623:
680:
after his resurrection with gifts that overawe the man. Yet not only does the shamanic narrative insert a new character, Maeil, as
Jangsang's spouse, the emperor and thus the audience directly witness the good works that the couple do. Rather than being awed by Taizong's gifts, the couple regret that they have not helped as many people as they could, and Bak's version concludes with them mentoring the emperor in the doing of good works. In Jo's version, Maeil and Jangsam are outright the dominant figures of the narrative, with Taizong himself appearing only in the middle of their story. Her version concludes with the couple building a bridge to teach the entire world to do charity, not just the emperor as in the older account. The greater prominence of Jangsang, the exemplary charitable figure of the narrative, enhances the shamanic narrative's religious purpose.
31:
724:, the more conventional designation of the chief death god in Jeju shamanism, Shin speculates that the King of the Dead is Daebyeol-wang himself and that Taizong stands for the injustice and suffering of the human world previously personified by Sobyeol-wang. This notion is further supported by the narrative's characterization of the King of the Dead, which aligns with the benevolent personality of Daebyeol-wang better than the cold-heartedness characteristic of Yama:
660:, in which Emperor Taizong dies but is granted twenty more years of life by the gods of the afterlife. Indeed, the overall narrative of the Bak Bong-chun version is effectively identical to that of the novel. The fact that Jo's 1960s version diverges much more from the Buddhist original than Bak's 1930s version may reflect diachronic changes as the narrative increasingly shed its Buddhist origins before ultimately being lost.
523:
forced to borrow money from the vaults of a couple named Maeil and
Jangsang, whose afterlife vaults are full of riches. Once he has compensated his victims, the King of the Dead orders him to do good works while alive, and tells the emperor to follow a straight road while ignoring the advice of a spotted calf and a white puppy. Having done so, he falls into a pond by which he returns to the world of the living.
490:
454:. The 1931 version is much closer to the Buddhist source than the 1961 version, but both diverge somewhat from the original novel—such as by emphasizing the role of Taizong as more of a human individual than as an emperor—in order to better fit the new shamanic context. The narrative also shows influence from other shamanic narratives and from folktales.
668:
political position and instead simply posits him as an individual who comes to repent sin and embrace righteousness. In the original, the emperor is harassed by the spirits of soldiers who had died in his wasteful military campaigns; in the shamanic myth, he is threatened by the spirits of people whose property he had unjustly taken. The
Buddhist
519:), is a cruel tyrant who persecutes Buddhism and torments his subjects. When he dies and is taken to the world of the dead, the dead who suffered under the emperor's rule appeal to the King of the Dead to avenge their torment at his hands. The King orders Taizong brought forth and tells him to make compensations.
754:
money from the afterlife vaults of the virtuous
Deokjin to compensate those he made suffer. The resurrected magistrate visits the latter to repay his debts, but he refuses to accept the money. The magistrate instead builds a bridge with the money and names it after Deokjin. The bridge also appears in the
663:
In both versions, the shamanic narrative has excised large parts of the original novel that were irrelevant to its religious purpose of exhorting charity. The
Buddhist story begins with a detailed series of intrigues between men and gods which culminate in the emperor's untimely death at the hands of
606:
The narrative has not been attested in any fieldwork of Jeju shamanism since 1961 and is not recited today, although a disciple of Jo Sul-saeng was aware of its existence when interviewed in 2002. As traditional Jeju religion has been in decline since the 1960s, relatively unimportant narratives such
572:
Jo Sul-saeng (1906–1997)'s version was recited in 1961 and published by the Korean ethnographer Jin Seong-gi in 1991. It is extremely short compared to Bak's, and lacks narrative coherence. As Jo was then only a novice shaman, there is scholarly doubt as to the quality of the narratives she recited.
