convergent boundary 4642:Modular Ocean Model 4602:Geostrophic current 4318:Mild-slope equation 3963:2010AqFF...11..203N 3877:2022Desal.54016022A 3830:2024Desal.57517282S 3596:. Diversion Books. 3446:King, Dean (2004). 3303:1998SciAm.279b..76G 3291:Scientific American 3243:1967SciAm.216c..89B 3231:Scientific American 3183:2017EnEnv..28..827I 3089:2009ARMS....1..169D 3034:2010Sci...328.1512D 3028:(5985): 1512–1516. 2894:2010DWatT..16..354S 2717:1980MEPS....2..105M 2650:1959LimOc...4..128J 2551:1998JOce...54..313T 2380:Marine geochemistry 2303:2023ERL....18b4033T 2188:2016Desal.390....1N 2146:2008DSRI...55...50M 2046:Marine Geochemistry 1766:artificial seawater 1710:reprocessed uranium 1566:vacuum distillation 1322:ocean acidification 1300:, rising levels of 1225:Scientific theories 1135:Aberdeen University 699: 584: 583:(salinity = 3.5%) 425:chemical properties 409:that is related to 407:ocean acidification 397:Ocean acidification 93:Part of a series on 5020:Seafloor spreading 5010:Outer trench swell 4975:Divergent boundary 4875:Continental margin 4860:Carbonate platform 4757:Lunitidal interval 4102: 3951:Fish and Fisheries 3701:Ugo Bardi (2008). 3635:10.1039/C6EW00268D 3491:Drinking Sea Water 3370:Shipboard Medicine 2860:Water Encyclopedia 2804:. 14 February 2013 2726:10.3354/meps002105 2680:. 2 September 2006 2576:on 21 January 2021 2559:10.1007/BF02742615 1881: 1762:ASTM International 1746: 1744:Desalination plant 1656:Mineral extraction 1607:or other sources. 1469:cardiac arrhythmia 1265:hydrothermal vents 1203:Origin and history 1069:spp. survive in a 1051:hydrothermal vents 697: 580: 578: 393:pH § Seawater 346: 176:Bodies by salinity 5437: 5436: 5429:Oceans portal 5389:World Ocean Atlas 5379:Underwater glider 5322:Ocean temperature 4985:Hydrothermal vent 4950:Submarine volcano 4885:Continental shelf 4865:Coastal geography 4855:Bathymetric chart 4737:Amphidromic point 4425:Wave nonlinearity 4283:Infragravity wave 4098: 4046:10.3390/su2040980 3658:Campbell, Keith. 3543:978-0-946771-55-4 3457:978-0-316-15935-7 2965:978-0-19-860687-1 2477:978-0-314-06339-7 2390:978-1-118-34909-0 2363:978-0-521-83313-4 2287:greenhouse gases" 2251:Technical Summary 2055:978-1-118-34907-6 1854:electric vehicles 1735:underwater drones 1417:Human consumption 1257:hydrochloric acid 1180:cryptosporidiosis 953: 952: 695: 694: 487:and calcium. Its 343:World Ocean Atlas 213: 212: 16:(Redirected from 5477: 5427: 5426: 5415: 5414: 5405: 5404: 5344:Pelagic sediment 5282:Marine pollution 5076:Deep ocean water 4945:Submarine canyon 4880:Continental rise 4772:Rule of twelfths 4687:Sverdrup balance 4617:Humboldt Current 4542:Boundary current 4517: 4506: 4323:Radiation stress 4293:Iribarren number 4268:Equatorial waves 4223:Ballantine scale 4218:Airy wave theory 4195: 4188: 4181: 4172: 4167: 4122: 4120: 4109: 4108: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4048: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3942: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3809: 3800: 3799: 3759: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3587: 3581: 3580:, 21 April 2015. 3571: 3562: 3561: 3555: 3547: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3443: 3437: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3378: 3372:. Archived from 3367: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3282: 3271: 3270: 3222: 3211: 3210: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3073:Kleypas, Joan A. 3068: 3062: 3061: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2996: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2913: 2888:(1–3): 354–380. 2879: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2612: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2575: 2569:. Archived from 2536: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2509: 2503: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2463: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2436: 2427: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2314: 2278: 2272: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2199: 2167: 2158: 2157: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2104: 2098: 2083: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2059: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1998:. Archived from 1992: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1866:carbon footprint 1628: 1475:Survival manuals 1255:of chloride (as 1234:Hydrologic cycle 1186:Other parameters 1149:Escherichia coli 1040:Benguela Current 1032:hydrogen sulfide 944: 