37:
1541:
319:
295:
1114:
The hornblende-hornfels facies is a facies with the same low pressures but slightly higher temperatures as the albite-epidote facies. Though it is named for the mineral hornblende, the appearance of that mineral is not constrained to this facies. The hornblende-hornfels facies has the following
234:
settings, times and places in the geological history of the area. The boundaries between facies (and corresponding areas on the temperature v. pressure graph) are wide because they are gradational and approximate. The area on the graph corresponding to rock formation at the lowest values of
416:
Every metamorphic facies has some index minerals by which it can be recognized. That does not mean these minerals will necessarily be visible with the naked eye, or even exist in the rock; if the rock does not have the right chemical composition, they will not crystallize.
230:. The assemblage is typical of what is formed in conditions corresponding to an area on the two dimensional graph of temperature vs. pressure (See diagram in Figure 1). Rocks which contain certain minerals can therefore be linked to certain
1179:
The pyroxene-hornfels facies is the contact-metamorphic facies with the highest temperatures and is, like the granulite facies, characterized by the mineral orthopyroxene. It is characterized by the following mineral assemblages:
375:
can be described by the abbreviations LT, MT, HT, LP, MP, HP (from low, medium or high; pressure or temperature). Since the 1980s the term UHP (ultra high pressure) has been used for rocks that experienced extreme pressures.
335:
The different metamorphic facies are defined by the mineralogical composition of a rock. When the temperature or pressure in a rock body change, the rock can cross into a different facies and some minerals become
1248:
The sanidinite facies is a rare facies of extremely high temperatures and low pressure. It can only be reached under certain contact-metamorphic circumstances. Due to the high temperature the rock experiences
854:
facies is the highest grade of metamorphism at medium pressure. The depth at which it occurs is not constant. A characteristic mineral for this facies and the pyroxene-hornblende facies is
1476:
1087:, a process that characteristically involves high temperatures but low pressures/depths. This facies is characterized by the following minerals:
1449:
326:(M) content of the main phases (dark dots and, when the composition can vary, stripes). Thin grey lines represent equilibria between phases.
291:. Turner continued to work in the field, refining the metamorphic facies classifications through the end of his career in the early 1970s.
256:
919:
1434:
558:
The prehnite-pumpellyite facies is a little higher in pressure and temperature than the zeolite facies. It is named for the minerals
1071:
The albite-epidote-hornfels facies is a facies at low pressure and relatively low temperatures. It is named for the two minerals
421:
1565:
1334:
364:
1501:
1469:
1462:
553:
64:
1018:
The eclogite facies is the facies at the highest pressure and high temperature. It is named for the metabasic rock
280:
310:(F) content of the main phases (dark dots) in metamorphic rocks in various facies. Thin grey lines are stable
935:
The blueschist facies is at relatively low temperature but high pressure, such as occurs in rocks in a
1084:
200:
402:
will have different mineralogical compositions even though they are in the same metamorphic facies.
