Schistosomiasis - Knowledge (XXG)

1393:. The schistosome larvae undergo the next phase of their lifecycles in these snails, spending their time reproducing and developing. Once this step has been completed, the parasite leaves the snail and enters the water column. The parasite can live in the water for only 48 hours without a mammalian host. Once a host has been found, the worm enters its blood vessels. For several weeks, the worm remains in the vessels, continuing its development into its adult phase. When maturity is reached, mating occurs and eggs are produced. Eggs enter the bladder/intestine and are excreted through urine and feces and the process repeats. If the eggs do not get excreted, they can become engrained in the body tissues and cause a variety of problems such as immune reactions and organ damage. While transmission typically occurs only in countries where the freshwater snails are native, a case in Germany was reported where a man got schistosomiasis from an infected snail in his aquarium. 1989: 1596:

their way through the tissues to the intestinal or bladder lumen with help of proteolytic enzymes, however, a large amount of eggs are unable to finish their journey and remained stuck within the tissues where they can elicit an immune response. The miracidia in these eggs can then release antigens that stimulate an inflammatory immune response. The miracidia within the eggs live for around 6–8 weeks before they die and stop releasing the antigens. The granulomatous response is a cellular immune response mediated by CD4 T cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and monocytes, and this chronic inflammatory response elicited by the eggs can cause fibrosis, tissue destruction, and granuloma nodules that disrupt the functions of the organs involved.

2090: 2166: 1630: 6652: 1063: 5307: 1884: 541:). Previous infections with cercariae causes a faster developing and worse presentation of dermatitis due to the stronger immune response. The round bumps are usually one to three centimeters across. Because people living in affected areas have often been repeatedly exposed, acute reactions are more common in tourists and migrants. The rash can occur between the first few hours and a week after exposure, and they normally resolve on their own in around 7–10 days. For human schistosomiasis, a similar type of 1970:

control strategy focused on synchronous chemotherapy for humans and bovines and the new strategy developed in 2004 intervenes in the transmission pathway of schistosomiasis, mainly including replacement of bovines with machines, prohibition of grazing cattle in the grasslands, improving sanitation, installation of fecal-matter containers on boats, praziquantel drug therapy, snail control, and health education. A 2018 review found that the "new integrated strategy" was highly effective to reduce the rate of

794:. They mostly affect the large bowel and rectum, and involvement of the small bowel is more rare. This immune response can lead to obstruction of the colon and blood loss. The infected individual may have what appears to be a potbelly. There is a strong correlation between morbidity of intestinal schistosomiasis and the intensities of infection. In cases of light infections, symptoms may be mild and can go unrecognized. The most common species to cause intestinal schistosomiasis are 709:

initial infection may be warranted. It is recommended to treat with praziquantel 4–6 weeks after initial exposure since it targets adult worms. For Acute Schistosomiasis(AS) Praziquantel is ineffective on schistosomulae above 7 days and does not prevent the chronic phase of the disease. Too early of treatment can worsen symptoms of AS. In some cases, this worsening of symptoms can be life-threatening by causing encephalitis related to vasculitis, myocarditis, or pulmonary events.

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areas, schistosomiasis infects a large proportion of children under 14 years of age. An estimated 600 to 700 million people worldwide are at risk from the disease because they live in countries where the organism is common. In 2012, 249 million people were in need of treatment to prevent the disease. This likely makes it the most common parasitic infection with malaria second and causing about 207 million cases in 2013.

394:. The disease is especially common among children in developing countries, as they are more likely to play in contaminated water. Schistosomiasis is also common among women, who can have greater exposure through daily chores that involve water, such as washing clothes and fetching water. Other high-risk groups include farmers, fishermen, and people using unclean water during daily living. It belongs to the group of 446: 1618: 2011:, in general praziquantel is considered the first option for treatment. Praziquantel can be safely used in pregnant women and young children. The treatment objective is to cure the disease and to prevent the evolution of the acute to the chronic form of the disease. All cases of suspected schistosomiasis should be treated regardless of presentation because the adult parasite can live in the host for years. 1534:, and tail movements; the cercariae transformed into schistosomulae by losing its tail and subsequently travels to the heart and lungs through venous system until it eventually reach the liver where it will mature into the adult form. The diseases caused by the schistomes are characterized into acute schistosomiasis and chronic schistosomiasis, and they can vary dependent on the species of schistosome. 969:. These portosystemic anastomoses also allows a pathway for the eggs to travel to locations such as the lungs, spinal cord, or brain. Co-infection with hepatitis is common in regions endemic to schistosomiasis with hepatitis B or hepatitis C, and co-infection with hepatitis C is associated with more rapid liver deterioration and worse outcome. Fibrotic hepatic schistosomiasis caused by 6669: 1911:

but it was an expensive process that often only reduced but did not eliminate the snail population. The drug praziquantel is used for prevention in high-risk populations living in areas where the disease is common. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises avoiding drinking or coming into contact with contaminated water in areas where schistosomiasis is common.

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schemes can be designed to make it hard for the snails to colonize the water and to reduce the contact with the local population. Even though guidelines on how to design these schemes to minimise the spread of the disease had been published years before, the designers were unaware of them. The dams appear to have reduced the population of the large migratory prawn

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architecture are not affected unlike cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of this disease is caused by deposition of collagen and extracellular matrix proteins within the periportal space, which leads to liver portal fibrosis and enlarged fibrotic portal tracts (Symmer's pipe stem fibrosis). The periportal fibrosis physically compress the portal vein leading to

4769: 1779:(PCR) based testing is accurate and rapid. However, it is not frequently used in countries where the disease is common due to the cost of the equipment and the technical expertise required to run the tests. Using a microscope to detect eggs costs about US$ 0.40 per test whereas PCR is about $ US 7 per test as of 2019. 1609:

The specific clinical symptoms and severity of the disease this causes depends on the type of schistosome infection, duration of infection, number of eggs, and the organ at which the eggs are deposited. The amount of eggs entrapped in the tissues will continue to increase if the schistosoma are not eliminated.

965:(increased portal venous pressure), increased pressure of the splenic vein, and subsequent enlargement of the spleen. Portal hypertension can also increase the pressure in portosystemic anastomoses (vessel connections between the portal circulation and systemic circulation) leading to esophageal varices and 416:

Schistosomiasis affected about 236.6 million people worldwide in 2019. An estimated 4,400 to 200,000 people die from it each year. The disease is most commonly found in Africa, Asia, and South America. Around 700 million people, in more than 70 countries, live in areas where the disease is common. In

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is promoting these efforts. In some cases, urbanization, pollution, and the consequent destruction of snail habitat have reduced exposure, with a subsequent decrease in new infections. The elimination of snail populations using molluscicides had been attempted to prevent schistosomiasis in the past,

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species. The examination can be performed on a simple smear (1 to 2 mg of fecal material). Because eggs may be passed intermittently or in small numbers, their detection is enhanced by repeated examinations or concentration procedures, or both. In addition, for field surveys and investigational

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formation and chronic inflammation. Adult worms live together in pairs (one male and female), sexually reproduce, and lay eggs in the veins around the intestines and bladder depending on the species, and these eggs can rupture the wall of the veins to escape to the surrounding tissues. The eggs make

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can produce up to 3000 eggs per day, these eggs migrate from the veins to the bladder and ureter lumens, but up to 50 percent of them can become trapped in the surrounding tissues causing granulomatous inflammation, polyps formation, and ulceration of bladder, ureter, and genital tract tissues. This

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This is a late stage liver disease that occurs mainly in young and middle-aged adults who have been chronically infected with a heavy infection and whose immune regulation of fibrosis is not functioning properly. It affects only a small proportion of people who are infected. Liver function and liver

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leading to increase in level of IgE, IL-4, and eosinophils as egg production progresses. In chronic infections, the Th2 response shifts to increasing the level of IL-10, IL-13, and IgG4, which reverses the progression of the granulomas and lead to collagen deposition at the sites of the granulomas.

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lesions occur occasionally due to inflammation and granuloma development around eggs or worms that find their way to the brain or spinal cord through the circulatory system, and they can potentially develop irreversible scarring without proper treatment. Cerebral granulomatous disease may be caused

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Scratching the rash can lead to secondary bacterial infection of the skin, thus it is important to refrain from scratching. Some common treatments for itching include corticosteroid cream, anti-itch lotion, application of cool compresses to rash, bathing in Epsom salts or baking soda, and in severe

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infections. Immunoblots with adult worm microsomal antigens are species-specific, so a positive reaction indicates the infecting species. The presence of antibody is indicative only of schistosome infection at some time and cannot be correlated with clinical status, worm burden, egg production, or

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can be administered to kill the adult schistosomes to prevent chronic infection in addition to corticosteroid therapy. It is not effective to recent infection as it only targets the adult worms, but not the premature schistosomulae. Therefore, a repeat treatment of praziquantel several weeks after

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The ancient Egyptians also wrote of boys becoming men when blood was seen in their urine, as this was likened to the young female's first menstruation (Despommier et al. 1995). Also, archaeological evidence such as wall reliefs, hieroglyphs, and papyri all confirm that their lifestyle encompassed

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Antibody detection can be useful to indicate schistosome infection in people who have traveled to areas where schistosomiasis is common and in whom eggs cannot be demonstrated in fecal or urine specimens. Test sensitivity and specificity vary widely among the many tests reported for the serologic

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Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever) may occur weeks or months (around 2–8 weeks) after the initial infection as a systemic reaction against migrating schistosomulae as they pass through the bloodstream through the lungs to the liver and also against the antigens of eggs. Similarly to swimmer's

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By the early twentieth century, the Egyptian population was well aware of the widespread occurrence of haematuria to the point where the passing of blood by boys was considered as a normal and even necessary part of growing up, a form of male menstruation linked with male fertility (Girges 1934,

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In China, the national strategy for schistosomiasis control has shifted three times since it was first initiated: transmission control strategy (from mid-1950s to early 1980s), morbidity control strategy (from mid-1980s to 2003), and the "new integrated strategy" (2004 to present). The morbidity

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In 2010, approximately 238 million people were infected with schistosomiasis, 85 percent of whom live in Africa. An earlier estimate from 2006 had put the figure at 200 million people infected. As of the latest WHO record, 236.6 million people were infected in 2019. In many of the affected

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For many years from the 1950s onwards, vast dams and irrigation schemes were constructed, causing a massive rise in water-borne infections from schistosomiasis. The detailed specifications laid out in various United Nations documents since the 1950s could have minimized this problem. Irrigation

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Using thromboelastography, researchers at Tufts University observed that murine blood incubated by adult worms for 1 hour has a coagulation profile similar to that of patients that have hemophilia or on anti-coagulant drugs, suggesting that schistosomes could possess anti-coagulant properties.