526:
Having been resurrected, Taizong orders his ministers to find Maeil and
Jangsang, who make shoes and run a tavern for a living. The emperor disguises as a beggar to visit them. First, he buys three cups of liquor. He realizes that the prices they offer are half those of other taverns. Second, he goes
667:
The character of
Taizong was revised to suit the new context. The novel highlights the fact that Taizong is the emperor of China, and that even a man as powerful as he comes to accept the importance of charity and patronize Buddhism. Yet the shamanic narrative consistently deemphasizes the emperor's
602:
was recited at this part, as a rite in which the deceased soul repents its sins in this world—much as the emperor does in the myth—before exiting it. The central purposes of the narrative were to remind the worshippers that good works and charity are religiously important and will be rewarded in due
522:
In order to repay the people he took unjustly from, Taizong checks his vault in the afterlife. There is nothing but a bundle of straw inside: the same bundle that he gave to an old man in his youth. That bundle was the only thing that the emperor has willingly given to others while alive. Taizong is
728:
And so, when the King of Death thought upon the myriad things and were astounded by them... He called forth
Emperor Semin and spoke in a sad-sounding voice, "You nasty rascal... The virtue of living humans is to feed the hungry and to clothe the naked, and to give to the poor. You must thus do good
597:
was formerly recited in the
Chaseyeong-maji, a component ritual of the Siwang-maji, the funeral ceremony of Jeju shamanism. The Chasayeong-maji consists of the shaman ritually paving a road for the gods of death to arrive, and reenacting the journey of the soul to the afterlife on this road. At the
563:
Taizong calls forth Maeil and
Jangsang and praises them, speaking of his experiences in the afterlife. He offers them great fortunes to pay back the money he borrowed from their afterlife vaults, but they refuse, instead regretting that they have not helped as many people as they could. The emperor
426:
dies and is obliged to compensate those he had taken unjustly from while alive. However, his afterlife vaults are virtually empty, as he has given so little to charity while alive. The emperor pays off his victims by borrowing from the rich afterlife vaults of a couple named Maeil and Jangsang, and
689:
shamanic narrative, in which they are a boy and a girl reading books who guide the girl Oneul on her way to her divine parents. At the end of the myth, Oneul's parents arrange a marriage between the two, promising them "ten thousand years of splendor." The presence of Maeil as Jangsang's spouse in
679:
Perhaps the most significant change in the shamanic adaptation—connected to the deemphasis of the emperor—is the greatly expanded role of Jangsang. In the original text, Jangsang is merely portrayed as a man with a rich afterlife vault who Taizong borrows from, and who the emperor lavishly rewards
580:
The greedy Emperor Taizong dies and goes to the afterlife, only to find that all there is for him is a single bundle of straw that he had given while alive to a woman with a newborn. The emperor borrows money from Maeil and Jangsam's vaults to repay the people he stole from before he is allowed to
753:
The final episode in Jo's version—that of the Deokjin Bridge—does not exist in the Buddhist original but is found in Yeongam itself in the form of a well-known folktale without religious significance. In this story, the county magistrate of Yeongam dies and can only return to life after borrowing
576:
Maeil is a man from heaven and Jangsam is an earthly woman. When there is a famine in heaven, the two decide to make a living on earth. They do hired work on sunny days but refuse to take all of their wages, and make shoes on rainy days but sell at low prices. When they die, they find that their
749:
makes an appearance in the guise of Bbareun-gaebi. But whereas Hoin journeys to India in the original, as was historically the case, the shamanic narrative involves him ascending into the world of the gods. According to Shin, the Buddhist law represents the clear and just law of Daebyeol-wang's
2016:
474:
exists in multiple versions. Researchers have transcribed two of them, one recited in 1931 and the other in 1961. As oral transmission of the myth has ended, no discoveries of other versions can be expected through further fieldwork. It is accordingly classified as one of the "special
435:, and takes Maeil and Jangsang as his mentors. The much shorter and rather disorganized 1961 version begins with a discussion of Maeil and Jangsang's charity and ends with the two building a bridge to the afterlife, with Taizong only appearing in the middle of the story.