284:
1250:
1356:
896:
809:
743:
725:
632:
360:
82:
57:
1309:
637:
The greenschist facies is at low pressure and temperature. The facies is named for the typical
27:
Set of mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks formed under similar pressures and temperatures
1413:
1366:
930:
641:
484:
472:
349:
345:
260:
95:
50:
1405:
1340:
845:
311:
236:
219:
77:
287:
throughout his career. A classic work of Turner's was the book he published in 1948 titled
1545:
1203:(If the temperature is below 750 °C there will be andalusite instead of sillimanite)
1013:
936:
718:
425:
88:
43:
36:
752:
facies is a facies of medium pressure and average to high temperature. It is named after
1496:
939:. The facies is named after the schistose character of the rocks and the blue minerals
645:
571:
526:
466:
384:
72:
1559:
1406:
1131:
1127:
866:
855:
775:
672:
607:
487:
411:
379:
Which minerals grow in a rock is also dependent upon the original composition of the
268:
1361:
1344:
1293:
1283:
1233:
579:
513:
437:
368:
17:
1521:
1506:
1237:
940:
892:
799:
767:
749:
706:
593:
575:
449:
264:
227:
194:
112:
318:
294:
1511:
1219:
1199:
cordierite + quartz + sillimanite + K-feldspar (orthoclase) ± biotite ± garnet
1147:
1143:
1056:
990:
963:
902:
888:
870:
858:. The granulite facies is characterized by the following mineral assemblages:
832:
791:
763:
756:
that form under such circumstances. It has the following mineral assemblages:
689:
685:
653:
518:
501:
476:
441:
341:
240:
359:
The minerals in a metamorphic rock and their age relations can be studied by
1526:
1321:
1301:
1287:
1269:
1229:
1223:
1029:
1001:
967:
944:
906:
851:
817:
753:
698:
611:
540:
494:
380:
323:
299:
231:
1516:
1305:
1297:
1254:
1123:
1080:
1019:
959:
828:
779:
714:
589:
582:). The prehnite-pumpellyite is characterized by the mineral assemblages:
567:
559:
505:
395:
394:, the minerals that can grow in them are different too. Therefore, a meta
223:
190:
101:
1317:
1313:
1265:
1188:
1076:
1044:
1033:
978:
813:
795:
694:
649:
600:
563:
480:
445:
372:
303:
276:
215:
879:
clinopyroxene + plagioclase + garnet ± orthopyroxene (higher pressure)
1454:
1208:
1072:
955:
771:
702:
638:
533:
522:
509:
475:. At lower temperature and pressure processes in the rock are called
399:
388:
337:
272:
1273:
371:
of the rock. Apart from the metamorphic facies of a rock, a whole
353:
947:. The blueschist facies forms the following mineral assemblages:
821:
391:
307:
199:
graph corresponds to circumstances within the Earth's crust and
106:
1458:
283:. Eskola's classification was refined by New-Zealand geologist
448:
is stable at high pressure but relatively low temperature and
471:
The zeolite facies is the metamorphic facies with the lowest
1257:. It is characterized by the following mineral assemblages:
322:
Triangular diagrams showing the aluminium (A), iron (F) and
1408:
Mineralogical and
Structural Evolution of Metamorphic Rocks
1162:
cordierite + anthophyllite + biotite + plagioclase + quartz
289:
Mineralogical and
Structural Evolution of Metamorphic Rocks
1253:
and glass is formed. This facies is named for the mineral
1425:
Eskola, Pentti Eelis, 1920: "The mineral facies of rocks"
275:
a number of metamorphic facies were proposed in 1920 by
239:, as opposed to metamorphic rocks, in a process called
235:
temperature and pressure is the range of formation of
790:
muscovite + biotite + quartz + plagioclase ± garnet,
876:
orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase ± quartz
1394:
Essentials of
Geology, 3rd Edition, Stephen Marshak
1207:cordierite + orthopyroxene + plagioclase ± garnet,
1022:. The eclogite facies has the mineral assemblages:
1106:In calcaerous assemblage: Calcite + talc + quartz
1094:albite + epidote + actinolite + chlorite + quartz
490:. It can have the following mineral assemblages:
663:chlorite + albite + epidote ± actinolite, quartz
189:Figure 1. Diagram showing metamorphic facies in
1430:Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
1339:Ecologites and blueschists are associated with
1079:, though they are also stable in other facies.
344:. Whether minerals really react depends on the
1187:orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase ±
644:of the rocks and green colour of the minerals
1470:
981:+ lawsonite ± phengite, glaucophane, chlorite
8:
1062:phengite + kyanite + talc + quartz ± jadeite
697:+ muscovite + chlorite + albite + quartz +
1477:
1463:
1455:
656:. Characteristic mineral assemblages are:
383:(the original rock before metamorphosis).
