Schistosomiasis - Knowledge (XXG)

1382:. The schistosome larvae undergo the next phase of their lifecycles in these snails, spending their time reproducing and developing. Once this step has been completed, the parasite leaves the snail and enters the water column. The parasite can live in the water for only 48 hours without a mammalian host. Once a host has been found, the worm enters its blood vessels. For several weeks, the worm remains in the vessels, continuing its development into its adult phase. When maturity is reached, mating occurs and eggs are produced. Eggs enter the bladder/intestine and are excreted through urine and feces and the process repeats. If the eggs do not get excreted, they can become engrained in the body tissues and cause a variety of problems such as immune reactions and organ damage. While transmission typically occurs only in countries where the freshwater snails are native, a case in Germany was reported where a man got schistosomiasis from an infected snail in his aquarium. 1978: 1585:

their way through the tissues to the intestinal or bladder lumen with help of proteolytic enzymes, however, a large amount of eggs are unable to finish their journey and remained stuck within the tissues where they can elicit an immune response. The miracidia in these eggs can then release antigens that stimulate an inflammatory immune response. The miracidia within the eggs live for around 6–8 weeks before they die and stop releasing the antigens. The granulomatous response is a cellular immune response mediated by CD4 T cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and monocytes, and this chronic inflammatory response elicited by the eggs can cause fibrosis, tissue destruction, and granuloma nodules that disrupt the functions of the organs involved.

2079: 2155: 1619: 6641: 1052: 5296: 1873: 530:). Previous infections with cercariae causes a faster developing and worse presentation of dermatitis due to the stronger immune response. The round bumps are usually one to three centimeters across. Because people living in affected areas have often been repeatedly exposed, acute reactions are more common in tourists and migrants. The rash can occur between the first few hours and a week after exposure, and they normally resolve on their own in around 7–10 days. For human schistosomiasis, a similar type of 1959:

control strategy focused on synchronous chemotherapy for humans and bovines and the new strategy developed in 2004 intervenes in the transmission pathway of schistosomiasis, mainly including replacement of bovines with machines, prohibition of grazing cattle in the grasslands, improving sanitation, installation of fecal-matter containers on boats, praziquantel drug therapy, snail control, and health education. A 2018 review found that the "new integrated strategy" was highly effective to reduce the rate of

783:. They mostly affect the large bowel and rectum, and involvement of the small bowel is more rare. This immune response can lead to obstruction of the colon and blood loss. The infected individual may have what appears to be a potbelly. There is a strong correlation between morbidity of intestinal schistosomiasis and the intensities of infection. In cases of light infections, symptoms may be mild and can go unrecognized. The most common species to cause intestinal schistosomiasis are 698:

initial infection may be warranted. It is recommended to treat with praziquantel 4–6 weeks after initial exposure since it targets adult worms. For Acute Schistosomiasis(AS) Praziquantel is ineffective on schistosomulae above 7 days and does not prevent the chronic phase of the disease. Too early of treatment can worsen symptoms of AS. In some cases, this worsening of symptoms can be life-threatening by causing encephalitis related to vasculitis, myocarditis, or pulmonary events.

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areas, schistosomiasis infects a large proportion of children under 14 years of age. An estimated 600 to 700 million people worldwide are at risk from the disease because they live in countries where the organism is common. In 2012, 249 million people were in need of treatment to prevent the disease. This likely makes it the most common parasitic infection with malaria second and causing about 207 million cases in 2013.

383:. The disease is especially common among children in developing countries, as they are more likely to play in contaminated water. Schistosomiasis is also common among women, who can have greater exposure through daily chores that involve water, such as washing clothes and fetching water. Other high-risk groups include farmers, fishermen, and people using unclean water during daily living. It belongs to the group of 435: 1607: 2000:, in general praziquantel is considered the first option for treatment. Praziquantel can be safely used in pregnant women and young children. The treatment objective is to cure the disease and to prevent the evolution of the acute to the chronic form of the disease. All cases of suspected schistosomiasis should be treated regardless of presentation because the adult parasite can live in the host for years. 1523:, and tail movements; the cercariae transformed into schistosomulae by losing its tail and subsequently travels to the heart and lungs through venous system until it eventually reach the liver where it will mature into the adult form. The diseases caused by the schistomes are characterized into acute schistosomiasis and chronic schistosomiasis, and they can vary dependent on the species of schistosome. 958:. These portosystemic anastomoses also allows a pathway for the eggs to travel to locations such as the lungs, spinal cord, or brain. Co-infection with hepatitis is common in regions endemic to schistosomiasis with hepatitis B or hepatitis C, and co-infection with hepatitis C is associated with more rapid liver deterioration and worse outcome. Fibrotic hepatic schistosomiasis caused by 6658: 1900:

but it was an expensive process that often only reduced but did not eliminate the snail population. The drug praziquantel is used for prevention in high-risk populations living in areas where the disease is common. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises avoiding drinking or coming into contact with contaminated water in areas where schistosomiasis is common.

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schemes can be designed to make it hard for the snails to colonize the water and to reduce the contact with the local population. Even though guidelines on how to design these schemes to minimise the spread of the disease had been published years before, the designers were unaware of them. The dams appear to have reduced the population of the large migratory prawn

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architecture are not affected unlike cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of this disease is caused by deposition of collagen and extracellular matrix proteins within the periportal space, which leads to liver portal fibrosis and enlarged fibrotic portal tracts (Symmer's pipe stem fibrosis). The periportal fibrosis physically compress the portal vein leading to

4758: 1768:(PCR) based testing is accurate and rapid. However, it is not frequently used in countries where the disease is common due to the cost of the equipment and the technical expertise required to run the tests. Using a microscope to detect eggs costs about US$ 0.40 per test whereas PCR is about $ US 7 per test as of 2019. 1598:

The specific clinical symptoms and severity of the disease this causes depends on the type of schistosome infection, duration of infection, number of eggs, and the organ at which the eggs are deposited. The amount of eggs entrapped in the tissues will continue to increase if the schistosoma are not eliminated.

954:(increased portal venous pressure), increased pressure of the splenic vein, and subsequent enlargement of the spleen. Portal hypertension can also increase the pressure in portosystemic anastomoses (vessel connections between the portal circulation and systemic circulation) leading to esophageal varices and 405:

Schistosomiasis affected about 236.6 million people worldwide in 2019. An estimated 4,400 to 200,000 people die from it each year. The disease is most commonly found in Africa, Asia, and South America. Around 700 million people, in more than 70 countries, live in areas where the disease is common. In

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is promoting these efforts. In some cases, urbanization, pollution, and the consequent destruction of snail habitat have reduced exposure, with a subsequent decrease in new infections. The elimination of snail populations using molluscicides had been attempted to prevent schistosomiasis in the past,

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species. The examination can be performed on a simple smear (1 to 2 mg of fecal material). Because eggs may be passed intermittently or in small numbers, their detection is enhanced by repeated examinations or concentration procedures, or both. In addition, for field surveys and investigational

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formation and chronic inflammation. Adult worms live together in pairs (one male and female), sexually reproduce, and lay eggs in the veins around the intestines and bladder depending on the species, and these eggs can rupture the wall of the veins to escape to the surrounding tissues. The eggs make

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can produce up to 3000 eggs per day, these eggs migrate from the veins to the bladder and ureter lumens, but up to 50 percent of them can become trapped in the surrounding tissues causing granulomatous inflammation, polyps formation, and ulceration of bladder, ureter, and genital tract tissues. This

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This is a late stage liver disease that occurs mainly in young and middle-aged adults who have been chronically infected with a heavy infection and whose immune regulation of fibrosis is not functioning properly. It affects only a small proportion of people who are infected. Liver function and liver

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leading to increase in level of IgE, IL-4, and eosinophils as egg production progresses. In chronic infections, the Th2 response shifts to increasing the level of IL-10, IL-13, and IgG4, which reverses the progression of the granulomas and lead to collagen deposition at the sites of the granulomas.

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lesions occur occasionally due to inflammation and granuloma development around eggs or worms that find their way to the brain or spinal cord through the circulatory system, and they can potentially develop irreversible scarring without proper treatment. Cerebral granulomatous disease may be caused

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Scratching the rash can lead to secondary bacterial infection of the skin, thus it is important to refrain from scratching. Some common treatments for itching include corticosteroid cream, anti-itch lotion, application of cool compresses to rash, bathing in Epsom salts or baking soda, and in severe

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infections. Immunoblots with adult worm microsomal antigens are species-specific, so a positive reaction indicates the infecting species. The presence of antibody is indicative only of schistosome infection at some time and cannot be correlated with clinical status, worm burden, egg production, or

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can be administered to kill the adult schistosomes to prevent chronic infection in addition to corticosteroid therapy. It is not effective to recent infection as it only targets the adult worms, but not the premature schistosomulae. Therefore, a repeat treatment of praziquantel several weeks after

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The ancient Egyptians also wrote of boys becoming men when blood was seen in their urine, as this was likened to the young female's first menstruation (Despommier et al. 1995). Also, archaeological evidence such as wall reliefs, hieroglyphs, and papyri all confirm that their lifestyle encompassed

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Antibody detection can be useful to indicate schistosome infection in people who have traveled to areas where schistosomiasis is common and in whom eggs cannot be demonstrated in fecal or urine specimens. Test sensitivity and specificity vary widely among the many tests reported for the serologic

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Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever) may occur weeks or months (around 2–8 weeks) after the initial infection as a systemic reaction against migrating schistosomulae as they pass through the bloodstream through the lungs to the liver and also against the antigens of eggs. Similarly to swimmer's

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By the early twentieth century, the Egyptian population was well aware of the widespread occurrence of haematuria to the point where the passing of blood by boys was considered as a normal and even necessary part of growing up, a form of male menstruation linked with male fertility (Girges 1934,

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In China, the national strategy for schistosomiasis control has shifted three times since it was first initiated: transmission control strategy (from mid-1950s to early 1980s), morbidity control strategy (from mid-1980s to 2003), and the "new integrated strategy" (2004 to present). The morbidity

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In 2010, approximately 238 million people were infected with schistosomiasis, 85 percent of whom live in Africa. An earlier estimate from 2006 had put the figure at 200 million people infected. As of the latest WHO record, 236.6 million people were infected in 2019. In many of the affected

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For many years from the 1950s onwards, vast dams and irrigation schemes were constructed, causing a massive rise in water-borne infections from schistosomiasis. The detailed specifications laid out in various United Nations documents since the 1950s could have minimized this problem. Irrigation

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Using thromboelastography, researchers at Tufts University observed that murine blood incubated by adult worms for 1 hour has a coagulation profile similar to that of patients that have hemophilia or on anti-coagulant drugs, suggesting that schistosomes could possess anti-coagulant properties.

