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pressured by the AFL and international labor organizations, proposed ending the general strike at midnight on
February 8, but their recommendation was voted down by the General Strike Committee. On February 8, some streetcar operators returned to work and restored some critical city transportation services. Seattle's main department store reopened as well. Then teamsters and newsboys returned to work. On February 10, the General Strike Committee voted to end the general strike on February 11 and by noon on that day it was over. It stated its reasons: "Pressure from international officers of unions, from executive committees of unions, from the 'leaders' in the labor movement, even from those very leaders who are still called 'Bolsheviki' by the undiscriminating press. And, added to all these, the pressure upon the workers themselves, not of the loss of their own jobs, but of living in a city so tightly closed."
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sailor aboard the ship claimed that there was no evidence found on board because the only contentious material was some flyers in a briefcase that were carried off of the ship upon its arrival. Another passenger that arrived with the ship was arrested for taking part in labor talks with one of the unions in the area. Although there was never any concrete evidence connecting the
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killings. Revolution, I repeat, doesn't need violence. The general strike, as practised in
Seattle, is of itself the weapon of revolution, all the more dangerous because quiet. To succeed, it must suspend everything; stop the entire life stream of a community... That is to say, it puts the government out of operation. And that is all there is to revolt—no matter how achieved.
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fail and set back their organizing efforts. Union members, perhaps seeing the strength of the forces arrayed against them, perhaps mindful of their union leaders concerns began to go back to work. The
General Strike Committee attributed the end of the strike to pressure from international union officers and the difficulty of continuing to live in the shut-down city.
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separate agreements with the yard-owners; a single blanket-agreement was made at intervals by the Metal Trades
Council for all the crafts comprising it. In August 1917, the workers had succeeded in establishing a uniform wage scale for one third of the metal tradesmen working in the city. At the time of the general strike, James Taylor was president of the Council.
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stoppage. For instance, garbage that would create a health hazard was collected, laundry workers continued to handle hospital laundry, and firemen remained on duty. Exemptions to the stoppage of labor had to be passed by the Strike
Committee, and authorized vehicles bore signs to that effect. In general, work was not halted if doing so would endanger lives.
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increased the police and military forces available to enforce order, though there was no disorder, and possibly to take the place of striking workers. Union officials, especially those more senior and those at higher levels of the labor movement, feared that using the general strike as a tactic would
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A cooperative body made up of rank and file workers from all the striking locals were formed during the strike, called the
General Strike Committee. It acted as a "virtual counter-government for the city." The committee organized to provide essential services for the people of Seattle during the work
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in
Seattle on December 24, 1917 added to the thought of Bolshevik involvement. The ship had been damaged and thrown off course in a storm and limped its way into the port almost out of fuel, food and fresh water. The U.S. Attorney in Seattle was tipped off by an "informant" that the ship was coming
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The international offices of some of the unions and the national leadership of the AFL began to exert pressure on the
General Strike Committee and individual unions to end the strike. Some locals gave in to this pressure and returned to work. The executive committee of the General Strike Committee,
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Labor will not only Shut Down the industries, but Labor will reopen, under the management of the appropriate trades, such activities as are needed to preserve public health and public peace. If the strike continues, Labor may feel led to avoid public suffering by reopening more and more activities.
