Poetry of Scotland - Knowledge (XXG)

1083: 875: 1535: 1689: 248:. After his accession to the English throne in 1603 James VI increasingly favoured the language of southern England and the loss of the court as a centre of patronage was a major blow to Scottish literature. A new tradition of vernacular Gaelic poetry began to emerge, including work by women such as Mary MacLeod of Harris. The tradition of neo-Latin poetry reached its fruition with the publication of the anthology of the 1392: 730: 3700: 4127: 1216: 1798: 765:(1375), composed under the patronage of Robert II and telling the story in epic poetry of Robert I's actions before the English invasion until the end of the war of independence. The work was extremely popular among the Scots-speaking aristocracy and Barbour is referred to as the father of Scots poetry, holding a similar place to his contemporary 478: 351:, began his literary career as a poet and also collected and published Scottish ballads. Scottish poetry is often seen as entering a period of decline in the nineteenth century, with Scots poetry criticised for its use of parochial dialect, and for its lack of Scottishness in the English tongue. Successful poets included 1520:(1784–1842),. The most important figure in Scottish Romanticism, Walter Scott (1771–1832), began his literary career as a poet, producing Medieval revival pieces in English such as "The lay of the last minstrel" (1805), and also collected and published Scottish ballads, before the success of his first prose work, 665:, existed in Scotland and a larger number in Ireland, until they were suppressed from the seventeenth century. Members of bardic schools were trained in the complex rules and forms of Gaelic poetry. Much of their work was never written down and what survives was only recorded from the sixteenth century. 1097:

Having extolled the virtues of Scots "poesie", after his accession to the English throne, James VI increasingly favoured the language of southern England. The loss of the court as a centre of patronage in 1603 was a major blow to Scottish literature. A number of Scottish poets, including William

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was compiled by the brothers James and Donald MacGregor in the early decades of the sixteenth century. Beside Scottish Gaelic verse it contains a large number of poems composed in Ireland as well verse and prose in Scots and Latin. The subject matter includes love poetry, heroic ballads and

1880:(b. 1947) also explored the lives of working-class people of Glasgow, but added an appreciation of female voices within a sometimes male dominated society. The 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of a new generation of Scottish poets that became leading figures on the UK stage, including 1904:

Paterson and Crawford have both produced esoteric work, which includes Paterson's ironically self-aware verse and Crawford's a metaphorically colourful re-imagining of Scottish history. Kathleen Jamie has explored female aspirations, drawing on her experiences growing up in rural

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As the tradition of classical Gaelic poetry declined, a new tradition of vernacular Gaelic poetry began to emerge. While Classical poetry used a language largely fixed in the twelfth century, the vernacular continued to develop. In contrast to the Classical tradition, which used

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continued to act in a similar role in the Highlands and Islands. What survives of their work was only recorded from the sixteenth century. This includes poems composed by women, including Aithbhreac Nighean Coirceadail. The first surviving major text in Scots literature is

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Scottish poetry is often seen as entering a period of decline in the nineteenth century, with Scots language poetry criticised for its use of parochial dialect and English poetry for its lack of Scottishness. The main legacy of Burns were the conservative and anti-radical

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their written language. James's characteristic role as active literary participant and patron in the Scottish court made him a defining figure for English Renaissance poetry and drama, which would reach a pinnacle of achievement in his reign, but his patronage for the

31: 1410:(1750–48), who also worked in English. His work often celebrated his native Edinburgh, as in his best known poem "Auld Reekie" (1773). Burns (1759–96) was highly influenced by the Ossian cycle. An Ayrshire poet and lyricist, he is widely regarded as the 1657:

and widespread emigration significantly weakened Gaelic language and culture and had a profound impact on the nature of Gaelic poetry. The theme of homeland became prominent. The best poetry in this vein contained a strong element of protest, including

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literature was written in Medieval Scotland than is often thought, but has not survived because the Gaelic literary establishment of eastern Scotland died out before the fourteenth century. Works that have survived include that of the prolific poet

786: 144: 623: 1727:(1898–1943), who pursued an exploration of identity, rejecting nostalgia and parochialism and engaging with social and political issues. Some writers that emerged after the Second World War followed MacDiarmid by writing in Scots, including 371:

and widespread emigration weakened Gaelic language and culture and had a profound impact on the nature of Gaelic poetry. Particularly significant was the work of Uilleam Mac Dhun Lèibhe, Seonaidh Phàdraig Iarsiadair and Màiri Mhòr nan Óran.

1674:, 1821–98), whose verse was criticised for a lack of intellectual weight, but which embodies the spirit of the land agitation of the 1870s and 1880s and whose evocation of place and mood has made her among the most enduring Gaelic poets. 651:

that introduced French culture and political systems, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court and was probably replaced by French. After this "de-gallicisation" of the Scottish court, a less highly regarded order of

1254:(1724–37) contained old Scots folk material, his own poems in the folk style and "gentilizings" of Scots poems in the English neo-classical style. Ramsay was part of a community of poets working in Scots and English. These included 1042:, published in 1584 when he was aged 18, was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue, to which he applied Renaissance principles. He became patron and member of a loose circle of Scottish 1179:", that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century, but in verses that were not recorded until the modern era. They were probably composed and transmitted orally and only began to be written down and printed, often as 1123:. However, they shared with the Classic poets a set of complex metaphors and a common role, as the verse was still often panegyric. A number of these vernacular poets were women, such as Mary MacLeod of Harris (c. 1615–1707). 656:

took over the functions of the filidh and they would continue to act in a similar role in the Highlands and Islands into the eighteenth century. They often trained in bardic schools, of which a few, like the one run by the

1367:

was speedily translated into many European languages, and its deep appreciation of natural beauty and the melancholy tenderness of its treatment of the ancient legends did more than any single work to bring about the

3736: 1554:'s (1784–1848) "Anster Fair" (1812) produced a more respectable version of folk revels. Standard critical narratives have seen the descent of Scottish poetry into infantalism as exemplified by the highly popular 207:

founded a tradition of neo-Latin poetry that would continue into the seventeenth century. From the 1550s cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court, political turmoil and discouragement from the

1230:(1686–1758) was the most important literary figure of the era, often described as leading a "vernacular revival". He laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature, publishing 1840:

in 1956, widely regarded as one of the most important literary works in the language, for which he was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature on three occasions, the first esperantist to be nominated.

1082: 643:, who acted as poets, musicians and historians, often attached to the court of a lord or king, and passed on their knowledge and culture in Gaelic to the next generation. At least from the accession of 1770:(Somhairle MacGill-Eain, 1911–96). A native of Skye and a native Gaelic speaker, he abandoned the stylistic conventions of the tradition and opened up new possibilities for composition with his poem 982:(1506–82) had a major influence as a Latin poet, founding a tradition of neo-Latin poetry that would continue in to the seventeenth century. Contributors to this tradition included royal secretary 1036:

Unlike many of his predecessors, James VI actively despised Gaelic culture. However, in the 1580s and 1590s he strongly promoted the literature of the country of his birth in Scots. His treatise,

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philosophical pieces. It also is notable for containing poetry by at least four women. These include Aithbhreac Nighean Coirceadail (f. 1460), who wrote a lament for her husband, the constable of

1868:, pioneering the working class voice in Scottish poetry, although what has been described as his finest work "A priest came on at Merkland Street" is in English. Like his friend Leonard, 1666:

clearances in "Fios Thun a' Bhard" ("A Message for the Poet") and Seonaidh Phàdraig Iarsiadair's (John Smith, 1848–81) long emotional condemnation of those responsible for the clearances