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rash that results from cercariae penetrating the skin within the first 12 hours to days of cercarial skin penetration. The first time a non-sensitized person is exposed, the rashes are usually mild with an associated prickling sensation that quickly disappear on its own since this is a type of

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This condition occurs mainly in children and adolescents due to early immune reaction to eggs trapped within the periportal and presinusoidal spaces of the liver creating numerous granulomas. Liver function is not affected, and the severity of liver and spleen enlargement is correlated to the

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Portal hypertension secondary to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis can cause vessel connections between the portal (liver and gut) circulation and systemic circulation to develop, which creates a pathway for the eggs and worms to travel to the lungs. The eggs can be deposited around the alveolar

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can be utilized to evaluate for severity of schistosomiasis and damages of the infected organs. For example, X-ray and CT scans of the chest can be used to detect lesions in the lungs from pulmonary schistosomiasis, and pelvic X-ray can reveal calcification of the bladder in chronic urinary

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Praziquantel only eliminates the adult schistosomes, but it is not effective in killing the eggs and immature worms. Live eggs can be excreted by the infected individuals for weeks after treatment with praziquantel. The immature worms can survive and grow up to be adult schistosomes after

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intensity of the infection. It is characterized by an enlarged left lobe of the liver with a sharp edge and enlarged spleen with nodules. The enlargement of liver and spleen is usually mild, but in severe cases, they can enlarge to the level of the belly button and even into the pelvis.

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can reach the central nervous system in people with schistosomiasis. The destructive action on the nervous tissue and the mass effect produced by a large number of eggs surrounded by multiple, large granulomas in circumscribed areas of the brain characterize the pseudotumoral form of

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interact with antibodies leading to the formation of high volume of immune complexes, which cause enlargement of the lymph tissues. This sequence of events can lead to clinical manifestation of fever, enlargement of spleen and liver due to fibrosis, portal hypertension, and

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scan that identifies tissues with higher metabolic activity have been used to help diagnose schistosomiasis in rare cases. This is due to the high level of inflammation caused by the schistosomal eggs, which increases the metabolic rate of the surrounding tissues.

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If other diagnostic methods of schistosomiasis have failed to detect the infection, but there is still a high suspicion for schistosomiasis, tissue biopsy from the rectum, bladder, and liver can be obtained to look for schistosome eggs within the tissue samples.

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For schistosomiasis control, the World Health Organization recommends preventive anthelminthic administration, which is the treatment of an entire affected population and the periodic treatment of all groups at high risk of acquiring schistosomiasis by using

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issued in 2010 estimated 12,000 direct deaths while the WHO in 2014 estimated more than 200,000 annual deaths related to schistosomiasis. Another 20 million have severe consequences from the disease. It is the most deadly of the neglected tropical diseases.

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Oxamniquine (50 mg/kg once) can be administer at the early phase of schistosomiasis. It is more effective in against schistsomulae than praziquantel but only with S.mansoni. This prevents the occurrence of chronic S.mansoni infection and egg-laying

2451:(5800–4000 BC) demonstrated evidence of a terminal spined schistosome from the pelvic sediment of skeletal remains. Even though this evidence comes from the Middle East, it has been suggested that the 'cradle' of schistosomes lies in the region of the 2018:

praziquantel therapy. Thus, it is important to have repeated schistosomiasis testing of the stool and/or urine around 4–6 weeks after praziquantel therapy. Treatment of praziquantel may be repeated to ensure complete elimination of the parasite.

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Corticosteroids are used to prevent permanent neurological damage from the inflammatory response to the eggs, and sometimes anticonvulsants are needed to stop the seizures. Corticosteroids are given prior to administration of praziquantel.

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infection. CT scan can also be used to assess damages from the schistosomiasis infection in the intestinal, urogenital, and central nervous system. MRI is used to evaluate schistosomiasis of the central nervous system, liver, and genital.

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Bottieau E, Clerinx J, de Vega MR, Van den Enden E, Colebunders R, Van Esbroeck M, Vervoort T, Van Gompel A, Van den Ende J (May 2006). "Imported Katayama fever: clinical and biological features at presentation and during treatment".

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found tentative evidence that when used alone, metrifonate was as effective as praziquantel. Mefloquine, which has previously been used to treat and prevent malaria, was recognised in 2008–2009 to be effective against schistosomes.

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neuroschistosomiasis and are responsible for the appearance of clinical manifestations: headache, hemiparesis, altered mental status, vertigo, visual abnormalities, seizures, and ataxia. Similarly, granulomatous lesions from

4773: 1562:) with the foreign antigens on the migratory schistosomula and the eggs, and the subsequent deposition of these complexes on various tissues leading to activation of an autoimmune response. Acute schistosomiasis caused by 1863:

schistosomiasis. Ultrasound may be used to look for abnormalities in the liver and spleen in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, and CT scan of the liver is a good tool to look for calcification in the liver associated with

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itch, Katayama fever is more commonly seen in people with their first infection such as migrants and tourists, and it is associated with heavy infection. It is seen, however, in native residents of China infected with

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egg antigens and its levels correlate with severity of schistosomiasis fibrosis and portal hypertension in mice and humans. Praziquantel pharmacotherapy reduces systemic OPN levels and liver collagen content in mice.

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via unclean needles. Egypt has the world's highest hepatitis C infection rate, and the infection rates in various regions of the country closely track the timing and intensity of the anti-schistosomiasis campaign.

921:). This condition can be separated into two distinct phases: inflammatory hepatic schistosomiasis (early inflammatory reaction) and chronic hepatic schistosomiasis. Most common species to cause this condition are 789:

In intestinal schistosomiasis, eggs become lodged in the intestinal wall during their migration from the mesenteric venules to the intestinal lumen, and the trapped eggs cause an immune system reaction called a

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have led to decreases in the bladder cancer rate. The risk of bladder cancer appears to be especially high in male smokers, perhaps due to chronic irritation of the bladder lining allowing it to be exposed to

1953:, which eats the snails. After the construction of fourteen large dams, greater increases in schistosomiasis occurred in the historical habitats of native prawns than in other areas. Further, at the 1986 1574:

can occur in reinfection to population who reside in endemic regions, and they occur in higher incidences and can have worse prognosis. It was proposed that the large amount of egg antigens released by

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Acute Schistosomiasis (Katayama's Fever) - the exact pathophysiology of this disease remains unknown. It has been hypothesized to be caused by a systemic immune response due to immune complex formation

2890:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 409:

may be given once a year to the entire group. This is done to decrease the number of people infected, and consequently, the spread of the disease. Praziquantel is also the treatment recommended by the

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infection called "Bilhvax" underwent a phase 3 clinical trial among children in Senegal. The results, reported in 2018, showed that it was not effective despite provoking some immune response. Using

1549:- swimmer's itch is caused by a localized allergic reaction at the sites of skin penetration by the cercariae causing an inflammatory reaction that is characterized by itchy red pimples and blisters. 2794:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 4464: 6707: 748:. The long-term manifestations are dependent on the species of schistosome, as the adult worms of different species migrate to different areas. Many infections are mildly symptomatic, with 1456:

The adult male and female are paired together, exit the liver via portal venous system, and travel to the venous systems of the intestines or bladder (species dependent) and produce eggs

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for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis by a team led by Russell Stothard from the Natural History Museum of London, working with the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, London.

3049: 2410:, the infectious agent responsible for urogenital schistosomiasis, infects over 112 million people annually in Sub-Saharan Africa alone. It is responsible for 32 million cases of 638:

Acute schistosomiasis usually self-resolves in 2–8 weeks in most cases., but a small proportion of people have persistent weight loss, diarrhea, diffuse abdominal pain, and rash.

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Riveau G, Schacht AM, Dompnier JP, Deplanque D, Seck M, Waucquier N, Senghor S, Delcroix-Genete D, Hermann E, Idris-Khodja N, Levy-Marchal C, Capron M, Capron A (December 2018).

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Sokolow SH, Jones IJ, Jocque M, La D, Cords O, Knight A, Lund A, Wood CL, Lafferty KD, Hoover CM, Collender PA, Remais JV, Lopez-Carr D, Fisk J, Kuris AM, De Leo GA (June 2017).

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transmission. If lesions involve the fallopian tubes or ovaries, it may lead to infertility. If the reproductive organs in male are affected, there could be blood in the sperm.

917:, the buildup of fluid in the abdomen, and potentially life-threatening dilations or swollen areas in the esophagus or gastrointestinal tract that can tear and bleed profusely ( 4806:

Ochodo EA, Gopalakrishna G, Spek B, Reitsma JB, van Lieshout L, Polman K, Lamberton P, Bossuyt PM, Leeflang MM, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (March 2015).

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capillary beds and causes granulomatous inflammation of the pulmonary arterioles followed by fibrosis. This leads to high blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation system (

480:, and later adult worms and their eggs, migrate through the body. If eggs migrate to the brain or spinal cord, seizures, paralysis, or spinal-cord inflammation are possible. 457:

Many individuals do not experience symptoms. If symptoms do appear, they usually take 4–6 weeks from the time of infection. The first symptom of the disease may be a general

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Manifestation of acute infection from schistosoma include cercarial dermatitis (hours to days) and acute systemic schistosomiasis (2–8 weeks) which can include symptoms of

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Geographic representation of Schistosomiasis endemic countries and their preventive chemotherapy requirement status in the year of 2020 from the World Health Organization.

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infection epidemiologically overlaps with high HIV prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa, where gastrointestinal schistosomiasis has been linked to increased HIV transmission.

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Humans encounter larvae of the schistosome parasite when they enter contaminated water while bathing, playing, swimming, washing, fishing, or walking through the water.

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Among human parasitic diseases, schistosomiasis ranks second behind malaria in terms of socio-economic and public health importance in tropical and subtropical areas.

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activities such as bathing, fishing and playing in the Nile, and this combined with bad sanitation habits, would make almost everyone susceptible to this infection.

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diagnosis of schistosomiasis and are dependent on both the type of antigen preparations used (crude, purified, adult worm, egg, cercarial) and the test procedure.

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generally affect people who have been infected for the first time such as tourists visiting endemic regions. In contrast, cases of acute schistosomiasis caused by

1249:) to the brain, results in a sparse distribution of eggs associated with scant periovular inflammatory reaction, usually with little or no clinical significance. 405:

Methods of preventing the disease include improving access to clean water and reducing the number of snails. In areas where the disease is common, the medication

7997: 5749:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 4584:

Murphy WL, Knutson LV, Chapman EG, Mc Donnell RJ, Williams CD, Foote BA, Vala JC (2012-01-07). "Key Aspects of the Biology of Snail-Killing Sciomyzidae Flies".

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infection. Specificity of this assay for detecting schistosome infection is 99%. Because test sensitivity with the FAST-ELISA is reduced for species other than

5919:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 1988: 1938:. In 2019, 44.5% of people with schistosomiasis were treated globally, and 67.2% of school-aged children needing preventive chemotherapy received treatment. 1697:

membrane of a standard volume of urine followed by egg counts on the membrane. Tissue biopsy (rectal biopsy for all species and biopsy of the bladder for

4947:"Schistosomiasis: from established diagnostic assays to emerging micro/nanotechnology-based rapid field testing for clinical management and epidemiology" 4785: 2007:

and safety. Because of praziquantel's lower cost per treatment, and oxaminiquine's lack of efficacy against the urogenital form of the disease caused by

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By the early 20th century, schistosomiasis' symptom of blood in the urine was seen as a male version of menstruation in Egypt and was thus viewed as a

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can be ordered if hepatosplenic schistosomiasis is suspected, and a subsequent hepatitis test panel can be ordered if liver function test is abnormal.

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in urine using urine reagent strips is more accurate than circulating antigen tests in the identification of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas.

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The most ancient evidence of schistosomiasis dates back to more than 6,000 years ago. Studies conducted on human skeletal remains found in northern

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Brinkmann UK, Werler C, Traoré M, Doumbia S, Diarra A (June 1988). "Experiences with mass chemotherapy in the control of schistosomiasis in Mali".

