Satires (Juvenal) - Knowledge (XXG)

96: 1694: 384:, the grammarian, is reasonably reliable. At the same time as the Servian text was produced, however, other and lesser scholars also created their editions of Juvenal: it is these on which most medieval manuscripts of Juvenal are based. It did not help matters that P disappeared sometime during the Renaissance and was only rediscovered around 1840. It is not, however, uncommon for the generally inferior manuscripts to supply a better reading in cases when P is imperfect. In addition, modern scholarly debate has also raged around the authenticity of the text which has survived, as various editors have argued that considerable portions are not, in fact, authentically Juvenalian and represent 683:(the legendary second king of Rome) received a nymph's advice on creating Roman law, the narrator has a final conversation with his Roman friend Umbricius, who is emigrating to Cumae. Umbricius claims that slick and immoral foreigners have shut a real Roman out of all opportunity to prosper. Only the first 20 lines are in the voice of the narrator; the remainder of the poem is cast as the words of Umbricius. 240: 404:. These lines occur in no other manuscript of Juvenal, and when discovered were considerably corrupted. Ever since Housman translated and emended the "O Passage" there has been considerable controversy over whether the fragment is in fact a forgery: the field is currently split between those (Green, Ferguson, Courtney) who believe it is not, and those (Willis, Anderson), who believe it is. 2781: 281: 25: 95: 2392:

174 lines. The narrator discusses the centrality of compassion for other people to the preservation of civilization. While severe circumstances have at times called for desperate measures to preserve life, even the most savage tribes have refrained from cannibalism. We were given minds to allow us to

2251:

331 lines. The narrator stresses that children most readily learn all forms of vice from their parents. Avarice must actually be taught since it runs counter to nature. This vice is particularly pernicious, since it has the appearance of a virtue and is the source of a myriad of crimes and cruelties.

1552:

366 lines. The theme of this poem encompasses the myriad objects of prayer unwisely sought from the gods: wealth, power, beauty, children, long life, et cetera. The narrator argues that each of these is a false Good; each desired thing is shown to be not good in itself, but only good so long as other

893:

and his court the objects of his ridicule in this mock-epic tale of a fish so prodigious that it was fit for the emperor alone. The council of state is called to deal with the crisis of how to cook it, where the fish can neither be cooked by conventional means due to its size, nor can it be cut into

388:

from early editors of the text. Jachmann (1943) argued that up to one-third of what survives is non-authentic: Ulrick Knoche (1950) deleted about hundred lines, Clausen about forty, Courtney (1975) a similar number. Willis (1997) italicizes 297 lines as being potentially suspect. On the other hand,

343:

In a tone and manner ranging from irony to rage, Juvenal criticizes the actions and beliefs of many of his contemporaries, providing insight into value systems and questions of morality as opposed to the realities of Roman life. The author makes constant allusion to history and myth as a source of

1229:

243 lines. Juvenal returns to his theme of distorted economic values among the Roman elite – in this instance centered on their unwillingness to provide appropriate support for poets, lawyers, and teachers. It is the capricious whims of fate that determine the variables of a human life.

2784: 1984:. In the passage quoted above, the narrator asserts that his sacrifices are not to curry favor or gain an inheritance, common reasons for making vows among those who would not hesitate to sacrifice their slaves or even children if it would bring them an inheritance. 379:

The controversies concerning the surviving texts of the Satires have been extensive and heated. Many manuscripts survive, but only P (the Codex Pithoeanus Montepessulanus), a 9th-century manuscript based on an edition prepared in the 4th century by a pupil of

2090:

249 lines. This poem is a dissuasion from excessive rage and the desire for revenge when one is defrauded. The narrator recommends a philosophical moderation and the perspective that comes from realizing that there are many things worse than financial loss.

584:) to beyond the world's end when confronted by moral hypocrisy. Although the broad theme of this poem is the process of gender inversion, it would be an error to take it as simple invective against pathic men. Juvenal is concerned with gender deviance. 1683:

lines 10.346–366—Is there nothing to pray for then? Trust the gods to choose what is best; they love humans more than we do ourselves, but if you must pray for something, "t is to be prayed that the mind be sound in a sound body..." (the excerpt

2415:

lines 15.33–92 – Two neighboring cities hated each other. One attacked while the other held a feast. Fists gave way to stones and then to arrows; as one side fled, one man slipped and was caught. He was ripped to pieces and eaten

2120:

lines 13.86–119 – Some believe that everything is a product of chance, and so do not fear to perjure themselves on the altars of the gods. Others rationalize that the wrath of the gods, though great, is very slow in

1065:

lines 5.49–106 – Different water is served by different grades of slaves – and different breads served by arrogant slaves. The patron gets a lobster, and you get a crayfish; he gets a Corsican mullet, and you get a

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as the model for his book of poems (lines 19–20), although he claims that to attack the living as his model did incur great risk (lines 165–167). The narrator contends that traditional Roman virtues, such as

2505:

lines 16.7–34 – Soldiers are immune to justice since they have to be tried in the camp among other soldiers, where a plaintiff will get no help prosecuting them, and may get a beating in addition for their

1826:(formal dinner) in Roman society. The narrator contrasts the ruinous spending habits of gourmands with the moderation of a simple meal of home-grown foods in the manner of the mythical ancient Romans. 1964:

130 lines. The narrator describes to his addressee Corvinus the sacrificial vows that he has made for the salvation of his friend Catullus from shipwreck. These vows are to the primary Roman gods –

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lines 14.59–85 – People are more concerned to present a clean atrium to outsiders than to keep their house free of vice for their children. The tastes acquired in childhood persist into adulthood.

359:

Scholarly estimates for the dating of the individual books have varied. It is generally accepted that the fifth book must date to a point after 127, because of a reference to the Roman consul

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was happier than himself while living in his pottery home, since Alexander's anxieties and dangers matched his ambitions, while Diogenes was content with what he had and could easily replace.

