159:
719:
1615:
1608:
1532:
1762:
1752:
1601:
1571:
1555:
1493:
1325:
1767:
136:
1053:
585:
A more likely account is what is sometimes called the 'Shetland Theory', since it assumes a development parallel to that of
607:. Once again we have syllabicity shift and vowel reduction, giving > > . Then > , and > , giving final .
222:
148:
169:
1396:
1369:
1263:
1109:
1772:
1726:
1624:
1141:
968:
1777:
1757:
1129:
873:
755:
74:
260:
developed out of the feminine singular dative and genitive forms. The older pronoun had the following forms:
1296:
208:
144:
1166:
648:
644:
640:
636:
1440:
1013:
1033:
was an
American Great Lakes freighter that sank in Lake Superior during a storm. When launched in 1958,
473:
1730:
1331:
1146:
1043:
1030:
767:
140:
1526:
243:
51:
47:
43:
1551:
1489:
1321:
1184:
759:
743:
705:
123:
1572:"1999 Words of the Year, Word of the 1990s, Word of the 20th Century, Word of the Millennium"
1172:
1125:
1108:
or to a monotheistic God when regarded as female. In this case it may be written "She" with
1022:
927:
914:
747:
617:
66:
54:
888:
334:
292:
95:
85:
1062:
can also be used for countries as political entities, but not as geographical entities.
708:
in Old
English. The neuter and feminine genders split off during Middle English. Today,
1722:
247:
33:
1746:
1663:
1658:
1315:
723:
415:
211:
113:
103:
1421:
Curzan, Anne (2003). "Third-person pronouns in the gender shift: why is that ship a
1704:
1683:
1653:
1643:
1593:
964:
299:
252:
99:
250:, one case was lost, and distinct pronouns started to develop. The modern pronoun
1638:
1096:
for countries or inanimate objects; such use may be considered dated or sexist.
1089:
881:
601:, etc. The starting point is the morphologically and chronologically preferable
550:
In Middle
English, the Old English system collapses, due to the gradual loss of
472:, but how it arrived there is unclear. Some sources propose it evolved from the
374:
204:
751:
949:
546:
Others propose it descends directly from the third-person feminine pronoun:
1391:
1699:
468:
1105:
995:
If either your mother or father would like to discuss it, I'll talk to
1364:
1021:
has traditionally been used for ships, but can also be used for other
538:
1258:
1012:
For the
Knowledge (XXG) Manual of Style policy on ship pronouns, see
956:
953:
17:
1245:
The
Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume III 1476–1776
1301:
The
Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume II 1066–1476
1709:
1678:
669:
652:
602:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
529:
499:
493:
487:
481:
462:
447:
441:
434:
427:
420:
406:
400:
393:
386:
379:
360:
353:
346:
339:
320:
313:
306:
297:
1597:
1673:
1508:
in reference to countries, ships and boats. In such contexts,
1175:
623:
509:
152:
1668:
256:
developed out of the neuter, singular in the 12th century.
983:
can also be used to refer to an unspecified person, as in
620:
461:
is disputed. By Middle
English, it was found in the form
184:
1456:
When a pronoun is used to refer to a vessel, the neuter
180:
176:
1520:
evoke dated stereotypes of the roles of women and men.
1320:. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 526, 528.
1037:
was the largest ship on North
America's Great Lakes.
880:
to have many of the same kind of dependents as other
647:
This means an analogical transfer of (probably) the
518:
227:
215:
1692:
1631:
1314:Stratmann, Francis Henry; Bradley, Henry (1891).
678:By the 15th century, the Middle English forms of
1228:Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002).
73:has four shapes representing five distinct word
633:
583:
548:
478:
1023:inanimate objects of significance to the owner
668:forms developed in early Middle English, with
1609:
1230:The Cambridge grammar of the English language
207:had a single third-person pronoun – from the
179:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
8:
1486:The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage
959:, excluding the speaker and the addressee.
722:, third-person, singular pronoun (see also
1616:
1602:
1594:
1531:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
712:is the only feminine pronoun in English.
1550:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 146.
1488:(Fifth ed.). New York. p. 257.
1416:
1414:
1429:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1303:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1247:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1076:
758:. The reflexive form also appears as an
498:), fem. of demonstrative pronoun (masc.
