338:'s position was located just below the cockpit, in a semi-retractable gondola, and differed from that of the SM.79, being both larger and in a location which was more favourable for communicating with the crew, and provided excellent visibility thanks to the glazed panel. Both this position and the cockpit had escape hatches, but for normal entry and exit there was a door in the left, mid-fuselage, and one in the aft fuselage. Equipment included an RA 350I radio-transmitter, AR5 radio-receiver, and a P63N radiocompass (not always fitted), while other systems comprised an electrical generator, fire extinguishing system, and an OMI 30 camera (in the gunner's nacelle).
320:, with the mainwheels enclosed by large spats to reduce drag, and had a crew of six. The aircraft was of mixed construction: the fuselage had a framework of steel tubes with a metallic-covered aft portion, while the rest was wood- and fabric-covered. It had a relatively large fuselage, an unnecessary characteristic for a bomber, which determined its future as a transport aircraft. Since the engines were quite small, the fuselage did not blend well with the nose engine, even less so than the SM.79. Many windows were present to provide the fuselage interior with daylight, giving the impression that it was a passenger aircraft.
781:
695:
732:
659:
513:
37:
1935:
1959:
756:
1947:
371:
with the gun barrels positioned vertically, one aft of the other to reduce drag, giving the impression that the aircraft had additional antennae. Given the SM.81's cruise speed of around 270 km/h (170 mph) and the presence of a massive fixed undercarriage, the aerodynamic gain was relatively small.
419:
The SM.81's defensive armament was better than its successor, the SM.79, and even than that of the SM.84, although of smaller calibre, but still insufficient when faced with modern enemy fighter opposition. It was also capable of carrying a greater bombload than the SM.79, due to its wide fuselage.
370:
were mounted to fire through lateral hatches. The turrets were rotated by a "Riva-Calzoni" hydraulic system, while the guns' elevation was manual, and manual back-up mechanisms were provided for both the retracting and rotating systems. Once retracted, only the upper part of the turret was visible,
682:
in
October 1937, but could not be delivered to China because its packing cases were too large for rail travel. Two of the Nanchang-built aircraft were delivered to the Air Force, with a further example completed but destroyed when the factory was bombed in December 1937. All were lost in training
374:
The ventral turret was operated in a different fashion to those fitted to other aircraft where the gunner occupied the ball- or dustbin-shaped structure; instead, due to lack of space, the gunner crouched in the fuselage with his head down inside the turret. This proved not to be very effective as
389:
The SM.81's bomb bay was divided into two parts with a passage linking aft and mid fuselage between, and could accommodate a wide range of ordnance up to a total of 2,000 kg (4,410 lb) over short ranges, with individual bombs of up to 500 kg (1,100 lb), arranged either
627:
SM.81s serving in
Ethiopia had markings applied to distinguish them in SAR missions. The normal camouflage pattern was yellow, green and brown. The all-over dark olive green scheme was introduced later, when the aircraft were used only in transport missions.
497:
and 2 × 1,140 L/301 US gal tanks) and two 370 L (100 US gal) tanks (or 780 L/210 US gal with Gnome-Rhône 14K engines) in the outer wings. This gave an overall fuel capacity of 3,620 or 4,400 L (960 or 1,160 US gal).
341:
The aircraft, having a large wing and robust undercarriage, was reliable and pleasant to fly, and could operate from all types of terrain. It was surprisingly fast for its time and, given the power of its engines, especially compared to the similar
331:, with separate cabins for the flight engineer and the radio-operator/gunner behind the cockpit. The bomb bay was behind the cockpit, together with a passage which linked the mid and aft fuselage, where there were three further defensive positions.