2699:

Walters, Jonathan. 1997. Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impenetrability in Roman Thought. in J. Hallet and M. Skinner, eds., Roman Sexualities, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

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lines 13.120–134 – It takes no philosopher to realize that there are many worse wrongs than being defrauded. A financial loss is mourned more than a death, and it is mourned with real tears.

356:

are concerned with perceived threats to the social continuity of the Roman citizens: socially ascendant foreigners, unfaithfulness, and other more extreme excesses of the Roman aristocracy.

2179:(unable to be changed), and it rushes back to ways they have admitted are wrong (239–240). Thus, criminals tend to repeat their crimes, and eventually end up facing execution or exile. 1991:

lines 12.30–51 – Description of a storm: this friend had been willing to cast overboard items of great value to save his own life – who else would prefer his life to his treasures.

1830:

lines 11.1–55 – People that refuse to limit their gourmet habits, even in the face of having to do so on credit, soon endure poverty and consequently inferior food. The advice of

468:. To the extent that it is programmatic, this satire concerns the first book rather than the satires of the other four known books. The narrator explicitly marks the writings of 2293:

lines 14.189–209 – Become a lawyer, join the army, or become a merchant. Profit smells good, wherever it is from. Nobody inquires into where you got it, but you have to have it.

456:

This so-called "Programmatic Satire" lays out for the reader a catalogue of ills and annoyances that prompt the narrator to write satire. Some examples cited by Juvenal include

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lines 8.231–275 – Many people without famous ancestors have served Rome with great distinction. Indeed, everyone is descended from peasants or worse if you go back far enough.

389:

Vahlen, Housman, Duff, Griffith, Ferguson and Green believe the surviving text to be largely authentic: indeed Green regards the main problem as being not interpolations but

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lines 15.1–26 – In Egypt they worship bizarre animal-headed gods, but not the familiar Roman ones. Similarly, they will not eat normal things, but do practice cannibalism.

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lines 14.38–58 – People should restrain themselves from vice for the sake of their children. It is unjust for a father to criticize and punish a son who takes after himself.

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lines 14.135–188 – It is madness to live like an indigent just to die rich. There is no amount of money or land that will satisfy greed, but ancient Romans veterans of the

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lines 13.135–173 – It is silly to be surprised by the number and magnitude of the crimes put to trial at Rome, as silly as to be surprised by a German having blue eyes.

2607:'(freeborn) man; brave man, hero, warrior'. While the English term has primarily a moral connotation, the Latin word encompassed all characteristics appropriate to a 1878:

lines 11.136–161 – The narrator promises no professional meat carver or exotic slave servers, nor are his slave boys destined for emasculation and use as sexual toys.

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lines 16.51–60 – Only soldiers have the right to make a will while their father lives – leading to an inversion of power with the soldier son being above his father.

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lines 14.284–302 – Avaricious men are willing to risk their lives and fortunes just to have a few more pieces of silver with someone's face and inscription on them.

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lines 3.126–163 – Umbricius: The dregs of society so long as they are wealthy lord it over real Romans; there is no hope for an honest man in court if he is poor.

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lines 13.174–209 – Even execution of a criminal would not undo their crime; only the uneducated think that revenge is a Good. That is not what the philosophers

696:. The archetypal question of whether an urban life of hectic ambition is to be preferred to a pastoral fantasy retreat to the country is posed by the narrator: 608:

lines 2.117–148 – A noble man, Gracchus, marries another man – but such brides are infertile no matter what drugs they try or how much they are whipped in the

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pieces. The main themes of this poem are the corruption and incompetence of sycophantic courtiers and the inability or unwillingness to speak truth to power.

1052:) by offering food and drink of unequal quality to each. Juvenal concludes with the observation that the clients who put up with this treatment deserve it. 970:

lines 4.94–143 – More councilors arrive and one prophesizes that the fish is an omen of a future victory. The question of what to do with it is raised, and

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are put on display. Rather than being a performance of faux-equality, the patron (Virro as in 9.35) emphasizes the superiority of himself and his peers (

904:(to pay his life for the truth), is taken from the passage below, a description of the qualifications of an imperial courtier in the reign of Domitian: 2304:. Instilling avarice is the same as teaching a child every form of crime. A son whom you have taught to have no mercy will have no mercy on you either. 2532:– the acknowledged originator of Roman Satire in the form practiced by Juvenal – experimented with other meters before settling on dactylic hexameter. 363:

in Satire 15. A recent scholar has argued that the first book should be dated to 100 or 101. Juvenal's works are contemporary with those of Martial,

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lines 12.52–82 – They had to cut the mast due to the ferocity of the storm, but then the weather calmed and they limped their ship into the port at

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lines 10.289–309 – Beauty is inimical to a person's virtue. Even if they remain untouched by corruption, it makes them objects of lust for perverts.

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to come to his house for dinner to see whether his actions match his rhetoric. The dinner will include only home-grown foods from the narrator's

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Braund, Susanna M.. 1988. Beyond Anger: A Study of Juvenal's Third Book of Satires. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.

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lines 14.256–283 – Those who take risks to increase their fortunes are like tightrope walkers. Fleets sail wherever there is hope of profit.

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lines 5.125–155 – If you had a fortune the patron would respect you; it is the cash that he really respects. Different mushrooms and apples.

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In recent times debate has focused on the authenticity of the "O Passage" of Satire VI, 36 lines (34 of which are continuous) discovered by

971: 2815: 2728: 2016:). Legacy hunters would sacrifice one hundred cattle, elephants, slaves, or even their own child if it secured an inheritance for them. 1435:

150 lines. This satire is in the form of a dialogue between the narrator and Naevolus – a male prostitute, the disgruntled client of a

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lines 2.149–170 – The ghosts of great Romans of the past would feel themselves contaminated when such Romans descend to the underworld.