2002:
427:
is then allowed to return to the living world. The resurrected emperor disguises himself as a beggar and observes Maeil and Jangsang's good works firsthand. He resolves to live a moral life, sends a monk to retrieve the
715:
concludes with the benevolent brother Daebyeol-wang becoming the king of the dead and establishing justice there, while the younger, malevolent Sobyeol-wang takes charge of the living. Noting that the god of the
603:
time, and also to demonstrate the efficacy of shamanic ritual, here construed as a form of charity, in helping the deceased be forgiven of their sins. It is accordingly characterized as a highly moralistic myth.
664:
the Dragon King. There is no moral judgement made about Taizong's death. These sections were removed entirely in the moralistic shamanic narrative. Instead, the emperor dies after tormenting his fellow humans.
581:
return to the living world. The emperor is resurrected after four days and repays his debts by holding a ritual for the souls of the couple. Later, Maeil and Jangsam build a bridge called the Deokjin Bridge in
481:," a term used to refer to narratives which are no longer in oral transmission and are known only from very few transcriptions, and whose ritual context and purpose are thus incompletely understood.
548:. On the way, Hoin saves a man named Bbareun-gaebi, who has been trapped under a cliff for a thousand years. Bbareun-gaebi carries the monk on his back and jumps into the underwater realm of the
564:
insists, saying that it is the order of the King of the Dead that they accept payment. Afterwards, the emperor consults with Maeil and Jangsang on every affair and does good works for humanity.
622:
1361:"져승왕이 만사를 생각하야, 탄복하고 있을 때... 져승왕이 세민황뎨를 불러다가 슬푼 듯이 하는 말이, '너 이 고약한 놈아... 배곱흔 사람 밥주고, 옷 업는 사람에게 옷 주고 가난한 사람에게 돈주고 하는 것이 활인지덕이. 직 만인적선을 하야 하는 것이다. 어서 속히 이승으로 나가서 만인적선하고 도라오너라.'"
2009:
761:
of Jeju Island as a bridge that people cross on their way from the mainland to Jeju. The narrative's direct reference to Yeongam suggests influence from the folktale.
378:
1844:
813:, who plays the same role of unwittingly lending Taizong money from his afterlife vaults in order to allow the emperor to compensate the dead he caused to suffer.
531:, but they give him the money for free. The emperor realizes that their vaults in the afterlife are so rich because they give to others so willingly in life.
1818:
1739:
654:), a Korean-language Buddhist novel of unclear date which was itself inspired by the tenth to twelfth chapters of the sixteenth-century Chinese novel
30:
585:
in mainland Korea. They receive charity from everyone crossing the bridge and use these donations to create a bridge to the world of the dead.
497:
Bak Bong-chun (1901–1957)'s version was recited in 1931 and published in 1937 by the Japanese ethnographers Chijō Akamatsu and Takashi Akiba.
1432:
1547:
733:
Bak's version includes Hoin's quest for the Buddhist canon found in the original source, which is itself an abbreviated account of
2569:
750:
realm, explaining why the monk's destination had to be revised to a divine location rather than the physical country of India.
534:
The repentant emperor assembles his court and asks them how one can do good works. The chancellor suggests that he go find the
1793:
1732:
364:
93:
1994:
1527:
1437:
371:
1849:
810:
2252:
261:
729:
works for all humanity... Now go swiftly out to the living world, do good works for all humanity, and then return."