5402: 5266:"Effectiveness of the new integrated strategy to control the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6909: 2671: 2616: 6366: 5984:

Kheir MM, Eltoum IA, Saad AM, Ali MM, Baraka OZ, Homeida MM (February 1999). "Mortality due to schistosomiasis mansoni: a field study in Sudan".

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Sokolow SH, Huttinger E, Jouanard N, Hsieh MH, Lafferty KD, Kuris AM, Riveau G, Senghor S, Thiam C, N'Diaye A, Faye DS, De Leo GA (August 2015).

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Other important preventive measures include hygiene education leading to behavioral change and sanitary engineering to ensure safe water supply.

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Miracidia find and penetrate the snails, which are the intermediate hosts (specific species of snails is dependent on the species of schistosoma)

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Artemeter is an artemisin derivative efficient against schistosomulae aged 7–21 days. only reduced S.mansoni infection by 50% in exposed children

5461: 3045: 1780: 172: 6511: 5725: 1724:, a combination of tests with purified adult worm antigens is used for antibody detection. All serum specimens are tested by FAST-ELISA using 1335:

individuals release eggs into water via their fecal material or urine. A collection of stool samples under a microscope will show the eggs of

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infection in both humans and the intermediate host snails and reduced the infection risk by 3–4 times relative to the conventional strategy.

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The infectious stage starts when the free-swimming larval form of the schistosome, cercariae, penetrates the human skin using their suckers,

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Eggs also migrate to the liver leading to fibrosis in 4 to 8% of people with chronic infection, mainly those with long-term heavy infection.

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The WHO has developed guidelines for community treatment based on the impact the disease has on children in villages in which it is common:

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

2068:(OPN) is a promising tool for monitoring praziquantel efficacy and post-treatment fibrosis regression as (OPN) expression is modulated by 1441:

Sporocysts give rise to the infective free-swimming larvae with forked tails called cercariae, and they leave the snails to enter the water

1241:. In cases with advanced hepatosplenic and urinary schistosomiasis, the continuous embolization of eggs from the portal mesenteric system ( 6712: 2089: 6219: 4268:

Feldmeier H, Krantz I, Poggensee G (March 1995). "Female genital schistosomiasis: a neglected risk factor for the transmission of HIV?".

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hypersensitivity reaction. In sensitized people who have previously been infected, the rash can develop into itchy, red, raised lesions (

6537:"The impact of schistosomes and schistosomiasis on murine blood coagulation and fibrinolysis as determined by thromboelastography (TEG)" 5059: 4645: 1591:

The clinical manifestations of chronic infection is mainly caused by immune reaction to the eggs entrapment within tissues resulting in

6138: 4409: 3250: 3138: 5807: 3993: 5813: 3164: 7990: 6462:"Safety and efficacy of the rSh28GST urinary schistosomiasis vaccine: A phase 3 randomized, controlled trial in Senegalese children" 6178: 6148: 4857:"Field evaluation of the Meade Readiview handheld microscope for diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis in Ugandan school children" 4323: 593:

can cause acute schistosomiasis in chronically infected population, and it can lead to a more severe form of acute schistosomiasis.

5207:"Reduced transmission of human schistosomiasis after restoration of a native river prawn that preys on the snail intermediate host" 4694:

Siqueira Ld, Fontes DA, Aguilera CS, Timóteo TR, Ângelos MA, Silva LC, de Melo CG, Rolim LA, da Silva RM, Neto PJ (December 2017).

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Ishii A, Tsuji M, Tada I (2003). "History of Katayama disease: Schistosomiasis japonica in Katayama district, Hiroshima, Japan".

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Xiao SH (November 2013). "Mefloquine, a new type of compound against schistosomes and other helminthes in experimental studies".

4530: 2766: 5630:"Praziquantel pharmacotherapy reduces systemic osteopontin levels and liver collagen content in murine schistosomiasis mansoni" 5158:"Nearly 400 million people are at higher risk of schistosomiasis because dams block the migration of snail-eating river prawns" 4636: 2025:

When a village reports more than 50 per cent of children have blood in their urine, everyone in the village receives treatment.

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In 2016, more than 200 million people needed treatment, but only 88 million people were actually treated for schistosomiasis.

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Trienekens SC, Faust CL, Meginnis K, Pickering L, Ericsson O, Nankasi A, Moses A, Tukahebwa EM, Lamberton PH (2020-05-13).

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Inhibiting schistosome activity in blood coagulation could potentially serve as a therapeutic option for schistosomiasis.

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Kidney function is unaffected in many cases, and the lesions are reversible with proper treatment to eliminate the worms.

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Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, Douglas RG (2010). "Trematodes (Schistosomes and Liver, Intestinal, and Lung Flukes)".

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purposes, the egg output can be quantified by using the Kato-Katz technique (20 to 50 mg of fecal material) or the

1887:"Schistosomes are here. People and livestock are strictly prohibited from entering the water!", a warning painted on a 8062: 7705: 7354: 7261: 6902: 4586: 4349:"Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy in a low-prevalence area: 27 cases (14 autochthonous) in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil" 2473:

in 1908. The earliest case known of infection was discovered in 2014, belonging to a child who lived 6,200 years ago.

2056: 1435: 2003:, are available for the treatment of schistosomiasis. They are considered equivalent in relation to efficacy against 3111: 1216:

egg deposition following the anomalous migration of the adult worm, which appears to be the only mechanism by which

8162: 6745: 6029:"History of schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in humans: from Egyptian medical papyri to molecular biology on mummies" 5799:

Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 4 Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture

4654: 4595: 1859: 1453:

They migrate to the portal venous system of the liver where they mature into the adult form with two separate sexes

864: 422: 2165: 1961:, restoring prawns upstream of the dam reduced both snail density and the human schistosomiasis reinfection rate. 1814:

can be used to identify a high level of eosinophil in the blood, which could be indicative of an acute infection.

549:

that often infect birds. Cercarial dermatitis is not contagious and can not be transmitted from person-to-person.

7945: 7868: 7839: 6303:"Liver disease in Egypt: hepatitis C superseded schistosomiasis as a result of iatrogenic and biological factors" 3848:

Cohen J, Powderly W, Opal S (2017-01-01), Cohen J, Powderly WG, Opal SM (eds.), "Preface to the Fourth Edition",

1907: 1776: 1559: 410: 398:. Diagnosis is by finding eggs of the parasite in a person's urine or stool. It can also be confirmed by finding 6749: 6155:

Theodor Bilhharz (who discovered schistosomiasis in Egypt), and Pirajá da Silva (who established its life cycle)

1502:

Schistosomes can live an average of 3–5 years, and the eggs can survive for more than 30 years after infection.

7951: 7046: 6990: 6802: 1748:, immunoblots of the species appropriate to the person's travel history are also tested to ensure detection of 1664:

or urine is the most practical method for diagnosis. Stool examination should be performed when infection with

1649:

are about 140 by 60 μm in size and have a lateral spine. The diagnosis is improved through the use of the

1629: 1473: 1463: 810: 2311:

in about 75 developing countries and mainly affects people living in rural agricultural and peri-urban areas.

1062: 4808:"Circulating antigen tests and urine reagent strips for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas" 8080: 7888: 7683: 7672: 7256: 7196: 7182: 7005: 6984: 1088: 203: 5306: 2536:. From the late 1950s through the early 1980s, infected villagers were treated with repeated injections of 1883: 1200:

eggs in the brain during both the acute and chronic phase of the disease. Communities in China affected by

224: 8152: 8100: 7786: 7581: 7434: 7124: 7119: 7110: 7086: 6895: 6684: 5629: 4855:

Stothard JR, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Kazibwe F, Mathieson W, Webster JP, Fenwick A (November 2005).

2675: 1192: 1037: 1026: 849: 6875: 6196:"Ancient parasite egg found in 6,200-year-old child skeleton gives earliest evidence of a modern disease" 5042: 2059:

remained the treatment of choice for schistosomiasis until the development of praziquantel in the 1980s.

7667: 7210: 7091: 6972: 5398: 4737: 2679: 2532:

Schistosomiasis is endemic in Egypt, exacerbated by the country's dam and irrigation projects along the

2516:

in 1851 who first discovered these worms. The name Katayama disease comes from the Katayama district of

1519: 1405: 1125:

diagnosis and mortality are generally elevated in affected areas; efforts to control schistosomiasis in

585: 538: 6216: 5075:"The relationship between water, sanitation and schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4168:

Santos LL, Santos J, Gouveia MJ, Bernardo C, Lopes C, Rinaldi G, Brindley PJ, Costa JM (January 2021).

2608: 1728:

adult microsomal antigen. A positive reaction (greater than 9 units/μL serum) indicates infection with

1682: 6351: 5347: 4009: 7919: 7746: 7586: 7560: 7542: 7312: 6658: 6651: 5218: 2517: 1826: 1815: 1811: 1137:

In women, genitourinary disease can also include genital lesions that may lead to increased rates of

774:

migrate to the veins of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Eggs in the gut wall can lead to pain,

517: 7202: 5717: 5465: 4991:

Cimini A, Ricci M, Gigliotti PE, Pugliese L, Chiaravalloti A, Danieli R, Schillaci O (August 2021).

2540:. Epidemiological evidence suggests that this campaign unintentionally contributed to the spread of 8167: 8014: 8006: 7958: 7933: 7860: 7527: 7476: 7051: 7032: 6978: 6967: 6791: 3082: 2568: 2452: 1531: 1359:

hatch from these eggs, the larvae infect a very specific type of freshwater snail. For example, in

1253: 1234: 1029:), increased pressure in the right heart, enlargement of the pulmonary artery and right atria, and 962: 910: 804: 766: 649: 476:

The manifestations of schistosomal infection vary over time as the larval form of the parasite, or

433: 380: 72: 6438: 6085: 4856: 3892:"Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: prospects and challenges for the 21st century" 3787: 2081: 7819: 7805: 7711: 7691: 7661: 7521: 7496: 7396: 7346: 7237: 7168: 7071: 6629: 6393: 6332: 6009: 5966: 5665: 5564: 4695: 3873: 3531: 3224: 2850:

Thétiot-Laurent SA, Boissier J, Robert A, Meunier B (July 2013). "Schistosomiasis chemotherapy".

2584: 2014:

Schistosomiasis is treatable by taking by mouth a single dose of the drug praziquantel annually.

1783:

are being studied as they are lower cost. LAMP testing is not commercially available as of 2019.

1000: 983: 918: 529: 513: 438: 228: 179: 6389:"The Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis in Modern and Ancient Tissues by Means of Immunocytochemistry" 4440: 3985: 3134: 2470: 2462:

Schistosomiasis is known as bilharzia or bilharziosis in many countries, after German physician

3684: 59: 17: 8157: 7066: 7011: 6918: 6842: 6813: 6621: 6613: 6574: 6556: 6493: 6412: 6324: 6283: 6174: 6144: 6117: 6066: 6048: 6001: 5958: 5901: 5803: 5778: 5657: 5649: 5556: 5521: 5433: 5380: 5295: 5246: 5187: 5106: 5024: 4924: 4878: 4837: 4715: 4676: 4668: 4615: 4607: 4512: 4444: 4380: 4329: 4319: 4285: 4250: 4201: 4145: 4091: 4073: 3989: 3948: 3921: 3863: 3707: 3654: 3618: 3521: 3314: 3296: 3216: 3027: 3009: 2968: 2919: 2867: 2823: 1799: 1694: 1546: 1205: 870: 609: 466: 376: 356: 250: 167: 6168: 5683:

Oliveira G, Rodrigues NB, Romanha AJ, Bahia D (2004). "Genome and Genomics of Schistosomes".