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lines 14.86–95 – Caetronius squandered much of his wealth by building many fine houses; his son squandered the rest by doing the same.

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lines 8.163–182 – Bad behavior should be ceased in youth. The nobles make excuses for behavior that would not be tolerated in slaves.

1569:(bread and circuses) – the only remaining cares of a Roman populace which has given up its birthright of political freedom (10.81). 1372:

lines 8.87–126 – Govern your province honestly. When everything else is stolen from those you rule, weapons and desperation remain.

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lines 1.147–171 – The past cannot be worse than the present – yet one should only satirize the dead if they wish to live in safety.

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lines 4.144–154 – The council break up, and the narrator voices his wish that all the actions of Domitian had been so meaningless.

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lines 14.107–134 – Avarice has the appearance of a virtue, but it leads to cruel deprivation of one's slaves and one's own self.

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lines 8.56–70 – Racehorses are valued for their speed not their ancestors; if they are slow they will end up pulling a cart.

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lines 1.127–146 – The narrator contrasts a typical day in the life of poor clients with that of their self-indulgent patron.

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Gleason, Maud. W. 1995. Making Men: Sophists and Self-Presentation in Ancient Rome. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

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lines 10.273–288 – Many men would have been thought fortunate if they had died before a late disaster overtook them: e.g.

1616:

lines 10.133–146 – Lust for military glory has ruined countries, and time will destroy even the graves of famous generals.

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lines 9.92–101 – Nae: He is looking for another two-legged donkey, but don't repeat any of this, he might try to kill me.

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lines 2.36–65 – When criticized for her morals, Laronia turns on one of these hypocrites and mocks their open effeminacy.

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live together in mutual assistance and security. Without limits on rage against our enemies, we are worse than animals.

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lines 13.210–249 – Consciousness of one's guilt is its own punishment, with anxiety and fear of divine retribution. The

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lines 10.310–345 – Beautiful men tend to become noted adulterers, risking their lives. Even if they are unwilling like

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lines 16.1–6 – The narrator wishes that he could join the legions, since soldiers have many advantages over civilians.

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lines 12.83–92 – The narrator orders that the altar and sacrifice be made ready. He says that he will propitiate his

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208 lines. The main themes of this poem are self-awareness and moderation. The poem explicitly mentions one apothegm

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lines 10.90–113 – By seeking ever more honors and power, Sejanus just made his eventual fall that much more terrible.

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Gowers, Emily. 1993. The Loaded Table: Representations of Food in Roman Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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173 lines. The narrative frame of this poem is a dinner party where many potential dysfunctions in the ideal of the

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275 lines. The narrator takes issue with the idea that pedigree ought to be taken as evidence of a person's worth.

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Freudenburg, Kirk. 1993. The Walking Muse: Horace on the Theory of Satire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

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was infinitely superior to the present age, an age so corrupt there is not even an appropriate metal to name it.

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lines 8.71–86 – It is vile to rely on the reputations of others; one should be noble even in the face of danger.

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lines 1.20–80 – The narrator recites a catalogue of social deviants and criminals that demand Satire be written.

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60 lines preserved. The primary theme of the preserved lines is the advantages of soldiers over mere citizens.

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lines 9.70–90 – Nae: I saved his marriage by doing his job for him with a wife that was about to get a divorce.

1201: 2739: 2653:

Edwards, Catherine. 1996. Writing Rome: Textual Approached to the City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

243: 2696:

Uden, James. 2015. The Invisible Satirist: Juvenal and Second-Century Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Edwards, Catherine. 1993. The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

1561:(a healthy mind in a healthy body), which appears in the passage above. It is also the source of the phrase 1381:

lines 8.183–210 – When they bankrupt themselves, the nobles may sink to the level of the stage or the arena.

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lines 5.114–124 – The patron gets a goose liver and boar meat, but you get to watch the meat carver perform.

769:, and they are so adept at lying flattery that they are achieving more social advancement than real Romans. 1677: 961:

lines 4.34–56 – Mock-epic narrative of the crisis of state caused by a giant turbot begins with the catch.

360: 345: 2641:

Braund, Susanna. 1996. Juvenal Satires Book I. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.

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and others were known for their generosity. The elite should dine as equals with their friends – clients.

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lines 10.188–209 – Long life just means ugliness, helplessness, impotence, and the loss of all pleasure.

1328: 897: 1452:

lines 9.48–69 – Nae: Rich pathics are not willing to spend on their sickness, but I have bills to pay.

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lines 2.65–81 – Criticism of the effeminate dress of Creticus as he practices law. This moral plague (

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lines 1.1–19 – Since there are so many poets wasting paper and everyone's time anyway – why not write?

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should be heeded – not just for ambitions and endeavors, but also for what should be spent on a fish.

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lines 10.209–239 – Old people are deaf and full of diseases. Dementia is the worst affliction of all.

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lines 3.315–322 – Umbricius takes his leave of the narrator, and promises to visit him in his native

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lines 14.1–37 – The greatest danger to the morals of children comes from the vices of their parents.

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lines 3.164–189 – Umbricius: Virtue and lack of pretension is only to be found outside the City; at

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lines 15.131–158 – Compassion is what separates humans from animals. The creator gave humans mind (

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lines 10.240–272 – Old people just live to see the funerals of their children and loved ones, like

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that pretend to be moral exemplars are much worse than those who are open about their proclivities.

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Hutchinson, G. O.. 1993. Latin Literature from Seneca to Juvenal. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2010:

lines 12.93–130 – Catullus has heirs, so the narrator is acting as a friend not a legacy-hunter (

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lines 11.120–135 – Now rich people get no enjoyment from delicacies unless they eat from tables

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Juvenal. 1992. Persi et Juvenalis Saturae. ed. W. V. Clausen. London: Oxford University Press.