405:
during the funeral ceremonies. As it is no longer transmitted by the oral tradition, it is classified as one of the
2067:
1762:
170:
2564:
2559:
2030:
1725:
527:
to their shoe shop to buy a pair, and they give him another pair for free. Finally, he asks them to lend him ten
463:
398:
136:
2168:
685:
328:
2359:
2135:
193:
1839:
1823:
1803:
755:
2242:
342:
2099:
1808:
1798:
1788:
639:
444:
598:
end of the Chasayeong-maji, the shaman opens the twelve doors of the afterlife for the soul to pass. The
107:
2349:
1854:
707:
349:
305:
2282:
2034:
291:
2483:
2297:
2261:
2144:
1948:
268:
200:
2380:
2334:
2311:
448:, a Korean Buddhist novel itself inspired by a small portion of the sixteenth-century Chinese novel
2366:
2341:
2318:
2053:
1651:
1488:
656:
450:
2304:
2186:
2120:
2113:
2492:
2290:
2225:
2163:
2106:
2085:
1963:
1813:
2218:
2127:
2092:
2373:
2060:
2433:
2413:
2394:
1678:
1631:
1588:
1543:
1507:
669:
2453:
2387:
2326:
2210:
2178:
1892:
1748:
1709:
1608:
298:
234:
220:
143:
1565:
705:
Folklorist Shin Dong-hun suggests that Bak's version may be understood in the light of the
2423:
1953:
738:
721:
501:
467:
423:
420:
2233:
2201:
2153:
1887:
1882:
254:
227:
184:
536:
2553:
1983:
1864:
673:
2026:
1767:
1706:
The aspects and significance of shamanic narratives' adaptation of classical novels
557:
153:
1424:
783:
of her husband when he immigrated to Japan, and was not a shaman from a young age.
2041:
694:
reflects influence from this preexisting myth, while the name "Jangsang" in the
549:
402:
140:
2193:
1968:
1859:
746:
513:
1682:
1635:
1592:
1511:
2537:
The Chogong-maji and the Igong-maji are nowadays often fused into one ritual
1933:
1928:
1923:
541:
528:
432:
428:
1973:
1918:
1874:
734:
477:
406:
132:
676:, but the shamanic King of the Dead berates him for his greed and sins.
489:
2474:
2076:
1978:
582:
2525:
Repeated every day for the two weeks during which the rituals are held
792:
The Siwang-maji is itself the sixteenth component ritual of the Great
577:
vaults in the afterlife are full of the money that they did not take.
98:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
2443:
1958:
1943:
1938:
1913:
1783:
779:
46:
1717:
621:
552:. The two board a ship from there to Sukhavati. Hoin receives the
488:
62:
540:
or Buddhist canon. The emperor orders a monk named Hoin to go to
1669:
of Jeju Island: Focusing on the Maeil and Jangsang couple].
419:
are known. In the older version recited in 1931, the tyrannical
416:
1998:
1721:
1260:
1258:
2516:
Held several hours before the formal beginning of the rituals
970:
968:
943:
941:
939:
1125:
1123:
895:
893:
891:
839:
837:
835:
112:
1038:
1036:
1034:
985:
983:
720:
is referred to as the "King of the Dead" rather than as
926:
924:
922:
920:
796:, the largest sequence of ceremonies in Jeju shamanism.
854:
852:
1699:
Seosa muga-ui gojeon soseol suyong yangsang-gwa uimi
1656:
yeon'gu: Maeil-gwa Jangsang bubu-reul jungsim-euro"
649:
2465:
2404:
1906:
1873:
1832:
1776:
1755:
106:
92:
61:
45:
40:
35:
First page of the transcription of the 1931 version
2505:† denotes narratives no longer recited by shamans.
2533:
2531:
1845:Brother and sister who became the Sun and Moon
151:Presented in order of recitation in the Great
2010:
1733:
698:may be a product of later influence from the
672:treat the emperor with great courtesy as the
372:
8:
1658:제주도 특수본풀이 <세민황제본풀이> 연구—매일과 장상 부부를 중심으로
644:
68:
52:
1622:as an extension of the creation myth].
1489:"Jeju-do teuksu bon-puri-e daehan yeon'gu"
683:Both Jangsang and Maeil also appear in the
2017:
2003:
1995:
1740:
1726:
1718:
504:, referred to throughout the narrative as
379:
365:
121:
29:
1469:
1457:
1410:
1337:
1325:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1153:
1114:
1090:
1025:
1013:
1001:
974:
947:
899:
882:
843:
16:Korean shamanic narrative of Jeju Island
2509:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1349:
1141:
1129:
1102:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1042:
989:
959:
870:
858:
831:
805:Jangsang himself is an adaptation of a
770:
129:
1249:
1237:
1165:
930:
911:
633:There is scholarly consensus that the
20:
1609:"Changse sinhwa-ui yeonjang-euro bon
1542:]. Jeju-hak Chongseo. Minsogwon.