5055: 4559: 4401: 3242: 2988:"Impacts of host gender on Schistosoma mansoni risk in rural Uganda—A mixed-methods approach" 2701: 1148:

Blood in the urine - blood is usually seen at the end of a urine stream (most common symptom)

8052: 7852: 7845: 7725: 7339: 7307: 6887: 6605: 6564: 6548: 6483: 6473: 6402: 6314: 6275: 6056: 6040: 5993: 5948: 5938: 5930: 5768: 5760: 5692: 5641: 5605: 5595: 5548: 5511: 5503: 5370: 5362: 5285: 5277: 5236: 5226: 5177: 5169: 5096: 5086: 5014: 5004: 4958: 4914: 4868: 4827: 4819: 4707: 4658: 4599: 4502: 4494: 4432: 4370: 4360: 4311: 4277: 4240: 4232: 4191: 4181: 4135: 4125: 4081: 4065: 3977: 3911: 3903: 3853: 3699: 3646: 3608: 3600: 3513: 3507: 3304: 3288: 3208: 3017: 2999: 2958: 2950: 2909: 2901: 2859: 2813: 2805: 2469:

The first physician who described the entire disease cycle was the Brazilian parasitologist

1795: 1511: 1399: 1323: 841: 652:) may occur if worms or eggs travel to the spinal cord during this acute phase of infection. 601: 461:. Within 12 hours of infection, an individual may complain of a tingling sensation or light 391: 88: 3890:

Ross AG, Sleigh AC, Li Y, Davis GM, Williams GM, Jiang Z, Feng Z, McManus DP (April 2001).

3160: 736:

that help them migrate to the bladder and intestines to be shed. The enzymes also cause an

421:

among parasitic diseases with the greatest economic impact. Schistosomiasis is listed as a

8126: 7679: 7593: 7331: 7281: 7276: 7174: 7159: 7098: 6702: 6223: 5917:

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

5897: 5797: 5747:

Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (December 2012).

5628:

Pereira TA, Vaz De Melo Trindade G, Trindade Santos E, Pereira FE, Souza MM (2021-01-23).

5130:

Bilharzia caused by poor civil engineering design due to ignorance of cause and prevention

3549: 2706: 2549: 2502: 2463: 2048: 2028:

When 20 to 50 percent of children have bloody urine, only school-age children are treated.

1983: 1301: 1093: 1067: 779: 6853: 4663: 4640: 1425:

The hatching of the eggs leading to release of the free-swimming, ciliated larvae called

1208:

eight times higher than baseline. Cerebral granulomatous infection may also be caused by

740:

inflammatory reaction when eggs get trapped in tissues or embolize to the liver, spleen,

6726:— documentary about the rise of schistosomiasis along the Senegal river (video, 47 mins) 6674: 5953: 5222: 5162:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

2031:

When fewer than 20 percent of children have symptoms, mass treatment is not implemented.

1447:

Upon entrance into the human hosts, cercariae lose their tails and become schistosomulae

8095: 8090: 8075: 7811: 7774: 7719: 7534: 7513: 7482: 7440: 7319: 7268: 7247: 7216: 7188: 7131: 7058: 6569: 6536: 6488: 6461: 6236: 6061: 6028: 5890: 5773: 5748: 5610: 5583: 5516: 5491: 5375: 5290: 5265: 5241: 5206: 5182: 5157: 5101: 5074: 5073:

Grimes JE, Croll D, Harrison WE, Utzinger J, Freeman MC, Templeton MR (December 2014).

5019: 4992: 4832: 4807: 4603: 4507: 4482: 4315: 4196: 4169: 4140: 4113: 4086: 4053: 3858: 3739: 3613: 3588: 3309: 3276: 3022: 2987: 2963: 2938: 2914: 2889: 2818: 2793: 2672:"schistosomiasis - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary" 2419: 2415: 2297: 2265: 1705: 1650: 1122: 1114: 695: 372: 364: 348: 340: 232: 216: 192: 184: 6279: 5934: 5865: 5835: 5764: 5124:

Charnock, Anne (7 August 1980). "Taking Bilharziasis out of the irrigation equation".

4711: 4534: 4498: 3212: 3199:

Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L (September 2006). "Human schistosomiasis".

2954: 2905: 2809: 2770: 445: 8141: 7798: 7779: 7553: 7548: 7299: 7287: 7038: 6922: 6697: 5943: 5669: 4963: 4946: 4433: 4281: 4245: 4220: 3978: 3916: 3891: 3877: 3683:

Ross AG, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, Olds GR, Li Y, Williams GM, McManus DP (April 2002).

3535: 2641: 2537: 2477: 1958: 1949: 1653:, a semiquantitative stool examination technique. Other methods that can be used are 1645:

Diagnosis of infection is confirmed by the identification of eggs in stools. Eggs of

1605: 1597: 1118: 995: 966: 949: 778:, and diarrhea (especially in children). Severe disease can lead to narrowing of the 571: 395: 332: 317: 6796: 6633: 6407: 6388: 6336: 6013: 5568: 4945:

Mutro Nigo M, Salieb-Beugelaar GB, Battegay M, Odermatt P, Hunziker P (2019-12-19).

4365: 4348: 1617: 8121: 8032: 7938: 7894: 7790: 7697: 7572: 7143: 5970: 5507: 5366: 4823: 4779: 4741: 2276:

is found in parts of South America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East;

1935: 1915: 1822: 1379: 1013:

Pulmonary Schistosomiasis due to portosystemic anastomoses from portal hypertension

914: 875: 775: 753: 737: 726: 705: 469:", due to irritation at the point of entrance. The rash that may develop can mimic 406: 360: 277: 208: 6864: 6044: 5399:"WHO TDR news item, 4th Dec 2014, Praziquantel dose confirmed for schistosomiasis" 3907: 3228: 6807: 6478: 5645: 5091: 3004: 1482:- vesicular and pelvic venous plexus of the bladder (occasionally rectal venules) 7925: 7910: 7766: 7647: 7628: 7619: 7607: 7461: 7425: 7407: 7374: 7360: 7152: 7078: 7023: 6958: 6837: 2571:, researchers decreased the symptoms due to schistosomiasis in an animal model. 2541: 2492: 2301: 2269: 2065: 2036: 2000: 1389: 1230: 730: 387: 368: 328: 242: 220: 31: 6818: 5346:

Danso-Appiah A, Olliaro PL, Donegan S, Sinclair D, Utzinger J (February 2013).

5281: 5211:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4069: 3940: 3650: 3292: 1821:

Like most parasitic infections, schistosomiasis will usually cause significant

7830: 7752: 7737: 7507: 7466: 6859: 6739: 6729: 6552: 5997: 5552: 5009: 4919: 4902: 4873: 4130: 3980:

Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

2044: 2040: 1919: 1851: 1238: 1131: 1010:

Neuroschistosomiasis due to portosystemic anastomoses from portal hypertension

952:

can occur as a result of the portal hypertension caused by periportal fibrosis

699: 546: 542: 505: 399: 336: 321: 272: 256: 6617: 6560: 6416: 6052: 5653: 5320: 4672: 4611: 4077: 3300: 3013: 1764:

In 2005, a field evaluation of a novel handheld microscope was undertaken in

8042: 7452: 7295: 6948: 6943: 6848: 6781: 6593: 5231: 3517: 2509: 2261: 1954: 1592: 1426: 1306: 1106: 791: 477: 390:

contaminated with the parasites. These parasites are released from infected

352: 212: 196: 6625: 6609: 6578: 6497: 6328: 6287: 6070: 6005: 5962: 5782: 5661: 5600: 5560: 5525: 5384: 5299: 5250: 5191: 5173: 5110: 5028: 4928: 4882: 4841: 4719: 4680: 4619: 4516: 4384: 4333: 4205: 4149: 4095: 3952: 3925: 3711: 3658: 3622: 3318: 3220: 3031: 2972: 2923: 2871: 2863: 2827: 1450:

The schistosomulae travel to the lungs and heart via the venous circulation

945: 5437: 4289: 4254: 4114:"Impact of Endemic Infections on HIV Susceptibility in Sub-Saharan Africa" 702:

is used to alleviate the hypersensitivity reaction and reduce inflammation

8105: 8047: 8022: 7879: 7760: 7652: 7601: 7416: 6930: 6870: 3703: 3107: 2456: 2285: 1110: 859: 501: 344: 324: 188: 6226:, a medical historical paper from the University of Calgary. March 2004. 4901:

Utzinger J, Becker SL, van Lieshout L, van Dam GJ, Knopp S (June 2015).

4236: 4186: 1422:

The excretion of schistosome eggs in urine or feces depending on species

1347:. Looking at a urine sample under a microscope would reveal the eggs of 8070: 8037: 8027: 7490: 7232: 4641:"Lessons from the History of Ivermectin and Other Antiparasitic Agents" 3275:

McManus DP, Bergquist R, Cai P, Ranasinghe S, Tebeje BM, You H (2020).

2506: 2411: 2308: 2257: 1888: 1855: 1657:, circumoval precipitation test, and alkaline phosphatase immunoassay. 1369: 989: 973:

usually develops in around 5–15 years, while it can take less time for

854: 614: 509: 493: 470: 458: 418: 68: 7975: 6764: 6656:

Knowledge (XXG)'s health care articles can be viewed offline with the

6319: 6302: 4375: 4170:"Urogenital Schistosomiasis—History, Pathogenesis, and Bladder Cancer" 3604: 1701:) may demonstrate eggs when stool or urine examinations are negative. 1676:

is suspected. Eggs can be present in the stool in infections with all

1492:- inferior mesenteric plexus (lower portion of the bowels compared to 6776: 6716: 2035:

Other possible treatments include a combination of praziquantel with

1895: 1871: 1847: 1765: 1097: 1079: 783: 749: 733: 534: 441:

rash (flat and raised lesions) at the sites of cercarial penetration.

5918: 5696: 2466:, who first described the cause of urinary schistosomiasis in 1851. 545:

called "swimmer's itch" can also be caused by cercariae from animal

6088:[A contribution to the literature on helminths humans …]. 5143:

The IRG Solution — hierarchical incompetence and how to overcome it

4554: 4552: 4396: 4394: 4270:

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

4112:

Yegorov S, Joag V, Galiwango RM, Good SV, Okech B, Kaul R (2019).

2521: 2513: 2448: 2164: 2088: 2080: 1987: 1899: 1891: 1882: 1689:(recommended time for collection: between noon and 3 PM) and with 1661: 1654: 1628: 1616: 1515: 1398: 1356: 1322: 1126: 1082:, in a 44-year-old sub-Saharan man, due to urinary schistosomiasis 1075: 1061: 944: 906: 745: 497: 489: 444: 432: 6512:"CRISPR/Cas9 shown to limit impact of certain parasitic diseases" 5264:

Qian C, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yuan C, Gao Z, Yuan H, Zhong J (2018).