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Army veterans created an alternative to the police in order to maintain order. A group called the "Labor War
Veteran's Guard" forbade the use of force and did not carry weapons, and used "persuasion only." Peacekeeping proved unnecessary. The regular police forces made no arrests in actions related
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I believe that 95 percent of us agree that the workers should control the industries. Nearly all of us agree on that but very strenuously disagree on the method. Some of us think we can get control through the
Cooperative movement, some of us think through political action, and others think through
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ran a front-page article about an I.W.W. ship being held that contained over a hundred thousand dollars to help I.W.W. members get out of jail. This article proved to be false as the search of the vessel by local law enforcement turned up nothing of significance. A first-hand account of a
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from investigating German spies to Bolshevik propaganda. The Committee launched a month of hearings on February 11, the day the strike collapsed. Its sensational report detailed Bolshevik atrocities and the threat of domestic agitators bent on revolution and the abolition of private property. The
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for the most part. On February 7, Mayor Hanson threatened to use 1,500 police and 1,500 troops to replace striking workers the next day, but the strikers assumed this was an empty threat and were proved correct. The Mayor continued his rhetorical attack on February 9, saying that the "sympathetic
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till you die unless you wake up, realize that you and the boss have nothing in common, that the employing class must be overthrown, and that you, the workers, must take over the control of your jobs, and through them, the control over your lives instead of offering yourself up to the masters as a
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for a general strike of all workers in Seattle. Members of various unions were polled, with almost unanimous support in favor–even among traditionally conservative unions. As many as 110 locals officially supported the call for a general strike to begin on February 6, 1919, at 10:00 am. Among the
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took credit for ending the strike and was hailed by some of the press. He resigned a few months later and toured the country giving lectures on the dangers of "domestic Bolshevism." He earned $ 38,000 in seven months, five times his annual salary as mayor. He agreed that the general strike was a
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The city had been effectively paralyzed for five days, but the general strike collapsed as labor reconsidered its effectiveness under pressure from senior labor leaders and their own obvious failure to match the Mayor's propaganda in the war for public opinion. The shipyard strike, in support of
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to the yard owners threatening to withdraw their contracts if any increase in wages were granted. The message intended for the Metal Trades Association, the owners, was accidentally delivered to the Metal Trades Council, the union. The shipyard workers responded with anger directed at both their
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For some time these pamphlets were seen by hundreds on Seattle's streetcars and ferries, read by men of the shipyards on their way to work. Seattle's businessmen commented on the phenomenon sourly; it was plain to everyone that these workers were conscientiously and energetically studying how to
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to the labor parties of Seattle, there was enough to show that the labor parties at the least had the support of Bolshevik Russia. There was a lot of fear of the Bolsheviks because it was known that they had been hoping for a revolution in the Western world in order to support Russia by pooling
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The so-called sympathetic Seattle strike was an attempted revolution. That there was no violence does not alter the fact... The intent, openly and covertly announced, was for the overthrow of the industrial system; here first, then everywhere... True, there were no flashing guns, no bombs, no
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industry demanded a pay increase for unskilled workers. They formed the Seattle Metal Trades Council, made up of delegates from twenty-one different craft unions; there were seventeen at the time of the first strike vote. At the time of the General Strike, these separate unions no longer made
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But, the closing down of the capitalistically controlled industries of Seattle, while the workers organize to feed the people, to care for the babies and the sick, to preserve order – this will move them, for this looks too much like the taking over of power by the workers.
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and it was going to "aid the enemy." The enemy at this time would have been the labor parties threatening a strike. Many believed that its arrival signified a Bolshevik connection with the labor unrest in Seattle. A lot of rumors came about because of this ship's arrival. The
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was also established, which throughout the strike committee distributed as many as 30,000 meals each day. Strikers paid twenty-five cents per meal, and the general public paid thirty-five cents. Beef stew, spaghetti, bread, and coffee were offered on an all-you-can-eat basis.
50:
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In other cases, workers acted on their own initiative to create new institutions. Milk wagon drivers, after being denied the right by their employers to keep certain dairies open, established a distribution system of 35 neighborhood milk stations. A system of
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Most unions in Seattle were officially affiliated with the AFL, but the ideas of ordinary workers tended to be more radical than their leaders. A local labor leader from the time discussed the politics of Seattle's workers in June 1919:
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from February 6 to 11, 1919. The goal was to support shipyard workers in several unions who were locked out of their jobs when they tried to strike for higher wages. Most other local unions joined the walk-out, including members of the
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1889–2003. 38.26 cubic feet (1.083 m) The Martin Luther King County Labor Council is the successor organization to the Seattle Central Labor Council. This collection contains records relating to the Seattle General Strike of
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In an attempt to divide the ranks of the union, the yard owners responded by offering a pay increase only to skilled workers. The union rejected that offer and Seattle's 35,000 shipyard workers went on strike on January 21, 1919.