943: 942: 923: 922: 921: 887: 886: 885: 851: 850: 849: 830: 829: 828: 809: 808: 807: 787: 786: 785: 766: 765: 764: 745: 744: 743: 724: 722: 721: 700: 591:Percent by mass 585: 575: 574: 573: 564: 563: 562: 553: 552: 551: 542: 541: 540: 530: 529: 528: 519: 518: 517: 341:. Data from the 273: 272: 271: 258: 257: 256: 205: 198: 191: 161:Hypersaline lake 109: 90: 80: 66: 49: 21: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5450:Aquatic ecology 5440: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5421: 5393: 5232: 5206: 5168: 5149:Sea-level curve 5120: 5059: 5045:Transform fault 4995:Mid-ocean ridge 4961: 4954: 4920:Oceanic plateau 4826: 4812:Tidal resonance 4782:Theory of tides 4723: 4632:Longshore drift 4582:Ekman transport 4518: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4498: 4450:Wave turbulence 4383:Trochoidal wave 4308:Longshore drift 4204: 4199: 4155: 4136: 4135: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4113:This audio file 4110: 4103: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4000:(54): 114–124. 3991: 3990: 3986: 3944: 3943: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3761: 3760: 3749: 3744:. 14 June 2018. 3740: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3573:Baker, Trevor. 3572: 3565: 3548: 3544: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3427: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3379:on 22 June 2007 3376: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3284: 3283: 3274: 3224: 3223: 3214: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3016:Doney, Scott C. 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2465: 2464: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2439:Gale, Thomson. 2438: 2437: 2430: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2391: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2269:Wayback Machine 2258:Wayback Machine 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2084: 2077: 2060: 2056: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2025:on 6 March 2012 2012: 2011: 2007: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1964:Thalassotherapy 1900: 1893: 1890: 1842: 1798:Antarctic krill 1774: 1759: 1726: 1658: 1626:la sal perfecta 1578:reverse osmosis 1550: 1537:Richard Russell 1509: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1350:coral bleaching 1331: 1327: 1295: 1288: 1246:endorheic basin 1211: 1205: 1188: 1155:Vibrio cholerae 1092:dinoflagellates 1081:, an important 1055:marine bacteria 958: 941: 939: 938: 937: 935: 920: 918: 917: 916: 914: 902: 884: 882: 881: 880: 878: 866: 848: 846: 845: 844: 842: 827: 825: 824: 823: 821: 806: 803: 802: 801: 799: 784: 782: 781: 780: 778: 763: 761: 760: 759: 757: 742: 740: 739: 738: 736: 720: 717: 716: 715: 713: 582: 572: 570: 569: 568: 566: 561: 559: 558: 557: 555: 550: 548: 547: 546: 544: 539: 536: 535: 534: 532: 527: 525: 524: 523: 521: 516: 514: 513: 512: 510: 461:residence times 437: 399: 389: 376: 327: 317: 312: 270: 268: 267: 266: 264: 255: 253: 252: 251: 249: 244:(predominantly 242:dissolved salts 215: 214: 209: 180: 142:Bodies of water 133: 128: 123: 114:Salinity levels 88: 87: 86: 85: 84: 81: 72: 71: 70: 67: 58: 57: 56: 50: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5483: 5481: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5442: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5419: 5409: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5369:Stratification 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5261: 5259:Color of water 5256: 5254:Benthic lander 5251: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5159:Sea level rise 5156: 5154:Sea level drop 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4990:Marine geology 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4930:Passive margin 4927: 4925:Oceanic trench 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4657:Ocean dynamics 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4547:Coriolis force 4544: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4368:Stokes problem 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4303:Kinematic wave 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166:on 8 May 2019. 4153: 4143: 4142: 4125: 4111: 4104: 4092: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075:External links 4073: 4071: 4070: 4039:(4): 980–992. 4033:Sustainability 4019: 3984: 3957:(2): 203–209. 3920: 3898: 3851: 3801: 3774:(2): 170–180. 