3729: 1289:(Duncan Ban MacIntyre, 1724–1812) and Uilleam Ross (William Ross, 1762–90), most noted for his anguished love songs. The most significant poet in the language during this era was 1581:'s visit to Scotland. From the other end of the social scale Lady Margaret Maclean Clephane Compton Northampton (d. 1830), translated Jacobite verse from the Gaelic and poems by 3722: 1642:(1857–1909), whose work, including "The Runable Stag" and "Thirty Bob a Week" were much anthologised, would have a major impact on modernist poets including Hugh MacDiarmid, 1848:(b. 1942), whose work has often seen a coming to terms with class and national identity within the formal structures of poetry and commenting on contemporary events, as in 711:

was a literary language, with works that include the "Carmen de morte Sumerledi", a poem which exults triumphantly the victory of the citizens of Glasgow over the warlord

1719:

that combined different regional dialects and archaic terms. Other writers that emerged in this period, and are often treated as part of the movement, include the poets

1711:(the pseudonym of Christopher Murray Grieve, 1892–1978). MacDiarmid attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature in poetic works including " 707:, written in French and preserved only outside Scotland, are thought by some scholars, including D. D. R. Owen, to have been written in Scotland. In addition to French, 1074:(1570–1627). By the late 1590s the king's championing of his native Scottish tradition was to some extent diffused by the prospect of inheriting of the English throne. 3226: 1469:. Some of his works, such as "Love and Liberty" (also known as "The Jolly Beggars"), are written in both Scots and English for various effects. His themes included 983: 915:. William Dunbar (1460–1513) produced satires, lyrics, invectives and dream visions that established the vernacular as a flexible medium for poetry of any kind. 3440: 543:

poetry survive from the early Medieval period and most of these are in Irish manuscripts. These include poems in praise of Pictish kings contained within Irish

148:. They were probably influenced by Scots versions of popular French romances that were produced in the period. Much Middle Scots literature was produced by 1107:

in his own Scottish tradition largely became sidelined. The only significant court poet to continue to work in Scotland after the king's departure was

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that sprang up around Scotland, filled with members that praised a sanitised version of Burns and poets who fixated on the "Burns stanza" as a form.

1333:(1736–96) was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation, by claiming to have collected and translated Gaelic poetry written by the 639:

was overwhelmingly an oral society dominated by Gaelic culture. Our fuller sources for Ireland of the same period suggest that there would have been

3639: 3480: 3475: 1067: 1171:

emerged as a significant written form in Scotland. Some ballads may date back to the late Medieval era and deal with events and people, such as "

1138:(1585–1670) and containing work by the major Scottish practitioners since Buchanan. This period was marked by the work of female Scottish poets. 3465: 3054: 2455: 1512:(1766–1813), whose outspoken views forced him into emigration to the US. Major literary figures connected with Romanticism include the poets 3634: 2061: 3470: 1909:

and Jackie Kay has drawn on her experiences as a black child adopted by a working class Glasgow family. Glasgow-born Duffy was named as

1030: 225: 1066:

and short sonnets, for narrative, nature description, satire and meditations on love. Later poets that followed in this vein included

1009:(r. 1567–1625), cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court and by political turmoil. The Kirk, heavily influenced by 1872:(Angus Nicolson, b. 1942), amongst the most prominent post-war Gaelic poets, was influenced by new American poetry, particularly the 3433: 3154: 2966: 2885: 2862: 2813: 2792: 2771: 2729: 2678: 2652: 2631: 2610: 2547: 2526: 2505: 2443: 2419: 2398: 2357: 2331: 2310: 2247: 2226: 2205: 2184: 2163: 2142: 2024: 1982: 1961: 1937: 1348:. Macpherson's published translations immediately acquired international popularity, being proclaimed as a Gaelic equivalent to the 848:(c. 1505) provides evidence of a wider tradition of secular writing outside of Court and Kirk now largely lost. Major works include 472: 3248: 1566:(1810–72). This tendency has been seen as leading late nineteenth-century Scottish poetry into the sentimental parochialism of the 1226:

After the Union in 1707 Scottish literature developed a distinct national identity and began to enjoy an international reputation.

1033:'s (?1520-82/3) use of short verse designed to be sung to music, opened the way for the Castilian poets of James VI's adult reign. 443:. The 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of a new generation of Scottish poets who became leading figures on the UK stage including 3401: 1573:

However, Scotland continued to produce talented and successful poets. Poets from the lower social orders included the weaver-poet

1712: 1509: 1290: 1263: 724: 617: 388: 328: 304: 1885: 1794:(Iain Mac a' Ghobhainn, 1928–98). They all focused on the issues of exile, the fate of the Gaelic language and bi-culturalism. 1286: 1271: 1108: 1098:

Alexander, John Murray and Robert Aytoun accompanied the king to London, where they continued to write, but they soon began to

1086: 746: 448: 320: 312: 232:

promoted the literature in Scots and became patron and member of a loose circle of court poets and musicians, later called the

798:. They were probably influenced by Scots versions of popular French romances that were also produced in the period, including 3388: 3367: 3320: 3284: 3202: 3178: 3133: 3112: 3004: 2938: 2906: 2834: 2750: 2699: 2589: 2568: 2484: 2289: 2268: 2116: 2095: 2071: 2045: 2003: 3234: 1747:(1921–96) from Orkney, wrote both poetry and prose fiction shaped by his distinctive island background. The Glaswegian poet 115:

who acted as poets, musicians and historians. After the "de-gallicisation" of the Scottish court from the twelfth century,

3485: 1740: 1683: 1327:, which helped inspire a new form of nature poetry in Gaelic, which was not focused on their relations to human concerns. 1255: 1135: 416: 296: 3680: 3426: 2154:

T. O. Clancy, "Scotland, the 'Nennian' recension of the Historia Brittonum, and the Lebor Bretnach", in S. Taylor, ed.,

1281:

The eighteenth century was also a period of innovation in Gaelic vernacular poetry. Major figures included the satirist

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Among the most influential poets of the later nineteenth century that rejected the limitations of Kailyard School were

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of Scotland and a major figure in the Romantic movement. As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected

3619: 3536: 1763: 1598: 1577:(1799–1848), whose "A chieftain unknown to the Queen" (1843) combined simple Scots language with a social critique of 1377: 791: 424: 927:

concerns and classical sources into his poetry. The landmark work in the reign of James IV was Douglas's version of

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early works include a "Prayer for Protection" attributed to St Mugint, thought to be from the mid-sixth century and

4156: 3624: 3593: 1586: 1494: 1381: 1196: 1055: 562: 265: 241: 99: 69:

and any language in which poetry has been written within the boundaries of modern Scotland, or by Scottish people.