529:(IWW). The national offices of the AFL unions were opposed to the shutdown. Local, state and federal government officials, the press, and much of the public viewed the strike as a radical attempt to subvert American institutions.
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In these years, more workers in the city were organized in unions than ever before. There was a 400 percent increase in union membership from 1915 to 1918. At the time, workers in the United States, particularly in the
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strike was called in the exact manner as was the revolution in Petrograd." Mayor Hanson told reporters that "any man who attempts to take over the control of the municipal government functions will be shot."
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Mayor Hanson had federal troops available and stationed 950 sailors and marines across the city by February 7. He added 600 men to the police force and hired 2,400 special deputies, students from the
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The closing down of Seattle's industries, as a MERE SHUTDOWN, will not affect these eastern gentlemen much. They could let the whole northwest go to pieces, as far as money alone is concerned.
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Newspaper caption, "How the Great Seattle Strike was broken - Our photo shows machine gun crews ready to fire upon the strikers. Police, soldiers and armed civilians were used by Mayor Hanson"
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Revolutionary pamphlets littered the streets of the city. One called "Russia Did It" proclaimed: "The Russians have shown you the way out. What are you going to do about it? You are doomed to
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1919–1961. 2.93 cubic feet including microfilm (5 boxes). Contains materials Beck collected when he was monitoring labor activity before, during, and after the Seattle General Strike.
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2133:
268:
158:
536:, the original justification for the wage controls. From 1915 to 1918, Seattle had seen a big increase in union membership, and some union leaders were inspired by the
709:, stationed in Seattle, claimed that he had never seen "a city so quiet and orderly." The methods of organization adopted by the striking workers bore resemblance to
1937:
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The Seattle General Strike: An account of what happened in Seattle, and especially in the Seattle labor movement during the General Strike, February 6 to 11, 1919
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The Seattle General Strike: An account of what happened in Seattle, and especially in the Seattle labor movement during the General Strike, February 6 to 11, 1919
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The strike committee set up soup kitchens and distributed as many as 30,000 meals each day. In the photo, a woman serves a plate of food to a striking worker.
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1145:. 1st ed. Seattle, Wash.: International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union 19 of Seattle, the Washington Commission for the Humanities, 1991.
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organize their coming to power. Already, workers in Seattle talked about "workers' power" as a practical policy for the not far distant future.
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1772:"An Account of What Happened in Seattle and Especially in the Seattle Labor Movement, During the General Strike, February 6 To 11, 1919,"
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1998:
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1885–1970. 24.11 cubic feet (43 boxes, 3 packages, 3 folders). Contains material collected by Strong about the Seattle General Strike.
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labor radicalism represented by the Seattle General Strike fit neatly into its conception of the threat American institutions faced.
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2008:
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662:(EFC), an enterprise created by the federal government as a wartime measure and the largest employer in the industry, sent a
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revolutionary event. In his view, the fact that it was peaceful proved its revolutionary nature and intent. He wrote:
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1041:
Spence, Richard B. (2017-04-03). "The Voyage of the Shilka : The Bolshevik Revolution Comes To Seattle, 1917".
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Immediately following the general strike's end, thirty-nine IWW members were arrested as "ringleaders of anarchy".
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566:
476:
1483:
2332:
2003:
1917:
1902:
1596:
1741:
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Pressman, Matthew. "Black and White and Red All Over? Reassessing Newspapers’ Role in the Red Scare of 1919."
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employers and the federal government which, through the EFC, seemed to be siding with corporate interests.
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1983:
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and working toward a similar revolution in the United States. In the fall of 1919, for instance, Seattle
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in the Pacific Northwest, though only a few striking locals were officially affiliated with the IWW.