1158:O-poor sediments or meta-igneous rocks:
1032:+ garnet ± kyanite, quartz, hornblende,
905:+ orthopyroxene + K-feldspar + quartz ±
671:albite + quartz + epidote + muscovite ±
317:
293:
1378:
1102:muscovite + biotite + chlorite + quartz
1439:Holmes' Principles of Physical Geology
682:muscovite + chlorite + albite + quartz
622:muscovite + chlorite + albite + quartz
585:In meta-igneous rocks and greywackes:
1170:dolomite + calcite + tremolite ± talc
954:glaucophane + lawsonite + chlorite +
7:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
420:Very typical index minerals are the
387:have a different composition than a
920:Ultra-high-temperature metamorphism
688:+ chlorite + muscovite + quartz ±
25:
1450:Metamorphic facies by Dave Waters
1343:. Granulites are associated with
835:(higher pressure and temperature)
1539:
824:(lower pressure and temperature)
340:while others become unstable or
298:Triangular diagrams showing the
35:
452:is stable at high temperature.
1067:Albite-epidote-hornfels facies
1055:phengite + garnet + kyanite +
997:In carbonate-rocks (marbles):
271:in 1838. Analogous with these
1:
1428:Phillpots, Anthony R., 1990:
1404:Turner, Francis John (1948).
914:Ultra-high-temperature facies
352:of the reaction and how much
1335:Subduction zone metamorphism
1272:(often altered to quartz) +
596:+ chlorite + albite + quartz
543:+ chlorite + albite + quartz
365:scanning electron microscopy
255:was first used for specific
1122:hornblende + plagioclase ±
554:prehnite-pumpellyite facies
548:Prehnite-pumpellyite facies
444:is stable at low pressure,
1582:
1332:
1300:± calcite, diopside (also
1110:Hornblende-hornfels facies
1011:
928:
917:
909:(at very high temperature)
843:
741:
733:Epidote-amphibolite facies
630:
551:
493:In meta-igneous rocks and
479:. The facies is named for
464:
409:
1535:
1492:
599:pumpellyite + chlorite +
1175:Pyroxene-hornfels facies
989:phengite + paragonite +
606:pumpellyite + epidote +
356:is present in the rock.
257:sedimentary environments
197:space. The domain of the
1445:Geological Nomenclature
1166:In Si-rich dolostones:
873:+ plagioclase ± biotite
1150:+ quartz + plagioclase
1142:muscovite + biotite +
327:
315:
1566:Metamorphic petrology
1333:Further information:
1115:mineral assemblages:
1039:In metagranodiorite:
827:dolomite + calcite +
331:Underlying principles
321:
297:
222:formed under similar
1502:Prehnite-pumpellyite
1443:Visser, W.A., 1980;
1214:In carbonate rocks:
1085:contact metamorphism
1083:is a rock formed by
1043:quartz + phengite +
1546:Minerals portal
1047:/omphacite + garnet
993:+ chlorite + quartz
973:In metagreywackes:
667:In metagreywackes:
456:Mineral assemblages
285:Francis John Turner
247:Historic definition
1486:Metamorphic facies
1357:Metamorphic series
1059:(Mg-rich) + quartz
899:+ quartz ± biotite
805:In Si-dolostones:
744:amphibolite facies
738:Amphibolite facies
633:greenschist facies
627:Greenschist facies
361:optical microscopy
328:
316:
273:sedimentary facies
212:metamorphic facies
1553:
1552:
1367:Petrogenetic grid
1244:Sanidinite facies
931:blueschist facies
925:Blueschist facies
614:+ albite + quartz
603:+ albite + quartz
473:metamorphic grade
350:activation energy
346:reaction kinetics
261:sedimentary rocks
237:sedimentary rocks
220:metamorphic rocks
208:
207:
204:
98:
91:
69:
60:
53:
46:
18:Sanidinite facies
16:(Redirected from
1573:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1435:Duff, P. McL. D.