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in line 20 is the ultimate source of the English word virtue and is related to the Latin word

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lines 1.81–126 – Since the dawn of history, greed and fiscal corruption have never been worse.

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lines 9.27–46 – Naevolus: The life of serving the needs of pathic rich men is not paying off.

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Braund, Susanna. 1996. The Roman Satirists and their Masks. London: Bristol Classical Press.

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lines 9.134–150 – Nae: But I want so little. Fortuna must have her ears plugged when I pray.

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Adams, J. N.. 1982. The Latin Sexual Vocabulary. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

2613:– in short, excellence. The narrator's point is that the only thing that makes one rightly 1059:

lines 5.12–23 – An invitation to dinner is a social exchange for your services as a client.

2632:

Anderson, William S.. 1982. Essays on Roman Satire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

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lines 5.156–173 – Clients who will not resist this kind of treatment deserve it and worse.

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lines 5.1–11 – Begging is better than being treated disrespectfully at a patron's dinner.

1892:, the narrator invites his addressee to shake off his cares and come to a simple dinner. 344:

object lessons or exemplars of particular vices and virtues. Coupled with his dense and

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Rudd, Niall. 1982. Themes in Roman Satire. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

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lines 11.162–182 – In place of a pornographic Spanish dance show, there will be poetry.

687: 680: 602:) spreads like disease passes through an entire herd of livestock or a bunch of grapes. 469: 397: 262: 195: 2423:, however, were blameless, because they were compelled to cannibalism by the siege of 2117:

lines 13.71–85 – Perjurers will swear on the arms of all the gods to deny their debts.

1360:

lines 8.1–38 – What is the value of a pedigree, if you are inferior to your ancestors?

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lines 3.58–125 – Umbricius: The Greeks and their ways are flowing like pollution into

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if you want to be anything at all. Probity is praised – and it shivers in the street.

2799: 2103: 1872: 1759: 1698: 1013: 951: 323:. The sixth and tenth satires are some of the most renowned works in the collection. 2619:'(worthy to be) known, notable, famous, celebrated' is being personally outstanding. 2412:

lines 15.27–32 – Recently in upper Egypt, an entire people was guilty of this crime.

2765: 2753: 1835: 1801: 1663: 720: 160: 2770: 2647:

Courtney, E.. 1980. A Commentary of the Satires of Juvenal. London: Athlone Press.

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was content to possess is best, or – in the Roman manner – a fortune equal to the

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lines 8.127–162 – If you live wickedly, your good ancestors are a reproach to you.

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lines 7.178–214 – Rich men restrain only their spending on a teacher of rhetoric (

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The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 1996. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

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lines 14.303–316 – The anxiety of protecting wealth and possessions is a misery.

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lines 13.1–18 – Guilt is its own punishment. One should not overreact to ill-use.

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lines 9.90–91 – Nar: You are justified in complaining, Naevolus. What did he say?

1856:

lines 11.90–119 – The ancient Romans did not care for luxuries and Greek art. A

1818:(nothing in excess). The subject, in this instance, is the role of food and the 1606: 857: 296: 2665:

Highet, Gilbert. 1961. Juvenal the Satirist. New York: Oxford University Press.

2290:(acres) of land in return for all their wounds. Impatient greed leads to crime. 743:

lines 3.1–20 – The narrator's old friend Umbricius is about to depart Roma for

658:

of frogs; other men know all about ferrying what the adulterers send to brides;

481:, had disappeared from society, to the extent that "Rome was no longer Roman": 2715: 2675: 2275: 2227: 2142:

would say. The narrator makes an extended reference to the story of a corrupt

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lines 3.190–231 – Umbricius contrasts the perils and degradation of living in

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lines 2.82–116 – Effeminate dress is the gateway to complete gender inversion.

558: 465: 247: 123: 2687:

Richlin, Amy. 1992. The Garden of Priapus. New York: Oxford University Press.

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lines 16.35–50 – Soldiers do not have to wait for legal action like civilians

2336:. If twice or three times that does not suffice, then not even the wealth of 1553:

factors do not intervene. This satire is the source of the well-known phrase

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lines 3.21–57 – Umbricius: There is no opportunity in Roma for an honest man.

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nor able to predict the death of someone's father; I never inspected the guts

2155: 1889: 1749: 1150: 1097: 280: 2733: 2080:– a man born when Fonteius was consul – get stupefied by events like these? 2060:

What you suffer: they're the misfortunes of many, at this point well-known,

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and accustomed to venture into the covered sewer beneath the center of the

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Syme, Ronald. 1939. The Roman Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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lines 7.53–97 – Money and leisure are required to be a really great poet (

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lines 7.22–35 – Other patrons have learned to offer their admiration only.

311:. The genre is defined by a wide-ranging discussion of society and social 2790: 2529: 2420: 2406: 2398: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2297: 2139: 1875:. The narrator claims that his food is unharmed, despite owning no ivory. 1631: 1620: 1527: 890: 866: 277:

written between the end of the first and the early second centuries A.D.

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as if he were a sparing man, and a sure guardian of his own possessions,

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lines 13.19–70 – Philosophy and life-experience offer a defense against

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cooked things for himself that a slave on a chain-gang would reject now.

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lines 9.130–134 – Nar: You will never lack a pathic patron, don't worry.

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lines 7.215–243 – The qualifications and efforts required of a teacher (

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lines 11.183–208 – Rather than endure the annoyance of all Roma at the

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for sale in a smelly brothel would refrain from; another man will enjoy

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lines 9.46–47 – Nar: But you used to think you were really sexy to men.

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lines 8.39–55 – Many nobles have done nothing to make themselves noble.

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lines 5.24–48 – Different wines and goblets for different social ranks.

