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severe: a fine of not more than $ 2000, imprisonment, or both or, where such violation is “willful" and for purposes of direct or indirect commercial advantage or private financial gain,” a fine of up to $ 50,000 and imprisonment of not more than two years for the first such conviction and up to $ 100,000 and five years for subsequent convictions. In addition, the statute provides for a private civil remedy to any person aggrieved by a violation of this section. The FCC regulations implementing this section more specifically provide those messages originated by “privately-owned non-broadcast stations . . . may be broadcast only upon receipt of prior permission from the non-broadcast licensee.” When people read this, they took it as putting scanner broadcasts online is illegal. This is not true because it only refers to the interception of broadcasts. This means it is still legal to put scanner audio in videos, but you cannot re-broadcast them over said frequency. Since most police, fire, EMS, and public safety frequencies are public and publicly available in the FCC Database, you can still put audio in videos no matter what the audio is.
445:
recorded emergency transmission. A police initiative pressuring the government to create legislation to stop online streaming of scanner captured police communications was announced in April 2012. Although it is currently legal to stream information from a scanner in Canada, using the information for profit is not legal. Some
Canadian police forces use encrypted communications which cannot legally be decrypted and streamed onto the Internet. Applications are available permitting anyone with an Internet-ready computer or smartphone to access scanner communications that are streamed onto the Internet by private individuals who possess the appropriate scanner and computer equipment.
600:
286:
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the real activation tones and some still keep them in there, however they put a disclaimer in the description of the video saying they will not be held responsible for misuse of activation tones. The reason why activation tones are in videos in the first place is to alert the enthusiasts of when said siren is about to go off. With this being in mind, this is what some sources say about putting scanner audio in videos (including tones). Section 705 of the
145:
672:, etc.) or the operator's job requires the use of a scanner in a vehicle (e.g., police, fire, utilities). Many scanner user manuals include a warning saying that, while it is legal to listen to almost every transmission a scanner can receive, but there are some that persons should not intentionally listen to (such as telephone conversations, pager transmissions, or any scrambled or encrypted transmissions) under the
635:, under the pressure from cellular telephone interests, prohibited scanners sold after a certain date from receiving frequencies allocated to the Cellular Radio Service. The law was later amended to make it illegal to modify radios to receive those frequencies, and also to sell radios that could be easily modified to do so. This law remains in effect even though no cellular subscribers still use
730:
36:
133:
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radio), then it is considered illegal. In 2008, the Dutch
Supreme Court ruled that receivers that can solely be used to detect certain frequencies (such as radar detectors) are illegal because they cannot be used to "convey knowledge or thoughts" and thus are not covered by the aforementioned doctrine.
713:
States that: No person not being authorized by the sender shall intercept any radio communication and divulge or publish the existence, contents, substance, purport, effect, or meaning of such intercepted communication to any person. 47 U.S.C. § 605(a). The penalties for violating this section are
480:
only prohibited the act of listening to other classes of transmissions. This was broadened as a response to a decision of the
Cologne Administrative Court, which in 2008 questioned whether the mere reception and decoding of aircraft transponder signals to display aircraft movements on a screen could
708:
and other cities. After this many siren enthusiasts stopped putting activation tones in videos so that they would not be used maliciously. A lot of arguments in the siren community have spun up after these hacks. Some enthusiasts began altering or pitch shifting tones so that they do not sound like
502:
Moreover, Section 11(2) of the Act states that "no person shall improperly divulge the purport of any message, communication, or signal sent or proposed to be sent by wireless telegraphy." The aforementioned exemption echoes this wording as a condition of use of covered receive-only apparatuses. No
548:
In the
Netherlands, it is legal to listen to any radio spectrum frequency because of the "freedom of information"-doctrine. However, if a "special" (i.e., unusual) effort is needed to intercept the information on a frequency (such as decrypting encrypted traffic or using an unauthorized or bootleg
651:
at 43.720–44.480 MHz, 46.610–46.930 MHz, and 902.000–906.000 MHz can still be picked up by many commercially available scanners, however. The proliferation of scanners led most cordless phone manufacturers to produce cordless handsets operating on a more secure 2.4 GHz system
444:
officer
Constable Garrett Styles was picked up by scanners. Online streaming of communications between the fatally injured officer and police dispatch were picked up by local media. The tragedy was widely reported before the officer's family was notified and several media outlets rebroadcast the
249:
Scanners developed from earlier tunable and fixed-frequency radios that received one frequency at a time. Non-broadcast radio systems, such as those used by public safety agencies, do not transmit continuously. With a radio fixed on a single frequency, much time could pass between transmissions,
557:
In New
Zealand, according to section 133A of the Radiocommunications Act of 1989, it is legal to possess and use a scanner at any time to tune to any private voice radio (but not encrypted data), provided that private information is not passed on or disclosed to any other person(s) or party(s).