1418:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1341:subduction zones
1329:Tectonic setting
1260:In metapelites:
1195:In metapelites:
1183:In metabasites:
1138:In metapelites:
1118:In metabasites:
1098:In metapelites:
1090:In metabasites:
1051:In metapelites:
1025:In metabasites:
985:In metapelites:
950:In metabasites:
883:In metapelites:
865:orthopyroxene +
861:In metabasites:
846:granulite facies
840:Granulite facies
786:In metapelites:
759:In metabasites:
678:In metapelites:
659:In metabasites:
618:In metapelites:
312:phase equilibria
188:
94:
87:
63:
56:
49:
42:
39:
30:
29:
21:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1531:
1488:
1483:
1422:
1421:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1380:
1375:
1353:
1337:
1331:
1316:and other rare
1279:In carbonates:
1251:partial melting
1246:
1177:
1157:
1112:
1069:
1016:
1014:eclogite facies
1010:
1008:Eclogite facies
937:subduction zone
933:
927:
922:
916:
848:
842:
746:
740:
735:
635:
629:
556:
550:
469:
463:
458:
435:
431:
426:aluminosilicate
414:
408:
385:Carbonate rocks
333:
249:
218:assemblages in
198:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
110:
104:
99:
92:
85:
80:
75:
70:
66:
61:
54:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1396:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1291:
1277:
1276:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1226:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1192:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1136:
1135:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1049:
1048:
1037:
1036:
1012:Main article:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
995:
994:
983:
982:
971:
970:
929:Main article:
926:
923:
918:Main article:
915:
912:
911:
910:
900:
881:
880:
877:
874:
844:Main article:
841:
838:
837:
836:
825:
803:
802:
784:
783:
742:Main article:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
729:
711:
710:
692:
683:
676:
675:
665:
664:
631:Main article:
628:
625:
624:
623:
616:
615:
604:
597:
572:phyllosilicate
552:Main article:
549:
546:
545:
544:
530:
529:
516:
488:tectosilicates
467:zeolite facies
465:Main article:
462:
461:Zeolite facies
459:
457:
454:
433:
429:
410:Main article:
407:
406:Index minerals
404:
332:
329:
248:
245:
206:
205:
185:
184:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
111:
100:
93:
86:
81:
76:
71:
62:
55:
48:
41:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1578:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1345:volcanic arcs
1342:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1268:+ sanidine +
1267:
1264:cordierite +
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132:cummingtonite
1129:
1128:anthophyllite
1125:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
992:
988:
987:
986:
980:
976:
975:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:
951:
948:
946:
942:
938:
932:
924:
921:
913:
908:
904:
901:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:
884:
878:
875:
872:
868:
867:clinopyroxene
864:
863:
862:
859:
857:
856:orthopyroxene
853:
847:
839:
834:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:
787:
781:
777:
776:cummingtonite
773:
769:
765:
762:
761:
760:
757:
755:
751:
745:
737:
732:
727:
724:
723:
722:
720:
716:
708:
704:
700:
696:
693:
691:
687:
684:
681:
680:
679:
674:
673:stilpnomelane
670:
669:
668:
662:
661:
660:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:
634:
626:
621:
620:
619:
613:
609:
608:stilpnomelane
605:
602:
598:
595:
591:
588:
587:
586:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
547:
542:
539:
538:
537:
535:
528:
524:
520:
517:
515:
514:clay minerals
511:
507:
503:
500:
499:
498:
496:
491:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
468:
460:
455:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:nesosilicates
427:
423:
418:
413:
412:index mineral
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
390:
386:
382:
377:
374:
370:
369:thin sections
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
330:
325:
320:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
290:
286:
282:
281:Pentti Eskola
278:
274:
270:
269:Amanz Gressly
266:
262:
258:
254:
246:
244:
242:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
202:
196:
192:
187:
186:
114:
108:
103:
97:
90:
84:
79:
74:
68:
59:
52:
45:
40:
38:
32:
31:
19:
1537:
1485:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1407:
1399:
1362:Metamorphism
1338:
1324:-silicates).
1294:monticellite
1284:wollastonite
1278:
1259:
1247:
1234:wollastonite
1222:± diopside,
1213:
1202:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1165:
1153:
1137:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1070:
1050:
1038:
1024:
1017:
996:
984:
972:
958:± epidote ±
949:
934:
882:
860:
849:
804:
785:
758:
747:
712:
677:
666:
658:
636:
617:
584:
580:sorosilicate
557:
531:
492:
470:
419:
415:
378:
358:
334:
288:
279:petrologist
252:
250:
228:temperatures
214:is a set of
211:
209:
201:upper mantle
34:
1522:Amphibolite
1507:Greenschist
1412:. pp.
