728:. While others of his time chiefly focused on the praise of God, culture and the ruler of the land, Valluvar focused on the moral behaviors of the common individual. Valluvar limits his theistic teachings to the introductory chapter of the Kural text, the "Praise of God." Throughout the text thereafter, he focuses on the everyday moral behaviors of an individual, thus making the text a secular one. Even in the introductory chapter, he refrains from mentioning the name of any particular god but only addresses God in generic terms as "the Creator," "the truly Wise One," "the One of eight-fold excellence," and so forth. Translated into about 40 world languages, the Kural text remains one of the
758:"Secularism is a code of duty pertaining to this life, founded on considerations purely human, and intended mainly for those who find theology indefinite or inadequate, unreliable or unbelievable. Its essential principles are three: (1) The improvement of this life by material means. (2) That science is the available Providence of man. (3) That it is good to do good. Whether there be other good or not, the good of the present life is good, and it is good to seek that good."
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considering simply the will to power, whereas Kant postulated two sorts of wills (free and unfree wills). We shouldn't "accept numerous forms of causality until the experiment of making do with a single one has been pushed to its farthest extent," according to
Nietzsche, since the "conscience of method requires" it. The want to power appears to be practically beyond dispute, according to Nietzsche's formulation, and since causation is our ultimate certainty.
689:, posits an ethics of pleasure based on the study of nature, and teaches that we should carry out our choices and rejections based on hedonic calculus. Epicureanism also teaches a curriculum of control of desires based on the hierarchy of desires: natural and necessary desires are top priority, natural yet unnecessary desires are secondary, and those that are neither natural nor necessary are dismissed. The main texts of its ethics are the 40
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875:. This good to be maximized is usually happiness, pleasure, or preference satisfaction. Though some utilitarian theories might seek to maximize other consequences, these consequences generally have something to do with the welfare of people (or of people and nonhuman animals). For this reason, utilitarianism is often associated with the term welfarist consequentialism.
377:
has said that compassion and affection are human values independent of religion: "We need these human values. I call these secular ethics, secular beliefs. There’s no relationship with any particular religion. Even without religion, even as nonbelievers, we have the capacity to promote these things."
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has stated that "answers will not be read passively from nature" and "he factual state of the world does not teach us how we, with our powers for good and evil, should alter or preserve it in the most ethical manner". Thus, he concluded that ideas of morality should come from a form of higher mental
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and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human
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For instance, under
Kantian ethics, if a person were to give money to charity because failure to do so would result in some sort of punishment from a god or Supreme Being, then the charitable donation would not be a morally good act. A dutiful action must be performed solely out of a sense of duty;
644:
The practice of that which is ethically best — what we call goodness or virtue — involves a course of conduct which, in all respects, is opposed to that which leads to success in the cosmic struggle for existence. In place of ruthless self-assertion it demands self-restraint; in place of thrusting
381:
Those who are unhappy with the negative orientation of traditional religious ethics believe that prohibitions can only set the absolute limits of what a society is willing to tolerate from people at their worst, not guide them towards achieving their best. In other words, someone who follows all
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wrote works that both described the nature of universal principles and also sought to demonstrate the procedure of their application. Kant maintained that only a "good will" is morally praiseworthy, so that doing what appears to be ethical for the wrong reasons is not a morally good act. Kant's
878:
In utilitarianism, it is the "end result" which is fundamental (as opposed to
Kantian ethics discussed above). Thus using the same scenario as above, it would be irrelevant whether the person giving money to charity was doing so out of personal or religious conviction, the mere fact that the
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According to
Nietzsche, our understanding of cause and effect may be limited to a single will, an inclination that is identical to that of other living things. In this respect, Nietzsche's theory is more straightforward than Kant's since Nietzsche did manage clarify our sense of causality by
332:
completely as a basis for action. The humanist ethics goal is a search for viable individual, social and political principles of conduct, judging them on their ability to enhance human well-being and individual responsibility, thus ultimately eliminating human suffering.
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aside, or treading down, all competitors, it requires that the individual shall not merely respect, but shall help his fellows... It repudiates the gladiatorial theory of existence... Laws and moral precepts are directed to the end of curbing the cosmic process.