296:
Although it was quickly superseded as a front-line bomber, the SM.81 continued to serve as a transport by virtue of its wide fuselage, which allowed it to accommodate a wide range of loads. Apart from its speed, it was generally superior to the
346:. It was better armed than the SM.79, but the increased drag combined with the same engine power reduced the maximum speed and cruise speeds as well as the range. No armour was fitted, except for the
1053:
1748:
1343:
188:. When it appeared in 1935, it represented a real step ahead in Italian military aviation: it was fast, well armed and had a long range. It proved effective during the
327:
to provide the necessary support, whereas the semi-elliptical tail surfaces were fabric-covered metal. The pilot and co-pilot were seated side-by-side in an enclosed
596:
meant that during daytime the SM.81 was restricted to second line duties, finding use as a transport. At night it was an effective bomber, particularly in the
507:
375:
were most ventral turrets, and they were not fitted to further
Savoias, although Piaggio fitted a dustbin-style turret accommodating the gunner to their
281:, ordered in 1935, was for 100 aircraft and was quickly put into production as a result of the international crisis and the embargo caused by the war in
1741:
1984:
2004:
1989:
1336:
1315:
1217:
1734:
386:
were fitted, but these were later replaced by reliable, if not very fast-firing models made by Breda, together with 500 rounds per gun.
1979:
1043:
745:
1824:
1614:
1599:
1539:
1534:
1235:
477:
inline engines and a streamlined, glazed nose. It had inferior performance to the three-engined versions and was not taken further.
429:
1554:
1329:
1048:
722:
612:
358:
The SM.81 was equipped with six machine guns providing a heavy defensive armament for a 1935 aircraft. Two powered retractable
1076:
1710:
473:
In addition, one aircraft, the SM.81B, was built in a twin-engined configuration, powered by two 627 kW (840 hp)
1819:
1660:
769:
671:
620:
1925:
561:. The first Italian aircraft to enter action in East Africa were a pair of SM.81s. On 11 June 1940, one of them attacked
400:
16 × 100 kg (220 lb) (stored vertically, as all the smaller ones), true weight around 130 kg (287 lb)
1912:
1274:
521:
189:
362:, one dorsal (just behind the pilots' seats) and one ventral-aft, were each fitted with 7.7 mm (0.303 in)
1999:
317:
674:. Six SM.81Bs were ordered in November 1936, to be built at the Sino-Italian National Aircraft Works (SINAW) at
577:
while trying to land. A further flight was concurrently deployed against Anglo-Rhodesian defensive positions in
1270:
474:
382:
Both flanks were covered by one single and one twin gun installation. Initially six 7.7 mm (.303 in)
247:), who required a fast and efficient aircraft that was capable of serving the vast Italian colonies in Africa.
493:, the specialized manufacturer. Eight tanks were fitted, with six in the centre wing (4 × 150 L/40
1829:
1644:
1634:
991:
737:
608:
543:
525:
363:
1794:
1715:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1544:
1489:
1014:
597:
486:
406:
56 × 31 kg (68 lb), 24 kg (53 lb), 20 kg (40 lb), or 15 kg (33 lb)
347:
335:
298:
286:
221:
74:
1849:
1789:
1700:
1670:
1665:
1579:
1529:
1524:
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1499:
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258:
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145:
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1804:
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1321:
716:
604:
534:
466:
97:
1869:
582:
460:
383:
261:, but had a much simpler fuselage. Around six months after the SM.73s first appearance, the SM.81
1994:
1859:
1839:
1834:
877:
578:
454:
885:
448:
1879:
1705:
1311:
1288:
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710:
529:
197:
184:
93:
89:
42:
1951:
1874:
1675:
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700:
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586:
547:
490:
244:
217:
161:
79:
1963:
1884:
1844:
1809:
786:
469:, 582–671 kW (780–900 hp), also fitted to early versions of the SM.79. 58 built.
324:
240:
228:
1283:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. London:
1210:
A History of
Chinese Aviation: Encyclopedia of Aircraft and Aviation in China until 1949
512:
1352:
1031:
442:
416:
The bomb-release mechanism was located on the right side of the bombardier's position.