1751:(1920–2010) became known for translations of works from a wide range of European languages. He was also the first 874: 105:

from early Medieval Scotland. In Latin early works include a "Prayer for Protection" attributed to St Mugint, and

4040: 3588: 3071: 1659: 1517: 658: 568:

from early Medieval Scotland. It has also been suggested on the basis of ornithological references that the poem

490: 73: 2622:

N. Rhodes, "Wrapped in the strong arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James" in W. Maley and A. Murphy, eds,

4151: 3614: 2088:

Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800

1104: 588:("The High Creator") attributed to St Columba (c. 597). The most important piece of Scottish hagiography after 54: 315:. The eighteenth century was also a period of innovation in Gaelic vernacular poetry. Major figures included 3775: 3521: 3506: 3084: 1697: 1602: 1534: 1474: 1200: 995: 892: 824:, which would remain popular in to the late sixteenth century. Much Middle Scots literature was produced by 269: 1013:, also discouraged poetry that was not devotional in nature. Nevertheless, poets from this period included 3629: 3516: 2036:

T. O. Clancy, "Scottish literature before Scottish literature", in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney, eds,

1635: 1614: 1551: 1538: 1131: 1051: 844: 674: 356: 335:

was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation, claiming to have found poetry written by

237: 3296:

Willem A. Verloren van Themaat, "Esperanto literature and its reception outside the Esperanto movement",

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T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 7 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660): literature", in M. Lynch, ed.,

1994:

T. O. Clancy, "Scottish literature before Scottish literature", in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney, eds,

1617:(1777–1844), whose produced patriotic British songs, including "Ye Mariners of England", a reworking of " 3947: 3333: 1873: 1563: 1259: 1059: 800: 527: 300: 245: 2456:"Bridging the Continental divide: neo-Latin and its cultural role in Jacobean Scotland, as seen in the 1821: 1703:

In the early twentieth century there was a new surge of activity in Scottish literature, influenced by

1234:(1724), a collection that included many major poetic works of the Stewart period. He led the trend for 387:, attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature in poetic works including " 375:

In the early twentieth century there was a new surge of activity in Scottish literature, influenced by

1384:. Eventually it became clear that the poems were not direct translations from the Gaelic, but were an 3887: 3765: 3531: 1732: 1707:

and resurgent nationalism, known as the Scottish Renaissance. The leading figure in the movement was

1639: 1631: 1294: 1006: 1002: 991: 888: 859: 515:, said to have been resident in Bythonic kingdom of Gododdin in the sixth century. It is a series of 408: 380: 364: 360: 166: 3051: 4062: 3810: 3557: 3449: 3017:

L. McIlvanney (Spring 2005), "Hugh Blair, Robert Burns, and the Invention of Scottish Literature",

1791: 1783: 1748: 1744: 1654: 1623: 1574: 1478: 1419: 1349: 1227: 1219: 1195:. From the seventeenth century they were used as a literary form by aristocratic authors including 1038: 1021:(fl. 1530–75), who wrote allegorical satires in the tradition of Douglas and courtier and minister 955: 756: 686: 648: 644: 570: 494: 420: 368: 352: 284: 192: 153: 121: 46: 1688: 3982: 3977: 3897: 3655: 3034: 2389:

T. van Heijnsbergen, "Culture: 9 Renaissance and Reformation: poetry to 1603", in M. Lynch, ed.,

1869: 1861: 1447: 1373: 1139: 1090: 866:(1545–1608) around 1560 and contains the work of many Scots poets who would otherwise be unknown. 854: 815: 600: 521: 436: 280: 253: 209: 3922: 1017:

of Lethington (1496–1586), who produced meditative and satirical verses in the style of Dunbar;

4107: 4027: 4017: 3790: 3675: 3660: 3562: 3384: 3363: 3316: 3280: 3198: 3174: 3150: 3129: 3108: 3000: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2934: 2902: 2881: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2830: 2809: 2788: 2767: 2746: 2725: 2695: 2674: 2648: 2627: 2606: 2585: 2564: 2543: 2522: 2501: 2480: 2439: 2415: 2394: 2353: 2327: 2306: 2285: 2264: 2243: 2222: 2201: 2180: 2159: 2138: 2112: 2091: 2067: 2041: 2020: 1999: 1978: 1957: 1933: 1594: 1559: 1399: 1267: 1176: 1172: 948: 920: 882: 773: 738: 690: 662: 553: 308: 131: 90: 3714: 2109:

Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions

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in May 2009, the first woman, the first Scot and the first openly gay poet to take the post.

1146:(1603) was a popular religious allegory and the first book published by a woman in Scotland. 3997: 3987: 3967: 3835: 3820: 3815: 3685: 3670: 3664: 3583: 3026: 1522: 1482: 1466: 1459: 1407: 1345: 1330: 1180: 1014: 863: 830: 332: 213: 158: 62: 3171:

The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain and empire (1707–1918)

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R. Mason, "Culture: 4 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660): general", in M. Lynch, ed.,

828:, poets with links to the royal court, which included James I, who wrote the extended poem 76:

was composed in or near Scotland, but only written down in Wales much later. These include

3932: 3917: 3912: 3877: 3852: 3825: 3800: 3785: 3770: 3749: 3704: 3526: 3058: 1889: 1716: 1708: 1693: 1671: 1643: 1618: 1567: 1502: 1435: 1120: 1026: 987: 979: 896: 878: 849: 704: 695: 636: 628: 452: 392: 384: 204: 170: 1735:(1915–75). Others demonstrated a greater interest in English language poetry, among them 1438:

of the country. Burns's poetry drew upon a substantial familiarity with and knowledge of

1323:. He also mixed these traditions with influences from the Lowlands, including Thompson's 3254: 1093:, the only significant poet to remain in Scotland after James VI's departure for England 501:

would be derived. These works were only written down in Wales much later. These include

4097: 4077: 4057: 4032: 4022: 4007: 3992: 3962: 3927: 3907: 3872: 3857: 3847: 3842: 3830: 3805: 3795: 3511: 3409: 2876:

D. Dachies, "Poetry in Scots: Brus to Burns" in C. R. Woodring and J. S. Shapiro, eds,

1893: 1865: 1787: 1767: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1578: 1555: 1455: 1423: 1204: 1116: 1047: 1022: 959: 839: 708: 579: 558: 498: 456: 428: 412: 404: 400: 273: 233: 229: 221: 196: 174: 95: 58: 50: 1391: 729: 4145: 4131: 4087: 4072: 4067: 4012: 4002: 3972: 3952: 3937: 3892: 3862: 3780: 3760: 3598: 3038: 1910: 1817: 1756: 1470: 1431: 1411: 1310: 1302: 1239: 1071: 971: 916: 835: 734: 682: 594: 584: 344: 292: 200: 178: 107: 834:. Many of the makars had a university education and so were also connected with the 508:, considered the earliest surviving verse from Scotland, which is attributed to the 30: 4112: 4082: 3942: 3902: 3882: 3867: 2412:

The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707

2017:

The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707

1906: 1881: 1877: 1845: 1813: 1490: 1486: 1395: 1341: 1243: 1192: 1188: 1043: 1018: 967: 752: 669: 540: 444: 440: 432: 348: 340: 324: 217: 84: 1812:

by what would become known as the "Skota Skolo" (Scottish School), which included

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anthologies, which appeared 1830–90 and which notoriously included in one volume "

3310: 3274: 1126:

The tradition of neo-Latin poetry reached its fruition with the anthology of the

4102: 4092: 3957: 3541: 1752: 1647: 1369: 1352: 1247: 944: 781: 565: 295:. He was part of a community of poets working in Scots and English who included 188: 139: 102: 1808:

The mid-twentieth century also saw some much acclaimed poetry being written in

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court included the patronage of makars who were mainly clerics. These included

17: 2929:"Scottish poetry" in S. Cushman, C. Cavanagh, J. Ramazani and P. Rouzer, eds, 1897: 1833: 1802: 1720: 1547: 1513: 1415: 1298: 975: 700: 589: 504: 460: 403:. Writers that emerged after the Second World War who wrote in Scots included 396: 252:(1637). This period was marked by the work of female Scottish poets including 79: 3030: 1809: 1704: 1184: 1147: 1099: 1010: 820: 795: 575: 376: 66: 4126: 1222:, the most influential literary figure in early eighteenth-century Scotland 622: 83:, considered the earliest surviving verse from Scotland. Very few works of 1820:(1909–94), and John Francis (1924–2012). Influenced by the Hungarian poet 1215: 978:, was a prolific poet. He wrote elegiac narratives, romances and satires. 187:(1513) was the first complete translation of a major classical text in an 1582: 1439: 1427: 1306: 1282: 1235: 1156: 1151: 924: 899:(c. 1450-c. 1505), who re-worked Medieval and Classical sources, such as 806: 761: 712: 605: 532: 493:

was actually composed in or near the country now called Scotland, in the

316: 288: 126: 1797: 1621:", and sentimental but powerful epics on contemporary events, including 943:. It was the first complete translation of a major classical text in an 87:

poetry survive from this period and most of these in Irish manuscripts.