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rash that results from cercariae penetrating the skin within the first 12 hours to days of cercarial skin penetration. The first time a non-sensitized person is exposed, the rashes are usually mild with an associated prickling sensation that quickly disappear on its own since this is a type of

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This condition occurs mainly in children and adolescents due to early immune reaction to eggs trapped within the periportal and presinusoidal spaces of the liver creating numerous granulomas. Liver function is not affected, and the severity of liver and spleen enlargement is correlated to the

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Portal hypertension secondary to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis can cause vessel connections between the portal (liver and gut) circulation and systemic circulation to develop, which creates a pathway for the eggs and worms to travel to the lungs. The eggs can be deposited around the alveolar

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can be utilized to evaluate for severity of schistosomiasis and damages of the infected organs. For example, X-ray and CT scans of the chest can be used to detect lesions in the lungs from pulmonary schistosomiasis, and pelvic X-ray can reveal calcification of the bladder in chronic urinary

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Praziquantel only eliminates the adult schistosomes, but it is not effective in killing the eggs and immature worms. Live eggs can be excreted by the infected individuals for weeks after treatment with praziquantel. The immature worms can survive and grow up to be adult schistosomes after

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intensity of the infection. It is characterized by an enlarged left lobe of the liver with a sharp edge and enlarged spleen with nodules. The enlargement of liver and spleen is usually mild, but in severe cases, they can enlarge to the level of the belly button and even into the pelvis.

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can reach the central nervous system in people with schistosomiasis. The destructive action on the nervous tissue and the mass effect produced by a large number of eggs surrounded by multiple, large granulomas in circumscribed areas of the brain characterize the pseudotumoral form of

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interact with antibodies leading to the formation of high volume of immune complexes, which cause enlargement of the lymph tissues. This sequence of events can lead to clinical manifestation of fever, enlargement of spleen and liver due to fibrosis, portal hypertension, and

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scan that identifies tissues with higher metabolic activity have been used to help diagnose schistosomiasis in rare cases. This is due to the high level of inflammation caused by the schistosomal eggs, which increases the metabolic rate of the surrounding tissues.

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If other diagnostic methods of schistosomiasis have failed to detect the infection, but there is still a high suspicion for schistosomiasis, tissue biopsy from the rectum, bladder, and liver can be obtained to look for schistosome eggs within the tissue samples.

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For schistosomiasis control, the World Health Organization recommends preventive anthelminthic administration, which is the treatment of an entire affected population and the periodic treatment of all groups at high risk of acquiring schistosomiasis by using

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issued in 2010 estimated 12,000 direct deaths while the WHO in 2014 estimated more than 200,000 annual deaths related to schistosomiasis. Another 20 million have severe consequences from the disease. It is the most deadly of the neglected tropical diseases.

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Oxamniquine (50 mg/kg once) can be administer at the early phase of schistosomiasis. It is more effective in against schistsomulae than praziquantel but only with S.mansoni. This prevents the occurrence of chronic S.mansoni infection and egg-laying

2440:(5800–4000 BC) demonstrated evidence of a terminal spined schistosome from the pelvic sediment of skeletal remains. Even though this evidence comes from the Middle East, it has been suggested that the 'cradle' of schistosomes lies in the region of the 2007:

praziquantel therapy. Thus, it is important to have repeated schistosomiasis testing of the stool and/or urine around 4–6 weeks after praziquantel therapy. Treatment of praziquantel may be repeated to ensure complete elimination of the parasite.

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Corticosteroids are used to prevent permanent neurological damage from the inflammatory response to the eggs, and sometimes anticonvulsants are needed to stop the seizures. Corticosteroids are given prior to administration of praziquantel.

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infection. CT scan can also be used to assess damages from the schistosomiasis infection in the intestinal, urogenital, and central nervous system. MRI is used to evaluate schistosomiasis of the central nervous system, liver, and genital.

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Bottieau E, Clerinx J, de Vega MR, Van den Enden E, Colebunders R, Van Esbroeck M, Vervoort T, Van Gompel A, Van den Ende J (May 2006). "Imported Katayama fever: clinical and biological features at presentation and during treatment".

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found tentative evidence that when used alone, metrifonate was as effective as praziquantel. Mefloquine, which has previously been used to treat and prevent malaria, was recognised in 2008–2009 to be effective against schistosomes.

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neuroschistosomiasis and are responsible for the appearance of clinical manifestations: headache, hemiparesis, altered mental status, vertigo, visual abnormalities, seizures, and ataxia. Similarly, granulomatous lesions from

4762: 1551:) with the foreign antigens on the migratory schistosomula and the eggs, and the subsequent deposition of these complexes on various tissues leading to activation of an autoimmune response. Acute schistosomiasis caused by 1852:

schistosomiasis. Ultrasound may be used to look for abnormalities in the liver and spleen in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, and CT scan of the liver is a good tool to look for calcification in the liver associated with

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itch, Katayama fever is more commonly seen in people with their first infection such as migrants and tourists, and it is associated with heavy infection. It is seen, however, in native residents of China infected with

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egg antigens and its levels correlate with severity of schistosomiasis fibrosis and portal hypertension in mice and humans. Praziquantel pharmacotherapy reduces systemic OPN levels and liver collagen content in mice.

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via unclean needles. Egypt has the world's highest hepatitis C infection rate, and the infection rates in various regions of the country closely track the timing and intensity of the anti-schistosomiasis campaign.

910:). This condition can be separated into two distinct phases: inflammatory hepatic schistosomiasis (early inflammatory reaction) and chronic hepatic schistosomiasis. Most common species to cause this condition are 778:

In intestinal schistosomiasis, eggs become lodged in the intestinal wall during their migration from the mesenteric venules to the intestinal lumen, and the trapped eggs cause an immune system reaction called a

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have led to decreases in the bladder cancer rate. The risk of bladder cancer appears to be especially high in male smokers, perhaps due to chronic irritation of the bladder lining allowing it to be exposed to

1942:, which eats the snails. After the construction of fourteen large dams, greater increases in schistosomiasis occurred in the historical habitats of native prawns than in other areas. Further, at the 1986 1563:

can occur in reinfection to population who reside in endemic regions, and they occur in higher incidences and can have worse prognosis. It was proposed that the large amount of egg antigens released by

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Acute Schistosomiasis (Katayama's Fever) - the exact pathophysiology of this disease remains unknown. It has been hypothesized to be caused by a systemic immune response due to immune complex formation

2879:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 398:

may be given once a year to the entire group. This is done to decrease the number of people infected, and consequently, the spread of the disease. Praziquantel is also the treatment recommended by the

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infection called "Bilhvax" underwent a phase 3 clinical trial among children in Senegal. The results, reported in 2018, showed that it was not effective despite provoking some immune response. Using

1538:- swimmer's itch is caused by a localized allergic reaction at the sites of skin penetration by the cercariae causing an inflammatory reaction that is characterized by itchy red pimples and blisters. 2783:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 4453: 6696: 737:. The long-term manifestations are dependent on the species of schistosome, as the adult worms of different species migrate to different areas. Many infections are mildly symptomatic, with 1445:

The adult male and female are paired together, exit the liver via portal venous system, and travel to the venous systems of the intestines or bladder (species dependent) and produce eggs

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for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis by a team led by Russell Stothard from the Natural History Museum of London, working with the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, London.

3038: 2399:, the infectious agent responsible for urogenital schistosomiasis, infects over 112 million people annually in Sub-Saharan Africa alone. It is responsible for 32 million cases of 627:

Acute schistosomiasis usually self-resolves in 2–8 weeks in most cases., but a small proportion of people have persistent weight loss, diarrhea, diffuse abdominal pain, and rash.

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Riveau G, Schacht AM, Dompnier JP, Deplanque D, Seck M, Waucquier N, Senghor S, Delcroix-Genete D, Hermann E, Idris-Khodja N, Levy-Marchal C, Capron M, Capron A (December 2018).

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Sokolow SH, Jones IJ, Jocque M, La D, Cords O, Knight A, Lund A, Wood CL, Lafferty KD, Hoover CM, Collender PA, Remais JV, Lopez-Carr D, Fisk J, Kuris AM, De Leo GA (June 2017).

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transmission. If lesions involve the fallopian tubes or ovaries, it may lead to infertility. If the reproductive organs in male are affected, there could be blood in the sperm.

906:, the buildup of fluid in the abdomen, and potentially life-threatening dilations or swollen areas in the esophagus or gastrointestinal tract that can tear and bleed profusely ( 4795:

Ochodo EA, Gopalakrishna G, Spek B, Reitsma JB, van Lieshout L, Polman K, Lamberton P, Bossuyt PM, Leeflang MM, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (March 2015).

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capillary beds and causes granulomatous inflammation of the pulmonary arterioles followed by fibrosis. This leads to high blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation system (

469:, and later adult worms and their eggs, migrate through the body. If eggs migrate to the brain or spinal cord, seizures, paralysis, or spinal-cord inflammation are possible. 446:

Many individuals do not experience symptoms. If symptoms do appear, they usually take 4–6 weeks from the time of infection. The first symptom of the disease may be a general

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Manifestation of acute infection from schistosoma include cercarial dermatitis (hours to days) and acute systemic schistosomiasis (2–8 weeks) which can include symptoms of

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Geographic representation of Schistosomiasis endemic countries and their preventive chemotherapy requirement status in the year of 2020 from the World Health Organization.

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infection epidemiologically overlaps with high HIV prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa, where gastrointestinal schistosomiasis has been linked to increased HIV transmission.

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Humans encounter larvae of the schistosome parasite when they enter contaminated water while bathing, playing, swimming, washing, fishing, or walking through the water.

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Among human parasitic diseases, schistosomiasis ranks second behind malaria in terms of socio-economic and public health importance in tropical and subtropical areas.

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activities such as bathing, fishing and playing in the Nile, and this combined with bad sanitation habits, would make almost everyone susceptible to this infection.

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diagnosis of schistosomiasis and are dependent on both the type of antigen preparations used (crude, purified, adult worm, egg, cercarial) and the test procedure.

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generally affect people who have been infected for the first time such as tourists visiting endemic regions. In contrast, cases of acute schistosomiasis caused by

1238:) to the brain, results in a sparse distribution of eggs associated with scant periovular inflammatory reaction, usually with little or no clinical significance. 394:

Methods of preventing the disease include improving access to clean water and reducing the number of snails. In areas where the disease is common, the medication

7986: 5738:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 4573:

Murphy WL, Knutson LV, Chapman EG, Mc Donnell RJ, Williams CD, Foote BA, Vala JC (2012-01-07). "Key Aspects of the Biology of Snail-Killing Sciomyzidae Flies".

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infection. Specificity of this assay for detecting schistosome infection is 99%. Because test sensitivity with the FAST-ELISA is reduced for species other than

5908:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 1977: 1927:. In 2019, 44.5% of people with schistosomiasis were treated globally, and 67.2% of school-aged children needing preventive chemotherapy received treatment. 1686:

membrane of a standard volume of urine followed by egg counts on the membrane. Tissue biopsy (rectal biopsy for all species and biopsy of the bladder for

4936:"Schistosomiasis: from established diagnostic assays to emerging micro/nanotechnology-based rapid field testing for clinical management and epidemiology" 4774: 1996:

and safety. Because of praziquantel's lower cost per treatment, and oxaminiquine's lack of efficacy against the urogenital form of the disease caused by

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By the early 20th century, schistosomiasis' symptom of blood in the urine was seen as a male version of menstruation in Egypt and was thus viewed as a

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can be ordered if hepatosplenic schistosomiasis is suspected, and a subsequent hepatitis test panel can be ordered if liver function test is abnormal.

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in urine using urine reagent strips is more accurate than circulating antigen tests in the identification of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas.

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The most ancient evidence of schistosomiasis dates back to more than 6,000 years ago. Studies conducted on human skeletal remains found in northern

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Brinkmann UK, Werler C, Traoré M, Doumbia S, Diarra A (June 1988). "Experiences with mass chemotherapy in the control of schistosomiasis in Mali".