262:
27:Singular, feminine, third-person pronoun
1546:DeFronzo, James; Gill, Jungyun (2020).
1427:Gender Shifts in the History of English
1213:
1158:
682:had solidified into those we use today.
1524:
1441:"8.118: Pronouns referring to vessels"
639:also needs to 'correct' the resultant
611:This does not lead to the modern form
467:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
952:are generally limited to individual,
170:too many or overly lengthy quotations
7:
1548:Social Problems and Social Movements
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
985:If you see someone in trouble, help
902:Somebody was here, and she left this
661:None of this is entirely plausible.
556:and the replacement of the paradigm
480:probably evolving from Old English
264:Old English, third-person pronoun
25:
1763:Middle English personal pronouns
1753:Modern English personal pronouns
1625:Modern English personal pronouns
1171:
1104:"She" may refer to a particular
1083:has five great lakes in Ontario.
635:So any solution that gets from
616:
157:
137:Middle English personal pronouns
1077:Canada's prairies are grassland
1071:place in the world during WWII.
242:– which had a plural and three
1054:Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)
1:
1232:. Cambridge University Press.
98:(objective, also called the '
149:Proto-Indo-European pronouns
1397:Online Etymology Dictionary
1370:Online Etymology Dictionary
1317:A Middle English dictionary
1264:Online Etymology Dictionary
1197:
1794:
1110:reverential capitalization
1011:
818:The only person there was
766:occasionally appears as a
718:is occasionally used as a
519:
246:in the singular. In early
228:
134:
1727:English personal pronouns
1718:
1484:Siegal, Allan M. (2015).
1243:Lass, Roger, ed. (1999).
1142:English personal pronouns
1042:"I know, I know ... It's
1014:Knowledge (XXG):SHE4SHIPS
876:, but it is possible for
273:
270:
1576:American Dialect Society
1130:American Dialect Society
836:Independent determiner:
816:Predicative complement:
177:summarize the quotations
102:'.) form; the dependent
1768:12th-century neologisms
1445:Chicago Manual of Style
670:
653:
643:(outside the north) to
603:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
500:
494:
488:
482:
463:
448:
442:
435:
428:
421:
407:
401:
394:
387:
380:
361:
354:
347:
340:
321:
314:
307:
298:
217:
145:Proto-Germanic pronouns
1169:would later change to
1126:word of the millennium
1092:discourage the use of
826:Dependent determiner:
756:predicative complement
659:
609:
582:
544:
1731:third-person pronouns
1165:The pronunciation of
872:Pronouns rarely take
474:demonstrative pronoun
135:Further information:
1332:The Internet Archive
1147:Third-person pronoun
1124:was selected as the
1067:Canada really found
1031:SS Edmund Fitzgerald
804:I introduced him to
141:Old English pronouns
930:external modifier:
696:was encompassed in
265:
770:in a noun phrase.
263:
1738:
1737:
1578:. 13 January 2000
1185:Great Vowel Shift
862:goat was missing.
516:, from PIE root *
457:The evolution of
455:
454:
202:
201:
106:(possessive) form
88:(subjective) form
16:(Redirected from
1785:
1773:Sociolinguistics
1618:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1453:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1293:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1163:
1078:
915:Adjective phrase
895:who arrives late
742:can appear as a
673:
656:
650:
646:
642:
638:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
606:
579:
574:by indeclinable
573:
567:
561:
555:
535:
532:
526:
522:
521:
515:
512:
507:
503:
497:
491:
485:
471:
466:
451:
445:
438:
431:
424:
410:
404:
397:
390:
383:
364:
357:
350:
343:
324:
317:
310:
303:
266:
241:
238:
235:
231:
230:
220:
197:
194:
188:
161:
160:
153:
112:the independent
69:Modern English,
21:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1778:Terms for women
1758:English grammar
1743:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1714:
1688:
1627:
1622:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1523:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1472:) is preferred.
1449:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1328:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1295:
1294:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1226:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1138:
1118:
1102:
1016:
1010:
977:
943:
900:Determiner: A:
889:Relative clause
870:
737:
732:
690:
619:
615:
533:
527:
524:
513:
508:
505:
239:
236:
233:
198:
192:
189:
183:or excerpts to
174:
162:
158:
151:
133:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1723:Modern English
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1563:
1556:
1538:
1494:
1476:
1432:
1410:
1383:
1356:
1326:
1306:
1299:, ed. (1992).