530:
It is legal to possess, install and operate a scanner in Japan. The radio law prohibits from disclosing or passing on information received to other persons and using the information to gain personal profit. It is illegal to listen to telephone communication and those transmitted using tapping
686:
Many people including siren enthusiasts, aviation enthusiasts, and more use scanner audio or footage and post them online or live-stream them. Older people who are involved in these group (mainly siren enthusiasts) have said that putting siren activation tones in videos is either illegal or
591:, which in many other countries may be publicly listened to (and are even available to be streamed online) but in the UK are restricted. Many emergency services have now switched to digital encrypted radio systems, so that it is more difficult for the general public to listen to them.
539:
In Mexico, it is legal to have an unblocked scanner and listen to any radio spectrum frequencies, including encrypted and cellular band. According to the
Federal Law of General Ways of Communication, individuals are prohibited from spreading any information obtained via a scanner.
433:, it is completely legal to install, operate or possess a radio apparatus that is capable only of the reception of broadcasting (digital and analogue, but not encrypted data) provided that private information is not passed on or disclosed to any other person(s) or party(s).
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while other frequencies might be active. A scanning radio will sequentially monitor multiple programmed channels, or scan between user defined frequency limits and user defined frequency steps. The scanner will stop on an active frequency strong enough to break the radio's
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and using a video online using activation tones from Dallas County's dispatch center. The hacker then transmitted the video with tones in it over the dispatch frequency which led to all of the sirens going off in Dallas. More of these hacks happened in places such as
416:
In
Belgium it is allowed to possess and listen to a scanner. Although it is only allowed to listen to frequencies where you have a permission to listen to. Without permission it is only allowed to listen to HAM Radio or other so called 'free to listen' channels
717:
In the United States, licensed amateur radio operators with a valid FCC license may possess amateur radio transceivers capable of reception beyond the amateur radio bands per an FCC Memorandum & Order known as FCC Docket PR91-36 (also known as FCC 93-410).
586:
In the United
Kingdom, it is not illegal to own or use a scanner except in particular circumstances. For example, particular transmissions or frequencies should only be listened to with authorization an example of this being UK aviation frequencies and
343:
modifications may be used. For example, an external antenna can be used for a desktop scanner or an extendable antenna for a hand held unit will provide greater performance than the original equipment "stock" antennas provided by manufacturers.