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In what forest did a wild boar perish under the tusks of larger boar?

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For certain, the one footpath of a tranquil life lies through virtue.

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what value do you put on the fact that – if I had not been handed over

1214:

A really fortunate man, however, is even more rare than a white crow.

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girl – paid off in the same coin? The common crime keeps its silence.

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and isn't willing to show his knocked-out teeth to the judge either.

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lines 14.210–255 – The greedy son will surpass his father as much as

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But, while you downplay some services and lie about others I've done,

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i.e. "throw the bolt and lock her in." But who is going to guard the

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Or have you advanced nothing to the better from so much experience?

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Our humble home does not take up such trifles. Another man will hear

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lines 10.1–27 – Few know what is really Good. Wealth often destroys.

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advises that a vessel be manufactured at once suitable for its size.

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lines 4.56–72 – The fisherman rushes to get the fish to the emperor.

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lines 9.124–129 – Nae: But what should I do now; youth is fleeting.

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lines 7.1–21 – The emperor is the only remaining patron of letters.

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are annoying and dangerous if you are not rich enough to ride in a

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no quail ever died for a father of children. If rich and childless

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summer, and by these arms he was safe even in that audience hall.

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I don't understand the motions of the stars – I am neither willing

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170 lines. The narrator claims to want to flee civilization (i.e.

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every time those men who pretend to be old-time paragons of virtue

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to strike you – and what's more – if he gets struck, he denies it

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For this vice deceives with the appearance and shape of a virtue,

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Lest these actions seem suspicious to you Corvinus, this Catullus

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lines 7.150–177 – No one is willing to pay teachers of rhetoric (

1271:) get only as much respect as the quality of their dress can buy. 1198:

if this same goddess wants, a teacher will be made from a consul.

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getting married, elite women performing in a beast hunt, and the

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Latin, these references indicate that the intended reader of the

2479:

among which by no means the least is that no civilian would dare

2107: 2074:

however slight – burning in your frothing guts, because a friend

1981: 1980:) – but other shipwrecked sailors are said to make offerings to 1821: 1385: 847: 662:

and that right there is why I'm going in no governor's entourage

441:

of the unjust City, so steeled, that he can restrain himself...

2268:

lines 14.96–106 – People learn to be Jewish from their parents.

2214:

Although youths imitate the other vices of their own free will,

2076:

did not return to you the things deposited with him under oath?

967:

lines 4.72–93 – Crispinus and other councilors begin to arrive.

927:

up the free words of his heart and stake his life on the truth.

2458: 2352: 2220:

since it has a grim bearing and a severe surface and exterior,

2187: 2029: 1937:

pay out a sick (and in fact closing its eyes) hen for a friend

1900: 1715: 1587:

lines 10.56–89 – It is all too easy to fall from power – like

1532:

the satisfactions, feasts, and feather bed of an Eastern king.

1520:

which places the length of life last among nature's blessings,

1486: 1443:

lines 9.1–26 – Narrator: Why do you look so haggard, Naevolus?

1420:

as your dedicated client – your wife would still be a virgin.

1399: 1341:

esteem this more important than the images of your ancestors.

1308: 1165: 1130:

guards themselves, who now keep silent the lapses of the loose

1101: 985: 906: 819: 804:

is fraught with danger from falling tiles, thugs, and robbers.

698: 623: 540: 483: 424: 18: 2222:

the miser is lauded as if he were frugal without hesitation –

2072:

You are hardly able to endure the least tiny particle of ills

1947:

there are those who would promise a one-hundred-cow sacrifice

1943:

Gallitta and Pacius begin to feel a chill, the entire portico

1811: 1799: 925:... nor was he the sort of citizen who was able to offer 725:

It is meaningful – in whatever place, in whatever backwater –

664:– I’m like a cripple, a useless body with a dead right hand. 2070:

sharper than what's called for, nor greater than the damage.

1988:

lines 12.1–29 – Description of the sacrificial preparations.

1712:("The maxim "Know thyself" comes down to us from the skies") 1212:

Kingdoms will be given to slaves, and a triumph to captives.

2078:

Does a man who has already left sixty years behind his back

929:

That is how he saw so many winters and indeed his eightieth

779:

everything is expensive, pretentious, and bought on credit.

652:

If a book is bad, I am unable to praise it and ask for one;

339:

Book V: Satires 13–16 (Satire 16 is incompletely preserved)

1935:

three little heirs. It would be fun to wait for someone to

1933:

for whose return I am placing so much on these altars, has

1516:

It is to be prayed that the mind be sound in a sound body.

1339:

Go on and be a Paulus or Cossus or Drusus in your morals –

1240:

lines 7.36–52 – The urge to write is an addictive disease.

1210:

other than a comet and the marvelous power of hidden fate?

1012:

a home-born slave of the Embankment, fat from the gushing

693:

London: A Poem in Imitation of the Third Satire of Juvenal

303:

Juvenal is credited with sixteen poems divided among five

2450:), so that people could live together in a civil society. 717:

As you love your hoe, live as the steward of your garden,

50: 2375:

When did a stronger lion rip the life from another lion?

2324:

lines 14.316–331 – How much is enough then? As much as

2216:

they are commanded to practice only avarice unwillingly.

2068:

Let's lay off the excessive groaning. Pain should not be

1783:

What does it matter by what voice such verses are read?

660:

nobody is going to be a thief with me as his accomplice,

565:

and live an orgy, dare to spout something about morals.

46: 2760:

The Satires of Juvenal, Persius, Sulpicia, and Lucilius

2727:

in Latin and English (translation G. G. Ramsay) at the

2556:

The Invisible Satirist: Juvenal and Second-Century Rome

2102:. There are hardly as many good people as the gates of 1949:

only because there are no elephants for sale here, ...