1498: 1462: 1385: 1334: 1039:

Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody

939: 900: 766: 512: 183: 130:(1375). In the early fifteenth century Scots historical works included 3418: 2580:

K. M. Brown, "Scottish identity", in B. Bradshaw and P. Roberts, eds,

477: 431:. The generation of poets that grew up in the postwar period included 3745: 1901: 1360: 1337: 1315: 1168: 1063: 933: 928: 825: 640: 536: 336: 261: 149: 112: 3169:

L. Mandell, "Nineteenth-century Scottish poetry", in I. Brown, ed.,

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British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707

1844:

The generation of poets that grew up in the postwar period included

1541:, among the most successful Scottish poets of the nineteenth century 264:

became a recognised literary form by aristocratic authors including

3189: 3187: 1601:(1813–65), eventually appointed Professor of belles lettres at the 858:(c. 1448). Much of their work survives in a single collection. The 111:("The High Creator") attributed to St Columba. There were probably 4045: 3501: 2601:

M. Spiller, "Poetry after the Union 1603–1660" in C. Cairns, ed.,

1796: 1687: 1663: 1533: 1451: 1443: 1406:

Before Robert Burns the most important Scottish language poet was

1390: 1356: 1214: 1187:, later being recorded and noted in books by collectors including 1081: 904: 873: 728: 621: 544: 516: 476: 1860:(1985), which deal with the death of his first wife from cancer. 1856:(1988). His most personal work is contained in the collection of 1670:. The best known Gaelic poet of the era was Màiri Mhòr nan Óran ( 1638:" broke many of the conventions of nineteenth-century poetry and 2931:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition

2643:

R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed.,

2538:

R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed.,

2496:

R. D. S. Jack, "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed.,

1613:. Among the most successful Scottish poets was the Glasgow-born 1062:(c. 1550–98). They produced poems using French forms, including 1025:(c. 1556–1609), whose corpus of work includes nature poetry and 947:

language, finished in 1513, but overshadowed by the disaster at

653: 626:

Picture from a fourteenth-century illuminated manuscript of the

509: 359:. Among the most influential poets of the later nineteenth were 260:(1603) was the first book published by a woman in Scotland. The 116: 38:, the major source for Scottish Medieval and Early Modern poetry 3718: 3422: 772:

In the early fifteenth century Scots historical works included

703:

literature to survive from Scotland. Many other stories in the

2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 1627:. His works were extensively reprinted in the period 1800–60. 1508:

Major poets writing in the radical tradition of Burns include

2665: 2663: 2661: 423:. The parallel revitalisation of Gaelic poetry, known as the 283:

Scottish literature developed a distinct national identity.

3253:, The Scottish Government, 16 February 2004, archived from 1762:

The parallel revitalisation of Gaelic poetry, known as the

1759:), appointed by the inaugural Scottish government in 2004. 2240:

The Lordship of the Isles: Wanderings in the Lost Lordship

1388:

made to suit the aesthetic expectations of his audience.

355:, Lady Margaret Maclean Clephane Compton Northampton and 1609:

and made use of the ballad form in his poems, including

1454:

tradition. Burns was skilled in writing not only in the

755:. The first surviving major text in Scots literature is 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3195:

The Edinburgh Book of Twentieth-century Scottish Poetry

3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2410:

I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds,

2015:

I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds,

1778:, 1943). His work inspired a new generation to take up 1313:. His interest in traditional forms can be seen in his 1293:(Alasdair MacDonald, c. 1698–1770), who emerged as the 27:

Poetry written within the boundaries of modern Scotland

3165: 3163: 2219:

The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350

2177:

The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350

1662:(Uilleam Macdhunleibhe) (1808–70) protest against the 481:

The first part of the text from the Gododdin from the

152:, poets with links to the royal court, which included 2720:

J. MacDonald, "Gaelic literature", in M. Lynch, ed.,

1824:(1891–1976), they published an important collection, 1786:(Deòrsa Mac Iain Dheòrsa, 1915–84), Lewis-born poets 1589:

as well as producing her own original work. Her poem

1505:, and the beneficial aspects of popular socialising. 744:

The major corpus of Medieval Scottish Gaelic poetry,

535:, traditionally thought to be a bard at the court of 395:. Other writers connected with the movement included 347:. The most important figure in Scottish Romanticism, 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2129: 2127: 2125: 1274:(1700–48), most famous for the nature poetry of his 3648: 3607: 3576: 3550: 3494: 3458: 3340:. Telegraph Media Group Limited. September 22, 2006 2430: 2428: 2348:M. Lynch, "Culture: 3 Medieval", in M. Lynch, ed., 2156:

Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297

1070:(c. 1567–1640), Alexander Craig (c. 1567–1627) and 3381:Scotland's Books: A History of Scottish Literature 2806:Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature 2785:Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature 2063:Scotland's Books: A History of Scottish Literature 519:to the men of the Gododdin killed fighting at the 331:, who helped inspire a new form of nature poetry. 3312:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005–2008 2743:The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England 2626:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), 1975:Old and Middle English c.890-c.1400: an Anthology 2082: 2080: 203:wrote elegiac narratives, romances and satires. 3362:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), 3197:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), 3173:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), 3107:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), 2999:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), 2829:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 2694:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 2584:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 2563:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), 2561:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 2479:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), 2477:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 2414:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), 2371:Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306–1469 2137:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), 2135:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 2111:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), 2090:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 2019:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), 1948: 1946: 1493:, commentary on the Scottish Kirk of his time, 1150:, daughter of David Hume of Godscroft, adapted 3276:Esperanto: Language, Literature, and Community 2056: 2054: 2040:(Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012), 2038:The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature 1998:(Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012), 1996:The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature 881:, playwright, poet and political theorist, by 539:in roughly the same period. Very few works of 3730: 3434: 2827:The Cambridge History of the English Language 2692:Women's Writing in the British Atlantic World 1301:and whose poetry marks a shift away from the 1258:(c. 1665–1751), Robert Crawford (1695–1733), 974:(c. 1486–1555), diplomat and the head of the 8: 2521:(Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985), 2373:(Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984), pp. 102–3. 1828:, together in 1952. Inspired in part by the 1526:in 1814, launched his career as a novelist. 1046:court poets and musicians, later called the 681:(c. 1218) dealt with his experiences of the 3383:] (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 2983:The Gaelic Sources of Macpherson's "Ossian" 2647:(Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, 2605:(Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, 2542:(Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, 2500:(Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, 958:(r. 1513–42) supported William Stewart and 561:, making it the only surviving fragment of 3737: 3723: 3715: 3441: 3427: 3419: 1434:" served for a long time as an unofficial 1285:(Robert Mackay, 1714–78), the hunter-poet 608:, perhaps as early as the eighth century. 287:led a "vernacular revival", the trend for 3231:Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile 2808:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 2787:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 2724:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 2673:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 2438:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 2393:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 2352:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 2066:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 1954:Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia 1005:(r. 1542–67) and the minority of her son 3147:Understanding Genre and Medieval Romance 3126:FOF Companion to the British Short Story 2722:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 2671:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 2436:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 2391:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 2350:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History 1739:(1910–96), George Bruce (1909–2002) and 1418:from across Scotland, often revising or 379:and resurgent nationalism, known as the 29: 3227:"The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond" 1921: 1816:(1924–2006), John Dinwoodie (1904–80), 1597:to reflect natural patterns of speech. 45:includes all forms of verse written in 2878:The Columbia History of British Poetry 3279:, ed., H. Tonkin (SUNY Press, 1993), 2282:The Celts: History, Life, and Culture 2261:The Celts: History, Life, and Culture 1790:(Ruaraidh MacThòmais, 1921–2012) and 7: 2933:(Princeton University Press, 2012), 2766:(Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 2001), 557:, from which lines are found on the 411:. Those working in English included 98:, is the only surviving fragment of 94:, from which lines are found on the 3402:"Duffy reacts to new Laureate post" 3315:(Oxford: Oxford University Press), 2880:(Columbia University Press, 1994), 1930:Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature 1634:(1834–82), whose most famous poem " 1398:, considered the national poet, in 1270:(1712–94), and poet and playwright 699:, the earliest piece of non-Celtic 391:" (1936) which developed a form of 2645:The History of Scottish Literature 2603:The History of Scottish Literature 2540:The History of Scottish Literature 2498:The History of Scottish Literature 1607:The lays of the Scottish Cavaliers 1242:, which would be later be used by 1162:Triumphs of Love: Chastitie: Death 1130:(1637), published in Amsterdam by 951:that brought the reign to an end. 212:. Poets from this period included 25: 1928:R. T. Lambdin and L. C. Lambdin, 1782:(the new poetry). These included 1430:(the last day of the year), and " 1119:, vernacular poets tended to use 954:As a patron of poets and authors 473:Scotland in the Early Middle Ages 4125: 3750:different cultures and languages 3698: 1713:A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle 1678:Twentieth century to the present 1291:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair 1266:of Bangour (1704–54), socialite 1256:William Hamilton of Gilbertfield 1001:From the 1550s, in the reign of 891:'s (r. 1488–1513) creation of a 725:Scotland in the Late Middle Ages 618:Scotland in the High Middle Ages 574:was composed somewhere near the 389:A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle 329:Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair 297:William Hamilton of Gilbertfield 3087:." Retrieved 24 September 2010. 3074:", retrieved 24 September 2010. 3061:", retrieved 24 September 2010. 2200:(London: Pan Macmillan, 2011), 1766:was largely due to the work of 1715:" (1936), developing a form of 1372:in European, and especially in 1238:poetry, helping to develop the 1109:William Drummond of Hawthornden 1087:William Drummond of Hawthornden 747:The Book of the Dean of Lismore 661:dynasty, who were bards to the 427:was largely due to the work of 778:Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland 525:around 600 AD. Similarly, the 195:supported William Stewart and 156:, who wrote the extended poem 136:Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland 1: 3128:(Infobase Publishing, 2007), 2985:, Aberdeen: Oliver & Boyd 2324:History of English Literature 1684:Scottish Literary Renaissance 1167:This was the period when the 1136:Sir John Scott of Scotstarvet 685:. In the thirteenth century, 3408:, 1 May 2009, archived from 3149:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), 2217:T. O. Clancy and G. Márkus, 2175:T. O. Clancy and G. Márkus, 1287:Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir 321:Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir 3537:Scottish Gaelic Renaissance 1932:(London: Greenwood, 2000), 1764:Scottish Gaelic Renaissance 1599:William Edmondstoune Aytoun 1422:them. His poem (and song) " 962:, who translated the Latin 647:(r. 1124–53), as part of a 425:Scottish Gaelic Renaissance 4173: 3300:35 (1), (1989), pp. 21–39. 