3747: 3733: 3719: 3707:theoildrum.com 3693: 3676: 3650: 3609: 3602: 3582: 3563: 3542: 3524: 3506: 3500:979-8666741658 3499: 3481: 3463: 3456: 3438: 3425: 3390: 3354: 3332: 3272: 3212: 3177:(8): 827–845. 3157: 3118: 3083:(1): 169–192. 3063: 3007: 2971: 2964: 2946: 2925: 2865: 2846: 2839: 2815: 2789: 2778:on 26 May 2013 2758: 2732: 2691: 2665: 2644:(2): 128–139. 2624: 2613:on 25 May 2011 2587: 2545:(4): 313–321. 2522: 2504: 2500:Redfield Ratio 2483: 2476: 2453: 2428: 2414: 2404: 2389: 2369: 2362: 2334: 2284: 2273: 2241: 2213: 2159: 2124: 2099: 2075: 2054: 2036: 2005: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1922:Brackish water 1919: 1913: 1906: 1905: 1889: 1886: 1862:Lithium mining 1841: 1838: 1778:Southern Ocean 1773: 1770: 1758: 1755: 1725: 1722: 1706:uranium market 1657: 1654: 1621:Quique Dacosta 1549: 1546: 1530:William Willis 1526:Thor Heyerdahl 1499: 1423:Salt poisoning 1421:Main article: 1418: 1415: 1329: 1325: 1298:Climate change 1292:Sea level rise 1287: 1284: 1204: 1201: 1192:speed of sound 1187: 1184: 1140:Atacama Trench 1090:. The protist 1045:Bacteria-like 1038:growth in the 992:Mitchell Sogin 957: 954: 951: 950: 947: 940: 930: 929: 926: 919: 909: 908: 905: 900: 894: 893: 890: 883: 873: 872: 869: 864: 858: 857: 854: 847: 837: 836: 833: 826: 816: 815: 812: 804: 794: 793: 790: 783: 773: 772: 769: 762: 752: 751: 748: 741: 731: 730: 727: 718: 708: 707: 704: 693: 692: 689: 683: 682: 679: 673: 672: 669: 663: 662: 659: 653: 652: 649: 643: 642: 639: 633: 632: 629: 623: 622: 619: 613: 612: 609: 603: 602: 599: 593: 592: 589: 571: 560: 549: 537: 526: 515: 500:origin of life 436: 433: 388: 385: 375: 372: 316: 313: 311: 308: 269: 254: 211: 210: 208: 207: 200: 193: 185: 182: 181: 179: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 147: 144: 143: 139: 138: 125:Brackish water 116: 115: 111: 110: 102: 101: 99:Water salinity 95: 94: 82: 75: 74: 73: 68: 61: 60: 59: 51: 44: 43: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5482: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5418: 5410: 5408: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5277:Marine energy 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5244:Acidification 5242: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5197:SOFAR channel 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5005:Oceanic crust 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4980:Fracture zone 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4915:Oceanic basin 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:Abyssal plain 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4752:Internal tide 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4647:Ocean current 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4505: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4445:Wave shoaling 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4405:Ursell number 4403: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288:Internal wave 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:Breaking wave 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4114: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3694: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3665: 3664:Mining Weekly 3661: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3603:9781940941547 3599: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3545: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3493:. F. Martín. 3492: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3391: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3237:(3): 89–101. 3236: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3008: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2840:9780309018654 2836: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2816: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2591: 2588: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2425:0-444-50946-1 2422: 2418: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2297:(2): 024033. 