740:, casteless human brotherhood, absence of desires, path of righteousness and truth, and so forth, besides covering a wide range of subjects such as moral codes of rulers, friendship, agriculture, knowledge and wisdom, sobriety, love, and domestic life.
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This may lead to a behavior preferable to that propagated or condoned based on religious texts. Alternatively, this may lead to the advocacy of a system of moral principles that a broad group of people, both religious and non-religious, can agree
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these prohibitions has just barely avoided being a criminal, not acted as a positive influence on the world. They conclude that rational ethics can lead to a fully expressed ethical life, while religious prohibitions are insufficient.
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by both religious and secular frameworks. Secular ethics systems can vary within the societal and cultural norms of a specific time period, and may also be used by a person of any religious persuasion, including atheists.
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tenet that the goodness of an action is to be judged solely by its results. Utilitarianism is a hypothetical imperative, if one wants _____, they must do ______. Contrast this with the
Kantian ethic of the
328:, and that knowledge of right and wrong is based on our best understanding of our individual and joint interests, rather than stemming from a transcendental or arbitrarily local source, therefore rejecting
548:
Business activities must be characterized by respect for human dignity. We understand this to mean that business activities should show a special concern for the less powerful and the disadvantaged.
272:, the use of the scientific method to answer moral questions. Various thinkers have framed morality as questions of empirical truth to be explored in a scientific context. The science is related to
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Whether or not the relationships between animals found in nature and between people in early human evolution can provide a basis for human morality is a persistently unresolved question.
769:, and the disagreement split the secularist movement between those who argued that anti-religious movements and activism was not necessary or desirable and those who argued that it was.
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They embrace fairness in all actions. They ensure that work submitted as their own is their own, and that assistance received from any source is authorized and properly documented.
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Business activities must be characterized by respect for the environment. We understand this to mean that business activities should promote sustainable development and prevent
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Business activities must be characterized by fairness. We understand fairness to include equitable treatment and equality of opportunity for all participants in the marketplace.
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Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilis, useful) is a theory of ethics that prescribes the quantitative maximization of good consequences for a population. It is a form of
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As the United States
Constitution prohibits the establishment of a government religion, US military codes of conduct typically contain no religious overtones.
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is the "linchpin of Rotary
International's ethical practice." It acts as a test of thoughts as well as actions. It asks, "Of the things we think, say, or do":
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adaptation and will to live. Nietzsche expressed his moral philosophy throughout his collection of works; the most important of these to secular ethics being
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https://archive.pagecentertraining.psu.edu/public-relations-ethics/ethical-decision-making/yet-another-test-page/the-difference-between-ethics-and-religion/
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Holyoake held that secularism should take no interest at all in religious questions (as they were irrelevant), and was thus to be distinguished from strong
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The
Minnesota Principles were proposed "by the Minnesota Center for Corporate Responsibility in 1992 as a guide to international business activities":
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665:. Related to ethical naturalism is also the idea that ethics are best explored, not just using the lens of philosophy, but science as well (a
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will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do." The non-toleration clause is key in differentiating it from numerous other codes.
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Business activities must be characterized by honesty. We understand honesty to include candor, truthfulness and promise-keeping.
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853:, where the moral act is done for its own sake, and is framed: One must do ______ or alternatively, one must not do ______.
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in 1893 that people make a grave error in trying to create moral ideas from the behavior of animals in nature. He remarked:
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Human beings have the moral responsibility to ensure that societies and individuals act based on these ethical principles.
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Despite the width and diversity of their philosophical views, secular ethicists generally share one or more principles:
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They respect the property of others and ensure that others are able to benefit from the use of their own property.
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Societies should, if at all possible, advance from a less ethical and just form to a more ethical and just form.
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That does not mean secular ethics and religion are mutually exclusive. In fact, many principles, such as the
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3. Can be expressed in a number of forms (e.g. positive or negative, single words or a list of sentences)
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Secular ethics frameworks are not always mutually exclusive from theological values. For example, the
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Evolutionary ethics is not the only way to involve nature with ethics. For example, there are
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Human beings, through their ability to empathize, are capable of determining ethical grounds.