4310:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 114. pp. 65–88. 2501:, a term which means 'split body'. The name Bilharzia comes from 1914:

A 2014 review found tentative evidence that increasing access to

725:

In long-established disease, adult worms lay eggs that can cause

6594:"Critical factors contributing to the thromboelastography trace" 3740:"CDC - Cercarial Dermatitis - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)" 2533: 1906:

Many countries are working towards eradicating the disease. The

1757:

prognosis. Where a person has traveled can help determine which

1522:

is weakly effective in mouse schistosomiasis but is not in use.

741: 462: 7979: 6891: 5058:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 November 2012. 4993:"Medical Imaging in the Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis: A Review" 3786:

Rosenthal PJ (2021), Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW (eds.),

1174:

Inflammation and ulceration of uterine cervix, vagina, or vulva

830:

Blood in feces that is not visibly present (fecal occult blood)

6734:

International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers

2434:

Estimates regarding the number of deaths vary. Worldwide, the

1138: 6027:

Di Bella S, Riccardi N, Giacobbe DR, Luzzati R (2018-07-04).

4481:

Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L (October 2000).

4306:

Pittella JE (2013). "Pathology of CNS parasitic infections".

2497:

Schistosomiasis is named for the genus of parasitic flatworm

570:

itching cases, prescription strength cream and lotions. Oral

565:

Prickling or tingling sensation, burning, itching of the skin

4778:

Global Health - Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria.

2769:. World Health Organization. 3 February 2014. Archived from 2337:

Africa, Middle East, Caribbean, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname

1604:

during the early phases of infection, and it transitions to

882:

Approximately 10-50% of people living in endemic regions of

6352:"The Paleoepidemiology of Schistosomiasis in Ancient Egypt" 3509:

Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases

1693:. Quantification is possible by using filtration through a 1672:

is suspected, and urine examination should be performed if

151: 142: 124: 121: 112: 106: 27:

Human disease caused by parasitic worms called schistosomes

5490:

Kramer CV, Zhang F, Sinclair D, Olliaro PL (August 2014).

94: 4221:"Relationship between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer" 1810:

infection. For travelers or migrants in endemic regions,

1802:

can be used to test for blood in the stool for potential

449:

Skin blisters on the forearm, created by the entrance of

130: 97: 30:

This article is about the disease. For the organism, see

6217:"Proceedings of the 13h Annual History of Medicine Days" 2937:

Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH (June 2014).

2093:

Deaths from schistosomiasis per million persons in 2012

1444:

Cercariae find the human hosts and penetrate their skin

1273:

Cerebral granulomatous infection symptoms may include:

4696:"Schistosomiasis: Drugs used and treatment strategies" 4483:"The global status of schistosomiasis and its control" 986:(can cause life-threatening esophageal variceal bleed) 417:

tropical countries, schistosomiasis is second only to

6730:

Schistosomiasis information for travellers from IAMAT

5986:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

5802:(third ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 4861:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

4219:

Mostafa MH, Sheweita SA, O'Connor PJ (January 1999).

148: 133: 127: 109: 100: 91: 6754: 6116:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 1685:. Eggs can be found in the urine in infections with 139: 103: 75:

due to schistosomiasis (Agusan del Sur, Philippines)

8114: 8061: 8013: 7909: 7878: 7829: 7736: 7646: 7618: 7571: 7460: 7451: 7424: 7415: 7406: 7393: 7330: 7246: 7231: 7142: 7109: 7022: 6957: 6942: 6929: 6828: 6758: 6535:Da'dara AA, de Laforcade AM, Skelly PJ (May 2016). 5043:

Progress report 2001–2011, strategic plan 2012–2020

437:Cercarial dermatitis can present as an itchy, red, 291: 283: 271: 263: 249: 238: 202: 178: 166: 118: 115: 79: 49: 44: 5885: 5883: 5348:"Drugs for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection" 3781: 3779: 3277:"Schistosomiasis—from immunopathology to vaccines" 5834:. WHO Media Centre. February 2014. Archived from 4476: 4474: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3046:"Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel" 2172:for schistosomiasis per 100,000 inhabitants. 1434:Within the snails, two successive generations of 4631: 4629: 4054:"Hepatic and Intestinal Schistosomiasis: Review" 3587:Gray DJ, Ross AG, Li YS, McManus DP (May 2011). 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 1794:screening in the community can be done by using 1476:(but can also inhabit superior mesenteric veins) 1466:(but can also inhabit inferior mesenteric veins) 1070:wall caused by deposition of calcium around the 255:Finding eggs of the parasite in urine or stool, 5889:Luke F. Pennington and Michael H. Hsieh (2014) 5616:citing public domain text, published by the CDC 5485: 5483: 4781:Schistosomiasis Infection: Laboratory Diagnosis 4347:Freitas AR, Oliveira AC, Silva LJ (July 2010). 4301: 4299: 4118:Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines 4107: 4105: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3947:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3270: 3268: 3108:"Schistosomiasis A major public health problem" 1266:Loss of sensation below the level of the lesion 1237:(inflammation of the spinal cord) with flaccid 860:Bowel strictures (narrowing of colon or rectum) 537:) with some turning into fluid-filled lesions ( 508:enlargement. Some patients may also experience 5864:. WHO Media Centre. March 2014. Archived from 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4163: 4161: 4159: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3792:Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2021 1113:can lead to obstruction of the urinary tract, 413:(WHO) for those who are known to be infected. 7991: 6903: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3589:"Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis" 2636: 2634: 1600:is prominent releasing cytokines such as IFN- 1554:Few weeks to months after initial infection: 8: 6592:MacDonald SG, Luddington RJ (October 2010). 5492:"Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis" 5056:"Schistosomiasis - Prevention & Control" 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 2476:The disease was a common cause of death for 631:Enlargement of both the liver and the spleen 6437:. World Health Organization. Archived from 6170:Schistosoma: Biology, Pathology and Control 6086:"Ein Beitrag zur Helminthographia humana …" 5496:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5355:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5145:. London: Souvenir Press. 1984. p. 88. 4812:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4533:. World Health Organization. Archived from 4439:(22 ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 2883: 2881: 1109:10 to 12 weeks after infection. Over time, 956:Chronic (fibrotic) hepatic schistosomiasis 827:Mucous diarrhea with or without gross blood 7998: 7984: 7976: 7457: 7421: 7412: 7403: 7243: 6954: 6939: 6910: 6896: 6888: 6755: 6090:Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 4940: 4938: 4786:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2524:, where schistosomiasis was once endemic. 1722:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 528:The first potential reaction is an itchy, 41: 6568: 6487: 6477: 6406: 6394:Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena 6318: 6060: 5952: 5942: 5772: 5609: 5599: 5515: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5374: 5289: 5240: 5230: 5181: 5100: 5090: 5018: 5008: 4962: 4918: 4903:"New diagnostic tools in schistosomiasis" 4896: 4894: 4892: 4872: 4831: 4662: 4506: 4374: 4364: 4244: 4195: 4185: 4139: 4129: 4085: 3915: 3857: 3612: 3308: 3021: 3003: 2962: 2913: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2817: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2603: 2601: 1543:Minutes to days after initial infection: 1403:Lifecycle stages of a typical trematode, 1295:Inability to stand or sit without support 6706:) is being considered for deletion. See 4308:Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology 2315:Schistosoma species and endemic regions 2313: 1031:thickening of the right ventricular wall 5891:Immune Response to Parasitic Infections 5405:from the original on September 13, 2016 2597: 2587:, another disease transmitted by snails 1929:Preventive anthelminthic administration 644:Neurological side effects may include 6541:Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 5900:, Bentham e books, Vol 2, pp. 93-124, 5634:International Journal for Parasitology 3243:"Parasites - Schistosomiasis, Disease" 1812:complete blood count with differential 1781:Loop-mediated isothermal amplification 1660:Microscopic identification of eggs in 1245:) or portal mesenteric-pelvic system ( 578:Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever) 386:The disease is spread by contact with 53:Bilharzia, snail fever, Katayama fever 6598:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 3794:, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education 1625:parasite eggs in human bladder tissue 1547:Cercerial dermatitis (Swimmer's itch) 1510:Schistosomiasis is also a concern of 936:Inflammatory hepatic schistosomiasis 355:. Those who have been infected for a 7: 6247:from the original on 24 January 2017 5728:from the original on 8 December 2014 5045:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 4664:10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111209 4412:from the original on 3 November 2016 3850:Infectious Diseases (Fourth Edition) 3253:from the original on 2 December 2016 3167:from the original on 4 December 2014 1621:High-powered detailed micrograph of 890:develop intestinal schistosomiasis. 5062:from the original on 3 August 2017. 4907:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 4646:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 3692:The New England Journal of Medicine 3550:"CDC - DPDx - Cercarial Dermatitis" 2478:Egyptians in the Greco-Roman Period 2426:the world's deadliest schistosome. 2280:in Africa and the Middle East; and 1761:species to test for by immunoblot. 574:can also help relieve the itching. 516:associated with the development of 6206:from the original on 21 June 2014. 5426:Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 4740:School of Medicine. Archived from 4604:10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100702 4353:Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 4316:10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00005-4 3859:10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00276-8 2767:"Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115" 2619:from the original on 15 March 2014 1269:Pain below the level of the lesion 1260:Paralysis of the lower extremities 402:against the disease in the blood. 339:may be infected. Symptoms include 25: 6710:to help reach a consensus. › 6372:from the original on 2013-11-26. 5462:"How is Schistosomiasis Treated?" 5327:from the original on July 7, 2007 4712:10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.08.002 4560:"CDC - Schistosomiasis - Biology" 4465:"Abenteuer Diagnose: Bilharziose" 4402:"CDC - Schistosomiasis - Disease" 3141:from the original on 20 July 2008 3135:"Schistosomiasis Control Program" 3114:from the original on 5 April 2014 3052:from the original on 2 April 2015 2652:from the original on 26 June 2015 1740:infection, and less than 50% for 1655:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1166:Calcification of the bladder wall 1160:Secondary urinary tract infection 1053:Fainting during physical exertion 677:Cardiac side effects may include 6741:Why Snails Are Deadly? Explained 6667: 6650: 6466:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5816:from the original on 2014-10-17. 5305: 5079:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4772: This article incorporates 4767: 4431:Cook GC, Zumla AL, eds. (2009). 3788:"Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)" 2992:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 1860:magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1798:to check for hematuria, and the 1641:Identification of eggs in stools 1263:Loss of bowel or urinary control 1092:migrate to the veins around the 687:Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia 87: 58: 6408:10.4067/s0717-73562000000100021 4366:10.1590/s0074-02762010000400009 4052:Elbaz T, Esmat G (2013-09-01). 4020:from the original on 2016-02-13 1992:Ethiopian children treated for 1922:reduces schistosome infection. 1154:Increase frequency of urination 756:being common in endemic areas. 18:Schistosomiasis (skin symptoms) 6098:See: "2. Distomum Haematobium 5508:10.1002/14651858.CD000053.pub3 5367:10.1002/14651858.cd000528.pub2 4824:10.1002/14651858.CD009579.pub2 2707:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2569:CRISPR gene editing technology 2436:Global Burden of Disease Study 2348:China, Indonesia, Philippines 1327:Life cycle of Schistosoma spp. 1170:Genital symptoms may include: 1144:Urinary symptoms may include: 905:Eggs can become lodged in the 1: 6280:10.1016/S1383-5769(03)00046-1 6045:10.1080/20477724.2018.1495357 5935:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 5765:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 5718:"Neglected Tropical Diseases" 5321:"eMedicine - Schistosomiasis" 4499:10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00122-4 4225:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3939:Lackey EK, Horrall S (2021), 3908:10.1128/CMR.14.2.270-295.2001 3896:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3213:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69440-3 3161:"Neglected Tropical Diseases" 3110:. World Health Organization. 2955:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61949-2 2906:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 2810:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 2609:"Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)" 2392:Africa, Middle East, Corsica 2170:Disability-adjusted life year 898:Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis 821:Abdominal pain and discomfort 814:can also cause this disease. 7369:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides 6479:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006968 6084:Bilharz, Siebold CT (1852). 5646:10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.002 5092:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003296 5041:WHO (2013) Schistosomiasis: 4964:10.33218/prnano3(1).191205.1 4282:10.1016/0035-9203(95)90512-x 4174:Journal of Clinical Medicine 4058:Journal of Advanced Research 3738:Prevention CC (2020-09-18). 3005:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008266 1999:Two drugs, praziquantel and 1965:Integrated strategy in China 1825:that can be identified on a 1636:eggs in hepatic portal tract 729:reactions. The eggs secrete 375:. In children, it may cause 8173:Infectious causes of cancer 7706:Angiostrongylus cantonensis 7355:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei 6659:Medical Knowledge (XXG) app 6033:Pathogens and Global Health 5685:Canadian Journal of Zoology 4587:Annual Review of Entomology 3281:Seminars in Immunopathology 2563:A proposed vaccine against 2381:Central Africa rain forest 2370:Central Africa rain forest 2057:antimony potassium tartrate 1846:Imaging modalities such as 1319:Transmission and life cycle 1007:Complications may include: 837:Complications may include: 641:Complications may include: 473:and other types of rashes. 465:, commonly referred to as " 8189: 6301:Strickland GT (May 2006). 6268:Parasitology International 4435:Manson's Tropical Diseases 4070:10.1016/j.jare.2012.12.001 3852:, Elsevier, pp. xiv, 3651:10.1016/j.jinf.2005.07.022 3293:10.1007/s00281-020-00789-x 3048:. cdc.gov. 1 August 2013. 2490: 2418:, and 150,000 deaths from 1981: 1736:infection is 99%, 95% for 1367:it is snails of the genus 1252:Spinal cord inflammation ( 1163:Secondary kidney infection 1058:Urogenital schistosomiasis 865:Protein-losing enteropathy 760:Intestinal schistosomiasis 648:Spinal cord inflammation ( 600:Dry cough with changes on 423:neglected tropical disease 29: 8081:African sleeping sickness 7946:Capillaria philippinensis 7869:Halicephalobus gingivalis 7840:Strongyloides stercoralis 6553:10.1007/s11239-015-1298-z 6350:Kloos H, David R (2002). 6241:World Health Organization 6143:. Springer. p. vii. 5998:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.307 5582:Walker MD (August 2018). 5553:10.1007/s00436-013-3559-0 5010:10.3390/pathogens10081058 4920:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.014 4874:10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.949 4131:10.1186/s40794-019-0097-5 2378:Schistosoma intercalatum 2264:, eastern South America, 2260:countries in Africa, the 2063:Post-treatment monitoring 1908:World Health Organization 1777:Polymerase chain reaction 1732:species. Sensitivity for 1474:inferior mesenteric veins 1464:superior mesenteric veins 1020:Pulmonary schistosomiasis 1001:Enlarged spleen and liver 670:Ataxia/ speech impairment 658:Disturbances of sensorium 559:Small red, raised pimples 411:World Health Organization 66: 57: 7952:Intestinal capillariasis 7047:Dicrocoelium dendriticum 6708:templates for discussion 6435:"Water-related Diseases" 6194:Cheng M (20 June 2014). 6140:Tropical Hemato-Oncology 6137:Droz JP (15 July 2015). 5282:10.1051/parasite/2018058 3639:The Journal of Infection 3163:. cdc.gov. 6 June 2011. 2389:Schistosoma haematobium 2256:The disease is found in 1942:Snails, dams, and prawns 1856:computed tomography (CT) 1598:Th1 helper cell response 1351:and rarely, the eggs of 1256:) symptoms may include: 227:, urethral obstruction, 223:(both male and female), 8127:Priority review voucher 7939:Trichuriasis / Whipworm 7889:Enterobius vermicularis 7684:Cutaneous larva migrans 7257:Echinococcus granulosus 7197:Heterophyes heterophyes 7183:Gastrodiscoides hominis 7006:Trichobilharzia regenti 5232:10.1073/pnas.1502651112 3518:10.1016/c2016-0-01879-x 2939:"Human schistosomiasis" 2493:History of schistosomes 2367:Schistosoma guineensis 1560:Type III hypersensivity 1418:The life cycle stages: 1307:Irregular eye movements 1298:Uncoordinated movements 691:Treatment may include: 7787:Visceral larva migrans 7582:Gnathostoma spinigerum 7435:Dracunculus medinensis 7341:Diphyllobothrium latum 7120:Paragonimus westermani 7087:Opisthorchis viverrini 6610:10.1055/s-0030-1265288 5601:10.3201/eid2408.et2408 5584:"Etymologia: Antimony" 5174:10.1098/rstb.2016.0127 4951:Precision Nanomedicine 4774:public domain material 2864:10.1002/anie.201208390 2676:OxfordDictionaries.com 2414:, 10 million cases of 2345:Schistosoma japonicum 2253: 2162: 2086: 1996: 1903: 1637: 1626: 1410: 1328: 1193:Central nervous system 1100:where they reproduce. 1083: 1038:pulmonary hypertension 1027:pulmonary hypertension 980:Symptoms may include: 953: 817:Symptoms may include: 792:granulomatous reaction 596:Symptoms may include: 552:Symptoms may include: 454: 442: 245:from freshwater snails 7668:Ancylostoma duodenale 7211:Metagonimus yokogawai 6387:Rutherford P (2000). 