2296: 2292: 2288: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2245: 2242: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2207:1721.1/106794 2203: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2125: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2057: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2037: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1902:Oceans portal 1897: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1802:Baleen Whales 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790:phytoplankton 1787: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1631:Joaquín Baeza 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1516: 1515:Alain Bombard 1508: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1430: 1424: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1323: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1286:Human impacts 1285: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1229:Edmond Halley 1226: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158:the cause of 1157: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1036:phytoplankton 1033: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1015:stromatolites 1012: 1011:Cyanobacteria 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 967: 963: 955: 948: 946: 945: 932: 931: 927: 925: 924: 911: 910: 906: 904: 903: 896: 895: 891: 889: 888: 875: 874: 870: 868: 867: 860: 859: 855: 853: 852: 839: 838: 834: 832: 831: 818: 817: 813: 811: 810: 796: 795: 791: 789: 788: 775: 774: 770: 768: 767: 754: 753: 749: 747: 746: 733: 732: 728: 726: 725: 710: 709: 705: 702: 701: 690: 688: 685: 684: 680: 678: 675: 674: 670: 668: 665: 664: 660: 658: 655: 654: 650: 648: 645: 644: 640: 638: 635: 634: 630: 628: 625: 624: 620: 618: 615: 614: 610: 608: 605: 604: 600: 598: 595: 594: 590: 587: 586: 507: 503: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 434: 432: 430: 426: 421: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 398: 394: 386: 384: 381: 373: 371: 369: 364: 363:precipitation 360: 356: 352: 344: 340: 336: 331: 326: 322: 314: 309: 307: 304: 299: 297: 294: 290: 285: 281: 277: 262: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 206: 201: 199: 194: 192: 187: 186: 184: 183: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 146: 145: 140: 136: 131: 126: 121: 118: 117: 112: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 92: 91: 79: 65: 55: 52:Seawater off 48: 35: 30: 19: 5460:Liquid water 5384:Water column 5358: 5332:Oceanography 5307:Observations 5302:Explorations 5272:Marginal sea 5265: 5223:OSTM/Jason-2 5055:Volcanic arc 5030:Slab suction 4747:Head of tide 4637:Loop Current 4577:Ekman spiral 4363:Stokes drift 4273:Gravity wave 4248:Cnoidal wave 4164:the original 4158: 4144: 4036: 4032: 4022: 3997: 3987: 3954: 3950: 3911:. Retrieved 3901: 3868: 3865:Desalination 3864: 3854: 3821: 3818:Desalination 3817: 3771: 3768:Oceanography 3767: 3736: 3722: 3710:. Retrieved 3706: 3696: 3679: 3667:. Retrieved 3663: 3653: 3644:10453/121701 3629:(1): 37–53. 3626: 3622: 3612: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3533: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3490: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3447: 3441: 3433: 3428: 3406:(1): 49–55. 3403: 3399: 3393: 3381:. Retrieved 3374:the original 3369: 3357: 3335: 3297:(2): 76–81. 3294: 3290: 3234: 3230: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3138:(2): 25–28. 3135: 3131: 3121: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3025: 3019: 3010: 3000:10 September 2998:. Retrieved 2984: 2974: 2955: 2949: 2937:. Retrieved 2928: 2911:1721.1/69157 2885: 2881: 2868: 2859: 2849: 2825: 2818: 2806:. Retrieved 2801: 2792: 2780:. Retrieved 2776:the original 2771: 2761: 2749:. Retrieved 2745: 2735: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2682:. Retrieved 2678:ScienceDaily 2677: 2668: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2615:. Retrieved 2608:the original 2603: 2595:DOE (1994). 2590: 2578:. 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Retrieved 2023:the original 2019:forskning.no 2018: 2008: 2000:the original 1990: 1976:CORA dataset 1940:Saline water 1916:Brine mining 1882: 1856:or creating 1843: 1834: 1822: 1818: 1804:such as the 1782:carbon cycle 1775: 1760: 1750:desalination 1747: 1727: 1659: 1635: 1617:Ferran Adrià 1609: 1591: 1551: 1548:Purification 1541:René Quinton 1534: 1519: 1511: 1500: 1491: 1484: 1473: 1447: 1443:renal system 1440: 1432: 1429:Desalination 1373:agricultural 1370: 1354: 1319: 1306:geochemistry 1296: 1269: 1250: 1223: 1212: 1189: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1132: 1127: 1124:Pandoravirus 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1064: 1058: 1044: 1025: 1019: 1003:water column 1000: 959: 933: 912: 897: 876: 861: 840: 819: 797: 776: 755: 734: 711: 493: 452: 438: 422: 415: 400: 377: 347: 300: 221: 217: 216: 150: 130:Saline water 122:(< 0.05%) 29: 5374:Thermocline 5091:Mesopelagic 5064:Ocean zones 5035:Slab window 4900:Hydrography 4840:Abyssal fan 4807:Tidal range 4797:Tidal power 4792:Tidal force 4677:Rip current 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