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in the world. Praised as "the
Universal Veda," it emphasizes on the ethical edifices of
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There are those who state that religion is not necessary for moral behavior at all. The
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work on secular ethics and morality, is believed to have lived between the 1st century
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capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality.
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Secular ethical systems comprise a wide variety of ideas to include the normativity of
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1105:(in Tamil). Vol. 1 (5 ed.). Chennai: Saratha Pathippagam. pp. iv–vi.
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Kosower, M. (2018) Some
Reflections on Torah, Science, Rationality, and Morality
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Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings
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How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living
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How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living
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charitable donation is being made is sufficient for it to be classified as
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any other motivation profanes the act and strips it of its moral quality.
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1211:. Vol. V. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 4333–4334.
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The well-being of others is central to ethical decision-making.
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1233:"Thirukkural translations in different languages of the world"
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977:: Apart from Buddhism, what are your sources of inspiration?
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They tell the truth and ensure that the full truth is known.
175:. A classical example of literature on secular ethics is the
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identifies four general characteristics of an ethical code:
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An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
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1125:(First ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
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reason, with nature viewed as an independent phenomenon.
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The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India
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193:, some form of attribution of intrinsic moral value,
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1177:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp.
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577:Will it build goodwill and better friendships?
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355:Humanism is known to adopt principles of the
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2329:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
1302:"Nietzschean Ethics: One's Duty to Overcome"
1200:
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1290:Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company.
143:is based solely on human faculties such as
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1150:. Gurgaon: Penguin. pp. 19, 157–158.
730:most widely translated non-religious works
418:. Integral to the manifestos is a lack of
495:United States Naval Academy honor concept
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1119:The Sacred Kurral of Tiruvalluva Nayanar
673:Key philosophers and philosophical texts
338:International Humanist and Ethical Union
268:Many of these tenets are applied in the
2361:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
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765:and atheism. In this he disagreed with
580:Will it be beneficial to all concerned?
1347:https://mkosower.academia.edu/research
1308:: 1342 – via CMS Senior Thesis.
369:Morality § Morality and religion
7:
1324:Kidder, Rushworth M. Kidder (2003).
955:Is Atheism Consistent With Morality?
685:(341–270 BCE), in his philosophy of
624:Social effect of evolutionary theory
432:Alternatives to the Ten Commandments
426:Alternatives to the Ten Commandments
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2377:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1357:https://www.secularethic.org/home-1
1208:Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature
777:Nietzsche's many works spoke of a
483:make the world a better place, and
462:responsible for what I say and do,
441:The Girl Scout law is as follows:
25:
957:, paper (2001) by Mark I. Vuletic
397:Examples of secular ethical codes
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993:"The Girl Scout Promise and Law"
486:be a sister to every Girl Scout.
300:2. It is usually not explanatory
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1171:Edward Jewitt Robinson (2001).
991:Girl Scouts of the USA (2010).
430:There are numerous versions of
45:needs additional citations for
2345:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
1715:Value monism – Value pluralism
708:(before c. 5th century CE), a
1:
967:Interview with the Dalai Lama
710:South Indian poet-philosopher
693:(Kyriai Doxai) and Epicurus'
2409:On the Genealogy of Morality
2369:Critique of Practical Reason
1286:Holyoake, George J. (1896).
1103:Pathinen Keelkanakku Noolgal
937:Humanism's Unfinished Agenda
649:Famous biologist and writer
574:Is it fair to all concerned?
324:based on the commonality of
1116:Pope, George Uglow (1886).
363:Secular ethics and religion
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2337:A Treatise of Human Nature
1300:Hurtado, Emmanuel (2016).
1038:
973:(January 2006), scroll to
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814:On The Genealogy of Morals
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474:respect myself and others,
459:courageous and strong, and
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306:4. Centers on moral values
250:, are capable of deriving
179:, authored by the ancient
27:Branch of moral philosophy
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755:defines secularism thus:
553:environmental degradation
1688:Universal prescriptivism
1259:. BRILL. pp. 156–.
1146:Sundaram, P. S. (1990).
799:phrase was first used),
445:I will do my best to be
228:Tenets of secular ethics
161:ethics in many religions
1477:Artificial intelligence
1253:Kamil Zvelebil (1973).
716:, a non-denominational
555:and waste of resources.