5391: 5255:"Effectiveness of the new integrated strategy to control the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6898: 2660: 2605: 6355: 5973:

Kheir MM, Eltoum IA, Saad AM, Ali MM, Baraka OZ, Homeida MM (February 1999). "Mortality due to schistosomiasis mansoni: a field study in Sudan".

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Sokolow SH, Huttinger E, Jouanard N, Hsieh MH, Lafferty KD, Kuris AM, Riveau G, Senghor S, Thiam C, N'Diaye A, Faye DS, De Leo GA (August 2015).

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Other important preventive measures include hygiene education leading to behavioral change and sanitary engineering to ensure safe water supply.

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Miracidia find and penetrate the snails, which are the intermediate hosts (specific species of snails is dependent on the species of schistosoma)

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Artemeter is an artemisin derivative efficient against schistosomulae aged 7–21 days. only reduced S.mansoni infection by 50% in exposed children

5450: 3034: 1769: 161: 6500: 5714: 1713:, a combination of tests with purified adult worm antigens is used for antibody detection. All serum specimens are tested by FAST-ELISA using 1324:

individuals release eggs into water via their fecal material or urine. A collection of stool samples under a microscope will show the eggs of

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infection in both humans and the intermediate host snails and reduced the infection risk by 3–4 times relative to the conventional strategy.

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The infectious stage starts when the free-swimming larval form of the schistosome, cercariae, penetrates the human skin using their suckers,

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Eggs also migrate to the liver leading to fibrosis in 4 to 8% of people with chronic infection, mainly those with long-term heavy infection.

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The WHO has developed guidelines for community treatment based on the impact the disease has on children in villages in which it is common:

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

2057:(OPN) is a promising tool for monitoring praziquantel efficacy and post-treatment fibrosis regression as (OPN) expression is modulated by 1430:

Sporocysts give rise to the infective free-swimming larvae with forked tails called cercariae, and they leave the snails to enter the water

1230:. In cases with advanced hepatosplenic and urinary schistosomiasis, the continuous embolization of eggs from the portal mesenteric system ( 6701: 2078: 6208: 4257:

Feldmeier H, Krantz I, Poggensee G (March 1995). "Female genital schistosomiasis: a neglected risk factor for the transmission of HIV?".

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hypersensitivity reaction. In sensitized people who have previously been infected, the rash can develop into itchy, red, raised lesions (

6526:"The impact of schistosomes and schistosomiasis on murine blood coagulation and fibrinolysis as determined by thromboelastography (TEG)" 5048: 4634: 1580:

The clinical manifestations of chronic infection is mainly caused by immune reaction to the eggs entrapment within tissues resulting in

6127: 4398: 3239: 3127: 5796: 3982: 5802: 3153: 7979: 6451:"Safety and efficacy of the rSh28GST urinary schistosomiasis vaccine: A phase 3 randomized, controlled trial in Senegalese children" 6167: 6137: 4846:"Field evaluation of the Meade Readiview handheld microscope for diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis in Ugandan school children" 4312: 582:

can cause acute schistosomiasis in chronically infected population, and it can lead to a more severe form of acute schistosomiasis.

5196:"Reduced transmission of human schistosomiasis after restoration of a native river prawn that preys on the snail intermediate host" 4683:

Siqueira Ld, Fontes DA, Aguilera CS, Timóteo TR, Ângelos MA, Silva LC, de Melo CG, Rolim LA, da Silva RM, Neto PJ (December 2017).

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Ishii A, Tsuji M, Tada I (2003). "History of Katayama disease: Schistosomiasis japonica in Katayama district, Hiroshima, Japan".

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Xiao SH (November 2013). "Mefloquine, a new type of compound against schistosomes and other helminthes in experimental studies".

4519: 2755: 5619:"Praziquantel pharmacotherapy reduces systemic osteopontin levels and liver collagen content in murine schistosomiasis mansoni" 5147:"Nearly 400 million people are at higher risk of schistosomiasis because dams block the migration of snail-eating river prawns" 4625: 2014:

When a village reports more than 50 per cent of children have blood in their urine, everyone in the village receives treatment.

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In 2016, more than 200 million people needed treatment, but only 88 million people were actually treated for schistosomiasis.

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Trienekens SC, Faust CL, Meginnis K, Pickering L, Ericsson O, Nankasi A, Moses A, Tukahebwa EM, Lamberton PH (2020-05-13).

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Inhibiting schistosome activity in blood coagulation could potentially serve as a therapeutic option for schistosomiasis.

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Kidney function is unaffected in many cases, and the lesions are reversible with proper treatment to eliminate the worms.

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Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, Douglas RG (2010). "Trematodes (Schistosomes and Liver, Intestinal, and Lung Flukes)".

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purposes, the egg output can be quantified by using the Kato-Katz technique (20 to 50 mg of fecal material) or the

1876:"Schistosomes are here. People and livestock are strictly prohibited from entering the water!", a warning painted on a 8051: 7694: 7343: 7250: 6891: 4575: 4338:"Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy in a low-prevalence area: 27 cases (14 autochthonous) in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil" 2462:

in 1908. The earliest case known of infection was discovered in 2014, belonging to a child who lived 6,200 years ago.

2045: 1424: 1992:, are available for the treatment of schistosomiasis. They are considered equivalent in relation to efficacy against 3100: 1205:

egg deposition following the anomalous migration of the adult worm, which appears to be the only mechanism by which

8151: 6734: 6018:"History of schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in humans: from Egyptian medical papyri to molecular biology on mummies" 5788:

Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 4 Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture

4643: 4584: 1848: 1442:

They migrate to the portal venous system of the liver where they mature into the adult form with two separate sexes

853: 411: 2154: 1950:, restoring prawns upstream of the dam reduced both snail density and the human schistosomiasis reinfection rate. 1803:

can be used to identify a high level of eosinophil in the blood, which could be indicative of an acute infection.

538:

that often infect birds. Cercarial dermatitis is not contagious and can not be transmitted from person-to-person.

7934: 7857: 7828: 6292:"Liver disease in Egypt: hepatitis C superseded schistosomiasis as a result of iatrogenic and biological factors" 3837:

Cohen J, Powderly W, Opal S (2017-01-01), Cohen J, Powderly WG, Opal SM (eds.), "Preface to the Fourth Edition",

1896: 1765: 1548: 399: 387:. Diagnosis is by finding eggs of the parasite in a person's urine or stool. It can also be confirmed by finding 6738: 6144:

Theodor Bilhharz (who discovered schistosomiasis in Egypt), and Pirajá da Silva (who established its life cycle)

1491:

Schistosomes can live an average of 3–5 years, and the eggs can survive for more than 30 years after infection.

7940: 7035: 6979: 6791: 1737:, immunoblots of the species appropriate to the person's travel history are also tested to ensure detection of 1653:

or urine is the most practical method for diagnosis. Stool examination should be performed when infection with

1638:

are about 140 by 60 μm in size and have a lateral spine. The diagnosis is improved through the use of the

1618: 1462: 1452: 799: 2300:

in about 75 developing countries and mainly affects people living in rural agricultural and peri-urban areas.

1051: 4797:"Circulating antigen tests and urine reagent strips for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas" 8069: 7877: 7672: 7661: 7245: 7185: 7171: 6994: 6973: 1077: 192: 5295: 2525:. From the late 1950s through the early 1980s, infected villagers were treated with repeated injections of 1872: 1189:

eggs in the brain during both the acute and chronic phase of the disease. Communities in China affected by

213: 8141: 8089: 7775: 7570: 7423: 7113: 7108: 7099: 7075: 6884: 6673: 5618: 4844:

Stothard JR, Kabatereine NB, Tukahebwa EM, Kazibwe F, Mathieson W, Webster JP, Fenwick A (November 2005).

2664: 1181: 1026: 1015: 838: 6864: 6185:"Ancient parasite egg found in 6,200-year-old child skeleton gives earliest evidence of a modern disease" 5031: 2048:

remained the treatment of choice for schistosomiasis until the development of praziquantel in the 1980s.

7656: 7199: 7080: 6961: 5387: 4726: 2668: 2521:

Schistosomiasis is endemic in Egypt, exacerbated by the country's dam and irrigation projects along the

2505:

in 1851 who first discovered these worms. The name Katayama disease comes from the Katayama district of

1508: 1394: 1114:

diagnosis and mortality are generally elevated in affected areas; efforts to control schistosomiasis in

574: 527: 6205: 5064:"The relationship between water, sanitation and schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4157:

Santos LL, Santos J, Gouveia MJ, Bernardo C, Lopes C, Rinaldi G, Brindley PJ, Costa JM (January 2021).

2597: 1717:

adult microsomal antigen. A positive reaction (greater than 9 units/μL serum) indicates infection with

1671: 6340: 5336: 3998: 7908: 7735: 7575: 7549: 7531: 7301: 6647: 6640: 5207: 2506: 1815: 1804: 1800: 1126:

In women, genitourinary disease can also include genital lesions that may lead to increased rates of

763:

migrate to the veins of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Eggs in the gut wall can lead to pain,

506: 7191: 5706: 5454: 4980:

Cimini A, Ricci M, Gigliotti PE, Pugliese L, Chiaravalloti A, Danieli R, Schillaci O (August 2021).

2529:. Epidemiological evidence suggests that this campaign unintentionally contributed to the spread of 8156: 8003: 7995: 7947: 7922: 7849: 7516: 7465: 7040: 7021: 6967: 6956: 6780: 3071: 2557: 2441: 1520: 1348:

hatch from these eggs, the larvae infect a very specific type of freshwater snail. For example, in

1242: 1223: 1018:), increased pressure in the right heart, enlargement of the pulmonary artery and right atria, and 951: 899: 793: 755: 638: 465:

The manifestations of schistosomal infection vary over time as the larval form of the parasite, or

422: 369: 61: 6427: 6074: 4845: 3881:"Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: prospects and challenges for the 21st century" 3776: 2070: 7808: 7794: 7700: 7680: 7650: 7510: 7485: 7385: 7335: 7226: 7157: 7060: 6618: 6382: 6321: 5998: 5955: 5654: 5553: 4684: 3862: 3520: 3213: 2839:

Thétiot-Laurent SA, Boissier J, Robert A, Meunier B (July 2013). "Schistosomiasis chemotherapy".

2573: 2003:

Schistosomiasis is treatable by taking by mouth a single dose of the drug praziquantel annually.

1772:

are being studied as they are lower cost. LAMP testing is not commercially available as of 2019.

989: 972: 907: 518: 502: 427: 217: 168: 6378:"The Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis in Modern and Ancient Tissues by Means of Immunocytochemistry" 4429: 3974: 3123: 2459: 2451:

Schistosomiasis is known as bilharzia or bilharziosis in many countries, after German physician

3673: 48: 8146: 7055: 7000: 6907: 6831: 6802: 6610: 6602: 6563: 6545: 6482: 6401: 6313: 6272: 6163: 6133: 6106: 6055: 6037: 5990: 5947: 5890: 5792: 5767: 5646: 5638: 5545: 5510: 5422: 5369: 5284: 5235: 5176: 5095: 5013: 4913: 4867: 4826: 4704: 4665: 4657: 4604: 4596: 4501: 4433: 4369: 4318: 4308: 4274: 4239: 4190: 4134: 4080: 4062: 3978: 3937: 3910: 3852: 3696: 3643: 3607: 3510: 3303: 3285: 3205: 3016: 2998: 2957: 2908: 2856: 2812: 1788: 1683: 1535: 1194: 859: 598: 455: 365: 345: 239: 156: 6157: 5672:

Oliveira G, Rodrigues NB, Romanha AJ, Bahia D (2004). "Genome and Genomics of Schistosomes".

