734:. People tend to prefer others that are similar to them, which goes against the motivation to increase expansion opportunities. While the perceived similarity in interests, background, and values is found to be an important factor affecting attraction, dissimilarity in partners is an avenue for expansion due to the provision of novel resources, opinions, and identification. A study found that providing information about a high likelihood of developing a relationship with the target person diminished and somewhat reversed the similarity-attraction effect for men in particular. In this case, men were more likely to select dissimilar partners as they providing more opportunity for expansion of the self. People may generally be reluctant to pursue dissimilar others despite the opportunity for self-expansion. They are likely to assume that the dissimilar other would not reciprocate their feelings and would expect no expansion to occur. For established couples, research shows they can experience different levels of motivation for self-expansion throughout their relationship, and these findings have been replicated in cross-cultural samples. As relationships continue to change and evolve, the degree to which they foster expansion and growth may vary in the future. A type of confirmation bias emerges such that those that expect future self-expansion through their relationships are more likely to engage in self-expanding activities. Potential for future expansion is a strong predictor of relationship satisfaction and commitment.
756:. In one study, participants that reported lower self-expansion in their relationships were more likely to enjoy interacting with a computer program simulation that was shown to be more self-expanding. In such circumstances, individuals are less likely to employ motivational and perceptual biases that protect against the influence of attractive alternatives. A mediational analysis demonstrated that attention to alternatives explains the observed relationship between self-expansion and infidelity. In another study, fMRI data revealed less brain activation in response to a series of attractive faces when participants were primed to remember moments of self-expansion in their current relationships, suggesting that self-expansion can discourage them from attending to attractive alternatives. Infidelity is a severe relational transgression that could lead to the dissolution of the relationship. Ending a relationship is dependent on many key factors such as "improvement of the self" and "hindering self-improvement". The self-expansion opportunities provided in a relationship can also affect the individual after breaking up. Loss of a relationship that does not promote expansion is found to have positive effects on the individual as it could provide new, previously restricted opportunities for growth. However, the individual may experience "self-contraction" (loss of self) if the relationship did provide sufficient expansion.
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married couples attributed boredom in their relationships to low novelty and stimulation. This was also associated with low pleasure and arousal in the relationship. When participants were primed with boredom in another study, they were more inclined to seek out new activities. This follows the first principle of the model which posits that individuals possess an inherent motivation to expand themselves. Sexual desire can be affected by relationship boredom. Those that report high sexual desire for their partners are more likely to have sexual and overall satisfaction in their relationships. Consensually non-monogamous individuals that have more than one sexual or romantic partner at the same time have more opportunities for self-expansion, suggesting positive implications for this relationship arrangement. Transitioning to an open relationship can be a novel and exciting experience for a couple that can increase levels of passion as posited by the research. There are several non-sexual opportunities as well when multiple partners are involved, such as exploring different interests and learning new perspectives.
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individual self-expansion include smoking cessation, weight loss, and better physical health. Using an experience sampling design, researchers showed that increases in personal self-expansion in the same individual were correlated with higher passion in the relationship, while low levels of passion were observed for high levels of self-expansion across participants. This suggests that growth experienced through non-shared activities can fulfill individual needs but could reduce passion for one's partner. Another contributing factor is the level of support received by the partner. A study of retired married couples showed that prior support from partners for individual growth predicted happiness and satisfaction during retirement years. Relationship satisfaction for ongoing couples is increased when partners are encouraging non-relational self-expanding activities. This occurs as individuals believe their partners are facilitating their expansion and associate them with that expansion.
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behind the relationship. In 2002, Lewandowski and Aron designed the Self-expansion
Questionnaire (SEQ) to explore expanding self and relationship. The self-expansion questionnaire (SEQ) is composed of several key components from the self-expansion model. It contains a total of 14 items to measure the degree of increase in the knowledge, skills, and abilities that an individual has experienced from his or her partners. There are three representative questions: “How much does your partner help to expand your sense of the kind of person you are?”; “How much has knowing your partner made you a better person?”; and “How much do you see your partner as a way to expand your own capabilities?”.