42: 464:

of society suddenly becoming wealthy by gross acts of

439:

It is hard not to write Satire. For who is so tolerant

2371:

But these days there is greater concord among snakes.

1766:

Our dinner party today will provide other amusements.

1584:

at the state of things. But what should men pray for?

759:

being put up for rent to Jews and polluted by marble.

1945:

is clothed with vows posted-up in the prescribed way

1626:

lines 10.168–187 – The world was not big enough for

1337:

every side, excellence is the one and only nobility.

1004:

An eel awaits you – close relative of a long snake –

958:– more expensive than the fisherman that caught him. 727:

to have made oneself the master of a single lizard.

430:

Difficile est saturam nōn scrībere. nam quis inīquae

2742:, English translation by Lamberto Bozzi (2016–2017) 1914:

tam sterili; verum haec nimia est inpensa, coturnix

1623:

ultimately accomplish? He dies of poison in exile.

1524:

does not know anger, lusts for nothing and believes

1149:c. 695 lines. For the discussion and synopsis, see 947:

lines 4.1–10 – Criticism of the courtier Crispinus.

230: 222: 214: 206: 194: 186: 176: 166: 156: 143: 119: 109: 74: 2401:must have been thought a liar for his tale of the 2049:depositum? stupet haec qui iam post terga reliquit 1939:so "sterile"; truly, this is too much expense, and 1522:which is able to bear whatever kind of sufferings, 1518:Ask for a brave soul that lacks the fear of death, 1175:Ventidius quid enim? quid Tullius? anne aliud quam 2373:A savage beast spares another with similar spots. 1535:I will reveal what you are able to give yourself; 1291:was rich, he was the lucky exception to the rule. 1249:); hunger and discomfort would have hobbled even 1134:A prudent wife looks ahead and starts with them. 650:What could I do at Rome? I don't know how to lie; 491:sī vīs esse aliquid. probitās laudatur et alget. 2199:cum sit triste habitu vultuque et veste severum, 1507:monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare; semita certe 1464:lines 9.102–123 – Nar: Rich men have no secrets. 918:solstitia, his armis illa quoque tutus in aula. 800:lines 3.268–314 – Umbricius: Travel by night in 432:tam patiēns urbis, tam ferreus, ut teneat sē... 2158:(6.86). The mere intention to do evil is guilt. 2062:and indeed trite, and drawn from the middle of 1910:tres habet heredes. libet expectare quis aegram 1906:neu suspecta tibi sint haec, Coruine, Catullus, 1725:fornice mancipium quibus abstinet, ille fruatur 1723:testarum crepitus cum verbis, nudum olido stans 1117:prospicit hoc prudens et a illis incipit uxor. 831:ante domum Veneris, quam Dorica sustinet Ancon, 719:whence you may lay out a feast for one hundred 708:est aliquid, quocumque loco, quocumque recessu, 546:Ultrā Sauromatās fugere hinc libet et glaciālem 489:Aude aliquid brevibus Gyarīs et carcere dignum, 2477:Let's deal with the common benefits first off, 2466:haut minimum illud erit, ne te pulsare togatus 2047:visceribus, sacrum tibi quod non reddat amicus 2035:quae pateris: casus multis hic cognitus ac iam 1721:non capit has nugas humilis domus. audiat ille 1680:, the wrath of scorned women may destroy them. 1405:verum, ut dissimules, ut mittas cetera, quanto 786:with the easy and cheap life outside the City. 643:mancus et extinctae corpus nōn ūtile dextrae. 631:sī malus est, nequeō laudāre et poscere; mōtus 2045:particulam vix ferre potes spumantibus ardens 1924:quatenus hic non sunt nec venales elephanti, 1922:porticus, existunt qui promittant hecatomben, 1916:nulla umquam pro patre cadet. sentire calorem 1739:quid refert, tales versus qua voce legantur? 1605:lines 10.114–132 – Being a great orator like 1496:qui spatium vitae extremum inter munera ponat 1492:orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano. 1316:atria, nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus. 1300:) are totally out of proportion to their pay. 1179:seruis regna dabunt, captiuis fata triumphum. 1109:consilia et ueteres quaecumque monetis amici, 997:et solitus mediae cryptam penetrare Suburae. 993:aut glaucis sparsus maculis Tiberinus et ipse 914:verba animi proferre et vitam inpendere vero. 641:fūr erit, atque ideō nūllī comes exeŏ tamquam 637:īnspexī; ferre ad nūptam quae mittit adulter, 45:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 8: 2566: 2564: 2362:fortior eripuit vitam leo? quo nemore umquam 2197:fallit enim uitium specie uirtutis et umbra, 2193:sponte tamen iuvenes imitantur cetera, solam 2043:tu quamuis leuium minimam exiguamque malorum 2041:non debet dolor esse uiri nec volnere maior. 1912:et claudentem oculos gallinam inpendat amico 1806:(know thyself) from the temple of Apollo at 1752:along with words that a naked slave standing 1509:tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae. 1498:naturae, qui ferre queat quoscumque labores, 1494:fortem posce animum mortis terrore carentem, 1173:si volet haec eadem, fiet de consule rhetor. 1111:pone seram, cohibe. sed quis custodiet ipsos 789:lines 3.232–267 – Umbricius: The streets of 747:. The narrator says he would himself prefer 635:nec volŏ nec possum; rānārum viscera numquam 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2468:audeat, immo, etsi pulsetur, dissimulet nec 2445: 2439: 2360:cognatis maculis similis fera. quando leoni 2283: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2053:an nihil in melius tot rerum proficis usu? 2011: 1918:si coepit locuples Gallitta et Pacius orbi, 1819: 1756:obscene voices and every art of lust, a man 1729:qui Lacedaemonium pytismate lubricat orbem; 1562: 1554: 1409:deuotusque cliens, uxor tua virgo maneret? 1295: 1282: 1266: 1257: 1244: 1192:wants, from a mere teacher you will become 1181:felix ille tamen coruo quoque rarior albo. 1115:hac mercede silent? crimen commune tacetur. 