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and other radicals inspired by "un-American" ideologies, making it the first expression of the anti-
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565:, were becoming increasingly radicalized, with many in the rank and file supportive of the recent
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to the strike, and general arrests dropped to less than half their normal number. Major General
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902: – 1916 gunfight between union members and police in Everett, Washington, United States
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And that is why we say that we are starting on a road that leads – no one knows where!
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sacrifice six days a week, so that they may coin profits out of your sweat and toil."
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Robert L. Friedheim, and Robin Friedheim. "The Seattle Labor Movement, 1919–20."
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strikers were war veterans who wore their uniforms as they went on strike.
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Newspapers across the country reprinted excerpts from Strong's editorial.
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1088:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1975. pp. xiv, 325. $ 12.50".
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Seattle shipyard workers leave the shipyard after going on strike, 1919.
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The strike's demand for higher wages came within months of the end of
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Foundation of several cooperatives after, including a cooperative bank
1493:– via University of Washington Seattle General Strike Project.
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Between the strike's announcement and beginning, on February 4, the
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King County Labor Council of Washington (Seattle, Wash.) Records.
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Three simultaneous movements brought the strike to an end: Mayor
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Seattle Strikes Exhibit at the University of Washington Library
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Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action
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250:
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Seattle General Strike Project at the University of Washington
1659:
Friedheim, Robert L. "The Seattle General Strike of 1919."
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Cole, G. D. H. (October 1952). "The Bolshevik Revolution".
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Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1964.
1437:. Seattle: The Seattle Union Record, Publishing Co., Inc.
1433:
History Committee of the General Strike Committee (1919).
951:. Seattle: The Seattle Union Record, Publishing Co., Inc.
947:
History Committee of the General Strike Committee (1919).
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Police setting up a mounted machine gun during the strike.
1383:. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc. p. 124.
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in Russia and attacked those who attempted to load them.
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by the History Committee of the General Strike Committee
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Race Relations and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1915-1919
904:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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The mayor's newly hired deputies receive their weapons.
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Industrial Workers of the World in Washington (state)
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which the general strike had been called, persisted.
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refused to load arms destined for the anti-Bolshevik
926:' (IWW) joined the general strike and advocated for
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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2017:
1976:
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1606:(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), 1955)
1591:History Committee of the General Strike Committee.
114:
102:
84:
72:
64:
34:
1604:Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920
1560:History of the Labor Movement in the United States
1264:
1143:A History of Seattle Waterfront Workers, 1884–1934
998:Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920
1618:. Rev. and updated ed. (NY: HarperCollins, 1995)
1213:
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1022:History Committee of the General Strike Committee
540:of 1917. Some commentators blamed the strike on
1632:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 86, no.1 (1994)
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1302:
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1804:
1188:
1186:
262:
152:
96:As a show of solidarity with shipyard workers
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2246:Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union
1637:Radical Seattle: The General Strike of 1919.
1579:Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919
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1267:Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919
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1684:Roger S. Powers; et al., eds. (1997).
1258:
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1119:Mason Daniel; Smith, Jessica, eds. (1970).
972:Radical Seattle: The General Strike of 1919
608:Another journalist described the spread of
27:1919 workers' strike in Seattle, Washington
2188:Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union
2180:
1938:1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike
1836:
1811:
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713:, perhaps reflecting the influence of the
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120:Arrests of strikers, charges later dropped
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31:
2208:Marine Transport Workers Industrial Union
2203:Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee
896: – Labor strike on the US West Coast
747:, a union newspaper, pro-Soviet activist
670:The workers immediately appealed to the
2286:Workers' International Industrial Union
1615:A People's History of the United States
1292:
1290:
1288:
939:
1567:(NY: International Publishers, 1988),
729:The pamphlet entitled "Russia Did It."
1928:Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916
1893:1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike
1639:New York: Monthly Review Press, 2020.
1224:
1222:
974:. Monthly Review Press. p. 252.
580:The arrival of the Russian steamship
7:
2348:Labor disputes in Washington (state)
2338:General strikes in the United States
2079:List of General Secretary-Treasurers
1001:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 58.