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the out group and its identity is shared with our representation of the self. Including the out group in the self can vary; a person may actually become a member of an out group. However, in certain circumstances this is virtually impossible and we simply psychologically identify with the group even though we are aware that we are not part of it. Upon inclusion of the out group in the self, we now give that group several benefits. These benefits include taking pride in the group, sharing resources, and positive biases in
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single overarching self-concept). An excessive amount of self-expansion without proper self-integration can be quite stressful (e.g. moving to a new city, or starting a new job). It has been suggested that when a person is socially stable, self-expansion via an out group member is most likely to be successful. Consequently, the likelihood for cross-group contact and the inclusion of the out group in the self is dependent on the degree of self-expansion in other domains. Expansion =
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losing aspects of the self in another area. Consequently, people may be fearful of creating a close relationship with an out group member as this may trigger animosity from original ingroup members. Often individuals must attempt to balance the potential benefits of including the out group in the self with the potential loss of ingroup friends and the associated resources. If the self-loss outweighs the self-expansion, it is possible for a decrease in perceived self-efficacy.
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physiological needs in the nervous system, and is associated to the reward system in the brain. Some researchers also believe that the motivation for self-expansion is partly rooted in social approval and acceptance. Self-expansion may be conscious or unconscious. People may sometimes realize a sense of "self-expansion" or strive to achieve a goal that can promote self-expansion, but most of the time, self-expansion is an unconscious motivation
413:, refers to the likelihood that the close relationship with the individual can actually be formed. It can also be conceptualized as the likelihood that self-expansion will occur. Consequently, individuals will seek a partner that has high social status and a greater number of resources. However, to maximize self-expansion, consideration is also given to how likely this person will be loyal and desires to be in the close relationship.
677:. These differences allow for a greater likelihood to increase resources, identities and perspectives, which is consistent with the self-expansion motive. A recent study has shown that, consistent with this idea, priming high self-expansion motivation enhances out group self-expansion and the quality and outcomes of out group interactions (e.g. greater self-efficacy, reported closeness, and self-growth).
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499:-like pairs of circles that vary on the level of overlap between the self and the other. Respondents are asked to select the pair of circles that best represents their current close relationship. Several studies have showed that this measurement tool is effective in getting accurate depictions of the amount of closeness and the inclusion of the other in the self.
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644:, there is a greater chance for the development of closeness. Eventually, group membership needs to become available so that an individual can now include the out group in the self as well. However, it is believed that group membership will become more central in a natural manner as the close relationship develops.
607:) is one area of psychology that focuses on positive aspects of intergroup relations. The hypothesis suggests that when there is cooperation, equal status, common goals and authority support then contact between members of different groups can result in reduced negative attitudes. In addition, positive
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self-concept change can be thought of as occurring along two independent dimensions: valence (positive vs. negative content) and direction of change (increase vs. decrease in content) and self-expansion represents one of the four possible processes of self-concept change (increasing positive content).
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Romantic relationships that do not provide sufficient opportunity for individual self-expansion may increase the inclination to perceive and focus on alternative partners. If this occurs to a great extent, it could lead to negative relational outcomes for an exclusive, monogamous relationship such as
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The second barrier to self-expansion is the risk that an overabundance of self-expansion might occur in too short a period. The accumulation of new resources and perspectives in our self-concept leads to a need for self-integration (i.e. combining different resources, identities and perspectives into
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It may be the case that individuals want to make friends with out group members (instead of oppress and mistreat the out group) because of the self-expansion motive. Based on Aron and Aron's original work, people want to expand the self and an optimal way of doing so is to make close friendships that
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and identity as others, and they will think that the resources, ideas, and identity that others have gained or lost are also what they have gained or lost. These new resources lead to greater inclusion of the other in the self by also incorporating the other's perspectives and identities in the self.
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Including the out group in the self is based on the similar self-expansion notion of including the other or ingroup in the self. As a person becomes a friend with an out group member, the aspects of the out group is included in the self when that group is made salient. Essentially, representation of
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for traits that were incongruent between the self and ingroup. This was in comparison to quicker reaction times for traits that were congruent between the self and ingroup. The slow reaction times were consistent with the inclusion of the ingroup in the self claim as it suggested that the individual
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suitable for online surveys that measures IOS on a continuous scale from 0-100 Participants are instructed to use their mouse to move one of the circles (typically labeled "self") towards the other (typically labeled "other") until the degree of overlap best describes the relationship in question.