3193:M. Lindsay and L. Duncan, 2957:, Harper Collins, p. 2853:, Harper Collins, p. 2458:Delitiae Poetarum Scotorum 2280:J. T. Koch and A. Minard, 2259:J. T. Koch and A. Minard, 1681: 1495:Scottish cultural identity 1450:, as well as the Scottish 1376:, literature, influencing 1268:Alison Rutherford Cockburn 1262:(1699–1784), the Jacobite 1128:Deliciae Poetarum Scotorum 1056:John Stewart of Baldynneis 722: 615: 470: 343:is widely regarded as the 309:Alison Rutherford Cockburn 250:Deliciae Poetarum Scotorum 242:John Stewart of Baldynneis 4121: 3756: 3694: 2901:(Canongate Books, 2010), 2466:, retrieved 23 July 2013. 2221:(Canongate Books, 1998), 2179:(Canongate Books, 1998), 2158:(Dublin/Portland, 2000), 1977:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2004), 1660:William Livingston (poet) 1305:-based tradition of both 713:Somairle mac Gilla Brigte 668:It is possible that more 291:poetry and developed the 3031:10.1215/00982601-29-2-25 2624:Shakespeare and Scotland 1864:(b. 1944), works in the 970:, into verse and prose. 919:(1475–1522), who became 812:The Porteous of Noblenes 550:In Old English there is 36:The Bannatyne Manuscript 3640:Science fiction writers 3507:Renaissance in Scotland 3019:Eighteenth-Century Life 2816:, pp. 224, 248 and 257. 1603:University of Edinburgh 1058:(c. 1545–c. 1605), and 996:David Hume of Godscroft 165:Makars at the court of 2745:(Random House, 2012), 2301:A. A. M. Duncan, ed., 1805: 1700: 1668:Spiord a' Charthannais 1636:City of Dreadful Night 1542: 1403: 1223: 1201:Lady Elizabeth Wardlaw 1094: 885: 845:Lament for the Makaris 741: 675:Gille Brighde Albanach 632: 604:, written in Latin in 486: 383:. The leading figure, 270:Lady Elizabeth Wardlaw 39: 2519:Alexander Montgomerie 2464:University of Glasgow 1874:Black Mountain School 1836:, Auld would publish 1800: 1691: 1537: 1394: 1218: 1085: 1060:Alexander Montgomerie 909:Testament of Cresseid 907:in works such as his 877: 801:The Buik of Alexander 732: 625: 528:Battle of Gwen Ystrad 489:Much of the earliest 480: 246:Alexander Montgomerie 72:Much of the earliest 33: 3532:Scottish Renaissance 3237:on 30 September 2011 1733:Sydney Goodsir Smith 1696:sculpted in 1927 by 1605:, is best known for 1321:Clanranald's Gallery 1295:Scottish nationalist 1252:Tea-Table Miscellany 1003:Mary, Queen of Scots 986:(1537–95), reformer 966:compiled in 1527 by 860:Bannatyne Manuscript 807:Launcelot o the Laik 679:Heading for Damietta 578:in East Lothian. In 409:Sydney Goodsir Smith 381:Scottish Renaissance 3705:Scotland portal 3635:Short story writers 3451:Scottish literature 3360:Scottish Literature 3105:Scottish Literature 2997:Scottish Literature 2981:D. Thomson (1952), 2954:Crowded with Genius 2850:Crowded with Genius 2305:(Canongate, 1997), 1792:Iain Crichton Smith 1784:George Campbell Hay 1745:George Mackay Brown 1655:Highland Clearances 1624:Gertrude of Wyoming 1479:Scottish patriotism 1426:" is often sung at 1402:'s portrait of 1787 1205:Lady Grizel Baillie 1199:(c. 1595-c. 1665), 1078:Seventeenth century 964:History of Scotland 913:The Morall Fabillis 693:, and produced the 677:(fl. 1200–30). His 649:Davidian Revolution 497:speech, from which 421:George Mackay Brown 415:, George Bruce and 369:Highland Clearances 299:, Robert Crawford, 274:Lady Grizel Baillie 3656:British literature 3412:on 30 October 2011 3257:on 4 February 2012 3057:2013-10-16 at the 2951:J. Buchan (2003), 2847:J. Buchan (2003), 2401:, pp. 129–30. 2326:(Atlantic, 2001), 2284:(ABC-CLIO, 2012), 2263:(ABC-CLIO, 2012), 1956:(ABC-CLIO, 2006), 1870:Aonghas MacNeacail 1866:Glaswegian dialect 1806: 1801:Poet and novelist 1701: 1543: 1530:Nineteenth century 1448:English literature 1404: 1224: 1211:Eighteenth century 1142:'s (f. 1585–1630) 1140:Elizabeth Melville 1134:(c.1579–1641) and 1095: 1091:Abraham Blyenberch 886: 855:Buke of the Howlat 792:historical romance 742: 633: 601:Life of St. Ninian 522:Battle of Catraeth 487: 254:Elizabeth Melville 43:Poetry of Scotland 40: 4157:Poetry by country 4139: 4138: 4132:Poetry portal 3712: 3711: 3676:Opera in Scotland 3661:Celtic literature 3205:, pp. xxxiv–xxxv. 2732:, pp. 255–7. 2681:, pp. 127–8. 2446:, pp. 120–3. 2360:, pp. 117–8. 1832:of American poet 1595:Spenserian stanza 1560:Wee Willie Winkie 1400:Alexander Nasmyth 1370:Romantic movement 1177:Thomas the Rhymer 1173:Sir Patrick Spens 1068:William Alexander 1050:, which included 994:(1570?–1611) and 921:Bishop of Dunkeld 883:Arnold Bronckorst 870:Sixteenth century 774:Andrew of Wyntoun 739:Bishop of Dunkeld 691:literary language 663:Lord of the Isles 554:Dream of the Rood 531:is attributed to 467:Early Middle Ages 236:, which included 132:Andrew of Wyntoun 91:Dream of the Rood 16:(Redirected from 4164: 4130: 4129: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3716: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3686:Welsh literature 3671:Irish literature 3649:Related articles 3452: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3398: 3392: 3377: 3371: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3330: 3324: 3307: 3301: 3294: 3288: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3233:, archived from 3223: 3206: 3191: 3182: 3167: 3158: 3143: 3137: 3122: 3116: 3101: 3088: 3083:Red Star Cafe: " 3081: 3075: 3068: 3062: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3014: 3008: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2948: 2942: 2927: 2910: 2895: 2889: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2844: 2838: 2823: 2817: 2802: 2796: 2781: 2775: 2764:Scottish Ballads 2760: 2754: 2739: 2733: 2718: 2703: 2688: 2682: 2667: 2656: 2641: 2635: 2620: 2614: 2599: 2593: 2578: 2572: 2557: 2551: 2536: 2530: 2515: 2509: 2494: 2488: 2473: 2467: 2453: 2447: 2432: 2423: 2408: 2402: 2387: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2346: 2335: 2320: 2314: 2299: 2293: 2278: 2272: 2257: 2251: 2242:(Mercat, 1982), 2236: 2230: 2215: 2209: 2194: 2188: 2173: 2167: 2152: 2146: 2131: 2120: 2105: 2099: 2084: 2075: 2058: 2049: 2034: 2028: 2013: 2007: 1992: 1986: 1973:E. M. Treharne, 1971: 1965: 1950: 1941: 1926: 1723:(1887–1959) and 1518:Allan Cunningham 1516:(1770–1835) and 1510:Alexander Wilson 1467:English language 1460:Scottish English 1458:but also in the 1408:Robert Fergusson 1346:Celtic mythology 1331:James Macpherson 1264:William Hamilton 1203:(1627–1727) and 1144:Ane Godlie Dream 1054:(c. 1560–1612), 1027:epistolary verse 1015:Richard Maitland 864:George Bannatyne 862:was collated by 831:The Kingis Quair 790:, which blended 719:Late Middle Ages 689:flourished as a 612:High Middle Ages 491:Welsh literature 333:James Macpherson 305:William Hamilton 258:Ane Godlie Dream 214:Richard Maitland 159:The Kingis Quair 74:Welsh literature 21: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4152:Scottish poetry 4142: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4124: 4117: 3752: 3743: 3713: 3708: 3699: 3697: 3690: 3644: 3603: 3594:Scottish Gaelic 3572: 3546: 3527:Kailyard school 3490: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3417: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3378: 3374: 3358:G. Carruthers, 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3308: 3304: 3295: 3291: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3258: 3250:The Scots Makar 3247: 3246: 3242: 3225: 3224: 3209: 3192: 3185: 3168: 3161: 3145:K. S. Whetter, 3144: 3140: 3123: 3119: 3103:G. Carruthers, 3102: 3091: 3082: 3078: 3070:Robert Burns: " 3069: 3065: 3059:Wayback Machine 3050:Robert Burns: " 3049: 3045: 3016: 3015: 3011: 2995:G. Carruthers, 2994: 2990: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2928: 2913: 2909:, pp. ix–xviii. 