612:relating to the Russian Revolution:
1524:Hagedorn 59, 147–148; Murray, 94–98
1141:Magden, Ronald. “The Radical Era.”
1121:Lenin's impact on the United States
2198:Education Workers Industrial Union
1878:1912 New York City waiters' strike
1581:(NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007),
1271:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
25:
2236:Agricultural Workers Organization
1484:"Shipyard Strike May Be Long One"
1086:Utopias on Puget Sound, 1885–1915
894:1916 West Coast waterfront strike
548:sentiment that characterized the
516:by 65,000 workers in the city of
2062:
1857:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
911: – Riots in Cleveland, Ohio
878:
863:voted to expand the work of its
2318:1919 labor disputes and strikes
2241:Lumber Workers Industrial Union
2009:Stockton cannery strike of 1937
1989:1922 New England Textile Strike
1821:Industrial Workers of the World
715:Industrial Workers of the World
527:Industrial Workers of the World
1999:1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike
1994:1923 San Pedro maritime strike
1686:"Seattle General Strike, 1919"
1090:The American Historical Review
865:Overman Judiciary Subcommittee
18:Seattle General Strike of 1919
1:
1898:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
1852:1907 Skowhegan textile strike
1612:. "Self Help in Hard Times."
1055:10.1080/14743892.2017.1330106
672:Seattle Central Labor Council
2281:Western Federation of Miners
1873:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1564:Postwar Struggles, 1918–1920
1515:Murray, 65–66; Hagedorn, 180
1381:Coolidge: An American Enigma
523:American Federation of Labor
2040:2018–2019 Education strikes
2025:1964 Mount Isa Mines strike
1847:First Convention of the IWW
1673:Pacific Northwest Quarterly
1661:Pacific Northwest Quarterly
1654:The Seattle General Strike.
660:Emergency Fleet Corporation
2379:
2323:1919 in Washington (state)
1779:The Seattle General Strike
1736:Anna Louise Strong Papers.
1043:American Communist History
995:Murray, Robert K. (1955).
766:UNDER ITS OWN MANAGEMENT.
587:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
189:1918-1920 NYC rent strikes
2294:
2193:Burgerville Workers Union
2183:
2060:
2004:1933 Yakima Valley strike
1918:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
1903:1913 Paterson silk strike
1742:Broussais C. Beck Papers.
1462:. PM Press. p. 112.
1328:The Seattle Union Record,
1169:10.1080/09668135208409848
1084:"Charles Pierce Lewarne.
777:End of the general strike
654:Controversy erupted when
288:
178:
47:
39:
2353:Revolutions of 1917–1923
2271:Glossary of Wobbly terms
1456:Brecher, Jeremy (2014).
1330:February 4, 1919, p. 1;
1326:"No One Knows Where" in
799:University of Washington
59:Monday, February 3, 1919
2298:Organized Labour portal
2218:United Campaign Workers
2213:Starbucks Workers Union
2035:2011 Wisconsin protests
1443:2027/hvd.32044011842598
1123:. N.W.R. Publications.
1031:, accessed June 6, 2011
957:2027/hvd.32044011842598
886:Organized labour portal
741:In an editorial in the
636:November 1918 armistice
512:was a five-day general
211:Cleveland May Day riots
2089:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
1984:Anaconda Road massacre
1958:Seattle General Strike
1923:1913 Studebaker strike
1675:55.4 (1964): 146–156.
1593:Seattle General Strike
1263:Hagedorn, Ann (2007).
1214:History Committee 1919
1202:History Committee 1919
1098:10.1086/ahr/81.4.985-a
931:
857:
839:
831:
810:
786:
771:
730:
688:
679:Life during the strike
642:, unions in Seattle's
634:A few weeks after the
631:
619:
606:
510:Seattle General Strike
199:Seattle General Strike
194:US Strike wave of 1919
35:Seattle General Strike
2050:2021 Frito-Lay strike
2045:Lyft and Uber strikes
970:Winslow, Cal (2020).