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According to Aron and Aron, when entering a close relationship a person should perceive that the self and other should begin to overlap by including aspects of the other in the self. More specifically, after people include others into themselves, they feel that they have the same resources, ideas,
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towards the entire out group as suggested by the inclusion of the out group in the self mechanism. Another study also found that the level of inclusion of the out group in the self would affect the amount of decreased prejudicial attitudes. Further, simply including a friend in the self who has a
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It is important to note that the focus of the inclusion of the out group in the self is initially at the interpersonal level (i.e. between individuals). The interaction needs to have interpersonal closeness for inclusion of the self in the other to occur. Consequently, a decategorized approach to
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between intergroup members was said to be of utmost importance as it would lead to positive attitudes which, in turn, would generalize to the entire out group. An out group is set of individuals with which the individuals does not identify. It was unclear how this attitude generalization actually
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Tropp and Wright created an instrument to measure the extent that an individual includes the ingroup in the self. The
Inclusion of the Ingroup in the Self Scale (ISS Scale) was based on the Inclusion of the Other in the Self Scale. Similar to the original scale, seven pairs of circles vary on the
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The self-expansion model was originally established to explore the question, "Why do people develop and maintain relationships?" It attempts to describe people's feelings and actions in intimate relationships, therefore related research is mostly based on intimate relationships and the motivation
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Self-expansion motives can explain why people may appreciate intergroup contact, however, it can also provide explanations for why we avoid this intergroup contact. People may be cautious of self-expansion due to a sense of self-loss. As we self-expand in one area we may put ourselves at risk of
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level. The self-expansion model suggests that we are strongly motivated to expand ourselves by including the other in the self. This occurs when an individual incorporates the other's perspectives, identities and resources. Likewise, it has been proposed that including an ingroup in the self, or
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woman (out group member). The pairs of women met over an extended period of time completing different activities together, which led to a measurable close friendship. Women with an intergroup friendship were more likely to have positive intergroup attitudes, less likely to endorse anti-minority
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ingroup identification, is partly influenced by the self-expansion motive. Inclusion of the ingroup's perspectives and resources can increase one's confidence in completing a variety of goals. Thus, a group's attractiveness is often based on the potential for self-expansion. A group with higher
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Research shows that when couples participate in some self-expansion activities, these activities can increase relationship satisfaction and improve relationship quality. However, expansion can also reduce negative outcomes such as relationship boredom. In one study, dating college students and
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to the ingroup will affect confusion of self-descriptors. People who highly identified with an ingroup showed slower reaction times for self-descriptors that did not relate to the ingroup (this is consistent with previous findings). However, low ingroup identification lead to no differences in
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Relationships serve as the primary means of self-expansion. However, personal or non-relational self-expansion can still occur through novel and challenging individual experiences (e.g. learning a new language) resulting in several intrapersonal benefits. Notable behavioral changes caused by
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settings. Similar to findings from social self-expansion literature, individual self-expansion also has positive effects and includes the same processes (e.g. motivation, self-efficacy). Self-expansion has also been presented theoretically within a framework of self-concept change. That is,
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close relationship with an out group member can decrease out group prejudiced attitudes. Knowing that a friend includes an out group member in the self allows for the individual to include that entire out group in the self. In turn, this also leads to positive attitudes about the out group.
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and adapt, survive, and reproduce in their environment. The inclusion-of-other-in-self principle posits that close relationships serve as the primary way to expand our sense of self as we incorporate the identities, perspectives, resources, and experiences of others as our own through these
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of needs theory, it is omnipresent: only low-level needs are met before high-level needs will appear. The need of self expansion occurs even if there is a basic need that is unsatisfied. Some researchers believe that self-expansion, like hunger and thirst, originates from the basic
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It was suggested that the increased confusion between the self and the close other was directly related to integrating the other in the self. The degree of closeness in the relationship affects the self and other reaction studies. As two individuals become closer, there is greater
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give the opportunity for increased perspectives, identities and resources. People who are most similar to ourselves provide a diminished capacity for self-expansion. As a result, an individual may turn to out group members for friendship because they are different from one's
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as one's belief that they are competent and can achieve specific goals. Within the self-expansion model, potential efficacy is used instead, as it only refers to obtaining resources that will make goal attainment possible. Achievement of this goal is a secondary concern.