5944:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 5541:Parasitology Research 4738:University of Tsukuba 2296:are found locally in 2168: 2092: 2084: 1991: 1886: 1772:Molecular diagnostics 1632: 1620: 1406:Schistosoma japonicum 1402: 1326: 1180:Infertility in female 1066:Calcification of the 1065: 948: 850:Iron deficient anemia 518:pulmonary infiltrates 448: 436: 381:learning difficulties 267:Access to clean water 225:bladder calcification 67:11-year-old boy with 7920:Trichinella spiralis 7747:Ascaris lumbricoides 7561:Lymphatic filariasis 7543:Wuchereria bancrofti 6359:Human Ecology Review 6202:. Associated Press. 4537:on November 19, 2016 3704:10.1056/NEJMra012396 2900:(10053): 1459–1544. 2804:(10053): 1545–1602. 2615:. 17 December 2011. 2518:Hiroshima Prefecture 2459:(ca. 2494–2345 BC). 2356:Schistosoma mekongi 2334:Schistosoma mansoni 1827:complete blood count 1289:Cerebellar symptoms 1188:Neuroschistosomiasis 1157:Protein in the urine 869:Partial or complete 833:Abdominal distention 524:Cercarial dermatitis 8148:Waterborne diseases 8015:Diseases of poverty 8007:Diseases of poverty 7934:Trichuris trichiura 7861:Trichostrongyliasis 7477:Onchocerca volvulus 7033:Clonorchis sinensis 6968:Schistosoma mansoni 6949:Trematode infection 6167:Jamieson B (2017). 5468:on 25 February 2008 5460:The Carter Center. 5223:2015PNAS..112.9650S 4467:. 1 September 2020. 4237:10.1128/CMR.12.1.97 4187:10.3390/jcm10020205 3133:The Carter Center. 2648:. 2 December 2013. 2528:Society and culture 2453:African Great Lakes 2399:Infection estimates 2316: 2250: more than 500 1994:Schistosoma mansoni 1829:with differential. 1816:Liver function test 1651:Kato-Katz technique 1532:proteolytic enzymes 1254:transverse myelitis 1235:transverse myelitis 1044:Shortness of breath 963:portal hypertension 911:portal hypertension 650:transverse myelitis 396:helminth infections 73:portal hypertension 8063:Neglected diseases 8048:Diarrheal diseases 7820:Parascaris equorum 7806:Dioctophyme renale 7712:Angiostrongyliasis 7692:Necator americanus 7662:Hookworm infection 7522:Dirofilaria repens 7347:Diphyllobothriasis 7238:Tapeworm infection 7169:Fasciolopsis buski 6829:External resources 6441:on 1 December 2015 6222:2012-10-28 at the 5929:(9859): 2095–128. 5896:2014-12-07 at the 5868:on 7 December 2014 5838:on 6 December 2014 5588:Emerg. Infect. Dis 5168:(1722): 20160127. 5126:New Civil Engineer 4734:"Clinical Aspects" 3512:. Elsevier. 2020. 2710:. Merriam-Webster. 2585:Angiostrongyliasis 2320:Type of infection 2314: 2254: 2184: less than 50 2163: 2087: 1997: 1904: 1787:Laboratory testing 1712:Antibody detection 1704:Identification of 1638: 1627: 1520:O-methyl-threonine 1411: 1329: 1286:Sensory impairment 1177:Blood in the sperm 1107:blood in the urine 1084: 984:Esophageal varices 954: 919:esophageal varices 776:blood in the stool 562:Small red blisters 459:feeling of illness 455: 443: 429:Signs and symptoms 353:blood in the urine 287:252 million (2015) 229:nephrotic syndrome 197:blood in the urine 173:Infectious disease 8163:Tropical diseases 8135: 8134: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7905: 7904: 7642: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7263:E. multilocularis 7227: 7226: 7067:Fasciola hepatica 6919:Parasitic disease 6885: 6884: 6320:10.1002/hep.21173 6237:"Schistosomiasis" 6123:978-0-521-30312-5 6112:Jordan P (1985). 5906:978-1-60805-148-9 5828:"Schistosomiasis" 5759:(9859): 2163–96. 4531:"Schistosomiasis" 4450:978-1-4160-4470-3 4014:www.niaid.nih.gov 4010:"Schistosomiasis" 3941:"Schistosomiasis" 3869:978-0-7020-6285-8 3685:"Schistosomiasis" 3605:10.1136/bmj.d2651 3527:978-0-323-55512-8 3207:(9541): 1106–18. 3083:"Schistosomiasis" 2949:(9936): 2253–64. 2852:Angewandte Chemie 2702:"schistosomiasis" 2642:"Schistosomiasis" 2422:annually, making 2396: 2395: 1800:stool guaiac test 1695:nucleopore filter 1683:Ritchie technique 1587:Chronic infection 1151:Painful urination 871:bowel obstruction 846:Intestinal ulcers 842:Intestinal polyps 721:Chronic infection 667:Visual impairment 392:freshwater snails 299: 298: 251:Diagnostic method 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 8180: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7977: 7854:Trichostrongylus 7846:Strongyloidiasis 7726:Metastrongylosis 7458: 7422: 7413: 7404: 7308:Hymenolepis nana 7244: 7144:Intestinal fluke 6955: 6940: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6889: 6756: 6742: 6671: 6670: 6654: 6638: 6637: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6572: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6491: 6481: 6472:(12): e0006968. 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6410: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6371: 6356: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6322: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6233: 6227: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6064: 6024: 6018: 6017: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5956: 5946: 5914: 5908: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5832:Fact sheet N°115 5824: 5818: 5817: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5714: 5701: 5700: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5603: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5464:. Archived from 5457: 5442: 5441: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5378: 5352: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5303: 5293: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5244: 5234: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5185: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5104: 5094: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5052: 5046: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5022: 5012: 4988: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4922: 4898: 4887: 4886: 4876: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4835: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4666: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4510: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4438: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4378: 4368: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4248: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4199: 4189: 4165: 4154: 4153: 4143: 4133: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4089: 4049: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3983: 3973: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3919: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3861: 3845: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3783: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3735: 3716: 3715: 3689: 3680: 3663: 3662: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3616: 3584: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3504: 3323: 3322: 3312: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3196: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3079: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3025: 3007: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2917: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2847: 2832: 2831: 2821: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2773:on 12 March 2014 2763: 2712: 2711: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2682:on July 16, 2014 2678:. Archived from 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2605: 2317: 2304:, respectively. 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 1512:cattle husbandry 1283:Motor impairment 1074:eggs on a plain 824:Loss of appetite 304:, also known as 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 145: 144: 141: 136: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 105: 102: 99: 96: 93: 62: 42: 21: 8188: 8187: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8110: 8096:River blindness 8086:Schistosomiasis 8057: 8009: 8004: 7974: 7965: 7901: 7874: 7825: 7732: 7680:Ancylostomiasis 7650: 7634: 7614: 7594:Gnathostomiasis 7567: 7464: 7447: 7398: 7395: 7381: 7332:Pseudophyllidea 7326: 7277:Taenia saginata 7235: 7223: 7175:Fasciolopsiasis 7160:Echinostomiasis 7138: 7105: 7099:Opisthorchiasis 7018: 6998:Schistosomiasis 6992:S. intercalatum 6946: 6944:Fluke/trematode 6935: 6932: 6925: 6916: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6865:Schistosomiasis 6824: 6823: 6767: 6750:Facts in Motion 6740: 6713:Schistosomiasis 6711: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685:Schistosomiasis 6672: 6668: 6663: 6655: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6520: 6518: 6516:www.bionity.com 6510: 6509: 6505: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6369: 6354: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6224:Wayback Machine 6215: 6211: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6114:Schistosomiasis 6111: 6110: 6106: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6026: 6025: 6021: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5898:Wayback Machine 5888: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5862:Fact sheet N°94 5856: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5810: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5724:. 6 June 2011. 5716: 5715: 5704: 5697:10.1139/Z03-220 5682: 5681: 5677: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5547:(11): 3723–40. 5538: 5537: 5533: 5502:(8): CD000053. 5489: 5488: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5459: 5458: 5445: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5361:(2): CD000528. 5350: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5040: 5036: 4990: 4989: 4972: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4900: 4899: 4890: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4818:(3): CD009579. 4805: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4777: 4768: 4766: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4635: 4634: 4627: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4569: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4400: 4399: 4392: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4326: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4167: 4166: 4157: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4051: 4050: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3975: 3974: 3965: 3957: 3955: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3870: 3847: 3846: 3805: 3797: 3795: 3785: 3784: 3757: 3748: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3719: 3698:(16): 1212–20. 3687: 3682: 3681: 3666: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3586: 3585: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3528: 3506: 3505: 3326: 3274: 3273: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3198: 3197: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3080: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3039: 2998:(5): e0008266. 2985: 2984: 2980: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2858:(31): 7936–56. 2849: 2848: 2835: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2765: 2764: 2715: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2581: 2561: 2550:rite of passage 2530: 2503:Theodor Bilharz 2495: 2489: 2471:Pirajá da Silva 2464:Theodor Bilharz 2445: 2432: 2401: 2359:Cambodia, Laos 2307:The disease is 2294:S. intercalatum 2252: 2251: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2079: 2049:Cochrane review 1986: 1984:Schistosomicide 1980: 1967: 1944: 1931: 1881: 1844: 1835: 1796:urine dip-stick 1789: 1774: 1714: 1643: 1615: 1538:Acute infection 1528: 1508: 1486:S. intercalatum 1416: 1365:S. intercalatum 1337:S. intercalatum 1321: 1302:Scanning speech 1190: 1060: 1022: 900: 811:S. intercalatum 762: 723: 673:Motor paralysis 580: 526: 486: 484:Acute Infection 431: 359:may experience 302:Schistosomiasis 162: 147: 138: 90: 86: 69:abdominal fluid 45:Schistosomiasis 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8186: 8184: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8140: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8091:Dracunculiasis 8088: 8083: 8078: 8076:Chagas disease 8073: 8067: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7980: 7971: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7942: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7915: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7884: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7835: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7812:Dioctophymosis 7802: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7775:Toxocara canis 7771: 7770: 7769: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7742: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7720:Metastrongylus 7716: 7715: 7714: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7674:A. braziliense 7664: 7658: 7656: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7624: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7577: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7535:Dirofilariasis 7525: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7514:Mansonelliasis 7504: 7503: 7502: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7483:Onchocerciasis 7472: 7470: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7441:Dracunculiasis 7430: 7428: 7419: 7410: 7401: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7336: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7320:Hymenolepiasis 7304: 7303: 7302: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7269:Echinococcosis 7252: 7250: 7248:Cyclophyllidea 7241: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7217:Metagonimiasis 7207: 7206: 7205: 7203:Heterophyiasis 7193: 7192: 7191: 7189:Amphistomiasis 7179: 7178: 7177: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7148: 7146: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7132:Paragonimiasis 7115: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7059:Dicrocoeliasis 7043: 7042: 7041: 7028: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7012:Swimmer's itch 7002: 7001: 7000: 6986:S. haematobium 6963: 6961: 6952: 6937: 6927: 6926: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6892: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6867: 6856: 6854:article/228392 6845: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6810: 6799: 6784: 6768: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759:Classification 6753: 6752: 6737: 6727: 6719: 6695: 6673: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645:External links 6643: 6640: 6639: 6604:(7): 712–722. 6584: 6547:(4): 671–677. 6527: 6503: 6452: 6426: 6379: 6342: 6293: 6274:(4): 313–319. 6258: 6228: 6209: 6186: 6179: 6159: 6149: 6129: 6122: 6104: 6076: 6039:(5): 268–273. 6019: 5976: 5909: 5879: 5849: 5819: 5809:978-9241546850 5808: 5788: 5739: 5702: 5675: 5640:(6): 437–440. 5620: 5574: 5531: 5479: 5443: 5416: 5390: 5338: 5312: 5256: 5217:(31): 9650–5. 5197: 5148: 5134: 5116: 5065: 5047: 5034: 4970: 4934: 4888: 4847: 4798: 4755: 4744:on 23 May 2001 4725: 4686: 4655:Annual Reviews 4639:(2016-02-15). 4625: 4596:Annual Reviews 4576: 4548: 4522: 4470: 4456: 4449: 4423: 4390: 4359:(4): 398–408. 4339: 4324: 4295: 4260: 4211: 4155: 4101: 4064:(5): 445–452. 4031: 4001: 3995:978-0443068393 3994: 3963: 3931: 3882: 3868: 3803: 3755: 3717: 3664: 3628: 3566: 3541: 3526: 3324: 3287:(3): 355–371. 3264: 3234: 3178: 3152: 3125: 3099: 3063: 3037: 2978: 2929: 2877: 2833: 2784: 2713: 2693: 2663: 2630: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2580: 2577: 2565:S. haematobium 2560: 2557: 2529: 2526: 2491:Main article: 2488: 2485: 2444: 2441: 2431: 2428: 2424:S. haematobium 2420:kidney failure 2416:hydronephrosis 2408:S. haematobium 2400: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2298:Southeast Asia 2278:S. haematobium 2266:Southeast Asia 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2078: 2075: 2055:Historically, 2033: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2009:S. haematobium 1979: 1976: 1966: 1963: 1943: 1940: 1930: 1927: 1880: 1877: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1792:S. haematobium 1788: 1785: 1773: 1770: 1750:S. haematobium 1738:S. haematobium 1713: 1710: 1706:microhematuria 1699:S. haematobium 1687:S. haematobium 1674:S. haematobium 1642: 1639: 1614: 1611: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1568:S. haematobium 1552: 1551: 1550: 1527: 1524: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1483: 1480:S. haematobium 1477: 1467: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1415: 1412: 1361:S. haematobium 1349:S. haematobium 1320: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1247:S. haematobium 1227:S. haematobium 1204:have rates of 1189: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1134:from smoking. 