921:
909:May Day riots of 1919
852:
837:
829:
808:
784:
728:
686:
629:
614:
601:
205:US anarchist bombings
90:Inspiration from the
2328:February 1919 events
2149:Industrial democracy
1948:Green Corn Rebellion
1712:39.1 (2013): 29–39.
1663:52.3 (1961): 81–98.
838:Hanson, July 1, 1919
744:Seattle Union Record
567:revolution in Russia
217:Boston Police Strike
2358:Protests in Seattle
2276:Little Red Songbook
2164:Solidarity unionism
2154:Industrial unionism
1650:Robert L. Friedheim
1602:Murray, Robert K.,
711:anarcho-syndicalism
518:Seattle, Washington
78:Seattle, Washington
68:February 6–11, 1919
2266:Free speech fights
1963:Centralia massacre
1943:Bisbee Deportation
1888:Wheatland hop riot
1765:2008-05-17 at the
1710:Journalism History
1557:Foner, Philip S.,
1027:2011-08-10 at the
932:
840:
832:
811:
787:
749:Anna Louise Strong
731:
689:
632:
604:industrial action.
552:of 1919 and 1920.
538:Russian Revolution
92:Russian Revolution
2305:
2304:
2254:
2253:
2058:
2057:
1977:1920s & 1930s
1699:978-1-136-76482-0
1543:Revised edition.
1278:978-0-7432-4372-8
698:food distribution
563:Pacific Northwest
503:
502:
244:
243:
185:(Jan 22 – Nov 13)
135:
134:
16:(Redirected from
2370:
2333:1910s in Seattle
2299:
2181:
2176:
2136:
2066:
1933:Everett massacre
1908:Paterson pageant
1837:
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1317:Brecher, 124–125
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1092:. October 1976.
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1019:
1013:
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992:
986:
985:
967:
961:
960:
944:
914:
905:
900:Everett Massacre
888:
883:
882:
707:John F. Morrison
459:French Caribbean
325:Haymarket Affair
283:
281:
271:
264:
257:
248:
237:(Nov 1 – Dec 10)
225:(Sep 22 – Jan 8)
207:(Apr 29 – Jun 2)
173:
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126:Build up of the
52:
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2114:Matilda Robbins
2067:
2054:
2013:
1972:
1913:Hopedale strike
1861:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1778:
1767:Wayback Machine
1751:
1722:
1700:
1683:
1646:
1644:Further reading
1597:Left Bank Books
1577:Hagedorn, Ann,
1545:South End Press
1537:Brecher, Jeremy
1533:
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1379:Sobel, Robert.
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1049:(1–2): 88–101.
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1029:Wayback Machine
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721:Radical visions
681:
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284:
280:General strikes
279:
277:
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245:
240:
231:(Nov 7 – Jan 2)
174:
170:First Red Scare
169:
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128:First Red Scare
80:
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42:First Red Scare
28:
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2259:Related topics
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2084:Eugene V. Debs
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2030:Redwood Summer
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1749:External links
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1163:(2): 139–151.
1157:Soviet Studies
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981:978-1583678527
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2159:One Big Union
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2144:Dual unionism
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1953:Tulsa Outrage
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1692:. Routledge.
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1635:Cal Winslow,
1634:
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1627:
1625:
1624:0-06-092643-0
1621:
1617:
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1587:0-7432-4372-2
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1573:0-7178-0388-0
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1553:0-89608-569-4
1550:
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1509:
1506:Zinn, 370–371
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1469:9781604869071
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1351:Zinn, 369–370
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1250:Zinn, 368–369
1247:
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1231:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:, p. 11.