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Self-expansion usually begins with attraction toward another. Falling in love provides an opportunity for rapid self-expansion as there is a desire to unite with the person you love. Studies have shown that perceived similarity and likeness can promote
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level. Research has also focused on self-expansion in domains such as the workplace. Results of these research studies has shown that self-expansion can (and does) occur at the individual level (e.g. through hobbies and spiritual experiences) and in
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reaction times between whether or not the self-descriptors were also descriptive of the ingroup. This demonstrated that the level of identification with an ingroup can be conceptualized as the degree to which we will include the ingroup in the self.
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McIntyre, Kevin P.; Mattingly, Brent A.; Lewandowski, Gary W. Jr.; Simpson, Annie (1 January 2014). "Workplace Self-Expansion: Implications for Job
Satisfaction, Commitment, Self-Concept Clarity, and Self-Esteem Among the Employed and Unemployed".
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Several researchers have examined the role of ingroup identification (i.e. a person's prolonged psychological connection to an ingroup) and self-expansion. In fact, Trop and Wright refined the meaning of ingroup identification and believed it was
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However, the motivation to self-expand still does influence attraction to others for a potential close relationship. Aron and Aron suggest that our attraction is broken down into two components based on Rotter's value-expectancy approach.
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proposes that individuals seek to expand their sense of self by acquiring resources, broadening their perspectives, and increase competency to ultimately optimize their ability to thrive in their environment. It was developed in 1986 by
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McLaughlin-Volpe, T.; Aron, A.; Wright, S. C.; Lewandowski, G. W. (2005). "Exclusion of the self by close others and by groups: Implications of the self-expansion model". In Abrams, Dominic; Hogg, Michael; Marques, José (eds.).
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for a stranger than a close other (one's mother). This supported the IOS phenomenon, as participants were more likely to take the perspective of the close other thus not being able to remember descriptive nouns of that
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Wright, S. C.; Aron, A.; Brody, S. M. (2008). "Extended contact and including the others in the self: Building on the
Allport/Pettigrew legacy". In Wagner, Ulrich; Tropp, L.; Finchilescu, G.; Tredoux, C. (eds.).
435:. The self is often described as the content or the knowledge of who we are. Others could be interpreted as individuals. Some studies have also found that individuals will also include groups or communities.
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set of individuals with which a person identifies. The individual believes he or she is a member of this group. In fact, several academic groups have found similar findings in the me/not me reaction time
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belonged to themselves. Decisions on traits that were different between a participant and a close other had longer reaction times than decisions on traits that were different between a participant and a
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Pettigrew, Thomas F; Wright, S. C.; Brody, S. M.; Aron, A. (2005). "Intergroup contact: Still our best hope for improving intergroup relations". In
Crandall, Christian; Schaller, Mark (eds.).
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Agnew, Christopher R.; Loving, T. J.; Le, B.; Goodfried, W. (2004). "Thinking close: Measuring relational closeness as perceived self-other inclusion". In Mashek, Debra; Aron, Arthur (eds.).
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Aron, Arthur; Aron, Elaine N.; Norman, Christina (2003). "Self-expansion Model of
Motivation and Cognition in Close Relationships and Beyond". In Fletcher, Garth; Clark, M. (eds.).
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2112:"A test of the extended intergroup contact hypothesis: The mediating role of intergroup anxiety, perceived ingroup and outgroup norms, and inclusion of the outgroup in the self"
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Mattingly, Brent A.; Lewandowski, Gary W.; McIntyre, Kevin P. (1 March 2014). ""You make me a better/worse person": A two-dimensional model of relationship self-change".
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Mashek, Debra; Cannaday, Lisa W.; Tangney, June P. (1 March 2007). "Inclusion of community in self scale: A single-item pictorial measure of community connectedness".
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seems to support the inclusion of the out group in the self hypothesis. In one study white women were paired off with either another white woman (ingroup member) or a
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The IOS Scale has also been adapted to measure inclusion in other contexts, for example community connectedness via the
Inclusion of Community in the Self Scale. The
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Aron, Arthur; McLaughlin-Volpe, Tracy; Mashek, Debra; Lewandowski, Gary; Wright, Stephen C.; Aron, Elaine N. (1 January 2004). "Including others in the self".