5044: 4548: 4390: 3231: 2977:"Impacts of host gender on Schistosoma mansoni risk in rural Uganda—A mixed-methods approach" 2690: 1137:

Blood in the urine - blood is usually seen at the end of a urine stream (most common symptom)

8041: 7841: 7834: 7714: 7328: 7296: 6876: 6594: 6553: 6537: 6472: 6462: 6391: 6303: 6264: 6045: 6029: 5982: 5937: 5927: 5919: 5757: 5749: 5681: 5630: 5594: 5584: 5537: 5500: 5492: 5359: 5351: 5274: 5266: 5225: 5215: 5166: 5158: 5085: 5075: 5003: 4993: 4947: 4903: 4857: 4816: 4808: 4696: 4647: 4588: 4491: 4483: 4421: 4359: 4349: 4300: 4266: 4229: 4221: 4180: 4170: 4124: 4114: 4070: 4054: 3966: 3900: 3892: 3842: 3688: 3635: 3597: 3589: 3502: 3496: 3293: 3277: 3197: 3006: 2988: 2947: 2939: 2898: 2890: 2848: 2802: 2794: 2458:

The first physician who described the entire disease cycle was the Brazilian parasitologist

1784: 1500: 1388: 1312: 830: 641:) may occur if worms or eggs travel to the spinal cord during this acute phase of infection. 590: 450:. Within 12 hours of infection, an individual may complain of a tingling sensation or light 380: 77: 3879:

Ross AG, Sleigh AC, Li Y, Davis GM, Williams GM, Jiang Z, Feng Z, McManus DP (April 2001).

3149: 725:

that help them migrate to the bladder and intestines to be shed. The enzymes also cause an

410:

among parasitic diseases with the greatest economic impact. Schistosomiasis is listed as a

8115: 7668: 7582: 7320: 7270: 7265: 7163: 7148: 7087: 6691: 6212: 5906:

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

5886: 5786: 5736:

Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (December 2012).

5617:

Pereira TA, Vaz De Melo Trindade G, Trindade Santos E, Pereira FE, Souza MM (2021-01-23).

5119:

Bilharzia caused by poor civil engineering design due to ignorance of cause and prevention

3538: 2695: 2538: 2491: 2452: 2037: 2017:

When 20 to 50 percent of children have bloody urine, only school-age children are treated.

1972: 1290: 1082: 1056: 768: 6842: 4652: 4629: 1414:

The hatching of the eggs leading to release of the free-swimming, ciliated larvae called

1197:

eight times higher than baseline. Cerebral granulomatous infection may also be caused by

729:

inflammatory reaction when eggs get trapped in tissues or embolize to the liver, spleen,

6715:— documentary about the rise of schistosomiasis along the Senegal river (video, 47 mins) 6663: 5942: 5211: 5151:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

2020:

When fewer than 20 percent of children have symptoms, mass treatment is not implemented.

1436:

Upon entrance into the human hosts, cercariae lose their tails and become schistosomulae

8084: 8079: 8064: 7800: 7763: 7708: 7523: 7502: 7471: 7429: 7308: 7257: 7236: 7205: 7177: 7120: 7047: 6558: 6525: 6477: 6450: 6225: 6050: 6017: 5879: 5762: 5737: 5599: 5572: 5505: 5480: 5364: 5279: 5254: 5230: 5195: 5171: 5146: 5090: 5063: 5062:

Grimes JE, Croll D, Harrison WE, Utzinger J, Freeman MC, Templeton MR (December 2014).

5008: 4981: 4821: 4796: 4592: 4496: 4471: 4304: 4185: 4158: 4129: 4102: 4075: 4042: 3847: 3728: 3602: 3577: 3298: 3265: 3011: 2976: 2952: 2927: 2903: 2878: 2807: 2782: 2661:"schistosomiasis - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary" 2408: 2404: 2286: 2254: 1694: 1639: 1111: 1103: 684: 361: 353: 337: 329: 221: 205: 181: 173: 6268: 5923: 5854: 5824: 5753: 5113:

Charnock, Anne (7 August 1980). "Taking Bilharziasis out of the irrigation equation".

4700: 4523: 4487: 3201: 3188:

Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L (September 2006). "Human schistosomiasis".

2943: 2894: 2798: 2759: 434: 8130: 7787: 7768: 7542: 7537: 7288: 7276: 7027: 6911: 6686: 5932: 5658: 4952: 4935: 4422: 4270: 4234: 4209: 3967: 3905: 3880: 3866: 3672:

Ross AG, Bartley PB, Sleigh AC, Olds GR, Li Y, Williams GM, McManus DP (April 2002).

3524: 2630: 2526: 2466: 1947: 1938: 1642:, a semiquantitative stool examination technique. Other methods that can be used are 1634:

Diagnosis of infection is confirmed by the identification of eggs in stools. Eggs of

1594: 1586: 1107: 984: 955: 938: 767:, and diarrhea (especially in children). Severe disease can lead to narrowing of the 560: 384: 321: 306: 6785: 6622: 6396: 6377: 6325: 6002: 5557: 4934:

Mutro Nigo M, Salieb-Beugelaar GB, Battegay M, Odermatt P, Hunziker P (2019-12-19).

4354: 4337: 1606: 8110: 8021: 7927: 7883: 7779: 7686: 7561: 7132: 5959: 5496: 5355: 4812: 4768: 4730: 2265:

is found in parts of South America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East;

1924: 1904: 1811: 1368: 1002:

Pulmonary Schistosomiasis due to portosystemic anastomoses from portal hypertension

903: 864: 764: 742: 726: 715: 694: 458:", due to irritation at the point of entrance. The rash that may develop can mimic 395: 349: 266: 197: 6853: 6033: 5388:"WHO TDR news item, 4th Dec 2014, Praziquantel dose confirmed for schistosomiasis" 3896: 3217: 6796: 6467: 5634: 5080: 2993: 1471:- vesicular and pelvic venous plexus of the bladder (occasionally rectal venules) 7914: 7899: 7755: 7636: 7617: 7608: 7596: 7450: 7414: 7396: 7363: 7349: 7141: 7067: 7012: 6947: 6826: 2560:, researchers decreased the symptoms due to schistosomiasis in an animal model. 2530: 2481: 2290: 2258: 2054: 2025: 1989: 1378: 1219: 719: 376: 357: 317: 231: 209: 20: 6807: 5335:

Danso-Appiah A, Olliaro PL, Donegan S, Sinclair D, Utzinger J (February 2013).

5270: 5200:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4058: 3929: 3639: 3281: 1810:

Like most parasitic infections, schistosomiasis will usually cause significant

7819: 7741: 7726: 7496: 7455: 6848: 6728: 6718: 6541: 5986: 5541: 4998: 4908: 4891: 4862: 4119: 3969:

Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases

2033: 2029: 1908: 1840: 1227: 1120: 999:

Neuroschistosomiasis due to portosystemic anastomoses from portal hypertension

941:

can occur as a result of the portal hypertension caused by periportal fibrosis

688: 535: 531: 494: 388: 325: 310: 261: 245: 6606: 6549: 6405: 6041: 5642: 5309: 4661: 4600: 4066: 3289: 3002: 1753:

In 2005, a field evaluation of a novel handheld microscope was undertaken in

8031: 7441: 7284: 6937: 6932: 6837: 6770: 6582: 5220: 3506: 2498: 2250: 1943: 1581: 1415: 1295: 1095: 780: 466: 379:

contaminated with the parasites. These parasites are released from infected

341: 201: 185: 6614: 6598: 6567: 6486: 6317: 6276: 6059: 5994: 5951: 5771: 5650: 5589: 5549: 5514: 5373: 5288: 5239: 5180: 5162: 5099: 5017: 4917: 4871: 4830: 4708: 4669: 4608: 4505: 4373: 4322: 4194: 4138: 4084: 3941: 3914: 3700: 3647: 3611: 3307: 3209: 3020: 2961: 2912: 2860: 2852: 2816: 1439:

The schistosomulae travel to the lungs and heart via the venous circulation

934: 5426: 4278: 4243: 4103:"Impact of Endemic Infections on HIV Susceptibility in Sub-Saharan Africa" 691:

is used to alleviate the hypersensitivity reaction and reduce inflammation

8094: 8036: 8011: 7868: 7749: 7641: 7590: 7405: 6919: 6859: 3692: 3096: 2445: 2274: 1099: 848: 490: 333: 313: 177: 6215:, a medical historical paper from the University of Calgary. March 2004. 4890:

Utzinger J, Becker SL, van Lieshout L, van Dam GJ, Knopp S (June 2015).

4225: 4175: 1411:

The excretion of schistosome eggs in urine or feces depending on species

1336:. Looking at a urine sample under a microscope would reveal the eggs of 8059: 8026: 8016: 7479: 7221: 4630:"Lessons from the History of Ivermectin and Other Antiparasitic Agents" 3264:

McManus DP, Bergquist R, Cai P, Ranasinghe S, Tebeje BM, You H (2020).

2495: 2400: 2297: 2246: 1877: 1844: 1646:, circumoval precipitation test, and alkaline phosphatase immunoassay. 1358: 978: 962:

usually develops in around 5–15 years, while it can take less time for

843: 603: 498: 482: 459: 447: 407: 57: 7964: 6753: 6645:

Knowledge (XXG)'s health care articles can be viewed offline with the

6308: 6291: 4364: 4159:"Urogenital Schistosomiasis—History, Pathogenesis, and Bladder Cancer" 3593: 1690:) may demonstrate eggs when stool or urine examinations are negative. 1665:

is suspected. Eggs can be present in the stool in infections with all

1481:- inferior mesenteric plexus (lower portion of the bowels compared to 6765: 6705: 2024:

Other possible treatments include a combination of praziquantel with

1884: 1860: 1836: 1754: 1086: 1068: 772: 738: 722: 523: 430:

rash (flat and raised lesions) at the sites of cercarial penetration.

5907: 5685: 2455:, who first described the cause of urinary schistosomiasis in 1851. 534:

called "swimmer's itch" can also be caused by cercariae from animal

6077:[A contribution to the literature on helminths humans …]. 5132:

The IRG Solution — hierarchical incompetence and how to overcome it

4543: 4541: 4385: 4383: 4259:

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

4101:

Yegorov S, Joag V, Galiwango RM, Good SV, Okech B, Kaul R (2019).

2510: 2502: 2437: 2153: 2077: 2069: 1976: 1888: 1880: 1871: 1678:(recommended time for collection: between noon and 3 PM) and with 1650: 1643: 1617: 1605: 1504: 1387: 1345: 1311: 1115: 1071:, in a 44-year-old sub-Saharan man, due to urinary schistosomiasis 1064: 1050: 933: 895: 734: 486: 478: 433: 421: 6501:"CRISPR/Cas9 shown to limit impact of certain parasitic diseases" 5253:

Qian C, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yuan C, Gao Z, Yuan H, Zhong J (2018).

4299:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 114. pp. 65–88. 2490:, a term which means 'split body'. The name Bilharzia comes from 1903:

A 2014 review found tentative evidence that increasing access to

714:

In long-established disease, adult worms lay eggs that can cause

6583:"Critical factors contributing to the thromboelastography trace" 3729:"CDC - Cercarial Dermatitis - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)" 2522: 1895:

Many countries are working towards eradicating the disease. The

1746:

prognosis. Where a person has traveled can help determine which

1511:

is weakly effective in mouse schistosomiasis but is not in use.