290:
176:
36:
17:
1973:
1784:
1453:
1417:
1026:
678:, with an additional example purchased direct to Italy. This arrived disassembled at
376:
343:
933:
430 km (270 mi, 230 nmi) with 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) bomb load
1939:
1854:
554:
232:
201:
1280:
The
Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)
200:. Despite being too slow to remain competitive as a bomber in the later years of
1889:
236:
485:
The fuel tanks, as was standard for
Italian multi-engined aircraft, were metal
409:
1,008 × 2 kg (4 lb) (true weight, around 1,700 kg/3,750 lb)
208:
from 1935 to 1944, and adapted to second-line duties in a wide range of tasks.
1864:
1814:
562:
359:
1292:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
679:
600:. Anti-ship actions were also carried out, but without significant success.
524:, where it showed itself to be versatile serving as a bomber, transport and
494:
367:
313:
262:
872:
9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 485 kW (650 hp) each
557:, around 300 (290–304 depending on source) SM.81s were in service with the
908:
340 km/h (210 mph, 180 kn) at 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
403:
28 × 50 kg (110 lb) (true weight, around 70 kg/150 lb)
204:, it was one of the most flexible, reliable and important aircraft of the
1372:
1367:
675:
282:
277:, on 8 February 1934, controlled by test pilot Adriano Bacula. The first
270:
251:
224:
193:
169:
1088:
1086:
1084:
684:
574:
566:
539:
328:
664:
438:, was fitted with a wide range of engines throughout its production:
274:
250:
The SM.81 had wings that were roughly similar to those of the double-
172:
553:
Despite their obsolescence, by 1940, when Italy became involved in
761:
511:
235:. The origins of this version were in pursuit of the interests of
180:
67:
1308:
Air War East Africa 1940–41 The RAF versus the
Italian Air Force
1284:
618:
Several examples survived the war and went on to serve with the
573:, but one turned back, and one of the other two hit a hill near
570:
1730:
1325:
165:
1243:
The Savoia
Marchetti S.M.81 (Aircraft in Profile number 146)
1310:. Barnsley (South Yorkshire) Pen and Sword Aviation, 2009.
434:
The SM.81 had a three-engine configuration, but unlike the
1245:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd.,1967.
800:
Specifications (SM.81b with Alfa Romeo 125 R.C.35 engines)
1264:
The Hamlyn
Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II
1230:(Sampson Low Guides). Maidenhead, UK: Sampson Low, 1978.
1054:
List of Regia
Aeronautica aircraft used in World War II
607:
of 1943, though some remained in service with both the
1923:
394:
4 × 500 kg (1,100 lb) (stored horizontally)
565:
and the other flew a reconnaissance flight over the
1898:
1765:
1653:
1462:
1446:
1360:
1021:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
640:
Three-engine bomber, transport aircraft, 535 built.
141:
133:
125:
117:
112:
104:
85:
73:
63:
55:
50:
29:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
569:. That same night, three SM.81s took off to bomb
457:, 501–522 kW (670–700 hp) – 48 built.
451:, 485–746 kW (650-1,000 hp).96 built.
445:, 432–507 kW (580–680 hp). 192 built.
1255:Passingham, Malcolm. "Savoia-Marchetti SM81".
646:Experimental twin-engine prototype, one built.
603:Most SM.81s were withdrawn by the time of the
538:and were among the first aircraft sent by the
243:regime (but nevertheless "exiled" in Libya by
1742:
1337:
939:2,000 km (1,200 mi, 1,100 nmi)
8:
999:Up to 2,000 kg (4,409 lb) of bombs
964:5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 20 min 36 s
285:. The first examples were sent to 7 Wing at
1259:, May 1977, Vol 10 No 5. pp. 182–187.
961:3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 11 min 48 s
1749:
1735:
1727:
1344:
1330:
1322:
958:1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 4 min 15 s
914:260 km/h (160 mph, 140 kn)
624:, but by 1950 these had all been retired.
508:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 operational history
366:, while single 7.7 mm (.303 in)
26:
1353:SIAI, Savoia-Marchetti and SIAI-Marchetti
1212:. Taipei, Republic of China: AHS of ROC.
927:1,500 km (930 mi, 810 nmi)
463:, 507 kW (680 hp) – 140 built.
1930:
1069:
921:110 km/h (68 mph; 59 kn)
216:The SM.81 was a militarised version of
1228:World Aircraft: World War II, Volume I
1226:Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi.
1092:Angelucci and Matricardi 1978, p. 188.
520:The SM.81 first saw combat during the
1306:Sutherland, Jon & Diane Canwell:
974:101 kg/m (21 lb/sq ft)
397:4 × 250 kg (550 lb) (ditto)
312:The SM.81 was a robust, three-engine
7:
592:Its low speed and vulnerability to
1195:Penguin Books. 2006. London. p.938
1077:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 Pipistrello
1044:List of interwar military aircraft
826:18.3 m (60 ft 0 in)
746:Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana
25:
844:92.2 m (992 sq ft)
838:4.3 m (14 ft 1 in)
430:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 propulsion
231:wings, three engines and a fixed
1957:
1945:
1933:
1271:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.
1049:List of aircraft of World War II
832:24 m (78 ft 9 in)
779:
754:
730:
723:Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force
693:
657:
613:Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force
585:, presaging a limited role as a
581:immediately before the decisive
257:, and identical to those of the
35:
1760:transport aircraft designations
862:10,505 kg (23,160 lb)
323:The all-wooden wings had three
856:9,300 kg (20,503 lb)
850:6,800 kg (14,991 lb)
683:accidents in February 1938 at
239:, a brilliant exponent of the
41:Savoia Marchetti SM.81 of the
1:
1985:1930s Italian bomber aircraft
945:7,000 m (23,000 ft)
770:Aeronautica Militare Italiana
672:Chinese Nationalist Air Force
621:Aeronautica Militare Italiana
489:using materials developed by
59:Bomber and transport aircraft
2005:Aircraft first flown in 1934
1990:World War II Italian bombers
1182:Andersson 2008, pp. 133, 282
1121:Passingham 1977, pp.182–183.
528:. SM.81s also fought in the
390:horizontally or vertically:
1252:, Aerei nella Storia, n.33.
1208:Andersson, Lennart (2008).
773:operated this type postwar.
522:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
2021:
505:
427:
1980:Savoia-Marchetti aircraft
1266:. Chancellor Press, 2002.
304:as a multirole aircraft.
34:
992:Breda-SAFAT machine guns
516:Savoia-Marchetti S.M. 81
475:Isotta-Fraschini Asso XI
364:Breda-SAFAT machine guns
179:aircraft serving in the
1155:Sutherland 2009, p. 31.
1146:Passingham 1977, p.187.
1137:Passingham 1977, p.183.
1112:Passingham 1977, p.182.
811:General characteristics
738:Italian Social Republic
609:Italian Social Republic
526:reconnaissance aircraft
487:self-sealing fuel tanks
348:self-sealing fuel tanks
318:tailwheel undercarriage
308:Overall characteristics
155:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81
1273:; et al. (1954).
1193:The Spanish Civil War.
1173:Andersson 2008, p. 233
1164:Playfair 1954, p. 176.
876:Alternative engines:-
517:
212:Design and development
18:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81
990:6 × 7.7 mm (.303 in)
882:Alfa Romeo 126 R.C.34
870:Alfa Romeo 125 R.C.35
598:North African theatre
515:
146:Savoia-Marchetti S.73
1758:Spanish Armed Forces
1257:Aircraft Illustrated
717:Aviazione Legionaria
535:Aviazione Legionaria
467:Alfa Romeo 126 RC.34
443:Alfa Romeo 125 RC.35
384:Vickers machine guns
287:Campo della Promessa
98:Aeronautica Militare
1900:Transporte Cisterna
1250:SIAI 81 Pipistrello
1241:Apostolo, Giorgio.