1277:
1250:
1235:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1189:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1117:
1114:
1101:
1098:
1086:
1085:
1073:
1057:
1056:
1046:... Just take
1039:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1001:
976:
973:
942:
939:
938:
937:
925:
912:
898:
869:
866:
865:
864:
854:
844:
834:
824:
814:
793:
736:
733:
731:
728:
720:gender neutral
692:Historically,
689:
686:
453:
452:
439:
432:
425:
418:
412:
411:
398:
391:
384:
377:
371:
370:
358:
351:
344:
337:
331:
330:
318:
311:
304:
295:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
248:Middle English
209:Proto-Germanic
200:
199:
165:
163:
156:
132:
129:
128:
127:
117:
107:
89:
62:
59:
34:Modern English
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1790:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1557:9781442221550
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1495:9781101905449
1491:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1464:(rather than
1463:
1459:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1327:0-19-863106-5
1323:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1297:Blake, Norman
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1198:§ Gender
1193:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1162:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:Many English
1084:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
993:
992:
991:
990:
988:
982:
974:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:
951:
947:
940:
936:
934:
929:
928:Adverb phrase
926:
924:
922:
916:
913:
911:
909:
903:
899:
897:
896:
890:
887:
886:
885:
883:
879:
875:
867:
863:
861:
855:
853:
851:
845:
843:
841:
835:
833:
831:
825:
823:
821:
815:
813:
811:
807:
801:
800:
794:
792:
790:
787:she paid for
784:
782:
778:
773:
772:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
729:
727:
725:
724:singular they
721:
717:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
687:
685:
684:
681:
677:
672:
667:
662:
658:
655:
632:
628:
614:
608:
605:
600:
596:
592:
589:< OScand.
588:
581:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
547:
543:
541:
540:
531:
523:
511:
502:
496:
490:
484:
477:
475:
470:
469:[ʃeː]
465:
460:
450:
444:
440:
437:
433:
430:
426:
423:
419:
417:
414:
413:
409:
403:
399:
396:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
376:
373:
372:
368:
363:
359:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
336:
333:
332:
328:
323:
319:
316:
312:
309:
305:
302:
301:
296:
294:
291:
290:
286:
283:
280:
278:
277:
268:
267:
261:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
232:
224:
219:
213:
212:demonstrative
210:
206:
196:
186:
182:
178:
172:
171:
166:This section
164:
155:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
79:
78:
76:
72:
68:
60:
58:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
35:
30:
19:
1740:
1720:
1693:non-standard
1648:
1580:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1547:
1541:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1485:
1479:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1401:. Retrieved
1395:
1386:
1374:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1330:– via
1316:
1309:
1300:
1268:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1192:
1161:
1121:
1119:
1103:
1093:
1090:style guides
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1018:
1017:
1006:
996:
994:
986:
984:
980:
979:The pronoun
978:
967:and usually
960:
945:
944:
932:
931:
920:
918:
907:
905:
901:
894:
892:
882:noun phrases
877:
871:
859:
857:
849:
847:
839:
837:
829:
827:
819:
817:
809:
805:
803:
798:
796:
791:to be there.
788:
786:
780:
776:
775:
763:
739:
738:
715:
714:
709:
701:
697:
693:
691:
683:
679:
675:
665:
663:
660:
634:
612:
610:
599:Hjalpandisey
598:
594:
590:
586:
584:
549:
545:
537:
517:
492:(accusative
479:
458:
456:
366:
326:
257:
251:
226:
203:
190:
175:Please help
167:
119:
109:
91:
81:
70:
64:
52:third-person
38:
37:
31:
29:
848:She did it
783:being there
205:Old English
1747:Categories
1208:References
1005:Non-human
963:is always
917:modifier:
891:modifier:
874:dependents
868:Dependents
856:Modifier:
808:; She saw
779:'s there;
752:determiner
704:had three
335:Accusative
293:Nominative
281:Masculine
185:Wikisource
96:accusative
86:nominative
61:Morphology
1721:See also
1527:cite book
1392:"herself"
1120:In 1999,
1050:, slick."