730: 451: 7968: 6880: 5047:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 November 2012. 4982:"Medical Imaging in the Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis: A Review" 3775:

Rosenthal PJ (2021), Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW (eds.),

1163:

Inflammation and ulceration of uterine cervix, vagina, or vulva

819:

Blood in feces that is not visibly present (fecal occult blood)

6723:

International Association for Medical Assistance to Travellers

2423:

Estimates regarding the number of deaths vary. Worldwide, the

1127: 6016:

Di Bella S, Riccardi N, Giacobbe DR, Luzzati R (2018-07-04).

4470:

Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L (October 2000).

4295:

Pittella JE (2013). "Pathology of CNS parasitic infections".

2486:

Schistosomiasis is named for the genus of parasitic flatworm

559:

itching cases, prescription strength cream and lotions. Oral

554:

Prickling or tingling sensation, burning, itching of the skin

4767:

Global Health - Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria.

2758:. World Health Organization. 3 February 2014. Archived from 2326:

Africa, Middle East, Caribbean, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname

1593:

during the early phases of infection, and it transitions to

871:

Approximately 10-50% of people living in endemic regions of

6341:"The Paleoepidemiology of Schistosomiasis in Ancient Egypt" 3498:

Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases

1682:. Quantification is possible by using filtration through a 1661:

is suspected, and urine examination should be performed if

140: 131: 113: 110: 101: 95: 16:

Human disease caused by parasitic worms called schistosomes

5479:

Kramer CV, Zhang F, Sinclair D, Olliaro PL (August 2014).

83: 4210:"Relationship between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer" 1799:

infection. For travelers or migrants in endemic regions,

1791:

can be used to test for blood in the stool for potential

438:

Skin blisters on the forearm, created by the entrance of

119: 86: 19:

This article is about the disease. For the organism, see

6206:"Proceedings of the 13h Annual History of Medicine Days" 2926:

Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH (June 2014).

2082:

Deaths from schistosomiasis per million persons in 2012

1433:

Cercariae find the human hosts and penetrate their skin

1262:

Cerebral granulomatous infection symptoms may include:

4685:"Schistosomiasis: Drugs used and treatment strategies" 4472:"The global status of schistosomiasis and its control" 975:(can cause life-threatening esophageal variceal bleed) 406:

tropical countries, schistosomiasis is second only to

6719:

Schistosomiasis information for travellers from IAMAT

5975:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

5791:(third ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 4850:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

4208:

Mostafa MH, Sheweita SA, O'Connor PJ (January 1999).

137: 122: 116: 98: 89: 80: 6743: 6105:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1. 1674:. Eggs can be found in the urine in infections with 128: 92: 64:

due to schistosomiasis (Agusan del Sur, Philippines)

8103: 8050: 8002: 7898: 7867: 7818: 7725: 7635: 7607: 7560: 7449: 7440: 7413: 7404: 7395: 7382: 7319: 7235: 7220: 7131: 7098: 7011: 6946: 6931: 6918: 6817: 6747: 6524:Da'dara AA, de Laforcade AM, Skelly PJ (May 2016). 5032:

Progress report 2001–2011, strategic plan 2012–2020

426:Cercarial dermatitis can present as an itchy, red, 280: 272: 260: 252: 238: 227: 191: 167: 155: 107: 104: 68: 38: 33: 5874: 5872: 5337:"Drugs for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection" 3770: 3768: 3266:"Schistosomiasis—from immunopathology to vaccines" 5823:. WHO Media Centre. February 2014. Archived from 4465: 4463: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3035:"Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel" 2161:for schistosomiasis per 100,000 inhabitants. 1423:Within the snails, two successive generations of 4620: 4618: 4043:"Hepatic and Intestinal Schistosomiasis: Review" 3576:Gray DJ, Ross AG, Li YS, McManus DP (May 2011). 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 1783:screening in the community can be done by using 1465:(but can also inhabit superior mesenteric veins) 1455:(but can also inhabit inferior mesenteric veins) 1059:wall caused by deposition of calcium around the 244:Finding eggs of the parasite in urine or stool, 5878:Luke F. Pennington and Michael H. Hsieh (2014) 5605:citing public domain text, published by the CDC 5474: 5472: 4770:Schistosomiasis Infection: Laboratory Diagnosis 4336:Freitas AR, Oliveira AC, Silva LJ (July 2010). 4290: 4288: 4107:Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines 4096: 4094: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3936:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3259: 3257: 3097:"Schistosomiasis A major public health problem" 1255:Loss of sensation below the level of the lesion 1226:(inflammation of the spinal cord) with flaccid 849:Bowel strictures (narrowing of colon or rectum) 526:) with some turning into fluid-filled lesions ( 497:enlargement. Some patients may also experience 5853:. WHO Media Centre. March 2014. Archived from 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4152: 4150: 4148: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3781:Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2021 1102:can lead to obstruction of the urinary tract, 402:(WHO) for those who are known to be infected. 7980: 6892: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3578:"Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis" 2625: 2623: 1589:is prominent releasing cytokines such as IFN- 1543:Few weeks to months after initial infection: 8: 6581:MacDonald SG, Luddington RJ (October 2010). 5481:"Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis" 5045:"Schistosomiasis - Prevention & Control" 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 2465:The disease was a common cause of death for 620:Enlargement of both the liver and the spleen 6426:. World Health Organization. Archived from 6159:Schistosoma: Biology, Pathology and Control 6075:"Ein Beitrag zur Helminthographia humana …" 5485:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5344:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5134:. London: Souvenir Press. 1984. p. 88. 4801:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4522:. World Health Organization. Archived from 4428:(22 ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 2872: 2870: 1098:10 to 12 weeks after infection. Over time, 945:Chronic (fibrotic) hepatic schistosomiasis 816:Mucous diarrhea with or without gross blood 7987: 7973: 7965: 7446: 7410: 7401: 7392: 7232: 6943: 6928: 6899: 6885: 6877: 6744: 6079:Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 4929: 4927: 4775:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2513:, where schistosomiasis was once endemic. 1711:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 517:The first potential reaction is an itchy, 30: 6557: 6476: 6466: 6395: 6383:Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena 6307: 6049: 5941: 5931: 5761: 5598: 5588: 5504: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5363: 5278: 5229: 5219: 5170: 5089: 5079: 5007: 4997: 4951: 4907: 4892:"New diagnostic tools in schistosomiasis" 4885: 4883: 4881: 4861: 4820: 4651: 4495: 4363: 4353: 4233: 4184: 4174: 4128: 4118: 4074: 3904: 3846: 3601: 3297: 3010: 2992: 2951: 2902: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2806: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2592: 2590: 1532:Minutes to days after initial infection: 1392:Lifecycle stages of a typical trematode, 1284:Inability to stand or sit without support 6695:) is being considered for deletion. See 4297:Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology 2304:Schistosoma species and endemic regions 2302: 1020:thickening of the right ventricular wall 5880:Immune Response to Parasitic Infections 5394:from the original on September 13, 2016 2586: 2576:, another disease transmitted by snails 1918:Preventive anthelminthic administration 633:Neurological side effects may include 6530:Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 5889:, Bentham e books, Vol 2, pp. 93-124, 5623:International Journal for Parasitology 3232:"Parasites - Schistosomiasis, Disease" 1801:complete blood count with differential 1770:Loop-mediated isothermal amplification 1649:Microscopic identification of eggs in 1234:) or portal mesenteric-pelvic system ( 567:Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever) 375:The disease is spread by contact with 42:Bilharzia, snail fever, Katayama fever 6587:Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 3783:, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education 1614:parasite eggs in human bladder tissue 1536:Cercerial dermatitis (Swimmer's itch) 1499:Schistosomiasis is also a concern of 925:Inflammatory hepatic schistosomiasis 344:. Those who have been infected for a 7: 6236:from the original on 24 January 2017 5717:from the original on 8 December 2014 5034:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 4653:10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111209 4401:from the original on 3 November 2016 3839:Infectious Diseases (Fourth Edition) 3242:from the original on 2 December 2016 3156:from the original on 4 December 2014 1610:High-powered detailed micrograph of 879:develop intestinal schistosomiasis. 5051:from the original on 3 August 2017. 4896:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 4635:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 3681:The New England Journal of Medicine 3539:"CDC - DPDx - Cercarial Dermatitis" 2467:Egyptians in the Greco-Roman Period 2415:the world's deadliest schistosome. 2269:in Africa and the Middle East; and 1750:species to test for by immunoblot. 563:can also help relieve the itching. 505:associated with the development of 6195:from the original on 21 June 2014. 5415:Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 4729:School of Medicine. Archived from 4593:10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100702 4342:Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 4305:10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00005-4 3848:10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00276-8 2756:"Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115" 2608:from the original on 15 March 2014 1258:Pain below the level of the lesion 1249:Paralysis of the lower extremities 391:against the disease in the blood. 328:may be infected. Symptoms include 14: 6699:to help reach a consensus. › 6361:from the original on 2013-11-26. 5451:"How is Schistosomiasis Treated?" 5316:from the original on July 7, 2007 4701:10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.08.002 4549:"CDC - Schistosomiasis - Biology" 4454:"Abenteuer Diagnose: Bilharziose" 4391:"CDC - Schistosomiasis - Disease" 3130:from the original on 20 July 2008 3124:"Schistosomiasis Control Program" 3103:from the original on 5 April 2014 3041:from the original on 2 April 2015 2641:from the original on 26 June 2015 1729:infection, and less than 50% for 1644:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1155:Calcification of the bladder wall 1149:Secondary urinary tract infection 1042:Fainting during physical exertion 666:Cardiac side effects may include 6730:Why Snails Are Deadly? Explained 6656: 6639: 6455:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5805:from the original on 2014-10-17. 5294: 5068:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4761: This article incorporates 4756: 4420:Cook GC, Zumla AL, eds. (2009). 3777:"Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)" 2981:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 1849:magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1787:to check for hematuria, and the 1630:Identification of eggs in stools 1252:Loss of bowel or urinary control 1081:migrate to the veins around the 676:Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia 76: 47: 6397:10.4067/s0717-73562000000100021 4355:10.1590/s0074-02762010000400009 4041:Elbaz T, Esmat G (2013-09-01). 4009:from the original on 2016-02-13 1981:Ethiopian children treated for 1911:reduces schistosome infection. 1143:Increase frequency of urination 745:being common in endemic areas. 6087:See: "2. Distomum Haematobium 5497:10.1002/14651858.CD000053.pub3 5356:10.1002/14651858.cd000528.pub2 4813:10.1002/14651858.CD009579.pub2 2696:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2558:CRISPR gene editing technology 2425:Global Burden of Disease Study 2337:China, Indonesia, Philippines 1316:Life cycle of Schistosoma spp. 1159:Genital symptoms may include: 1133:Urinary symptoms may include: 894:Eggs can become lodged in the 1: 6269:10.1016/S1383-5769(03)00046-1 6034:10.1080/20477724.2018.1495357 5924:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 5754:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 5707:"Neglected Tropical Diseases" 5310:"eMedicine - Schistosomiasis" 4488:10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00122-4 4214:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3928:Lackey EK, Horrall S (2021), 3897:10.1128/CMR.14.2.270-295.2001 3885:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3202:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69440-3 3150:"Neglected Tropical Diseases" 3099:. World Health Organization. 2944:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61949-2 2895:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 2799:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 2598:"Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)" 2381:Africa, Middle East, Corsica 2159:Disability-adjusted life year 887:Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis 810:Abdominal pain and discomfort 803:can also cause this disease. 7358:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides 6468:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006968 6073:Bilharz, Siebold CT (1852). 5635:10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.002 5081:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003296 5030:WHO (2013) Schistosomiasis: 4953:10.33218/prnano3(1).191205.1 4271:10.1016/0035-9203(95)90512-x 4163:Journal of Clinical Medicine 4047:Journal of Advanced Research 3727:Prevention CC (2020-09-18). 2994:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008266 1988:Two drugs, praziquantel and 1954:Integrated strategy in China 1814:that can be identified on a 1625:eggs in hepatic portal tract 718:reactions. The eggs secrete 364:. In children, it may cause 8162:Infectious causes of cancer 7695:Angiostrongylus cantonensis 7344:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei 6648:Medical Knowledge (XXG) app 6022:Pathogens and Global Health 5674:Canadian Journal of Zoology 4576:Annual Review of Entomology 3270:Seminars in Immunopathology 2552:A proposed vaccine against 2370:Central Africa rain forest 2359:Central Africa rain forest 2046:antimony potassium tartrate 1835:Imaging modalities such as 1308:Transmission and life cycle 996:Complications may include: 826:Complications may include: 630:Complications may include: 462:and other types of rashes. 454:, commonly referred to as " 8178: 6290:Strickland GT (May 2006). 6257:Parasitology International 4424:Manson's Tropical Diseases 4059:10.1016/j.jare.2012.12.001 3841:, Elsevier, pp. xiv, 3640:10.1016/j.jinf.2005.07.022 3282:10.1007/s00281-020-00789-x 3037:. cdc.gov. 1 August 2013. 2479: 2407:, and 150,000 deaths from 1970: 1725:infection is 99%, 95% for 1356:it is snails of the genus 1241:Spinal cord inflammation ( 1152:Secondary kidney infection 1047:Urogenital schistosomiasis 854:Protein-losing enteropathy 749:Intestinal schistosomiasis 637:Spinal cord inflammation ( 589:Dry cough with changes on 412:neglected tropical disease 18: 8070:African sleeping sickness 7935:Capillaria philippinensis 7858:Halicephalobus gingivalis 7829:Strongyloides stercoralis 6542:10.1007/s11239-015-1298-z 6339:Kloos H, David R (2002). 6230:World Health Organization 6132:. Springer. p. vii. 5987:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.307 5571:Walker MD (August 2018). 5542:10.1007/s00436-013-3559-0 4999:10.3390/pathogens10081058 4909:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.014 4863:10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.949 4120:10.1186/s40794-019-0097-5 2367:Schistosoma intercalatum 2253:, eastern South America, 2249:countries in Africa, the 2052:Post-treatment monitoring 1897:World Health Organization 1766:Polymerase chain reaction 1721:species. Sensitivity for 1463:inferior mesenteric veins 1453:superior mesenteric veins 1009:Pulmonary schistosomiasis 990:Enlarged spleen and liver 659:Ataxia/ speech impairment 647:Disturbances of sensorium 548:Small red, raised pimples 400:World Health Organization 55: 46: 7941:Intestinal capillariasis 7036:Dicrocoelium dendriticum 6697:templates for discussion 6424:"Water-related Diseases" 6183:Cheng M (20 June 2014). 6129:Tropical Hemato-Oncology 6126:Droz JP (15 July 2015). 5271:10.1051/parasite/2018058 3628:The Journal of Infection 3152:. cdc.gov. 6 June 2011. 2378:Schistosoma haematobium 2245:The disease is found in 1931:Snails, dams, and prawns 1845:computed tomography (CT) 1587:Th1 helper cell response 1340:and rarely, the eggs of 1245:) symptoms may include: 216:, urethral obstruction, 212:(both male and female), 8116:Priority review voucher 7928:Trichuriasis / Whipworm 7878:Enterobius vermicularis 7673:Cutaneous larva migrans 7246:Echinococcus granulosus 7186:Heterophyes heterophyes 7172:Gastrodiscoides hominis 6995:Trichobilharzia regenti 5221:10.1073/pnas.1502651112 3507:10.1016/c2016-0-01879-x 2928:"Human schistosomiasis" 2482:History of schistosomes 2356:Schistosoma guineensis 1549:Type III hypersensivity 1407:The life cycle stages: 1296:Irregular eye movements 1287:Uncoordinated movements 680:Treatment may include: 7776:Visceral larva migrans 7571:Gnathostoma spinigerum 7424:Dracunculus medinensis 7330:Diphyllobothrium latum 7109:Paragonimus westermani 7076:Opisthorchis viverrini 6599:10.1055/s-0030-1265288 5590:10.3201/eid2408.et2408 5573:"Etymologia: Antimony" 5163:10.1098/rstb.2016.0127 4940:Precision Nanomedicine 4763:public domain material 2853:10.1002/anie.201208390 2665:OxfordDictionaries.com 2403:, 10 million cases of 2334:Schistosoma japonicum 2242: 2151: 2075: 1985: 1892: 1626: 1615: 1399: 1317: 1182:Central nervous system 1089:where they reproduce. 1072: 1027:pulmonary hypertension 1016:pulmonary hypertension 969:Symptoms may include: 942: 806:Symptoms may include: 781:granulomatous reaction 585:Symptoms may include: 541:Symptoms may include: 443: 431: 234:from freshwater snails 7657:Ancylostoma duodenale 7200:Metagonimus yokogawai 6376:Rutherford P (2000). 