560:and gives the scriptures to Taizong.
508:"Emperor Semin" after his given name
7:
611:may have been abandoned by shamans.
500:The seventh-century Chinese emperor
2437:(bamboo pole for the gods' descent)
1537:A Primer to Understanding the Jeju
1433:Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture
626:Mid-twentieth-century copy of the
14:
2466:Priests and worshippers involved
637:is a shamanic adaptation of the
442:is a shamanic adaptation of the
248:Narratives of the funeral ritual
1615:창세신화의 연장으로 본 <세민황제본풀이> 연구
1794:Creation myth of Geumgwan Gaya
711:, the Jeju creation myth. The
69:
53:
1:
1526:강정식 (Kang Jeong-sik) (2015).
1487:강권용 (Gang Gwon-yong) (2003).
1438:National Folk Museum of Korea
401:formerly recited in southern
1607:신동훈 (Shin Dong-hun) (2015).
1192:, pp. 157–160, 179–180.
2447:(symbols of shamanic power)
2427:(paper figures of the gods)
650:
113:
99:
2586:
1763:Korean creation narratives
1697:정제호 (Jeong Je-ho) (2014).
1650:정제호 (Jeong Je-ho) (2014).
1494:[Study on the special
1430:[Deokjin Bridge].
741:that makes up most of the
464:Korean shamanic narratives
2503:
2136:Samseung-halmang bon-puri
2048:
1850:King Gyeongmun's ear tale
1799:Creation myth of Goguyreo
1784:Creation myth of Gojoseon
1777:Creation of the countries
1652:"Jeju-do teuksu bon-puri
1564:김유진 (Kim Yu-jin) (1991).
645:
431:from the divine realm of
399:Korean shamanic narrative
28:
23:
1701:
1657:
1614:
1571:
1531:
1529:Jeju Gut Ihae-ui Giljabi
1490:
1426:
2570:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1824:Creation myth of Joseon
1819:Creation myth of Goryeo
1804:Creation myth of Baekje
745:. Even the monkey king
567:
493:Emperor Taizong of Tang
485:Bak Bong-chun's version
484:
187:, goddess of childbirth
114:Semin-hwangje pon-p'uri
2271:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
2169:Woncheon'gang bon-puri
1898:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
1809:Creation myth of Silla
1789:Creation myth of Buyeo
1663:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
1654:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
1620:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
1611:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
1581:Cheongnam Eomun Gyoyuk
731:
718:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
696:Woncheon'gang bon-puri
692:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
686:Woncheon'gang bon-puri
635:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
630:
609:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
600:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
595:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
568:Jo Sul-saeng's version
494:
472:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
440:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
394:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
100:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
24:Semin-hwangje bon-puri
2417:(altars for the gods)
2405:Material culture used
2360:Yeongge-dollyeo-se'um
2243:Heogung-aegi bon-puri
2069:Cheonji-wang bon-puri
1855:Yeonorang and Seonyeo
1756:Creation of the world
1498:of Jeju Island].
726:
713:Cheonji-wang bon-puri
708:Cheonji-wang bon-puri
625:
492:
164:Creation of the world
1702:서사무가의 고전소설 수용 양상과 의미
1661:[A study on the
1577:Tale of Tang Taizong
1315:, pp. 255, 268.
700:Tale of Tang Taizong
640:Tale of Tang Taizong
628:Tale of Tang Taizong
618:and other literature
616:Tale of Tang Taizong
470:more generally, the
445:Tale of Tang Taizong
415:Two versions of the
94:Revised Romanization
2031:shamanic narratives
1624:Gubi Munhak Yeon'gu
1352:, pp. 157–160.