1123:Bladder cancer 1119:kidney failure 1115:hydronephrosis 1102:S. haematobium 1089:S. haematobium 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1003: 998: 993: 987: 978: 943: 942: 899: 896: 880: 879: 873: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 844: 835: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 761: 758: 722: 719: 718: 717: 714: 710: 703: 696:Corticosteroid 689: 688: 685: 682: 675: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 636: 635: 632: 629: 626: 625:Abdominal pain 623: 620: 617: 612: 607: 604: 579: 576: 572:antihistamines 567: 566: 563: 560: 557: 556:Flat, red rash 525: 522: 485: 482: 467:swimmer's itch 430: 427: 373:bladder cancer 365:kidney failure 341:abdominal pain 314:Katayama fever 297: 296: 293: 289: 288: 285: 281: 280: 275: 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 253: 247: 246: 240: 236: 235: 233:bladder cancer 217:kidney failure 206: 200: 199: 185:Abdominal pain 182: 176: 175: 170: 164: 163: 161: 160: 83: 81: 77: 76: 64: 63: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8185: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8153:Helminthiases 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115:Miscellaneous 8113: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8101:Leishmaniasis 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7994: 7989: 7987: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7799:Baylisascaris 7796: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7649: 7645: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7550: 7549:Brugia malayi 7545: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7392: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7300:Cysticercosis 7297: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7126:P. kellicotti 7122: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7039:Clonorchiasis 7037: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6933:platyhelminth 6928: 6924: 6923:helminthiases 6920: 6913: 6908: 6906: 6901: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6723:River of Hope 6720: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6680: 6676: 6661: 6660: 6653: 6644: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6528: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6453: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6313:(5): 915–22. 6312: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6259: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6213: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6200:National Post 6197: 6190: 6187: 6182: 6180:9781498744263 6176: 6173:. CRC Press. 6172: 6171: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6150:9783319182575 6146: 6142: 6141: 6133: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6105: 6102:", pp. 59–62. 6101: 6095: 6092:(in German). 6091: 6087: 6080: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5992:(2): 307–10. 5991: 5987: 5980: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5850: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5792: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5740: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5691:(2): 375–90. 5690: 5686: 5679: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5432:(2): 167–74. 5431: 5427: 5420: 5417: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5339: 5326: 5323:. eMedicine. 5322: 5316: 5313: 5308: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5085:(12): e3296. 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4913:(6): 529–42. 4912: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4867:(5): 949–55. 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4799: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4775: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4580: 4577: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4427: 4424: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4325:9780444534903 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4231:(1): 97–111. 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3902:(2): 270–95. 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3645:(5): 339–45. 3644: 3640: 3632: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2538:tartar emetic 2535: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2244: 450–500 2238: 400–450 2232: 350–400 2226: 300–350 2220: 250–300 2214: 200–250 2208: 150–200 2202: 100–150 2178: no data 2171: 2167: 2099: no data 2091: 2083: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1959:Senegal River 1956: 1952: 1951: 1950:Macrobrachium 1941: 1939: 1937: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1839: 1833:Tissue biopsy 1832: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1588: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1490:S. guineensis 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1292:Unsteady gait 1291: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1187: 1185: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1086:The worms of 1081: 1078:image of the 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1057: 1052: 1050:Feeling tired 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1040:may include: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1002: 999: 997: 996:Caput medusae 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 981: 979: 976: 972: 968: 967:caput medusae 964: 959: 958: 957: 951: 950:Caput medusae 947: 939: 938: 937: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 909:, leading to 908: 903: 897: 895: 893: 889: 885: 877: 874: 872: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 845: 843: 840: 839: 838: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 819: 818: 815: 813: 812: 807: 806: 801: 797: 793: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768: 764:The worms of 759: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 732: 728: 720: 715: 711: 707: 704: 701: 697: 694: 693: 692: 686: 683: 680: 679: 678: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 647: 646: 645: 642: 639: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 605: 603: 599: 598: 597: 594: 592: 588: 587: 577: 575: 573: 564: 561: 558: 555: 554: 553: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 530:maculopapular 523: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 504:, chills, or 503: 499: 495: 491: 483: 481: 479: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 452: 447: 440: 439:maculopapular 435: 428: 426: 424: 420: 414: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 333:urinary tract 330: 326: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 295:4,400–200,000 294: 290: 286: 282: 279: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 252: 248: 244: 241: 237: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 207: 205: 204:Complications 201: 198: 194: 190: 186: 183: 181: 177: 174: 171: 169: 165: 156: 85: 84: 82: 80:Pronunciation 78: 74: 70: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 8122:Malnutrition 8085: 8033:Tuberculosis 7959: 7944: 7932: 7918: 7895:Enterobiasis 7887: 7867: 7853: 7838: 7818: 7804: 7797: 7791:Toxocariasis 7780: 7773: 7759: 7745: 7718: 7704: 7698:Necatoriasis 7690: 7673: 7666: 7627: 7600: 7587: 7580: 7573:Thelazioidea 7554: 7547: 7541: 7528: 7520: 7506: 7497: 7489: 7475: 7433: 7367: 7353: 7340: 7313: 7306: 7288: 7282: 7275: 7262: 7255: 7209: 7195: 7181: 7167: 7158: 7151: 7125: 7118: 7092: 7085: 7073:F. gigantica 7072: 7065: 7052: 7045: 7031: 7004: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6974:S. japonicum 6973: 6966: 6869: 6858: 6847: 6836: 6812: 6801: 6786: 6771: 6722: 6701: 6683: 6682: 6681:profile for 6678: 6657: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6519:. Retrieved 6515: 6506: 6469: 6465: 6455: 6443:. Retrieved 6439:the original 6429: 6420: 6398: 6392: 6382: 6373: 6365:(1): 14–25. 6362: 6358: 6345: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6249:. Retrieved 6240: 6231: 6212: 6199: 6189: 6169: 6162: 6154: 6139: 6132: 6113: 6107: 6099: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6036: 6032: 6022: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5870:. Retrieved 5866:the original 5861: 5852: 5840:. Retrieved 5836:the original 5831: 5822: 5798: 5796:WHO (2006). 5791: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5730:. Retrieved 5721: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5637: 5633: 5623: 5615: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5499: 5495: 5470:. Retrieved 5466:the original 5429: 5425: 5419: 5409:September 5, 5407:. Retrieved 5393: 5358: 5354: 5341: 5329:. Retrieved 5315: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5142: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5050: 5037: 5000: 4996: 4954: 4950: 4910: 4906: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4789:. Retrieved 4780: 4746:. Retrieved 4742:the original 4728: 4703: 4700:Acta Tropica 4699: 4689: 4650: 4644: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4568:. Retrieved 4566:. 2019-08-14 4563: 4539:. Retrieved 4535:the original 4525: 4493:(1): 41–51. 4490: 4487:Acta Tropica 4486: 4459: 4434: 4426: 4414:. Retrieved 4405: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4307: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4177: 4173: 4121: 4117: 4061: 4057: 4022:. Retrieved 4013: 4004: 3979: 3956:, retrieved 3944: 3934: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3849: 3796:, retrieved 3791: 3747:. Retrieved 3743: 3695: 3691: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3596: 3592: 3558:. Retrieved 3556:. 2019-05-13 3553: 3544: 3508: 3284: 3280: 3255:. Retrieved 3246: 3237: 3204: 3200: 3169:. Retrieved 3155: 3143:. Retrieved 3128: 3116:. Retrieved 3102: 3091:. Retrieved 3089:. 2021-05-18 3086: 3054:. Retrieved 3040: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2897: 2893: 2855: 2851: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2775:. Retrieved 2771:the original 2705: 2696: 2684:. Retrieved 2680:the original 2666: 2654:. Retrieved 2646:Patient.info 2645: 2621:. Retrieved 2612: 2573: 2564: 2562: 2554: 2547: 2531: 2498: 2496: 2482: 2475: 2468: 2461: 2446: 2433: 2423: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2306: 2300:and central 2293: 2289: 2282:S. japonicum 2281: 2277: 2273: 2255: 2196: 75–100 2077:Epidemiology 2069: 2062: 2061: 2054: 2034: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1993: 1972:S. japonicum 1971: 1968: 1948: 1945: 1936:Praziquantel 1932: 1924: 1913: 1905: 1870: 1865:S. japonicum 1864: 1845: 1836: 1823:eosinophilia 1820: 1808:S. japonicum 1807: 1803: 1791: 1790: 1775: 1763: 1758: 1754:S. japonicum 1753: 1749: 1745: 1742:S. japonicum 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720:At the U.S. 1719: 1715: 1703: 1698: 1691:S. japonicum 1690: 1686: 1677: 1673: 1670:S. japonicum 1669: 1665: 1659: 1646: 1644: 1634:S. japonicum 1633: 1622: 1606:Th2 response 1601: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1577:S. japonicum 1576: 1572:S. japonicum 1571: 1567: 1563: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1526:Pathogenesis 1509: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1469: 1460:S. japonicum 1459: 1417: 1404: 1395: 1388: 1385:S. japonicum 1384: 1380:Biomphalaria 1378: 1374: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1352: 1348: 1345:S. japonicum 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1313: 1272: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1233:can lead to 1229:eggs in the 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1202:S. japonicum 1201: 1198:S. japonicum 1197: 1191: 1183: 1169: 1143: 1136: 1105:can lead to 1101: 1087: 1085: 1071: 1036:Symptoms of 1035: 1023: 975:S. japonicum 974: 970: 955: 935: 930: 927:S. japonicum 926: 922: 915:splenomegaly 904: 901: 891: 888:S. japonicum 887: 883: 881: 876:Appendicitis 836: 816: 809: 803: 800:S. japonicum 799: 795: 788: 772:S. japonicum 771: 765: 763: 754:malnutrition 738:eosinophilic 727:inflammatory 724: 706:Praziquantel 690: 684:Pericarditis 676: 643: 640: 637: 615:Muscle aches 595: 591:S. japonicum 590: 586:S. japonicum 584: 581: 568: 551: 527: 487: 475: 456: 450: 415: 407:praziquantel 404: 385: 361:liver damage 349:bloody stool 329:schistosomes 313: 309: 305: 301: 300: 278:Praziquantel 243:Schistosomes 209:Liver damage 193:bloody stool 36: 7960:C. hepatica 7926:Trichinosis 7911:Adenophorea 7767:Anisakiasis 7648:Strongylida 7629:Gongylonema 7620:Spiruroidea 7608:Thelaziasis 7588:G. hispidum 7462:Filarioidea 7426:Camallanida 7408:Secernentea 7375:Sparganosis 7361:Sparganosis 7314:H. diminuta 7283:T. asiatica 7153:Echinostoma 7093:O. felineus 7079:Fasciolosis 7024:Liver fluke 6959:Blood fluke 6838:MedlinePlus 6696:‹ The 6445:29 November 5732:28 November 5594:(8): 1601. 5003:(8): 1058. 4957:: 439–458. 4706:: 179–187. 4637:Campbell WC 4598:: 425–447. 4564:www.cdc.gov 4541:11 November 4416:11 November 4406:www.cdc.gov 3984:. pp. 3744:www.cdc.gov 3554:www.cdc.gov 3247:www.cdc.gov 3171:28 November 3087:www.who.int 3056:30 November 2613:NHS Choices 2542:hepatitis C 2512:working in 2510:pathologist 2499:Schistosoma 2386:Urogenital 2375:Intestinal 2364:Intestinal 2353:Intestinal 2342:Intestinal 2331:Intestinal 2302:West Africa 2270:Middle East 2190: 50–75 2159: 29-40 2153: 25-28 2147: 22-24 2141: 19-21 2135: 16-18 2129: 14-15 2066:Osteopontin 2037:metrifonate 2001:oxamniquine 1916:clean water 1759:Schistosoma 1730:Schistosoma 1678:Schistosoma 1623:Schistosoma 1506:Other hosts 1390:Oncomelania 1353:S. mansori. 1333:Schistosoma 1231:spinal cord 1218:Schistosoma 1132:carcinogens 1072:Schistosoma 992:(end-stage) 802:, however, 731:proteolytic 681:Myocarditis 664:Tetraplegia 602:chest X-ray 451:Schistosoma 388:fresh water 377:poor growth 369:infertility 306:snail fever 221:infertility 50:Other names 32:Schistosoma 8168:Hepatology 8142:Categories 7831:Rhabditida 7753:Ascariasis 7738:Ascaridida 7529:D. immitis 7508:Mansonella 7500:filariasis 7467:Filariasis 7394:Roundworm/ 7111:Lung fluke 6980:S. mekongi 6921:caused by 6860:Patient UK 6814:DiseasesDB 6521:2019-01-18 6307:Hepatology 6251:12 January 5872:6 December 5842:6 December 4570:2021-10-28 4376:1807/58195 4276:(2): 237. 4180:(2): 205. 4024:7 February 3988:–3226.e3. 3958:2021-11-02 3945:StatPearls 3798:2021-11-01 3749:2021-10-28 3560:2021-11-01 3257:4 December 3093:2021-06-05 2686:20 January 2592:References 2552:for boys. 2290:S. mekongi 2274:S. mansoni 2268:, and the 2123: 5-13 2070:S. mansoni 2045:mefloquine 2041:artesunate 2005:S. mansoni 1982:See also: 1920:sanitation 1879:Prevention 1852:ultrasound 1804:S. mansoni 1746:S. mansoni 1734:S. mansoni 1726:S. mansoni 1666:S. mansoni 1647:S. mansoni 1564:S. mansoni 1494:S. mansoni 1470:S. mansoni 1436:sporocysts 1414:Life cycle 1375:S. mansoni 1341:S. mansori 1243:S. mansoni 1239:paraplegia 1223:S. mansoni 1210:S. mansoni 1047:Chest pain 971:S. mansoni 931:S. mekongi 923:S. mansoni 892:S. mansoni 884:S. mansoni 805:S. mekongi 796:S. mansoni 767:S. mansoni 700:prednisone 661:Hemiplegia 547:trematodes 543:dermatitis 506:lymph node 400:antibodies 337:intestines 320:caused by 273:Medication 264:Prevention 257:antibodies 8043:Pneumonia 7555:B. timori 7453:Spirurida 7399:infection 7296:Taeniasis 7289:T. solium 7053:D. hospes 6936:infection 6931:Flatworm/ 6849:eMedicine 6618:1098-9064 6561:1573-742X 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