465:, those intended for the general public, and those intended for an indefinite group of people. Violation of this provision is punishable by up to two years in prison or a fine. This prohibition was previously included in the
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varies considerably between jurisdictions, although it is a federal crime to monitor encrypted cellular phone calls. Five U.S. states restrict the use of a scanner in an automobile. Although scanners capable of following
1433:
PR Docket 91-36: In the Matter of
Federal Preemption of State and Local Laws Concerning Amateur Operator Use of Transceivers Capable of Reception Beyond Amateur Service Frequency Allocations—Memorandum Opinion and
317:
communications, and yet another for local police frequencies. These can be switched on and off depending on the user's preference. Most scanners also have a weather radio band, allowing the listener to tune into
232:
transmissions. Both hand held and desktop models are available. Scanners are often used to monitor police, fire and emergency medical services. Radio scanning also serves an important role in the fields of
461:) stipulates that it is only legal to listen to or otherwise take knowledge of the contents of four classes of transmissions: those intended for the user of the radio receiver, those made by licensed
522:
Owning a scanner that is able to intercept the frequencies of law enforcement is illegal and carries a jail sentence from one to five years, as per Article 617 of the Civil Penal Code.
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Many scanner clubs exist to allow members to share information about frequencies, codes, and operations. Many have internet presence, such as websites, email lists or web forums.
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Modern scanners allow hundreds or thousands of frequencies to be entered via a keypad and stored in various "memory banks" and can scan at a rapid rate for activity due to modern
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with the following disclaimer: "This document was originally published by Florida Law Firm in 1998. It is no longer current and should not be relied upon for any reason."
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893:
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Active frequencies can be found by searching the internet and frequency reference books or can be discovered through a programmable scanner's search function.
1092:"Art. 617 bis codice penale - Installazione di apparecchiature atte ad intercettare od impedire comunicazioni o conversazioni telegrafiche o telefoniche"
1233:
309:
code used on a specific frequency should it have multiple users. Memory banks are also common. For example, one memory bank can be assigned to
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specifically ban monitoring air traffic control or airport or airline operational frequencies with radio receiving or recording equipment.
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In some parts of the United States, there are extra penalties for the possession of a scanner during a crime, and some states, such as
179:, stopping when it finds a signal on one of them and then continuing to scan other frequencies when the initial transmission ceases.
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119:
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Possession of a radio scanner is legal in Switzerland. However, it may only be used to listen to public radio traffic such as
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57:
53:
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for each frequency received. A US patent was issued to Peter W. Pflasterer on June 1, 1976. An early 1976 US entry was the
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have enabled scanners to store thousands of channels and monitor hundreds of channels per second. Recent models can follow
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499:, subject to exemptions. One such exemption covers most apparatuses only capable of reception, including radio scanners.
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A Uniden scanner installed in a vehicle. Some US states prohibit this unless the operator has an FCC issued radio license
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683:, also prohibit the possession of a scanner by a person who has been convicted of a felony in the last five years.
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1191:"Radiocommunications Act 1989 No 148 (as at 28 September 2017), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation"
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license. Individuals are prohibited from spreading or recording any information obtained through scanning.
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It is legal to possess a scanner in Australia and to listen to any transmission that is not classified as
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Unlicensed possession of a wireless telegraphy apparatus is generally prohibited under Section 3 of the
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devices. An amateur radio license is required when amateur radio apparatus is used to listen to radio.
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be considered listening, as it lacks an acoustic element. This updated wording was carried over to the
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went off in the middle of the night. According to some siren enthusiasts the hack was done by using a
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unblocked versions available, but these are illegal to import into the U.S. Frequencies used by early
360:, aviation enthusiasts, auto race fans, siren enthusiasts, off-duty emergency services personnel, and
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prohibits the intentional reception of signals by third parties without authorization from the user.
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326:
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landmobile radio systems, as opposed to, for instance, a receiver used to monitor international
882:: An Act respecting radiocommunication in Canada. R.S., 1985, c. R-2, s. 1; 1989, c. 17, s. 2.
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generally refers to a communications receiver that is primarily intended for monitoring
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A partial copy of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 can be found at
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Scanners first became popular and widely available during the popularity height of
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http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Engineering_Technology/Public_Notices/1997/da971440.txt
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1170:"ECLI:NL:PHR:2008:BC4284, voorheen LJN BC4284, Parket bij de Hoge Raad, 03362/06"
35:
1284:"The law regarding listening to UK air traffic. - Heathrow Airport Information"
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In Brazil, it is legal to have a scanner, but the user is required to have an
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tones and acts as a pager when the correct sequence of tones is detected.