1009:Related development
893:3-bladed propellers
860:Max takeoff weight:
583:Battle of Tug Argan
502:Operational history
461:Piaggio P.IX R.C.40
51:General information
878:Piaggio P.X R.C.15
579:British Somaliland
518:
455:Piaggio P.X R.C.15
269:) first flew from
2000:Low-wing aircraft
1921:
1920:
1906:
1773:
1724:
1723:
1316:978-1-84415-816-4
1219:978-957-28533-3-7
949:Time to altitude:
794:Spanish Air Force
711:Regia Aeronautica
665:Republic of China
605:Italian armistice
559:Regia Aeronautica
530:Spanish Civil War
206:Regia Aeronautica
198:Spanish Civil War
185:Regia Aeronautica
151:
150:
118:Introduction date
94:Spanish Air Force
90:Regia Aeronautica
43:Regia Aeronautica
16:(Redirected from
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1248:Lembo, Daniele,
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548:Francisco Franco
412:Incendiary bombs
218:Savoia-Marchetti
168:) was the first
80:Savoia-Marchetti
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129:8 February 1934
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395:
355:
352:
309:
306:
291:Lonate Pozzolo
213:
210:
149:
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143:
142:Developed from
139:
138:
135:
131:
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127:
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122:
119:
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114:
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101:
92:
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77:
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57:
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52:
48:
47:
40:
32:
31:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2017:
2006:
2003:
2001:
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1991:
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1965:
1955:
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1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
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1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
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1335:
1333:
1328:
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1324:
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1294:
1290:
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1236:0-562-00096-8
1233:
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1211:
1206:
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1042:
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1040:
1039:
1038:Related lists
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:Junkers Ju 52
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1003:
998:
995:
993:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
973:
972:Wing loading:
970:
969:
963:
960:
957:
956:
955:
954:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
931:Combat range:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
913:
912:Cruise speed:
910:
907:
904:
903:
902:
900:
892:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
854:Gross weight:
852:
849:
848:Empty weight:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
815:
814:
812:
807:
806:
799:
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:Spanish State
777:
776:
772:
771:
767:
766:
763:
752:
751:
748:
747:
743:
742:
739:
728:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
713:
712:
708:
707:
704:
702:
691:
690:
686:
681:
677:
673:
670:
669:
666:
655:
654:
650:
645:
642:
639:
636:
635:
631:
629:
625:
623:
622:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
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541:
537:
536:
531:
527:
523:
514:
509:
501:
499:
496:
492:
488:
480:
478:
476:
468:
465:
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402:
399:
396:
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392:
391:
387:
385:
380:
378:
372:
369:
365:
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
344:Junkers Ju 52
339:
337:
332:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
300:
294:
292:
289:airbase near
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:undercarriage
230:
226:
223:
219:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
86:Primary users
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:during flight
44:
38:
33:
28:
19:
1899:
1779:
1766:
1564:
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1279:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1227:
1209:
1202:Bibliography
1192:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1117:
1072:
1037:
1036:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1007:
996:
987:
979:
977:
971:
948:
942:
937:Ferry range:
936:
930:
924:
918:
911:
905:
898:
896:
890:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
810:
808:
804:
803:
768:
744:
719:64 aircraft
709:
626:
619:
617:
602:
591:
558:
555:World War II
552:
533:
519:
484:
472:
435:
433:
418:
415:
388:
381:
373:
357:
340:
333:
322:
311:
301:
295:
278:
266:
249:
215:
205:
202:World War II
183:
170:three-engine
156:
154:
152:
126:First flight
105:Number built
75:Manufacturer
1298:3 September
899:Performance
891:Propellers:
866:Powerplant:
544:airlift aid
237:Italo Balbo
220:'s earlier
157:Pipistrello
1974:Categories
1767:Transporte
1060:References
842:Wing area:
563:Port Sudan
542:powers to
424:Propulsion
368:Lewis Guns
336:bombardier
229:cantilever
1995:Trimotors
1952:Companies
1772:Transport
1447:Marchetti
1293:494123451
1065:Citations
830:Wingspan:
805:Data from
680:Hong Kong
651:Operators
532:with the
495:US gallon
436:Sparviero
314:monoplane
302:Sparviero
263:prototype
245:Mussolini
227:, having
177:transport
1964:Aviation
1825:T.9 (II)
1355:aircraft
1004:See also
980:Armament
676:Nanchang
632:Variants
611:and the
354:Armament
283:Ethiopia
271:Vergiate
267:MM.20099
252:fuselage
225:airliner
196:and the
194:Ethiopia
1926:Portals
1820:T.9 (I)
1716:SM.1019
1277:(ed.).