450:, participants were more likely to distribute money equally between the self and the close other in comparison to distributing the money between oneself and a
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The
Inclusion of the Other in the Self Scale (IOS Scale) is one of the most frequently used tools to assess this phenomenon. The scale consists of seven
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and therefore a longer reaction time. As a result, as closeness of a relationship increases, there will be a greater inclusion of the other in the self.
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to provide a framework for the underlying experience and behavior in close relationships. The model has two distinct but related core principles: the
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Mattingly, Brent A.; Lewandowski, Gary W. (1 January 2014). "Broadening
Horizons: Self-Expansion in Relational and Non-Relational Contexts".
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2245:"Intense, Passionate, Romantic Love: A Natural Addiction? How the Fields That Investigate Romance and Substance Abuse Can Inform Each Other"
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Aron, Arthur; Fraley, Barbara (1 June 1999). "Relationship
Closeness as Including Other in the Self: Cognitive Underpinnings and Measures".
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Aron, Arthur; Aron, Elaine N.; Smollan, Danny (1992). "Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness".
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of the group. These benefits all increase the likelihood for reduced out group prejudice, hence its use as a mechanism for the contact
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Aron, Aron, Tudor and Nelson conducted several classic studies that scientifically demonstrated that we include the other in the self.
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had included group characteristics in the self. As a result, there was difficulty recalling if a trait belong to the self or ingroup.
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The second principle of the self-expansion model is that people use close relationships to self expand by including the other in the
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Carswell, Kathleen L.; Muise, Amy; Harasymchuk, Cheryl; Horne, Rebecca M.; Visserman, Mariko L.; Impett, Emily A. (2021).
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Carswell, Kathleen L.; Muise, Amy; Harasymchuk, Cheryl; Horne, Rebecca M.; Visserman, Mariko L.; Impett, Emily A. (2021).
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1680:"Measuring the Closeness of Relationships: A Comprehensive Evaluation of the 'Inclusion of the Other in the Self' Scale"
706:(e.g. romantic relationships) and instead has focused on self-expansion processes and outcomes of self-expansion at the
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happened. Recently, the process of including the out group in the self was used as an explanatory mechanism for this
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An abundance of research focuses on the negative interactions between different groups (e.g. negative attitudes,
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and the degree of inclusion of the ingroup in the self is said to capture the sense of ingroup identification.
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Aron, A.; Aron (1996). "Self and self expansion in relationships". In Fletcher, Garth; Fitness, Julie (eds.).
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Smith, Eliot R.; Henry, Susan (1 June 1996). "An In-Group Becomes Part of the Self: Response Time Evidence".
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Aron, A.; Aron, E. N.; Tudor, M.; Nelson, G. (1991). "Close relationships as including other in the self".
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Aron, Arthur; Norman, Christina; Aron, Elaine (1 January 1998). "The self-expansion model and motivation".
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2771:"Something's Missing: Need Fulfillment and Self-Expansion as Predictors of Susceptibility to Infidelity"
1262:"Something's Missing: Need Fulfillment and Self-Expansion as Predictors of Susceptibility to Infidelity"
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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The central motivation for including the ingroup in the self parallels the self-expansion model at the
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More recently, self-expansion research has begun to shift away from investigating self-expansion in a
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principle. The motivational principle refers to an individual's inherent desire to improve their
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Harris, Susan G (2011). "Self-expansion in Adults Aged 50 and Older: The Role of Volunteering".
3020:"Growing desire or growing apart? Consequences of personal self-expansion for romantic passion"
2716:"Growing desire or growing apart? Consequences of personal self-expansion for romantic passion"
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Aron, Arthur; Lewandowski, Gary; Branand, Brittany; Mashek, Debra; Aron, Elaine (2022-12-01).
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In a final experiment participants were required to make yes/no decisions on whether certain
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is the perceived total amount of self-expansion possible from a potential close relationship.
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Agnew, Christopher R; Van Lange, Paul AM; Rusbult, Caryl E; Langston, Christopher A (1998).
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Bandura, Albert (1977). "Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change".
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degree of overlap between the self and the particular ingroup. The scale has been well
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and a greater amount of potential resources is more likely to be included in the self.
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2162:"Self-expansion motivation improves cross-group interactions and enhances self-growth"
802:. Garth J. O. Fletcher, Julie Fitness. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 325–344.