1303:, pp. 264–265.
1291:, pp. 177–178.
1279:, pp. 175–177.
1267:, pp. 257–259.
1252:, pp. 134–135.
1117:, pp. 173–174.
1069:, pp. 213–217.
1004:, pp. 259–260.
807:Journey to the West
743:Journey to the West
657:Journey to the West
451:Journey to the West
125:Part of a series on
2350:Chilseong bon-puri
1964:Seolmundae Halmang
1814:Samseong mythology
1575:[Study on the
1328:, pp. 260–261
631:
495:
2547:
2546:
2283:Segyeong bon-puri
1992:
1991:
1568:Dang Taejong Jeon
1500:Minsokhak Yeon'gu
885:, pp. 73–74.
777:Jo inherited the
737:'s voyage to the
670:Ten Kings of Hell
651:Dang Taejong Jeon
462:As is typical of
389:
388:
120:
119:
108:McCune–Reischauer
2577:
2565:Korean shamanism
2560:Korean mythology
2538:
2535:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2458:
2448:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2327:Munjeon bon-puri
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2275:
2265:
2256:
2253:Menggam bon-puri
2247:
2237:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2211:Samgong bon-puri
2205:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2179:Chogong bon-puri
2173:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2100:Chumul-gong'yeon
2095:
2088:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1907:Mythical figures
1893:Munjeon bon-puri
1749:Korean mythology
1742:
1735:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1710:Korea University
1693:
1691:
1689:
1671:Han'guk Musokhak
1646:
1644:
1642:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1491:제주도 특수본풀이에 대한 연구
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
978:
972:
963:
957:
951:
945:
934:
928:
915:
909:
903:
897:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
847:
841:
814:
809:character named
803:
797:
790:
784:
775:
653:
648:
647:
544:to retrieve the
381:
374:
367:
194:Samseung-halmang
157:
122:
116:
102:
87:
86:
56:
55:
33:
21:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2268:
2262:Jijang bon-puri
2259:
2250:
2240:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2162:
2151:
2145:Manura bon-puri
2142:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:Gongseon-gaseon
2075:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2023:
1993:
1988:
1954:Samsin Halmeoni
1902:
1869:
1828:
1772:
1751:
1746:
1716:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1659:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1616:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1573:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1533:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1428:
1425:"Deokjin dari"
1422:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
981:
973:
966:
958:
954:
946:
937:
929:
918:
910:
906:
898:
889:
881:
877:
869:
865:
857:
850:
842:
833:
828:
823:
818:
817:
804:
800:
791:
787:
776:
772:
767:
756:village-shrine
739:Western Regions
620:
591:
570:
502:Taizong of Tang
487:
468:oral literature
460:
424:Taizong of Tang
421:Chinese emperor
385:
356:
355:
323:
312:
311:
286:
275:
274:
249:
241:
240:
215:
214:The Three Lords
207:
206:
188:
177:
176:
165:
150:
88:
57:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2457:(sacred drums)
2449:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2338:
2335:Bonhyang-dawri
2331:
2322:
2315:
2312:Yanggung-sugim
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2238:
2234:Chasa bon-puri
2222:
2215:
2206:
2202:Igong bon-puri
2197:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2154:Igong bon-puri
2149:
2140:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:Igong bon-puri
1885:
1883:Gunung Bonpuri
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1694:
1647:
1604:
1561:
1548:
1523:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:, p. 169.
1470:Jeong J. 2014b
1462:
1460:, p. 168.
1458:Jeong J. 2014b
1450:
1415:
1413:, p. 167.
1411:Jeong J. 2014b
1403:
1401:, p. 166.
1391:
1389:, p. 165.
1379:
1377:, p. 164.
1367:
1354:
1342:
1340:, p. 262.
1338:Jeong J. 2014a
1330:
1326:Jeong J. 2014a
1317:
1313:Jeong J. 2014a
1305:
1301:Jeong J. 2014a
1293:
1289:Jeong J. 2014b
1281:
1277:Jeong J. 2014b
1269:
1265:Jeong J. 2014a
1254:
1242:
1240:, p. 155.