5933:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 5530:Parasitology Research 4727:University of Tsukuba 2285:are found locally in 2157: 2081: 2073: 1980: 1875: 1761:Molecular diagnostics 1621: 1609: 1395:Schistosoma japonicum 1391: 1315: 1169:Infertility in female 1055:Calcification of the 1054: 937: 839:Iron deficient anemia 507:pulmonary infiltrates 437: 425: 370:learning difficulties 256:Access to clean water 214:bladder calcification 56:11-year-old boy with 7909:Trichinella spiralis 7736:Ascaris lumbricoides 7550:Lymphatic filariasis 7532:Wuchereria bancrofti 6348:Human Ecology Review 6191:. Associated Press. 4526:on November 19, 2016 3693:10.1056/NEJMra012396 2889:(10053): 1459–1544. 2793:(10053): 1545–1602. 2604:. 17 December 2011. 2507:Hiroshima Prefecture 2448:(ca. 2494–2345 BC). 2345:Schistosoma mekongi 2323:Schistosoma mansoni 1816:complete blood count 1278:Cerebellar symptoms 1177:Neuroschistosomiasis 1146:Protein in the urine 858:Partial or complete 822:Abdominal distention 513:Cercarial dermatitis 8137:Waterborne diseases 8004:Diseases of poverty 7996:Diseases of poverty 7923:Trichuris trichiura 7850:Trichostrongyliasis 7466:Onchocerca volvulus 7022:Clonorchis sinensis 6957:Schistosoma mansoni 6938:Trematode infection 6156:Jamieson B (2017). 5457:on 25 February 2008 5449:The Carter Center. 5212:2015PNAS..112.9650S 4456:. 1 September 2020. 4226:10.1128/CMR.12.1.97 4176:10.3390/jcm10020205 3122:The Carter Center. 2637:. 2 December 2013. 2517:Society and culture 2442:African Great Lakes 2388:Infection estimates 2305: 2239: more than 500 1983:Schistosoma mansoni 1818:with differential. 1805:Liver function test 1640:Kato-Katz technique 1521:proteolytic enzymes 1243:transverse myelitis 1224:transverse myelitis 1033:Shortness of breath 952:portal hypertension 900:portal hypertension 639:transverse myelitis 385:helminth infections 62:portal hypertension 8052:Neglected diseases 8037:Diarrheal diseases 7809:Parascaris equorum 7795:Dioctophyme renale 7701:Angiostrongyliasis 7681:Necator americanus 7651:Hookworm infection 7511:Dirofilaria repens 7336:Diphyllobothriasis 7227:Tapeworm infection 7158:Fasciolopsis buski 6818:External resources 6430:on 1 December 2015 6211:2012-10-28 at the 5918:(9859): 2095–128. 5885:2014-12-07 at the 5857:on 7 December 2014 5827:on 6 December 2014 5577:Emerg. Infect. Dis 5157:(1722): 20160127. 5115:New Civil Engineer 4723:"Clinical Aspects" 3501:. Elsevier. 2020. 2699:. Merriam-Webster. 2574:Angiostrongyliasis 2309:Type of infection 2303: 2243: 2173: less than 50 2152: 2076: 1986: 1893: 1776:Laboratory testing 1701:Antibody detection 1693:Identification of 1627: 1616: 1509:O-methyl-threonine 1400: 1318: 1275:Sensory impairment 1166:Blood in the sperm 1096:blood in the urine 1073: 973:Esophageal varices 943: 908:esophageal varices 765:blood in the stool 551:Small red blisters 448:feeling of illness 444: 432: 418:Signs and symptoms 342:blood in the urine 276:252 million (2015) 218:nephrotic syndrome 186:blood in the urine 162:Infectious disease 8152:Tropical diseases 8124: 8123: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7894: 7893: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7252:E. multilocularis 7216: 7215: 7056:Fasciola hepatica 6908:Parasitic disease 6874: 6873: 6309:10.1002/hep.21173 6226:"Schistosomiasis" 6112:978-0-521-30312-5 6101:Jordan P (1985). 5895:978-1-60805-148-9 5817:"Schistosomiasis" 5748:(9859): 2163–96. 4520:"Schistosomiasis" 4439:978-1-4160-4470-3 4003:www.niaid.nih.gov 3999:"Schistosomiasis" 3930:"Schistosomiasis" 3858:978-0-7020-6285-8 3674:"Schistosomiasis" 3594:10.1136/bmj.d2651 3516:978-0-323-55512-8 3196:(9541): 1106–18. 3072:"Schistosomiasis" 2938:(9936): 2253–64. 2841:Angewandte Chemie 2691:"schistosomiasis" 2631:"Schistosomiasis" 2411:annually, making 2385: 2384: 1789:stool guaiac test 1684:nucleopore filter 1672:Ritchie technique 1576:Chronic infection 1140:Painful urination 860:bowel obstruction 835:Intestinal ulcers 831:Intestinal polyps 710:Chronic infection 656:Visual impairment 381:freshwater snails 288: 287: 240:Diagnostic method 28:Medical condition 8169: 7989: 7982: 7975: 7966: 7843:Trichostrongylus 7835:Strongyloidiasis 7715:Metastrongylosis 7447: 7411: 7402: 7393: 7297:Hymenolepis nana 7233: 7133:Intestinal fluke 6944: 6929: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6878: 6745: 6731: 6660: 6659: 6643: 6627: 6626: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6561: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6480: 6470: 6461:(12): e0006968. 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6399: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6360: 6345: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6311: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6222: 6216: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5945: 5935: 5903: 5897: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5821:Fact sheet N°115 5813: 5807: 5806: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5765: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5703: 5690: 5689: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5592: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5508: 5476: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5453:. Archived from 5446: 5431: 5430: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5341: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5282: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5233: 5223: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5093: 5083: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5011: 5001: 4977: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4931: 4922: 4921: 4911: 4887: 4876: 4875: 4865: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4824: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4655: 4622: 4613: 4612: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4499: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4427: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4357: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4237: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4188: 4178: 4154: 4143: 4142: 4132: 4122: 4098: 4089: 4088: 4078: 4038: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3972: 3962: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3908: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3850: 3834: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3772: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3724: 3705: 3704: 3678: 3669: 3652: 3651: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3605: 3573: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3493: 3312: 3311: 3301: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3185: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3068: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3014: 2996: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2955: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2906: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2836: 2821: 2820: 2810: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2762:on 12 March 2014 2752: 2701: 2700: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2671:on July 16, 2014 2667:. Archived from 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2594: 2306: 2293:, respectively. 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 1501:cattle husbandry 1272:Motor impairment 1063:eggs on a plain 813:Loss of appetite 293:, also known as 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 134: 133: 130: 125: 124: 121: 118: 115: 112: 109: 106: 103: 100: 97: 94: 91: 88: 85: 82: 51: 31: 8177: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8099: 8085:River blindness 8075:Schistosomiasis 8046: 7998: 7993: 7963: 7954: 7890: 7863: 7814: 7721: 7669:Ancylostomiasis 7639: 7623: 7603: 7583:Gnathostomiasis 7556: 7453: 7436: 7387: 7384: 7370: 7321:Pseudophyllidea 7315: 7266:Taenia saginata 7224: 7212: 7164:Fasciolopsiasis 7149:Echinostomiasis 7127: 7094: 7088:Opisthorchiasis 7007: 6987:Schistosomiasis 6981:S. intercalatum 6935: 6933:Fluke/trematode 6924: 6921: 6914: 6905: 6875: 6870: 6869: 6854:Schistosomiasis 6813: 6812: 6756: 6739:Facts in Motion 6729: 6702:Schistosomiasis 6700: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6674:Schistosomiasis 6661: 6657: 6652: 6644: 6636: 6631: 6630: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6509: 6507: 6505:www.bionity.com 6499: 6498: 6494: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6358: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6213:Wayback Machine 6204: 6200: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6103:Schistosomiasis 6100: 6099: 6095: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6015: 6014: 6010: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5887:Wayback Machine 5877: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5851:Fact sheet N°94 5845: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5828: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5799: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5713:. 6 June 2011. 5705: 5704: 5693: 5686:10.1139/Z03-220 5671: 5670: 5666: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5536:(11): 3723–40. 5527: 5526: 5522: 5491:(8): CD000053. 5478: 5477: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5448: 5447: 5434: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5350:(2): CD000528. 5339: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5029: 5025: 4979: 4978: 4961: 4933: 4932: 4925: 4889: 4888: 4879: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4807:(3): CD009579. 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4558: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4469: 4468: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4389: 4388: 4381: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4315: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4156: 4155: 4146: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4040: 4039: 4022: 4012: 4010: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3964: 3963: 3954: 3946: 3944: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3859: 3836: 3835: 3794: 3786: 3784: 3774: 3773: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3726: 3725: 3708: 3687:(16): 1212–20. 3676: 3671: 3670: 3655: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3575: 3574: 3557: 3548: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3517: 3495: 3494: 3315: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3187: 3186: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3032: 3028: 2987:(5): e0008266. 2974: 2973: 2969: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2876: 2875: 2868: 2847:(31): 7936–56. 2838: 2837: 2824: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2704: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2570: 2550: 2539:rite of passage 2519: 2492:Theodor Bilharz 2484: 2478: 2460:Pirajá da Silva 2453:Theodor Bilharz 2434: 2421: 2390: 2348:Cambodia, Laos 2296:The disease is 2283:S. intercalatum 2241: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2068: 2038:Cochrane review 1975: 1973:Schistosomicide 1969: 1956: 1933: 1920: 1870: 1833: 1824: 1785:urine dip-stick 1778: 1763: 1703: 1632: 1604: 1527:Acute infection 1517: 1497: 1475:S. intercalatum 1405: 1354:S. intercalatum 1326:S. intercalatum 1310: 1291:Scanning speech 1179: 1049: 1011: 889: 800:S. intercalatum 751: 712: 662:Motor paralysis 569: 515: 475: 473:Acute Infection 420: 348:may experience 291:Schistosomiasis 151: 136: 127: 79: 75: 58:abdominal fluid 34:Schistosomiasis 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8175: 8173: 8165: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8129: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8080:Dracunculiasis 8077: 8072: 8067: 8065:Chagas disease 8062: 8056: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8008: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7969: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7931: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7904: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7873: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7824: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7801:Dioctophymosis 7791: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7764:Toxocara canis 7760: 7759: 7758: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7731: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7709:Metastrongylus 7705: 7704: 7703: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7663:A. braziliense 7653: 7647: 7645: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7613: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7566: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7524:Dirofilariasis 7514: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7503:Mansonelliasis 7493: 7492: 7491: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7472:Onchocerciasis 7461: 7459: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7430:Dracunculiasis 7419: 7417: 7408: 7399: 7390: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7325: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7309:Hymenolepiasis 7293: 7292: 7291: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7258:Echinococcosis 7241: 7239: 7237:Cyclophyllidea 7230: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7206:Metagonimiasis 7196: 7195: 7194: 7192:Heterophyiasis 7182: 7181: 7180: 7178:Amphistomiasis 7168: 7167: 7166: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7137: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7121:Paragonimiasis 7104: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7048:Dicrocoeliasis 7032: 7031: 7030: 7017: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7001:Swimmer's itch 6991: 6990: 6989: 6975:S. haematobium 6952: 6950: 6941: 6926: 6916: 6915: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6881: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6856: 6845: 6843:article/228392 6834: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6799: 6788: 6773: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748:Classification 6742: 6741: 6726: 6716: 6708: 6684: 6662: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634:External links 6632: 6629: 6628: 6593:(7): 712–722. 6573: 6536:(4): 671–677. 6516: 6492: 6441: 6415: 6368: 6331: 6282: 6263:(4): 313–319. 6247: 6217: 6198: 6175: 6168: 6148: 6138: 6118: 6111: 6093: 6065: 6028:(5): 268–273. 6008: 5965: 5898: 5868: 5838: 5808: 5798:978-9241546850 5797: 5777: 5728: 5691: 5664: 5629:(6): 437–440. 5609: 5563: 5520: 5468: 5432: 5405: 5379: 5327: 5301: 5245: 5206:(31): 9650–5. 5186: 5137: 5123: 5105: 5054: 5036: 5023: 4959: 4923: 4877: 4836: 4787: 4744: 4733:on 23 May 2001 4714: 4675: 4644:Annual Reviews 4628:(2016-02-15). 4614: 4585:Annual Reviews 4565: 4537: 4511: 4459: 4445: 4438: 4412: 4379: 4348:(4): 398–408. 4328: 4313: 4284: 4249: 4200: 4144: 4090: 4053:(5): 445–452. 4020: 3990: 3984:978-0443068393 3983: 3952: 3920: 3871: 3857: 3792: 3744: 3706: 3653: 3617: 3555: 3530: 3515: 3313: 3276:(3): 355–371. 3253: 3223: 3167: 3141: 3114: 3088: 3052: 3026: 2967: 2918: 2866: 2822: 2773: 2702: 2682: 2652: 2619: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2566: 2554:S. haematobium 2549: 2546: 2518: 2515: 2480:Main article: 2477: 2474: 2433: 2430: 2420: 2417: 2413:S. haematobium 2409:kidney failure 2405:hydronephrosis 2397:S. haematobium 2389: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2287:Southeast Asia 2267:S. haematobium 2255:Southeast Asia 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2067: 2064: 2044:Historically, 2022: 2021: 2018: 2015: 1998:S. haematobium 1968: 1965: 1955: 1952: 1932: 1929: 1919: 1916: 1869: 1866: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1781:S. haematobium 1777: 1774: 1762: 1759: 1739:S. haematobium 1727:S. haematobium 1702: 1699: 1695:microhematuria 1688:S. haematobium 1676:S. haematobium 1663:S. haematobium 1631: 1628: 1603: 1600: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1557:S. haematobium 1541: 1540: 1539: 1516: 1513: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1472: 1469:S. haematobium 1466: 1456: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1404: 1401: 1350:S. haematobium 1338:S. haematobium 1309: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1236:S. haematobium 1216:S. haematobium 1193:have rates of 1178: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1123:from smoking. 