2897:C. Maclachlan, 2896: 2892: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2824: 2820: 2803: 2799: 2782: 2778: 2761: 2757: 2740: 2736: 2719: 2706: 2689: 2685: 2668: 2659: 2642: 2638: 2621: 2617: 2600: 2596: 2579: 2575: 2558: 2554: 2537: 2533: 2517:R. D. S. Jack, 2516: 2512: 2495: 2491: 2474: 2470: 2454: 2450: 2433: 2426: 2409: 2405: 2388: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2347: 2338: 2321: 2317: 2300: 2296: 2279: 2275: 2258: 2254: 2237: 2233: 2216: 2212: 2195: 2191: 2174: 2170: 2153: 2149: 2132: 2123: 2106: 2102: 2086:R. A. Houston, 2085: 2078: 2059: 2052: 2035: 2031: 2014: 2010: 1993: 1989: 1972: 1968: 1951: 1944: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1890:Carol Ann Duffy 1886:Robert Crawford 1822:Kálmán Kalocsay 1776:Poems to Eimhir 1741:Maurice Lindsay 1717:Synthetic Scots 1709:Hugh MacDiarmid 1694:Hugh MacDiarmid 1686: 1680: 1672:Mary MacPherson 1644:Wallace Stevens 1619:Rule Britannia! 1615:Thomas Campbell 1568:Kailyard school 1552:William Tennant 1539:Thomas Campbell 1532: 1483:anticlericalism 1436:national anthem 1283:Rob Donn Mackay 1213: 1183:and as part of 1132:Arthur Johnston 1080: 1031:Alexander Scott 988:Andrew Melville 980:George Buchanan 897:Robert Henryson 879:George Buchanan 872: 850:Richard Holland 796:verse chronicle 727: 721: 705:Arthurian Cycle 696:Roman de Fergus 637:Kingdom of Alba 629:Roman de Fergus 620: 614: 598:, is the verse 485:, sixth century 483:Book of Aneirin 475: 469: 453:Carol Ann Duffy 449:Robert Crawford 417:Maurice Lindsay 393:Synthetic Scots 385:Hugh MacDiarmid 357:Thomas Campbell 317:Rob Donn Mackay 226:Alexander Scott 216:of Lethington, 205:George Buchanan 171:Robert Henryson 55:Scottish Gaelic 28: 23: 22: 18:Scottish poetry 15: 12: 11: 5: 4170: 4168: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3948:Latin American 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3512:Castalian Band 3509: 3504: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3415: 3393: 3372: 3351: 3334:"William Auld" 3325: 3302: 3289: 3266: 3240: 3207: 3183: 3159: 3138: 3117: 3089: 3076: 3063: 3052:Literary Style 3043: 3009: 2988: 2973: 2967: 2943: 2911: 2890: 2869: 2863: 2839: 2818: 2797: 2776: 2755: 2734: 2704: 2683: 2657: 2636: 2615: 2594: 2573: 2552: 2531: 2510: 2489: 2468: 2448: 2424: 2403: 2375: 2362: 2336: 2322:N. Jayapalan, 2315: 2294: 2273: 2252: 2231: 2210: 2189: 2187:, pp. 247–283. 2168: 2147: 2121: 2100: 2076: 2050: 2029: 2008: 1987: 1966: 1942: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1896:(b. 1962) and 1894:Kathleen Jamie 1838:La infana raso 1788:Derick Thomson 1772:Dàin do Eimhir 1768:Sorley Maclean 1755:(the official 1737:Norman MacCaig 1731:(1909–81) and 1729:Robert Garioch 1725:William Soutar 1682:Main article: 1679: 1676: 1579:Queen Victoria 1556:Whistle Binkie 1531: 1528: 1489:inequalities, 1456:Scots language 1424:Auld Lang Syne 1299:Jacobite cause 1260:Alexander Ross 1232:The Ever Green 1212: 1209: 1197:Robert Sempill 1121:stressed metre 1117:syllabic metre 1079: 1076: 1052:William Fowler 1048:Castalian Band 1023:Alexander Hume 960:John Bellenden 871: 868: 852:'s satire the 840:William Dunbar 720: 717: 613: 610: 585:Altus Prosator 559:Ruthwell Cross 468: 465: 457:Kathleen Jamie 429:Sorley Maclean 413:Norman MacCaig 405:Robert Garioch 401:William Soutar 301:Alexander Ross 266:Robert Sempill 238:William Fowler 234:Castalian Band 222:Alexander Hume 197:John Bellenden 175:William Dunbar 108:Altus Prosator 96:Ruthwell Cross 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4169: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3707: 3706: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3589:Lowland Scots 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3517:Enlightenment 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379:R. Crawford, 3376: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3270: 3267: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3181:, pp. 301–07. 3180: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3155:0-7546-6142-3 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085:to the Kibble 3080: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2968:0-06-055888-1 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2947: 2944: 2941:, pp. 1276–9. 2940: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886:0-585-04155-5 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2864:0-06-055888-1 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2814:0-19-538623-X 2811: 2807: 2804:R. Crawford, 2801: 2798: 2794: 2793:0-19-538623-X 2790: 2786: 2783:R. Crawford, 2780: 2777: 2773: 2772:0-86241-477-6 2769: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741:I. Mortimer, 2738: 2735: 2731: 2730:0-19-211696-7 2727: 2723: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690:K. Chedgzoy, 2687: 2684: 2680: 2679:0-19-211696-7 2676: 2672: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2653:0-08-037728-9 2650: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2632:0-7190-6636-0 2629: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2613:, pp. 141–52. 2612: 2611:0-08-037728-9 2608: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2548:0-08-037728-9 2545: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527:0-7073-0367-2 2524: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2506:0-08-037728-9 2503: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2444:0-19-211696-7 2441: 2437: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:0-7486-1615-2 2417: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2399:0-19-211696-7 2396: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2358:0-19-211696-7 2355: 2351: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332:81-269-0041-5 2329: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2311:0-86241-681-7 2308: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2248:0-901824-68-2 2245: 2241: 2238:I. F. Grant, 2235: 2232: 2228: 2227:0-86241-787-2 2224: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2206:0-330-53997-3 2203: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2185:0-86241-787-2 2182: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2166:, pp. 87–107. 2165: 2164:1-85182-516-9 2161: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2143:0-7486-0276-3 2140: 2136: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2107:K. M. Brown, 2104: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2060:R. Crawford, 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2025:0-7486-1615-2 2022: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1983:1-4051-1313-8 1980: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962:1-85109-440-7 1959: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1938:0-313-30054-2 1935: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1911:Poet Laureate 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818:Reto Rossetti 1815: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:nea bhardachd 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1757:national poet 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743:(1918–2009). 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640:John Davidson 1637: 1633: 1632:James Thomson 1628: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1564:William Miler 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471:republicanism 1468: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:Scots Wha Hae 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412:national poet 1409: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1311:praise poetry 1308: 1304: 1303:Scottish clan 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1272:James Thomson 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:Habbie stanza 1237: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1208: 1207:(1645–1746). 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1111:(1585–1649). 1110: 1106: 1101: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 998:(1558–1629). 