1238:vesuvianite
1228:diopside +
941:glaucophane
893:sillimanite
800:sillimanite
770:± epidote,
768:plagioclase
750:amphibolite
707:spessartine
594:pumpellyite
576:pumpellyite
525:+ quartz ±
483:, strongly
450:sillimanite
195:temperature
83:Amphibolite
67:Pumpellyite
58:Greenschist
1512:Blueschist
1373:References
1290:+ diopside
1220:forsterite
1218:calcite +
1148:cordierite
1144:andalusite
1057:chloritoid
991:carpholite
964:paragonite
903:sapphirine
897:K-feldspar
889:cordierite
871:hornblende
833:forsterite
792:staurolite
764:hornblende
754:amphiboles
690:paragonite
686:chloritoid
654:actinolite
519:laumontite
502:heulandite
495:greywackes
477:diagenesis
442:Andalusite
436:, all are
422:polymorphs
398:and a meta
342:metastable
267:geologist
241:diagenesis
96:Sanidinite
51:Blueschist
1527:Granulite
1310:merwinite
1302:tilleyite
1288:anorthite
1270:tridymite
1230:grossular
1224:periclase
1191:or quartz
1030:omphacite
1002:aragonite
977:quartz +
968:omphacite
945:lawsonite
907:osumilite
887:garnet +
852:granulite
818:tremolite
782:, biotite
639:schistose
612:muscovite
541:muscovite
381:protolith
324:magnesium
300:aluminium
251:The name
224:pressures
78:Granulite
65:Prehnite-
1560:Category
1517:Eclogite
1437:, 1996;
1351:See also
1320:- or Ca-
1306:spurrite
1298:melilite
1255:sanidine
1134:, quartz
1124:diopside
1081:Hornfels
1020:eclogite
960:phengite
829:diopside
810:dolomite
780:diopside
728:+ quartz
726:dolomite
719:dolomite
646:chlorite
590:prehnite
560:prehnite
527:chlorite
506:analcite
485:hydrated
481:zeolites
396:psammite
306:(C) and
232:tectonic
191:pressure
89:Hornfels
44:Eclogite
1497:Zeolite
1314:larnite
1266:mullite
1189:olivine
1077:epidote
1045:jadeite
1034:zoisite
979:jadeite
814:calcite
796:kyanite
721:rocks:
695:biotite
650:epidote
642:texture
601:epidote
534:pelites
532:In meta
446:kyanite
373:terrane
304:calcium
277:Finnish
216:mineral
73:Zeolite
1209:spinel
1073:albite
956:sphene
772:garnet
717:-rich
703:garnet
574:) and
523:albite
510:quartz
400:pelite
389:basalt
348:, the
338:stable
253:facies
1416:–332.
1274:glass
354:fluid
302:(A),
265:Swiss
1154:In K
1075:and
943:and
850:The
822:talc
748:The
652:and
392:lava
308:iron
226:and
148:1000
115:(°C)
107:kbar
713:In
578:(a
562:(a
440:).
432:SiO
428:(Al
424:of
367:of
363:or
263:by
259:in
145:900
142:800
139:700
136:600
133:500
130:400
127:300
124:200
121:100
1562::
1381:^
1347:.
1322:Mg
1318:Ca
1312:,
1308:,
1304:,
1296:+
1286:+
1236:±
1232:+
1146:+
1126:,
966:,
962:±
895:+
891:+
869:+
831:±
820:±
816:+
812:+
794:,
778:,
774:,
766:+
715:Si
699:Mn
648:,
610:+
592:+
568:Al
564:Ca
536::
521:+
512:±
508:+
504:+
497::
243:.
210:A
181:20
178:18
175:16
172:14
169:12
166:10
1478:e
1471:t
1464:v
1414:1
1156:2
1130:/
798:/
709:)
705:(
701:-
570:-
566:-
434:5
430:2
314:.
203:.
193:-
163:8
160:6
157:4
154:2
151:0
118:0
113:T
109:)
105:(
102:P
20:)
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