1112:Bladder cancer 1108:kidney failure 1104:hydronephrosis 1091:S. haematobium 1078:S. haematobium 1048: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 994: 993: 992: 987: 982: 976: 967: 932: 931: 888: 885: 869: 868: 862: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 833: 824: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 750: 747: 711: 708: 707: 706: 703: 699: 692: 685:Corticosteroid 678: 677: 674: 671: 664: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 625: 624: 621: 618: 615: 614:Abdominal pain 612: 609: 606: 601: 596: 593: 568: 565: 561:antihistamines 556: 555: 552: 549: 546: 545:Flat, red rash 514: 511: 474: 471: 456:swimmer's itch 419: 416: 362:bladder cancer 354:kidney failure 330:abdominal pain 303:Katayama fever 286: 285: 282: 278: 277: 274: 270: 269: 264: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 242: 236: 235: 229: 225: 224: 222:bladder cancer 206:kidney failure 195: 189: 188: 174:Abdominal pain 171: 165: 164: 159: 153: 152: 150: 149: 72: 70: 66: 65: 53: 52: 44: 43: 40: 36: 35: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8174: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8142:Helminthiases 8140: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104:Miscellaneous 8102: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8090:Leishmaniasis 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7990: 7985: 7983: 7978: 7976: 7971: 7970: 7967: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7788:Baylisascaris 7785: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7638: 7634: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7539: 7538:Brugia malayi 7534: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7381: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7289:Cysticercosis 7286: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7115:P. kellicotti 7111: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7028:Clonorchiasis 7026: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6922:platyhelminth 6917: 6913: 6912:helminthiases 6909: 6902: 6897: 6895: 6890: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6712:River of Hope 6709: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6650: 6649: 6642: 6633: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6574: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6517: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6442: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6302:(5): 915–22. 6301: 6297: 6293: 6286: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6248: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6202: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6189:National Post 6186: 6179: 6176: 6171: 6169:9781498744263 6165: 6162:. CRC Press. 6161: 6160: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6139:9783319182575 6135: 6131: 6130: 6122: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6094: 6091:", pp. 59–62. 6090: 6084: 6081:(in German). 6080: 6076: 6069: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5981:(2): 307–10. 5980: 5976: 5969: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5781: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5729: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5680:(2): 375–90. 5679: 5675: 5668: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5421:(2): 167–74. 5420: 5416: 5409: 5406: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5328: 5315: 5312:. eMedicine. 5311: 5305: 5302: 5297: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5074:(12): e3296. 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4902:(6): 529–42. 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4856:(5): 949–55. 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4788: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4569: 4566: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4416: 4413: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4314:9780444534903 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4220:(1): 97–111. 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3891:(2): 270–95. 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3634:(5): 339–45. 3633: 3629: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3115: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2774: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527:tartar emetic 2524: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2233: 450–500 2227: 400–450 2221: 350–400 2215: 300–350 2209: 250–300 2203: 200–250 2197: 150–200 2191: 100–150 2167: no data 2160: 2156: 2088: no data 2080: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1948:Senegal River 1945: 1941: 1940: 1939:Macrobrachium 1930: 1928: 1926: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1828: 1822:Tissue biopsy 1821: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1492: 1484: 1480: 1479:S. guineensis 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1307: 1305: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1281:Unsteady gait 1280: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1075:The worms of 1070: 1067:image of the 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1046: 1041: 1039:Feeling tired 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029:may include: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1008: 1001: 998: 997: 995: 991: 988: 986: 985:Caput medusae 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 970: 968: 965: 961: 957: 956:caput medusae 953: 948: 947: 946: 940: 939:Caput medusae 936: 928: 927: 926: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 898:, leading to 897: 892: 886: 884: 882: 878: 874: 866: 863: 861: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 827: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 808: 807: 804: 802: 801: 796: 795: 790: 786: 782: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757: 753:The worms of 748: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 721: 717: 709: 704: 700: 696: 693: 690: 686: 683: 682: 681: 675: 672: 669: 668: 667: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 640: 636: 635: 634: 631: 628: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 594: 592: 588: 587: 586: 583: 581: 577: 576: 566: 564: 562: 553: 550: 547: 544: 543: 542: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 519:maculopapular 512: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 493:, chills, or 492: 488: 484: 480: 472: 470: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 441: 436: 429: 428:maculopapular 424: 417: 415: 413: 409: 403: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 322:urinary tract 319: 315: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 284:4,400–200,000 283: 279: 275: 271: 268: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 241: 237: 233: 230: 226: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 196: 194: 193:Complications 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 170: 166: 163: 160: 158: 154: 145: 74: 73: 71: 69:Pronunciation 67: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 41: 37: 32: 26: 22: 8111:Malnutrition 8074: 8022:Tuberculosis 7948: 7933: 7921: 7907: 7884:Enterobiasis 7876: 7856: 7842: 7827: 7807: 7793: 7786: 7780:Toxocariasis 7769: 7762: 7748: 7734: 7707: 7693: 7687:Necatoriasis 7679: 7662: 7655: 7616: 7589: 7576: 7569: 7562:Thelazioidea 7543: 7536: 7530: 7517: 7509: 7495: 7486: 7478: 7464: 7422: 7356: 7342: 7329: 7302: 7295: 7277: 7271: 7264: 7251: 7244: 7198: 7184: 7170: 7156: 7147: 7140: 7114: 7107: 7081: 7074: 7062:F. gigantica 7061: 7054: 7041: 7034: 7020: 6993: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6963:S. japonicum 6962: 6955: 6858: 6847: 6836: 6825: 6801: 6790: 6775: 6760: 6711: 6690: 6672: 6671: 6670:profile for 6667: 6646: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6508:. Retrieved 6504: 6495: 6458: 6454: 6444: 6432:. Retrieved 6428:the original 6418: 6409: 6387: 6381: 6371: 6362: 6354:(1): 14–25. 6351: 6347: 6334: 6299: 6295: 6285: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6238:. Retrieved 6229: 6220: 6201: 6188: 6178: 6158: 6151: 6143: 6128: 6121: 6102: 6096: 6088: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6025: 6021: 6011: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5859:. Retrieved 5855:the original 5850: 5841: 5829:. Retrieved 5825:the original 5820: 5811: 5787: 5785:WHO (2006). 5780: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5719:. Retrieved 5710: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5604: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5488: 5484: 5459:. Retrieved 5455:the original 5418: 5414: 5408: 5398:September 5, 5396:. Retrieved 5382: 5347: 5343: 5330: 5318:. Retrieved 5304: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5131: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5039: 5026: 4989: 4985: 4943: 4939: 4899: 4895: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4778:. Retrieved 4769: 4735:. Retrieved 4731:the original 4717: 4692: 4689:Acta Tropica 4688: 4678: 4639: 4633: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4557:. Retrieved 4555:. 2019-08-14 4552: 4528:. Retrieved 4524:the original 4514: 4482:(1): 41–51. 4479: 4476:Acta Tropica 4475: 4448: 4423: 4415: 4403:. Retrieved 4394: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4296: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4166: 4162: 4110: 4106: 4050: 4046: 4011:. Retrieved 4002: 3993: 3968: 3945:, retrieved 3933: 3923: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3838: 3785:, retrieved 3780: 3736:. Retrieved 3732: 3684: 3680: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3585: 3581: 3547:. Retrieved 3545:. 2019-05-13 3542: 3533: 3497: 3273: 3269: 3244:. Retrieved 3235: 3226: 3193: 3189: 3158:. Retrieved 3144: 3132:. Retrieved 3117: 3105:. Retrieved 3091: 3080:. Retrieved 3078:. 2021-05-18 3075: 3043:. Retrieved 3029: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2886: 2882: 2844: 2840: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2764:. Retrieved 2760:the original 2694: 2685: 2673:. Retrieved 2669:the original 2655: 2643:. Retrieved 2635:Patient.info 2634: 2610:. Retrieved 2601: 2562: 2553: 2551: 2543: 2536: 2520: 2487: 2485: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2435: 2422: 2412: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2295: 2289:and central 2282: 2278: 2271:S. japonicum 2270: 2266: 2262: 2244: 2185: 75–100 2066:Epidemiology 2058: 2051: 2050: 2043: 2023: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1982: 1961:S. japonicum 1960: 1957: 1937: 1934: 1925:Praziquantel 1921: 1913: 1902: 1894: 1859: 1854:S. japonicum 1853: 1834: 1825: 1812:eosinophilia 1809: 1797:S. japonicum 1796: 1792: 1780: 1779: 1764: 1752: 1747: 1743:S. japonicum 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731:S. japonicum 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709:At the U.S. 1708: 1704: 1692: 1687: 1680:S. japonicum 1679: 1675: 1666: 1662: 1659:S. japonicum 1658: 1654: 1648: 1635: 1633: 1623:S. japonicum 1622: 1611: 1595:Th2 response 1590: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1566:S. japonicum 1565: 1561:S. japonicum 1560: 1556: 1552: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1515:Pathogenesis 1498: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1458: 1449:S. japonicum 1448: 1406: 1393: 1384: 1377: 1374:S. japonicum 1373: 1369:Biomphalaria 1367: 1363: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1334:S. japonicum 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1302: 1261: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1222:can lead to 1218:eggs in the 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1191:S. japonicum 1190: 1187:S. japonicum 1186: 1180: 1172: 1158: 1132: 1125: 1094:can lead to 1090: 1076: 1074: 1060: 1025:Symptoms of 1024: 1012: 964:S. japonicum 963: 959: 944: 924: 919: 916:S. japonicum 915: 911: 904:splenomegaly 893: 890: 880: 877:S. japonicum 876: 872: 870: 865:Appendicitis 825: 805: 798: 792: 789:S. japonicum 788: 784: 777: 761:S. japonicum 760: 754: 752: 743:malnutrition 727:eosinophilic 716:inflammatory 713: 695:Praziquantel 679: 673:Pericarditis 665: 632: 629: 626: 604:Muscle aches 584: 580:S. japonicum 579: 575:S. japonicum 573: 570: 557: 540: 516: 476: 464: 445: 439: 404: 396:praziquantel 393: 374: 350:liver damage 338:bloody stool 318:schistosomes 302: 298: 294: 290: 289: 267:Praziquantel 232:Schistosomes 198:Liver damage 182:bloody stool 25: 7949:C. hepatica 7915:Trichinosis 7900:Adenophorea 7756:Anisakiasis 7637:Strongylida 7618:Gongylonema 7609:Spiruroidea 7597:Thelaziasis 7577:G. hispidum 7451:Filarioidea 7415:Camallanida 7397:Secernentea 7364:Sparganosis 7350:Sparganosis 7303:H. diminuta 7272:T. asiatica 7142:Echinostoma 7082:O. felineus 7068:Fasciolosis 7013:Liver fluke 6948:Blood fluke 6827:MedlinePlus 6685:‹ The 6434:29 November 5721:28 November 5583:(8): 1601. 4992:(8): 1058. 4946:: 439–458. 4695:: 179–187. 4626:Campbell WC 4587:: 425–447. 4553:www.cdc.gov 4530:11 November 4405:11 November 4395:www.cdc.gov 3973:. pp. 3733:www.cdc.gov 3543:www.cdc.gov 3236:www.cdc.gov 3160:28 November 3076:www.who.int 3045:30 November 2602:NHS Choices 2531:hepatitis C 2501:working in 2499:pathologist 2488:Schistosoma 2375:Urogenital 2364:Intestinal 2353:Intestinal 2342:Intestinal 2331:Intestinal 2320:Intestinal 2291:West Africa 2259:Middle East 2179: 50–75 2148: 29-40 2142: 25-28 2136: 22-24 2130: 19-21 2124: 16-18 2118: 14-15 2055:Osteopontin 2026:metrifonate 1990:oxamniquine 1905:clean water 1748:Schistosoma 1719:Schistosoma 1667:Schistosoma 1612:Schistosoma 1495:Other hosts 1379:Oncomelania 1342:S. mansori. 1322:Schistosoma 1220:spinal cord 1207:Schistosoma 1121:carcinogens 1061:Schistosoma 981:(end-stage) 791:, however, 720:proteolytic 670:Myocarditis 653:Tetraplegia 591:chest X-ray 440:Schistosoma 377:fresh water 366:poor growth 358:infertility 295:snail fever 210:infertility 39:Other names 21:Schistosoma 8157:Hepatology 8131:Categories 7820:Rhabditida 7742:Ascariasis 7727:Ascaridida 7518:D. immitis 7497:Mansonella 7489:filariasis 7456:Filariasis 7383:Roundworm/ 7100:Lung fluke 6969:S. mekongi 6910:caused by 6849:Patient UK 6803:DiseasesDB 6510:2019-01-18 6296:Hepatology 6240:12 January 5861:6 December 5831:6 December 4559:2021-10-28 4365:1807/58195 4265:(2): 237. 4169:(2): 205. 4013:7 February 3977:–3226.e3. 3947:2021-11-02 3934:StatPearls 3787:2021-11-01 3738:2021-10-28 3549:2021-11-01 3246:4 December 3082:2021-06-05 2675:20 January 2581:References 2541:for boys. 2279:S. mekongi 2263:S. mansoni 2257:, and the 2112: 5-13 2059:S. mansoni 2034:mefloquine 2030:artesunate 1994:S. mansoni 1971:See also: 1909:sanitation 1868:Prevention 1841:ultrasound 1793:S. mansoni 1735:S. mansoni 1723:S. mansoni 1715:S. mansoni 1655:S. mansoni 1636:S. mansoni 1553:S. mansoni 1483:S. mansoni 1459:S. mansoni 1425:sporocysts 1403:Life cycle 1364:S. mansoni 1330:S. mansori 1232:S. mansoni 1228:paraplegia 1212:S. mansoni 1199:S. mansoni 1036:Chest pain 960:S. mansoni 920:S. mekongi 912:S. mansoni 881:S. mansoni 873:S. mansoni 794:S. mekongi 785:S. mansoni 756:S. mansoni 689:prednisone 650:Hemiplegia 536:trematodes 532:dermatitis 495:lymph node 389:antibodies 326:intestines 309:caused by 262:Medication 253:Prevention 246:antibodies 8032:Pneumonia 7544:B. timori 7442:Spirurida 7388:infection 7285:Taeniasis 7278:T. solium 7042:D. hospes 6925:infection 6920:Flatworm/ 6838:eMedicine 6607:1098-9064 6550:1573-742X 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