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1008:9780816658336
1004:
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988:
983:
977:
973:
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943:
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934:
929:
928:One Big Union
925:
920:
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895:
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514:work stoppage
511:
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379:San Francisco
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321:First May Day
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125:
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119:
118:
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113:
108:Pay increases
107:
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105:
101:
95:
93:
89:
88:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2227:
2119:Carlo Tresca
2109:Lucy Parsons
2104:Frank Little
2094:Bill Haywood
1957:
1709:
1689:
1672:
1660:
1653:
1636:
1629:
1613:
1610:Zinn, Howard
1603:
1592:
1578:
1563:
1559:
1540:
1520:
1511:
1487:. Retrieved
1478:
1458:
1451:
1434:
1428:
1423:Foner, 75–76
1419:
1410:
1401:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1360:Foner, 73–74
1356:
1347:
1342:Hagedorn, 87
1338:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1308:Brecher, 126
1296:Brecher, 122
1266:
1209:
1204:, p. 8.
1197:
1192:Brecher, 120
1160:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1120:
1114:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1017:
997:
990:
971:
965:
948:
942:
858:
853:
844:
841:
816:
812:
796:
788:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
754:
742:
740:
735:wage slavery
732:
703:
694:
690:
669:
656:Charles Piez
653:
649:
644:shipbuilding
633:
615:
607:
602:
597:
591:
581:
579:
571:longshoremen
559:
531:
509:
507:
361:
350:Philadelphia
298:Philadelphia
229:Palmer Raids
223:Steel strike
198:
56:Union Record
54:
40:Part of the
1968:Bisbee Riot
1883:Grabow riot
1489:January 15,
861:U.S. Senate
640:World War I
595:resources.
534:World War I
384:Minneapolis
331:New Orleans
235:Coal strike
115:Resulted in
2312:Categories
2135:Philosophy
2124:Ben Legere
2018:After 1940
1531:References
847:Ole Hanson
791:Ole Hanson
610:propaganda
575:White Army
556:Background
542:Bolsheviks
201:(Feb 6–11)
183:Red Summer
2363:Red Scare
1414:Foner, 76
1405:Foner, 74
1396:Foner, 75
1369:Foner, 73
1228:Foner, 65
1177:0038-5859
1106:1937-5239
1071:159539922
1063:1474-3892
822:Aftermath
550:Red Scare
356:Vancouver
310:St. Louis
85:Caused by
2175:Sections
2099:Joe Hill
1763:Archived
1720:Archives
1547:, 1997.
1025:Archived
924:Wobblies
872:See also
664:telegram
471:European
408:Paraguay
367:Winnipeg
315:Scranton
73:Location
2228:Extinct
1831:History
1784:YouTube
1599:, 2012)
1541:Strike!
1459:Strike!
494:Catalan
488:Catalan
420:Uruguay
414:Namibia
402:Finland
396:Austria
390:Oakland
373:Germany
362:Seattle
304:Catalan
219:(Sep 9)
213:(May 1)
2072:People
1714:online
1696:
1677:online
1665:online
1622:
1585:
1571:
1562:, v.8
1551:
1466:
1332:online
1275:
1175:
1127:
1104:
1069:
1061:
1005:
978:
638:ended
622:Strike
592:Shilka
582:Shilka
483:Brazil
447:Guinea
344:Sweden
327:) 1886
1866:1910s
1840:1900s
1730:1919.
1129:92937
1067:S2CID
935:Notes
922:The '
477:India
465:Spain
453:Egypt
441:2000s
434:Nepal
426:Spain
338:1900s
292:1800s
103:Goals
1725:The
1694:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1491:2016
1464:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1173:ISSN
1125:OCLC
1102:ISSN
1059:ISSN
1003:ISBN
976:ISBN
546:left
508:The
496:2019
490:2017
479:2016
473:2012
467:2010
461:2009
455:2008
449:2007
436:1992
428:1988
422:1973
416:1971
410:1958
404:1956
398:1950
392:1946
386:1934
375:1920
369:1919
358:1918
352:1910
346:1909
333:1892
317:1877
306:1855
300:1835
65:Date
1782:on
1439:hdl
1165:doi
1094:doi
1051:doi
953:hdl
2314::
1688:.
1652:,
1539:.
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