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further information regarding the scope of this prohibition is provided.
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setting and resume scanning other frequencies when that activity ceases.
1334:
DA 97-1440: Manufacturing Illegal Scanners Includes Scanner Modification
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dangerous. Their reasoning is that in 2017 a very large siren system in
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More often than not, these scanners can also tune to different types of
1470:
1259:"Listen to Live ATC (Air Traffic Control) Communications - LiveATC.net"
661:
575:
357:
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217:, etc.). Early scanners were slow, bulky, and expensive. Today, modern
1436:. Federal Communications Commission, 3 September 1993. Retrieved from
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Some scanners are equipped with Fire-Tone out. Fire tone out decodes
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1078:"Airport Bye-Laws 2014 (S.I. No. 618 of 2014), Part III, Section 21"
1362:"Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine"
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453:
German law does not prohibit possession of a scanner. However, the
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Possession of a radio scanner is legal. However, article 93 of the
1387:"UB360 DIGITAL MOBILE TRUNKING SCANNER User Manual Uniden America"
1336:. Federal Communications Commission, 10 July 1997. Retrieved from
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in the 1970s. The first scanners often had between four and ten
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transmissions, although these may be classified as scanners too.
1148:"Vrije signalen uit de ether - ICTRecht juridisch adviesbureau"
823:
The "Top Secret" registry of U.S. Government radio frequencies
29:
1310:"Are Police Scanners Legal? Police Scanner Laws in the U.S."
1258:
964:"Bundestag beschlieĂźt Reform des Telekommunikationrechts"
656:
technology. Certain states in the United States such as
384:(i.e. anything not connected to the telephone network).
1350:§397 Equipping motor vehicles with radio receiving sets
301:
Many recent models will allow scanning of the specific
241:, as well as a hobby for many people around the world.
1234:"Guidance on Receive-Only Radio Scanners | Ofcom"
778:
Patent US3961261 - Crystalless scanning radio receiver
1477:
Police Scanner Radio Resources & Learning Center
867:"Verboden en/Of particuliere apparatuur | BIPT"
616:
and demodulating some digital radio systems such as
473:
as a part of the German telecom law reform in 2021.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
459:Telekommunikation-Medien-Datenschutz-Gesetz (TTDSG
27:Radio receiver that can scan multiple frequencies
894:"Police Hope to End Rebroadcasting of Scanners"
676:, and that modifications to do so are illegal.
1038:"Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1926, Section 11(2)"
998:"Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1926, Section 3(1)"
8:
1117:"Ley de VĂas Generales de ComunicaciĂłn - 73"
1438:http://www.arrl.org/files/file/pr91-36.pdf
628:law and possibly laws of other countries.
624:-capable scanners would be a violation of
1168:Raad, Parket bij de Hoge (8 April 2008).
691:had been hacked and all of the sirens in
152:radio that also has scanning capabilities
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1408:"Michigan Legislature - Section 750.508"
265:and required the purchase of a separate
143:
770:
1451:http://floridalawfirm.com/privacy.html
607:The legality of radio scanners in the
674:Electronic Communications Privacy Act
7:
1482:Are Police Scanners Legal in the US?
1467:Intro to the police or radio scanner
58:adding citations to reliable sources
847:"§ 93(3) Telekommunikationsgesetz"
25:
1058:"Article 5, S.I. No. 197 of 2005"
666:Federal Communications Commission
436:A situation that occurred in the
892:Gonczol, David (13 April 2012).
790:Curtis, Anthony R. (July 1977).
728:
273:MCP-1, sold at the January 1976
171:that can automatically tune, or
34:
1286:. 12 April 2011. Archived from
984:"1 L 1048/08, VG Köln, para 10"
440:area on 28 June 2011 involving
45:needs additional citations for
457:laid down in article 5 of the
1:
825:. Commack, NY: CRB Research.