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One of the underlying themes of self-expansion is that individuals have a very basic
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2826:"Manipulation of Self-Expansion Alters Responses to Attractive Alternative Partners"
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Turner, Rhiannon N.; Hewstone, Miles; Voci, Alberto; Vonofakou, Christiana (2008).
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Lewandowski, Gary (2002). "The Self-expansion scale: Construction and validation".
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The idea of including the other in the self has been extended to include an entire
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to the inclusion of the ingroup in the self. The authors found that the degree of
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to enhance an individual's potential efficacy. Motivational models often refer to
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Aron, Arthur; Lewandowski, Gary W.; Mashek, Debra; Aron, Elaine N. (2013-04-12).
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of IOS is broad as demonstrated by recent versions substituting target with "X."
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to explain the positive aspects of intergroup relations such as reduction of
454:. The sharing of resources was suggestive of including the self in the other.
2206:
Improving Intergroup Relations Building on the Legacy of Thomas F. Pettigrew
2160:
Dys-Steenbergen, Odilia; Wright, Stephen C.; Aron, Arthur (1 January 2016).
1946:
869:"A Theory of Metamotivation : the Biological Rooting of the Value-Life"
817:
799:
Knowledge structures in close relationships: A social psychological approach
712:
659:. The study suggests that the intergroup close relationship led to improved
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1102:
Knowledge Structure in Close Relationships: A Social Psychological Approach
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1024:
967:
845:
The Self-Expansion Model of Motivation and Cognition in Close Relationships
120:
2642:
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797:
783:
Love and the expansion of self: Understanding attraction and satisfaction
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451:
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low relationship satisfaction/stability and a higher susceptibility to
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457:
In a second experiment, participants were more likely to remember more
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2061:
935:
2930:"Pair-Bonding as Inclusion of Other in the Self: A Literature Review"
2243:
Fisher, Helen E.; Xu, Xiaomeng; Aron, Arthur; Brown, Lucy L. (2016).
2130:
2039:
Pettrigrew, T (1997). "Generalized intergroup effects on prejudice".
1799:
The Social Self: Cognitive, Interpersonal and Intergroup Perspectives
951:
387:
2673:
Aron, Arthur; Steele, Jodie L; Kashdan, Todd B; Perez, Max (2006).
1137:. Vol. 2. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. pp. 478–501.
75:
provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject
2089:
Social Psychology of Prejudice: Historical and Contemporary Issues
486:
2302:
Mattingly, Brent A.; Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr. (1 January 2013).
1870:"Ingroup Identification as the Inclusion of Ingroup in the Self"
1402:"Ingroup Identification as the Inclusion of Ingroup in the Self"
1135:
Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Interpersonal Processes
458:
432:
2643:"The acquaintance process as a prototype of human interaction."
1355:"An In-Group Becomes Part of the Self: Response Time Evidence"
1320:
Aronson, Elliot; Wilson, T. D; Akert, R. M.; Fehr, B. (2007).
219:
161:
114:
59:
18:
2649:, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, pp. 259–261,
2349:
Mattingly, Brent A.; Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr. (1 May 2014).
1678:
Gächter, Simon; Starmer, Chris; Tufano, Fabio (2015-06-12).
179:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2304:"The power of one: benefits of individual self-expansion"
1324:(3rd Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall.
1260:
Lewandowski, Gary W.; Ackerman, Robert A. (August 2006).
2883:
McNulty, Richard D.; Brineman, Jocelyn M. (2007-03-01).
2928:
Branand, Brittany; Mashek, Debra; Aron, Arthur (2019).
185:
80:
2091:. Lawrence, Kansas: Lewinian Press. pp. 119–146.
502:
IOS has also been assessed with the Continuous IOS, a
2824:
Tsapelas, Irene; Beckes, Lane; Aron, Arthur (2020).
1753:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp.
936:"Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence"
566:
Measurement of inclusion of the ingroup in the self
2987:Mattingly, Brent A.; Lewandowski, Gary W. (2014).
2769:Lewandowski, Gary W.; Ackerman, Robert A. (2006).
1961:
1868:Tropp, Linda R.; Wright, Stephen C. (1 May 2001).
681:Barriers to self-expansion at the intergroup level
2913:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1104:. Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum. pp. 325–344.