456:considerate and caring,
254:principles of behavior.
1101:Vettriazhagan (2015).
851:categorical imperative
802:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
712:and the author of the
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242:Human beings, through
2401:The Methods of Ethics
1639:Divine command theory
1634:Ideal observer theory
1019:"Officer Development"
795:(in which the famous
779:Master-Slave Morality
749:George Jacob Holyoake
599:West Point Honor Code
480:use resources wisely,
453:friendly and helpful,
2518:Political philosophy
1328:. New York: Harper.
808:Beyond Good and Evil
751:'s 1896 publication
724:and the 5th century
638:Evolution and Ethics
560:Rotary Four-Way Test
534:Minnesota Principles
54:improve this article
2488:Evolutionary ethics
2449:Reasons and Persons
2425:A Theory of Justice
1579:Uncertain sentience
1288:English Secularism.
1205:Lal, Mohan (1992).
738:moral vegetarianism
695:Letter to Menoeceus
691:Principal Doctrines
667:science of morality
634:Thomas Henry Huxley
628:evolutionary ethics
408:Humanist Manifestos
402:Humanist Manifestos
270:science of morality
215:or a commitment to
206:science of morality
2483:Ethics in religion
2478:Descriptive ethics
2313:Nicomachean Ethics
1148:Tiruvalluvar Kural
999:on 6 February 2009
942:2008-11-20 at the
753:English Secularism
663:ethical naturalism
477:respect authority,
322:universal morality
274:ethical naturalism
181:Indian philosopher
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2538:Social philosophy
2523:Population ethics
2513:Philosophy of law
2493:History of ethics
1976:Political freedom
1653:Euthyphro dilemma
1444:Suffering-focused
1306:CMC Senior Theses
1266:978-90-04-03591-1
1157:978-0-14-400009-8
1080:"Nonmoral Nature"
1076:Stephen Jay Gould
893:Outline of ethics
783:The Will to Power
767:Charles Bradlaugh
659:ethically realist
651:Stephen Jay Gould
618:Nature and ethics
565:The Four-Way Test
523:They do not steal
516:They do not cheat
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157:moral intuition
135:is a branch of
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61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2584:Secular ethics
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2533:Secular ethics
2530:
2528:Rehabilitation
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2393:Utilitarianism
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1753:Existentialist
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1648:Constructivism
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1622:Non-naturalism
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1449:Utilitarianism
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983:
979:The Dalai Lama
959:
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910:
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906:
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900:
895:
888:
885:
867:Utilitarianism
865:Main article:
862:
861:Utilitarianism
859:
831:Kantian ethics
829:Main article:
826:
823:
774:
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745:
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661:theories like
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437:Girl Scout law
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345:Humanism is a
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297:1. It is brief
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133:Secular ethics
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18:Secular Ethics
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1946:Moral courage
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1884:Good and evil
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1869:Family values
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1683:Quasi-realism
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1507:Environmental
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1455:
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1430:
1429:Particularism
1427:
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706:Thiruvalluvar
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81:
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2542:
2532:
2498:Human rights
2441:After Virtue
2167:Schopenhauer
1941:Moral agency
1814:Common sense
1710:Universalism
1678:Expressivism
1658:Intuitionism
1629:Subjectivism
1574:Terraforming
1549:Professional
1325:
1317:Bibliography
1305:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1255:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1227:
1207:
1173:
1166:
1147:
1141:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1055:. Retrieved
1046:
1034:
1024:15 September
1022:. Retrieved
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
997:the original
986:
978:
974:
970:
962:
950:
932:
881:morally good
880:
877:
870:
855:
834:
819:
812:
806:
800:
790:
776:
760:
757:
752:
747:
734:non-violence
704:
687:Epicureanism
681:
656:
648:
643:
637:
631:
602:
594:
591:Ranger Creed
563:
537:
522:
515:
508:
498:
440:
429:
420:supernatural
405:
384:
380:
372:
354:
344:
335:
326:human nature
316:
284:
282:
276:, a type of
267:
231:
217:non-violence
210:
188:
173:freethinking
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2316:(c. 322 BC)
2182:Kierkegaard
2001:Stewardship
1778:Rousseauian
1695:Rationalism
1607:Cognitivism
1554:Programming
1529:Meat eating
1502:Engineering
1272:11 December
1039:Kidder 2003
925:Kidder 2003
846:utilitarian
797:God is dead
787:Darwinistic
763:freethought
387:Golden Rule
357:Golden Rule
219:, could be
213:Golden Rule
200:, cultural
110:August 2007
2212:Bonhoeffer
1921:Immorality
1864:Eudaimonia
1824:Conscience
1819:Compassion
1705:Skepticism
1700:Relativism
1617:Naturalism
1597:Absolutism
1569:Technology
1419:Deontology
1132:8120600223
1086:January 5,
909:References
622:See also:
608:honor code
605:West Point
589:See also:
422:guidance.