950:referents
941:Semantics
846:Adjunct:
774:Subject:
735:Functions
674:becoming
671:hire self
595:Shapinsay
591:Hjaltland
287:Feminine
271:Singular
193:July 2024
181:Wikiquote
168:contains
124:reflexive
1632:standard
1582:24 March
1403:23 March
1376:23 March
1270:20 March
1200:, above.
1136:See also
969:specific
965:definite
933:Not even
838:This is
828:This is
795:Object:
768:modifier
676:herself.
587:Shetland
416:Genitive
114:genitive
104:genitive
67:Standard
48:feminine
44:singular
1450:8 March
1349:pron.,
1183:in the
1128:by the
1106:goddess
1100:Deities
1044:Eleanor
975:Generic
957:persons
850:herself
810:herself
789:herself
760:adjunct
744:subject
706:genders
284:Neuter
274:Plural
244:genders
221:, from
131:History
120:herself
100:oblique
55:pronoun
1729:, and
1554:
1492:
1347:schēo,
1324:
1079:, and
954:female
797:I saw
748:object
730:Syntax
688:Gender
528:this,
375:Dative
147:, and
122:: the
94:: the
84:: the
1700:y'all
1365:"she"
1343:schēo
1337:schē,
1153:Notes
1116:Other
904:. B:
832:book.
666:-self
645:/eː/.
597:<
536:(see
449:heora
216:*
214:base
110:hers:
75:forms
42:is a
1710:yinz
1679:they
1584:2021
1552:ISBN
1533:link
1518:hers
1516:and
1504:and
1500:Use
1490:ISBN
1452:2022
1425:?".
1405:2021
1378:2021
1322:ISBN
1272:2021
1259:"it"
1196:See
1167:/eː/
921:real
919:the
910:she.
908:that
906:I'm
893:she
858:The
840:hers
664:The
649:/eː/
641:/oː/
637:/eo/
577:that
530:that
464:schē
443:hira
436:hire
408:heom
395:hire
341:hine
237:this
218:khi-
126:form
116:form
18:Sche
1674:you
1664:one
1659:who
1649:she
1514:her
1510:she
1506:its
1470:her
1468:or
1466:she
1462:its
1460:or
1423:she
1351:she
1345:.
1340:see
1122:she
1094:she
1081:she
1069:her
1060:She
1048:her
1035:she
1019:She
1007:she
997:her
987:her
981:she
961:She
948:'s
946:She
935:her
923:her
878:she
860:she
830:her
820:her
806:her
799:her
781:her
777:She
764:She
754:or
740:She
726:).
716:She
710:she
700:as
694:she
680:she
651:of
613:she
604:hēo
571:þæt
565:seo
539:the
520:so-
510:the
495:sie
489:sio
483:seo
459:she
429:his
422:his
402:him
388:him
381:him
355:hīe
348:hit
315:hēo
308:hit
258:Her
229:ko-
223:PIE
92:her
82:she
71:she
65:In
39:she
32:In
1749::
1725:,
1705:ye
1684:me
1669:we
1654:it
1644:he
1574:.
1529:}}
1525:{{
1512:,
1502:it
1498:.
1458:it
1454:.
1443:.
1413:^
1394:.
1367:.
1334:.
1280:^
1261:.
1216:^
1176:iː
1132:.
1112:.
1025:.
971:.
884:.
802:;
785:;
762:.
750:,
746:,
702:he
698:he
657:.
654:he
631:.
624:iː
593:,
580:.
568:,
562:,
559:se
553:þe
542:).
504:)
501:se
486:,
476::
446:/
405:/
369:)
362:hī
329:)
322:hī
300:hē
253:it
143:,
139:,
77::
57:.
50:,
46:,
36:,
1639:I
1617:e
1610:t
1603:v
1586:.
1560:.
1535:)
1407:.
1380:.
1274:.
1187:.
1179:/
1173:/
1052:―
999:.
989:.
852:.
842:.
822:.
812:.
627:/
621:ʃ
618:/
534:'
525:'
514:'
506:'
367:e
365:(
327:e
325:(
240:'
234:'
225:*
195:)
191:(
187:.
173:.
20:)
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