1047: 1041: 706:unde epulum possis centum dare Pythagoreis. 548:ōceanum, quotiēns aliquid dē mōribus audent 312: 2705:Trans. Peter Green. London: Penguin Books. 2470:audeat excussos praetori ostendere dentes 2205:certa magis quam si fortunas seruet easdem 2203:tamquam parcus homo et rerum tutela suarum 2195:inuiti quoque auaritiam exercere iubentur. 1502:Herculis aerumnas credat saevosque labores 1407:metiris pretio quod, ni tibi deditus essem 1318:Paulus vel Cossus vel Drusus moribus esto, 1126:of whatever counsels you old friends warn, 991:vos anguilla manet longae cognata colubrae 889:154 lines. The narrator makes the emperor 829:incidit Hadriaci spatium admirabile rhombi 825:cum iam semianimum laceraret Flauius orbem 704:vive bidentis amans et culti vilicus horti 639:quae mandat, nōrunt aliī; mē nēmŏ ministrō 629:quid Rōmae faciam? mentīrī nesciŏ; librum, 550:quī Curiōs simulant et Bacchānālia vīvunt 400:in an 11th-century manuscript in Oxford's 94: 71: 2464:commoda tractemus primum communia, quorum 2358:sed iam serpentum maior concordia. parcit 2039:ponamus nimios gemitus. flagrantior aequo 1908:pro cuius reditu tot pono altaria, paruos 1737:altisoni dubiam facientia carmina palmam. 1735:conditor Iliados cantabitur atque Maronis 1733:nostra dabunt alios hodie conuiuia ludos: 1576:lines 10.28–55 – One can either cry like 1504:et venere et cenis et pluma Sardanapalli. 1314:tota licet veteres exornent undique cerae 1171:si Fortuna volet, fies de rhetore consul; 1113:custodes, qui nunc lasciuae furta puellae 916:sic multas hiemes atque octogensima uidit 912:... nec ciuis erat qui libera posset 755:, and he describes the ancient shrine of 2578: 2576: 2435:, humans are only sacrificed, not eaten. 2201:nec dubie tamquam frugi laudetur avarus, 2037:tritus et e medio fortunae ductus aceruo 1841:lines 11.56–89 – The narrator invites a 1810:, while its theme calls to mind another 1727:vocibus obscenis omnique libidinis arte, 1500:nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil et potiores 995:vernula riparum, pinguis torrente cloaca 633:astrōrum ignōrō; fīnus prōmittere patris 16:Collection of satirical poems by Juvenal 2522: 1320:hos ante effigies maiorum pone tuorum. 1177:sidus et occulti miranda potentia fati? 690:was inspired by this text to write his 498:Dare something worthy of exile to tiny 2543:A Commentary on the Satires of Juvenal 2051:sexaginta annos Fonteio consule natus? 1920:glegitime fixis vestitur tota libellis 1388:utterly debased himself in these ways. 827:ultimus et caluo seruiret Roma Neroni, 2364:expirauit aper maioris dentibus apri 2207:Hesperidum serpens aut Ponticus. ... 710:unius sese dominum fecisse lacertae. 36:too many or overly lengthy quotations 7: 2570:Green, 1998, Introduction: LIX-LXIII 557:I get an itch to run off beyond the 2729:Internet Ancient History Sourcebook 2703:Juvenal. 1998. The Sixteen Satires. 2106:(100) or even as the mouths of the 1526:the hardships and savage labors of 950:lines 4.11–33 – Crispinus bought a 846:world – and Rome slaved for a bald 2678:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2226:better than if the Serpent of the 100:Page from a 1632 manuscript, with 14: 1638:after his misadventure in Greece. 1010:-fish spotted with gray blotches, 2779: 307:; all are in the Roman genre of 238: 190:16 poems divided into five books 23: 2740:Juvenal's Satires 1, 10, and 16 2716:Juvenal's 16 "Satires" in Latin 2736:in Latin and English, at Vroma 1384:lines 8.211–230 – The emperor 679:322 lines. In the place where 295:, from a volume translated by 1: 2725:Juvenal's Satires 1, 2, and 3 2236:guarded those same fortunes. 1758:who wets his inlaid floor of 1256:lines 7.98–105 – Historians ( 147: 1772:will sing, and the poems of 1619:lines 10.147–167 – What did 1262:) do not have it any better. 865:the marvelous expanse of an 2789:public domain audiobook at 2672:Juvenal. 1992. The Satires. 2558:(Oxford, 2015), pp. 219–226 2282:were content with only two 1777:that make the supremacy of 1265:lines 7.106–149 – Lawyers ( 2832: 2816:2nd-century books in Latin 1849:land. Long ago, the noble 1812: 1800: 1762:marbles with spit-out wine 1595:and cares for nothing but 1095: 1038:patron-client relationship 852:in sight of the shrine of 844:was ripping up a half-dead 273:poems by the Latin author 2167:(nature) of criminals is 1557:mens sana in corpore sano 874:and filled the nets; ... 352:was highly educated. The 237: 113: 93: 83: 2545:(London, 1980), pp. 1–2. 2462: 2356: 2317:realized that the cynic 2191: 2033: 1904: 1864:saved the city from the 1719: 1490: 1403: 1312: 1169: 1105: 989: 910: 823: 702: 627: 544: 487: 428: 87:Decimus Junius Juvenalis 43:summarize the quotations 2427:. Even at the altar of 2146:'s consultation of the 833:impleuitque sinus; ... 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2475: 2446: 2440: 2419:lines 15.93–131 – The 2369: 2284: 2278:or of the war against 2212: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2058: 2012: 2007:(family gods) as well. 1929: 1820: 1744: 1713: 1563: 1555: 1514: 1414: 1325: 1296: 1283: 1267: 1259:scriptores historiarum 1258: 1245: 1186: 1122: 1048: 1042: 1002: 923: 838: 715: 648: 555: 496: 437: 361:Lucius Aemilius Juncus 336:Book IV: Satires 10–12 313: 300: 269:) are a collection of 266: 244:The Satires of Juvenal 1696: 898:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 333:Book III: Satires 7–9 283: 2582:Miller, Paul Allen. 1873:decorated with ivory 1630:, but a coffin was. 1327:Although your whole 1046:) over his clients ( 902:vitam impendere vero 375:Manuscript tradition 215:Published in English 136:William Stewart Rose 2444:) as well as life ( 2315:Alexander the Great 2021:Book V (incomplete) 1628:Alexander the Great 1613:may get one killed. 