836:Height:
824:Length:
685:Yichang
575:Massawa
567:Red Sea
540:fascist
360:turrets
329:cockpit
273:, near
241:Fascist
181:Italian
162:Italian
134:Retired
113:History
1905:Tanker
1706:SF.600
1701:SF.260
1676:SA.202
1671:SM.102
1666:SM.101
1661:FN.333
1645:SM.105
1314:
1291:
1234:
1216:
997:Bombs:
925:Range:
784:
759:
735:
698:
662:
643:SM.81B
491:SEMAPE
275:Varese
173:bomber
1940:Italy
1880:TR.20
1711:S.700
1696:S.211
1691:S.210
1686:S.208
1681:S.205
1640:SM.95
1635:SM.94
1630:SM.93
1625:SM.92
1620:SM.91
1615:SM.90
1610:SM.89
1605:SM.88
1600:SM.87
1595:SM.86
1590:SM.85
1585:SM.84
1575:SM.83
1570:SM.82
1565:SM.81
1560:SM.80
1555:SM.79
1550:SM.78
1545:SM.77
1540:SM.76
1535:SM.75
988:Guns:
818:Crew:
762:Italy
637:SM.81
377:P.108
325:spars
299:SM.79
279:serie
222:SM.73
192:with
68:Italy
30:SM.81
1913:TK.1
1902:(TK)
1890:T.22
1885:T.21
1875:T.19
1870:T.18
1865:T.17
1860:T.16
1855:T.15
1850:T.14
1845:T.13
1840:T.12
1835:T.11
1830:T.10
1580:S.84
1530:S.74
1525:S.73
1520:S.72
1515:S.71
1510:S.66
1505:S.65
1500:S.64
1495:S.63
1490:S.62
1485:S.59
1480:S.57
1475:S.56
1470:S.55
1438:S.67
1433:S.58
1428:S.52
1423:S.51
1418:S.50
1413:S.23
1408:S.22
1403:S.21
1398:S.19
1393:S.17
1388:S.16
1383:S.13
1378:S.12
1361:SIAI
1312:ISBN
1300:2015
1289:OCLC
1285:HMSO
1232:ISBN
1214:ISBN
868:3 ×
571:Aden
481:Fuel
334:The
259:S.73
255:S.55
153:The
137:1950
121:1935
56:Type
1815:T.8
1810:T.7
1805:T.6
1800:T.5
1795:T.4
1790:T.3
1785:T.2
1780:T.1
1769:(R)
1454:MVT
1373:S.9
1368:S.8
884:or
546:to
190:war
166:bat
108:535
1976::
1287:.
1126:^
1097:^
1083:^
880:,
615:.
589:.
550:.
379:.
350:.
293:.
164::
1928::
1750:e
1743:t
1736:v
1345:e
1338:t
1331:v
1318:.
1302:.
1238:.
1222:.
820:6
687:.
265:(
175:/
160:(
20:)
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