412:manifestos
410:are three
375:Dalai Lama
367:See also:
347:democratic
198:deontology
177:Kural text
169:secularism
80:newspapers
2473:Casuistry
2385:Either/Or
2292:Korsgaard
2287:Azurmendi
2252:MacIntyre
2192:Nietzsche
2122:Augustine
2117:Confucius
2097:Aristotle
2073:Ethicists
2031:Intrinsic
1996:Suffering
1906:Happiness
1879:Free will
1859:Etiquette
1804:Authority
1748:Epicurean
1743:Confucian
1738:Christian
1673:Emotivism
1497:Discourse
1434:Pragmatic
1406:Normative
1238:13 August
773:Nietzsche
636:wrote in
416:humanists
318:Humanists
252:normative
221:supported
139:in which
2578:Category
2563:Category
2503:Ideology
2468:Axiology
2297:Nussbaum
2247:Frankena
2242:Anscombe
2232:Williams
2187:Sidgwick
2107:Valluvar
2102:Diogenes
2087:Socrates
2011:Theodicy
2006:Sympathy
1971:Pacifism
1961:Morality
1874:Fidelity
1854:Equality
1809:Autonomy
1797:Concepts
1758:Feminist
1733:Buddhist
1663:Nihilism
1602:Axiology
1559:Research
1492:Computer
1487:Business
1057:16 March
1003:16 March
975:Question
940:Archived
887:See also
744:Holyoake
701:Valluvar
683:Epicurus
678:Epicurus
320:endorse
184:Valluvar
165:humanism
2461:Related
2207:Tillich
2172:Bentham
2147:Spinoza
2142:Aquinas
2127:Mencius
2041:Western
2016:Torture
1981:Precept
1936:Loyalty
1931:Liberty
1926:Justice
1839:Dignity
1829:Consent
1773:Kantian
1763:Islamic
1726:Schools
1612:Realism
1544:Nursing
1539:Medical
1524:Machine
1464:Applied
1041:. 83–84
469:and to
149:empathy
94:scholar
2452:(1984)
2444:(1981)
2436:(1979)
2428:(1971)
2420:(1903)
2412:(1887)
2404:(1874)
2396:(1861)
2388:(1843)
2380:(1820)
2372:(1788)
2364:(1785)
2356:(1780)
2348:(1759)
2340:(1740)
2332:(1726)
2324:(1677)
2282:Taylor
2267:Parfit
2262:Singer
2237:Mackie
2112:Cicero
2053:Virtue
1986:Rights
1911:Honour
1768:Jewish
1564:Sexual
1472:Animal
1454:Virtue
1398:Ethics
1332:
1263:
1215:
1185:
1154:
1129:
837:ethics
391:Deists
248:reason
153:reason
141:ethics
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2544:Index
2306:Works
2277:Adams
2272:Nagel
2227:Dewey
2222:Rawls
2202:Barth
2197:Moore
2162:Hegel
2137:Xunzi
2092:Plato
2082:Laozi
2063:Wrong
2036:Japan
2026:Value
2021:Trust
1916:Ideal
1783:Stoic
1534:Media
1519:Legal
1179:27–28
1123:(PDF)
714:Kural
612:cadet
330:faith
258:upon.
244:logic
145:logic
101:JSTOR
87:books
2257:Hare
2217:Foot
2177:Mill
2157:Kant
2152:Hume
2132:Mozi
2048:Vice
1966:Norm
1894:Evil
1889:Good
1849:Duty
1589:Meta
1512:Land
1439:Role
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