1287:) for their sons. 840:Back when the last 561:and the frozen sea, 327:Book I: Satires 1–5 2776:by Edward Courtney 2771:Commentary on the 2734:Juvenal's Satire 3 2584:Latin Verse Satire 1768:The author of the 1714: 1707:e caelo descendit 1597:bread and circuses 1591:. The mob follows 1565:panem et circenses 1208:? Anything really 1069:lines 5.107–113 – 321:dactylic hexameter 301: 201:dactylic hexameter 2720:The Latin Library 2496: 2495: 2390: 2389: 2249: 2248: 2088: 2087: 1962: 1961: 1890:Megalensian Games 1796: 1795: 1550: 1549: 1433: 1432: 1354: 1353: 1227: 1226: 1147: 1146: 1034: 1033: 954:for six thousand 944: 943: 887: 886: 740: 739: 677: 676: 578: 577: 517: 516: 454: 453: 382:Servius Honoratus 369:Pliny the Younger 330:Book II: Satire 6 253: 252: 151: AD 100–127 68: 67: 2823: 2806:Works by Juvenal 2783: 2782: 2762:in English prose 2750:in English verse 2620: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2593: 2587: 2586:. 2005, page 232 2580: 2571: 2568: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2459: 2449: 2443: 2425:Pompey the Great 2353: 2334:equestrian order 2289: 2188: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2148:Oracle of Apollo 2030: 2015: 1978:Capitoline Triad 1901: 1825: 1817: 1816: 1805: 1804: 1716: 1697:Illustration by 1634:crawled back to 1568: 1560: 1487: 1400: 1331:display ancient 1309: 1299: 1286: 1278:) appropriately. 1270: 1261: 1248: 1166: 1102: 1051: 1045: 1006:or maybe even a 986: 907: 820: 699: 624: 541: 484: 425: 408:Synopsis of the 402:Bodleian Library 318: 242: 241: 207:Publication date 152: 149: 115: 98: 89: 79: 72: 63: 60: 54: 27: 26: 19: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2811:Satirical poems 2796: 2795: 2780: 2712: 2629: 2624: 2623: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2457: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2238: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2104:Egyptian Thebes 2084: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2028: 2023: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1899: 1785: 1782: 1776: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1691: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1485: 1480: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1398: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1307: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1199: 1197: 1188:If the goddess 1183: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1164: 1159: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1100: 1094: 1089: 1023: 1016: 1011: 1005: 999: 996: 994: 992: 984: 933: 930: 928: 926: 920: 917: 915: 913: 876: 873: 864: 851: 845: 835: 832: 830: 828: 826: 818: 729: 726: 724: 718: 712: 709: 707: 705: 666: 663: 661: 659: 657: 655: 653: 651: 645: 642: 640: 638: 636: 634: 632: 630: 622: 588:lines 2.1–35 – 567: 564: 562: 552: 549: 547: 539: 506: 503: 493: 490: 443: 440: 434: 431: 423: 418: 413: 377: 239: 150: 138: 134: 132: 130: 128:Rolfe Humphries 126: 105: 104:and annotations 84: 75: 64: 58: 55: 49:or excerpts to 40: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2777: 2768: 2756: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2722: 2711: 2710:External links 2708: 2707: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2588: 2572: 2560: 2547: 2534: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2473: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2436: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2403:Laestrygonians 2388: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2367: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2322: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2294: 2291: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2210: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2159: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2096: 2086: 2085: 2056: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2008: 1999: 1992: 1989: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1927: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1886:Circus Maximus 1882: 1879: 1876: 1869: 1854: 1839: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1748:the clacks of 1742: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1671: 1656: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1624: 1617: 1614: 1603: 1600: 1585: 1580:or laugh like 1574: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1512: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1412: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1323: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1292: 1279: 1272: 1263: 1254: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1184: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1124:... I am aware 1120: 1096:Main article: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1000: 983: 980: 979: 978: 975: 968: 965: 962: 959: 948: 942: 941: 939: 935: 934: 921: 885: 884: 882: 878: 877: 836: 817: 814: 813: 812: 805: 798: 787: 780: 773: 770: 763: 760: 738: 737: 735: 731: 730: 713: 688:Samuel Johnson 681:Numa Pompilius 675: 674: 672: 668: 667: 646: 621: 618: 617: 616: 613: 606: 603: 596: 593: 576: 575: 573: 569: 568: 553: 538: 535: 534: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 515: 514: 512: 508: 507: 502:and death row, 494: 452: 451: 449: 445: 444: 435: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 406: 398:E. O. Winstedt 386:interpolations 376: 373: 341: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 251: 250: 235: 234: 228: 227: 224: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 208: 204: 203: 198: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 145: 141: 140: 139:Lamberto Bozzi 121: 117: 116: 111: 110:Original title 107: 106: 99: 91: 90: 81: 80: 66: 65: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2828: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2541:E. 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