2510:Carswell, Kathleen L.; Impett, Emily A. (2021).
1923:The Social Psychology of Inclusion and Exclusion
1801:. New York: Psychology Press. pp. 342–363.
1400:Tropp, Linda R.; Wright, Stephen C. (May 2001).
1048:"Motivational and Emotional Aspects of the Self"
1797:. In Forgas, Joseph; Williams, Kipling (eds.).
989:Bartels, Andreas; Zeki, Semir (November 2000).
725:Initial Attraction and Relationship Maintenance
532:at a group level. Participants showed a slower
1793:Wright, S. C.; Aron, A.; Tropp, L. R. (2002).
760:Implications of Non-Relational Self-Expansion
738:Reducing Boredom and Increasing Sexual Desire
632:contact should be used where the focus is on
491:Adapted inclusion of other in the self scale.
8:
3024:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2720:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2600:Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
2355:Social Psychological and Personality Science
2119:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1634:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1592:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1530:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1243:Society of Personality and Social Psychology
1221:Representative Research in Social Psychology
848:. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–115.
483:Measuring inclusion of the other in the self
16:Psychological theory proposed by Arthur Aron
1353:Smith, Eliot R.; Henry, Susan (June 1996).
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2166:Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
2041:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1874:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1824:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1406:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1359:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
2993:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
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2516:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
2398:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
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1006:
328:Learn how and when to remove this message
310:Learn how and when to remove this message
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
747:Infidelity and Attention to Alternatives
655:policies and less likely to demonstrate
145:of all important aspects of the article.
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1927:. New York: Psychology Press. pp.
854:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398694.013.0005
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1064:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085658
796:Aron, Arthur; Aron, Elaine N. (1996).
246:Please improve this article by adding
141:Please consider expanding the lead to
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85:providing more context for the reader
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2885:"Infidelity in Dating Relationships"
1487:European Review of Social Psychology
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1093:
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515:Inclusion of the ingroup in the self
427:Inclusion-of-other-in-self principle
2434:Basic and Applied Social Psychology
991:"The neural basis of romantic love"
781:Aron, Arthur; Aron, Elaine (1986).
698:Self-expansion beyond relationships
418:Measuring self-expansion motivation
2308:The Journal of Positive Psychology
2210:. Oxford: Blackwell Pub. pp.
1968:. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
1749:Handbook of Closeness and Intimacy
14:
921:ProQuest Dissertations Publishing
34:This article has multiple issues.
2775:The Journal of Social Psychology
2692:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00125.x
1960:Allport, Gordon Willard (1954).
1266:The Journal of Social Psychology
1008:10.1097/00001756-200011270-00046
873:Journal of Humanistic Psychology
224:
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119:
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1452:Journal of Community Psychology
133:may be too short to adequately
42:or discuss these issues on the
2901:10.1080/10532528.2007.10559848
523:in the self. An ingroup is an
143:provide an accessible overview
1:
2889:Annual Review of Sex Research
2641:Newcomb, Theodore M. (1961),
2018:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
1997:Pettigrew, Thomas F. (1998).
1046:Leary, Mark R. (2007-01-01).
867:Maslow, A.H. (October 1967).
248:secondary or tertiary sources
2446:10.1080/01973533.2013.856788
2320:10.1080/17439760.2012.746999
1705:10.1371/journal.pone.0129478
591:). However, there is sparse
2006:Annual Review of Psychology
1999:"Intergroup Contact Theory"
1052:Annual Review of Psychology
720:Interpersonal relationships
3100:
2787:10.3200/SOCP.146.4.389-403
1646:10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.939
1604:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596
1569:10.1521/soco.1999.17.2.140
1542:10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.241
1278:10.3200/socp.146.4.389-403
1190:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
1143:10.1002/9780470998557.ch19
885:10.1177/002216786700700201
359:inclusion-of-other-in-self
2647:The acquaintance process.
2612:10.1177/02654075221110630
1499:10.1080/10463280440000008
934:White, Robert W. (1959).