997: 993: 992:John Johnston 990:(1545–1622), 989: 985: 984:John Maitland 981: 977: 973: 972:David Lyndsay 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 941: 936: 935: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:Gavin Douglas 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 884: 880: 876: 869: 867: 865: 861: 857: 856: 851: 847: 846: 841: 837: 833: 832: 827: 823: 822: 817: 813: 809: 808: 803: 802: 797: 793: 789: 788: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 763: 758: 754: 749: 748: 740: 736: 735:Gavin Douglas 731: 726: 718: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 697: 692: 688: 684: 683:Fifth Crusade 680: 676: 671: 666: 664: 660: 655: 650: 646: 642: 638: 631: 630: 624: 619: 611: 609: 607: 603: 602: 597: 596: 595:Vita Columbae 591: 587: 586: 581: 577: 573: 572: 567: 564: 560: 556: 555: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529: 524: 523: 518: 514: 511: 507: 506: 500: 496: 492: 484: 479: 474: 466: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 370: 366: 365:John Davidson 362: 361:James Thomson 358: 354: 350: 346: 345:national poet 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 313:James Thomson 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 293:Habbie stanza 290: 286: 282: 281:Union in 1707 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 202: 201:David Lyndsay 198: 194: 190: 186: 185: 180: 179:Gavin Douglas 176: 172: 168: 163: 161: 160: 155: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 133: 129: 128: 123: 118: 114: 110: 109: 104: 101: 97: 93: 92: 86: 82: 81: 75: 70: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 32: 19: 4123: 4063:Serbian epic 4052: 3696: 3567: 3486:20th century 3481:19th century 3476:18th century 3471:Early modern 3410:the original 3405: 3396: 3380: 3375: 3359: 3354: 3342:. Retrieved 3337: 3328: 3311: 3309:L. Goldman, 3305: 3297: 3292: 3275: 3269: 3259:, retrieved 3255:the original 3249: 3243: 3235:the original 3230: 3194: 3170: 3146: 3141: 3125: 3124:A. Maunder, 3120: 3104: 3079: 3066: 3046: 3025:(2): 25–46, 3022: 3018: 3012: 2996: 2991: 2982: 2976: 2953: 2946: 2930: 2899:Before Burns 2898: 2893: 2877: 2872: 2849: 2842: 2826: 2825:R. M. Hogg, 2821: 2805: 2800: 2795:, pp. 216–9. 2784: 2779: 2763: 2758: 2742: 2737: 2721: 2691: 2686: 2670: 2655:, pp. 137–8. 2644: 2639: 2623: 2618: 2602: 2597: 2592:, pp. 253–3. 2581: 2576: 2571:, pp. 192–3. 2560: 2559:J. Wormald, 2555: 2539: 2534: 2518: 2513: 2508:, pp. 126–7. 2497: 2492: 2476: 2475:J. Wormald, 2471: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2435: 2422:, pp. 256–7. 2411: 2406: 2390: 2370: 2365: 2349: 2323: 2318: 2302: 2297: 2281: 2276: 2271:, pp. 262–3. 2260: 2255: 2239: 2234: 2218: 2213: 2197: 2192: 2176: 2171: 2155: 2150: 2134: 2133:J. Wormald, 2108: 2103: 2087: 2062: 2037: 2032: 2016: 2011: 1995: 1990: 1974: 1969: 1953: 1952:J. T. Koch, 1929: 1924: 1907:Renfrewshire 1882:Don Paterson 1878:Liz Lochhead 1857: 1853: 1849: 1846:Douglas Dunn 1843: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1814:William Auld 1807: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1749:Edwin Morgan 1702: 1698:William Lamb 1667: 1652: 1629: 1622: 1610: 1606: 1590: 1575:William Thom 1572: 1544: 1521: 1507: 1491:gender roles 1405: 1396:Robert Burns 1364: 1342:Fenian Cycle 1329: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1297:poet of the 1280: 1275: 1251: 1244:Robert Burns 1231: 1228:Allan Ramsay 1225: 1220:Allan Ramsay 1193:Walter Scott 1189:Robert Burns 1166: 1161: 1155: 1143: 1127: 1125: 1113: 1096: 1072:Robert Ayton 1037: 1035: 1019:John Rolland 1000: 968:Hector Boece 963: 953: 938: 932: 912: 908: 887: 853: 843: 829: 819: 811: 805: 799: 785: 777: 771: 769:in England. 760: 757:John Barbour 753:Castle Sween 745: 743: 733:The seal of 694: 678: 670:Middle Irish 667: 634: 627: 599: 593: 583: 571:The Seafarer 569: 563:Northumbrian 551: 549: 526: 520: 502: 488: 482: 445:Don Paterson 441:Liz Lochhead 433:Douglas Dunn 374: 353:William Thom 349:Walter Scott 341:Robert Burns 325:Uilleam Ross 307:of Bangour, 285:Allan Ramsay 278: 257: 249: 218:John Rolland 182: 181:. Douglas's 164: 157: 143: 135: 125: 122:John Barbour 106: 100:Northumbrian 88: 77: 71: 42: 41: 35: 34:A page from 3983:Old English 3978:New Zealand 3898:Indian epic 3873:Guernésiais 3776:Anglo-Welsh 3577:By language 3542:Tartan Noir 3522:Romanticism 3370:, pp. 67–9. 3273:P. Janton, 3115:, pp. 58–9. 3007:, pp. 53–4. 2774:, pp. 9–10. 2634:, pp. 38–9. 2292:, pp. 33–4. 2145:, pp. 60–7. 1900:(b. 1961). 1892:(b. 1955), 1888:(b. 1959), 1884:(b. 1953), 1862:Tom Leonard 1852:(1979) and 1753:Scots Makar 1648:T. S. Eliot 1593:adapts the 1548:Burns clubs 1248:poetic form 923:, injected 893:Renaissance 838:. However, 816:Gilbert Hay 787:The Wallace 782:Blind Harry 659:MacMhuirich 566:Old English 437:Tom Leonard 145:The Wallace 140:Blind Harry 103:Old English 4146:Categories 4108:Vietnamese 4028:Rajasthani 4018:Portuguese 3791:Australian 3620:Dramatists 3389:019538623X 3368:074863309X 3321:0199671540 3285:0791412539 3261:2007-10-28 3203:074862015X 3179:0748624813 3134:0816074968 3113:074863309X 3005:074863309X 2939:1400841429 2907:1847674666 2835:0521264782 2751:1847921140 2700:113946714X 2590:0521893615 2569:0748602763 2529:, pp. 1–2. 2485:0748602763 2369:A. Grant, 2290:1598849646 2269:1598849646 2229:, pp. 7–8. 2117:0748612998 2096:0521890888 2072:019538623X 2046:0521189365 2004:0521189365 1964:, p. 1576. 1902:Dundonians 1898:Jackie Kay 1854:Northlight 1850:Barbarians 1834:Ezra Pound 1803:Jackie Kay 1721:Edwin Muir 1692:A bust of 1514:James Hogg 1475:radicalism 1416:folk songs 1386:adaptation 1181:broadsides 1105:high style 976:Lyon Court 723:See also: 701:vernacular 616:See also: 471:See also: 461:Jackie Kay 397:Edwin Muir 279:After the 191:language. 61:, French, 4041:Classical 4037:Sanskrit 3998:Pakistani 3988:Old Norse 3968:Malayalam 3836:Cantonese 3821:Byzantine 3816:Bulgarian 3665:mythology 3625:Novelists 3495:Movements 3391:, p. 653. 3344:April 22, 3338:Telegraph 3287:, p. 102. 3136:, p. 374. 3039:144358210 2888:, p. 100. 2762:E. Lyle, 2702:, p. 105. 2550:, p. 137. 2250:, p. 495. 2198:Edinburgh 2119:, p. 220. 1985:, p. 108. 1940:, p. 508. 1810:Esperanto 1705:modernism 1503:sexuality 1440:Classical 1350:Classical 1340:from the 1185:chapbooks 1148:Anna Hume 1100:anglicise 1011:Calvinism 821:Greysteil 794:with the 776:'s verse 576:Bass Rock 495:Brythonic 377:modernism 169:included 134:'s verse 67:Esperanto 47:Brythonic 4053:Scottish 3933:Kashmiri 3923:Jèrriais 3918:Javanese 3913:Japanese 3878:Gujarati 3853:Estonian 3826:Canadian 3801:Biblical 3786:Assamese 3771:American 3766:Albanian 3681:Theatres 3466:Medieval 3406:BBC News 3323:, p. 36. 3157:, p. 28. 3072:hae meat 3055:Archived 2837:, p. 39. 2753:, p. 70. 2487:, p. 40. 2334:, p. 23. 2303:The Brus 2196:M. Fry, 2098:, p. 76. 2048:, p. 19. 2027:, p. 94. 2006:, p. 16. 1611:Bothwell 1583:Petrarch 1523:Waverley 1444:Biblical 1428:Hogmanay 1420:adapting 1236:pastoral 1164:(1644). 1157:Triumphs 1152:Petrarch 1044:Jacobean 1007:James VI 925:Humanist 889:James IV 606:Whithorn 533:Taliesin 505:Gododdin 289:pastoral 256:, whose 230:James VI 167:James IV 80:Gododdin 4098:Turkish 4078:Spanish 4058:Serbian 4033:Russian 4023:Punjabi 4008:Persian 3993:Ottoman 3963:Marathi 3928:Kannada 3908:Italian 3858:Finnish 3848:English 3843:Cornish 3831:Chinese 3811:Bosnian 3806:British 3796:Bengali 3615:Writers 3584:English 2460:(1637)" 2313:, p. 3. 1858:Elegies 1826:Kvaropo 1499:poverty 1465:of the 1463:dialect 1335:demigod 1325:Seasons 1276:Seasons 1175:" and " 1064:sonnets 956:James V 949:Flodden 945:Anglian 940:Eneados 901:Chaucer 767:Chaucer 645:David I 590:Adomnán 517:elegies 513:Aneirin 193:James V 189:Anglian 184:Eneados 154:James I 63:English 4088:Telugu 4073:Slovak 4068:Sindhi 4013:Polish 4003:Pashto 3973:Nepali 3953:Latino 3938:Korean 3893:Indian 3888:Hebrew 3863:French 3781:Arabic 3761:Afghan 3746:Poetry 3568:Poetry 3502:Makars 3387: 3366: 3319: 3283: 3201: 3177: 3153: 3132: 3111: 3037: 3003: 2965: 2937: 2905: 2884: 2861: 2833: 2812: 2791: 2770: 2749: 2728: 2698: 2677: 2651: 2630: 2609: 2588: 2567: 2546: 2525: 2504: 2483: 2442: 2418: 2397: 2356: 2330: 2309: 2288: 2267: 2246: 2225: 2204: 2183: 2162: 2141: 2115: 2094: 2070: 2044: 2023: 2002: 1981: 1960: 1936: 1830:Cantos 1587:Goethe 1446:, and 1382:Goethe 1378:Herder 1374:German 1365:Fingal 1361:Virgil 1338:Ossian 1316:immram 1250:. 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