633:Congress of the United States
506:The Airport Bye-Laws for the
496:Wireless Telegraphy Act 1926
352:Scanners are often used by
313:, another can be for local
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322:from a NOAA transmitter.
275:Consumer Electronics Show
225:radio systems and decode
478:Telekommunikationsgesetz
467:Telekommunikationsgesetz
394:Telekommunikationsgesetz
320:weather radio broadcasts
1487:Radio Reference Website
1195:www.legislation.govt.nz
792:"Computerized scanners"
754:Communications receiver
639:technology. There are
469:, but was moved to the
463:amateur radio operators
175:, two or more discrete
160:(also referred to as a
140:IC-R5 hand-held scanner
1018:"S.I. No. 197 of 2005"
880:Radiocommunication Act
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431:Radiocommunication Act
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153:
141:
821:Kneitel, Tom (1986).
614:trunked radio systems
602:
288:
147:
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1290:on 22 September 2018
706:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
631:A law passed by the
442:York Regional Police
54:improve this article
1366:www.leg.state.fl.us
1313:www.zipscanners.com
1216:"Frequenznutzungen"
780:patents.google.com.
429:, according to the
311:air traffic control
239:crime investigation
1431:FCC (1993-09-03).
1412:legislature.mi.gov
1332:FCC (1997-07-10).
736:Electronics portal
711:Communications Act
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796:Popular Mechanics
382:telecommunication
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16:(Redirected from
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904:on 21 April 2012
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620:are available,
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69:"Radio scanner"
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43:This article
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18:Scanner radio
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1288:the original
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947:. Retrieved
944:"§ 27 TTDSG"
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902:the original
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1392:25 December
1096:Brocardi.it
924:"§ 5 TTDSG"
562:Switzerland
553:New Zealand
544:Netherlands
455:Abhörverbot
371:Legislation
177:frequencies
1496:Categories
1244:2016-08-05
1133:2011-02-27
1063:2022-01-26
1043:2022-01-26
1023:2022-01-26
1003:2022-01-26
969:2022-01-26
949:2022-01-26
929:2022-01-26
852:2021-10-23
802:(1): 68–70
765:References
744:Dispatcher
622:decryption
235:journalism
203:modulation
110:March 2023
80:newspapers
485:in 2021.
376:Australia
362:reporters
354:hobbyists
205:as well (
196:shortwave
182:The term
908:14 April
722:See also
681:Michigan
658:New York
645:European
641:Canadian
568:CB radio
510:and the
358:railfans
281:Features
271:Tennelec
263:channels
259:CB radio
227:APCO-P25
169:receiver
1471:YouTube
668:(FCC) (
662:Florida
576:airband
489:Ireland
449:Germany
438:Toronto
412:Belgium
388:Austria
341:Antenna
297:scanner
267:crystal
252:squelch
230:digital
223:trunked
184:scanner
164:) is a
158:scanner
94:scholar
1473:(2014)
829:
806:1 June
759:Uniden
652:using
637:analog
535:Mexico
427:Canada
421:Canada
400:Brazil
315:marine
291:Uniden
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1434:Order
1220:BAKOM
1127:(PDF)
1120:(PDF)
526:Japan
518:Italy
483:TTDSG
471:TTSDG
307:CTCSS
166:radio
101:JSTOR
87:books
1419:2018
1394:2020
1373:2018
1320:2018
1296:2018
1270:2018
1202:2018
1177:2018
1155:2018
1103:2018
910:2012
827:ISBN
808:2011
660:and
643:and
570:and
348:Uses
237:and
190:and
173:scan
150:GMRS
138:Icom
73:news
1469:at
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425:In
305:or
303:DCS
215:SSB
192:UHF
188:VHF
136:An
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