2947:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02399
2843:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00938
2367:10.1177/1948550613503886
2262:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00687
2179:10.1177/1368430215583517
2053:10.1177/0146167297232006
1886:10.1177/0146167201275007
1836:10.1177/0146167296226008
1418:10.1177/0146167201275007
1371:10.1177/0146167296226008
732:interpersonal attraction
2934:Frontiers in Psychology
2830:Frontiers in Psychology
2249:Frontiers in Psychology
1964:The Nature of Prejudice
378:to self-expand. Unlike
3084:Psychological concepts
2903:(inactive 2024-09-18).
2679:Personal Relationships
2477:Personal Relationships
492:
386:Self-expansion is the
370:Motivational principle
355:motivational principle
259:"Self-expansion model"
235:relies excessively on
188:by rewriting it in an
668:Self-expansion motive
579:Inter-group relations
490:
1168:Psychological Review
940:Psychological Review
342:self-expansion model
3079:Behavioral concepts
3036:10.1037/pspi0000357
2732:10.1037/pspi0000357
1696:2015PLoSO..1029478G
634:personal identities
622:causal explanations
409:The second factor,
81:improve the article
3005:10.1111/spc3.12080
2528:10.1111/spc3.12629
2489:10.1111/pere.12025
2410:10.1111/spc3.12080
1464:10.1002/jcop.20146
657:intergroup anxiety
648:Empirical evidence
493:
380:Maslow's hierarchy
190:encyclopedic style
177:is written like a
2655:10.1037/13156-015
2606:(12): 3821–3852.
2221:978-1-4443-0311-7
1808:978-1-317-76276-8
1764:978-0-8058-4285-2
1331:978-0-13-228410-3
1322:Social Psychology
1152:978-0-470-99855-7
1111:978-0-8058-1432-3
1001:(17): 3829–3834.
638:group identities.
504:Java-based applet
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2515:
2505:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2440:(1): 59–69.
2437:
2433:
2426:
2404:(1): 30–40.
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2314:(1): 12–22.
2311:
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2196:
2172:(1): 60–71.
2169:
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2012:(1): 65–85.
2009:
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675:self-concept
671:
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618:
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569:
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518:
509:adaptability
501:
497:Venn diagram
494:
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404:Desirability
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198:January 2023
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130:lead section
99:
90:
79:Please help
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2047:: 173–185.
995:NeuroReport
636:instead of
585:intolerance
411:probability
351:Elaine Aron
347:Arthur Aron
3073:Categories
2660:2023-04-24
2062:11655/5040
769:References
754:infidelity
708:individual
692:motivation
626:hypothesis
601:hypothesis
448:experiment
270:newspapers
237:references
39:improve it
3060:231703789
3044:1939-1315
2956:1664-1078
2852:1664-1078
2795:0022-4545
2756:231703789
2740:1939-1315
2701:1350-4126
2628:250939089
2620:0265-4075
2544:237776827
2536:1751-9004
2497:1475-6811
2462:143524976
2454:0197-3533
2418:1751-9004
2383:144515258
2375:1948-5506
2336:145765860
2328:1743-9760
2271:1664-1078
2230:839361889
2188:1368-4302
2139:1939-1315
2097:135635378
2071:146540310
1984:601412540
1902:145195671
1894:0146-1672
1852:143437501
1844:0146-1672
1773:860544282
1714:1932-6203
1654:1939-1315
1612:0022-3514
1577:0278-016X
1515:144072216
1507:1046-3283
1472:1520-6629
1434:145195671
1426:0146-1672
1387:143437501
1379:0146-1672
1340:911743379
1286:0022-4545
1198:1939-1471
1176:CiteSeerX
1120:477410911
1072:0066-4308
1017:0959-4965
960:0033-295X
901:145703009
893:0022-1678
713:workplace
661:attitudes
597:prejudice
573:validated
543:analogous
477:confusion
470:stranger.
151:June 2021
135:summarize
45:talk page
3052:33492154
2974:31708838
2940:: 2399.
2870:32528365
2811:34225052
2803:16894700
2748:33492154
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1947:55067600
1732:26068873
1684:PLOS ONE
1662:21134927
1302:34225052
1294:16894700
1080:16953794
1025:11117499
976:37385966
968:13844397
818:32859244
609:emotions
593:evidence
530:paradigm
452:stranger
357:and the
2965:6821680
2861:7264388
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1723:4466912
1692:Bibcode
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521:ingroup
462:person.
446:In one
284:scholar
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652:Latina
467:traits
388:desire
376:motive
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2807:S2CID
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