1230:
1228:, p. 173.
1226:Jeong J. 2014b
1218:
1216:, p. 174.
1214:Jeong J. 2014b
1206:
1204:, p. 172.
1202:Jeong J. 2014b
1194:
1190:Jeong J. 2014b
1182:
1180:, p. 182.
1178:Jeong J. 2014b
1170:
1168:, p. 137.
1158:
1156:, p. 249.
1154:Jeong J. 2014a
1146:
1134:
1132:, p. 148.
1119:
1115:Jeong J. 2014b
1107:
1095:
1093:, p. 250.
1091:Jeong J. 2014a
1083:
1081:, p. 215.
1071:
1059:
1057:, p. 181.
1047:
1030:
1026:Jeong J. 2014b
1018:
1016:, p. 256.
1014:Jeong J. 2014a
1006:
1002:Jeong J. 2014a
994:
979:
975:Jeong J. 2014b
964:
962:, p. 163.
952:
950:, p. 251.
948:Jeong J. 2014a
935:
933:, p. 150.
916:
914:, p. 149.
904:
900:Jeong J. 2014b
887:
883:Jeong J. 2014b
875:
863:
848:
844:Jeong J. 2014b
830:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
816:
815:
798:
785:
769:
768:
766:
763:
619:
613:
590:
589:Ritual context
587:
569:
566:
486:
483:
459:
456:
429:Buddhist canon
387:
386:
384:
383:
376:
369:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
346:
339:
332:
324:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
302:
295:
287:
282:Other general
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
265:
258:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
231:
224:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
197:
189:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
147:
146:
127:
126:
118:
117:
110:
104:
103:
96:
90:
89:
67:
65:
59:
58:
51:
49:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2582:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:Gunung-manpan
2364:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:Gakdo-binyeom
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2319:Segyeong-nori
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:Samseok-ullim
2051:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1985:
1984:Korean dragon
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1865:Samseonghyeol
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1711:
1708:] (PhD).
1707:
1700:
1695:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1551:
1549:9788928508150
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1365:, p. 159
1364:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:, p. 28.
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:, p. 25.
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1045:, p. 20.
1044:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:, p. 76.
1027:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
992:, p. 13.
991:
986:
984:
980:
977:, p. 75.
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
953:
949:
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
923:
921:
917:
913:
908:
905:
902:, p. 74.
901:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
879:
876:
873:, p. 12.
872:
867:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
846:, p. 73.
845:
840:
838:
836:
832:
825:
820:
812:
808:
802:
799:
795:
789:
786:
782:
781:
774:
771:
764:
762:
760:
759:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
730:
725:
723:
719:
714:
710:
709:
703:
701:
697:
693:
688:
687:
681:
677:
675:
674:Son of Heaven
671:
665:
661:
659:
658:
652:
642:
641:
636:
629:
624:
617:
614:
612:
610:
604:
601:
596:
588:
586:
584:
578:
574:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:
532:
530:
524:
520:
518:
515:
511:
507:
506:Semin-hwangje
503:
498:
491:
482:
480:
479:
473:
469:
465:
457:
455:
453:
452:
447:
446:
441:
436:
434:
430:
425:
422:
418:
413:
411:
410:
404:
400:
396:
395:
382:
377:
375:
370:
368:
363:
362:
360:
359:
352:
351:
347:
345:
344:
340:
338:
337:
336:Semin-hwangje
333:
331:
330:
329:Woncheon'gang
326:
325:
322:
316:
315:
308:
307:
303:
301:
300:
296:
294:
293:
289:
288:
285:
279:
278:
271:
270:
266:
264:
263:
259:
257:
256:
252:
251:
245:
244:
237:
236:
232:
230:
229:
225:
223:
222:
218:
217:
211:
210:
203:
202:
198:
196:
195:
191:
190:
186:
181:
180:
173:
172:
168:
167:
161:
160:
156:
155:
149:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
134:
128:
124:
123:
115:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
95:
91:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
66:
64:
60:
50:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2521:
2512:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2348:
2325:
2305:Samgong-maji
2281:
2270:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2241:
2232:
2209:
2200:
2187:Chogong-maji
2177:
2167:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2114:Bose-gamsang
2068:
2036:
1897:
1705:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:, a special
1662:
1653:
1639:. Retrieved
1627:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1596:. Retrieved
1584:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1553:. Retrieved
1540:
1536:
1528:
1515:. Retrieved
1503:
1499:
1495:
1465:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1431:
1418:
1406:
1399:Shin D. 2015
1394:
1387:Shin D. 2015
1382:
1375:Shin D. 2015
1370:
1363:Shin D. 2015
1357:
1350:Shin D. 2015
1345:
1333:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1142:Gang G. 2003
1137:
1130:Shin D. 2015
1110:
1103:Gang G. 2003
1098:
1086:
1079:Kang J. 2015
1074:
1067:Kang J. 2015
1062:
1055:Kang J. 2015
1050:
1043:Gang G. 2003
1021:
1009:
997:
990:Gang G. 2003
960:Shin D. 2015
955:
907:
878:
871:Gang G. 2003
866:
861:, p. 7.
859:Gang G. 2003
806:
801:
793:
788:
778:
773:
757:
752:
742:
732:
727:
717:
712:
706:
704:
699:
695:
691:
684:
682:
678:
666:
662:
655:
638:
634:
632:
627:
615:
608:
605:
599:
594:
592:
579:
575:
571:
562:
558:Jade Emperor
553:
545:
535:
533:
525:
521:
516:
509:
505:
499:
496:
476:
471:
461:
449:
443:
439:
437:
414:
408:
393:
392:
390:
348:
343:Heogung-aegi
341:
335:
334:
327:
320:
304:
297:
290:
283:
267:
260:
253:
233:
226:
219:
199:
192:
171:Cheonji-wang
169:
152:
131:
18:
2298:Je'osanggye
2291:Yowang-maji
2226:Siwang-maji
2164:Irweol-maji
2107:Seok-sallim
2086:Chosin-maji
2042:Jeju Island
1677:: 247–270.
1630:: 145–176.
1532:제주굿 이해의 길잡이
1480:Works cited
1250:Kim Y. 1991
1238:Kim Y. 1991
1166:Kim Y. 1991
931:Kim Y. 1991
912:Kim Y. 1991
811:Xiang Liang
550:Dragon King
514:Sino-Korean
403:Jeju Island
141:Jeju Island
41:Korean name
2554:Categories
2219:Jetsanggye
2194:Igong-maji
2128:Buldo-maji
2093:Chosanggye
2025:Component
1969:Seonangsin
1860:Mangbuseok
1587:: 90–187.
821:References
747:Sun Wukong
529:cash coins
137:narratives
2374:Mawl-nori
2061:Chogam-je
1949:Bulgasari
1934:Inmyeonjo
1929:Gunungsin
1924:Egg ghost
1683:1738-1614
1636:2713-7775
1618:[The
1613:yeon'gu"
1593:1598-1967
1570:yeon'gu"
1512:1975-5740
826:Citations
646:당태종전/唐太宗傳
556:from the
554:Tripiṭaka
546:Tripiṭaka
542:Sukhavati
537:Tripiṭaka
458:Narrative
433:Sukhavati
350:Samdugumi
306:Chilseong
144:shamanism
2434:Keun-dae
2414:Dangkeul
2395:Dwi-maji
2121:Gwanse'u
1974:Sosamsin
1919:Dokkaebi
1875:Bon-puri
1688:July 20,
1667:bon-puri
1641:July 20,
1598:July 20,
1572:「당태종전」연구
1555:July 11,
1506:: 5–36.
1496:bon-puri
1443:July 20,
758:bon-puri
735:Xuanzang
643:(Korean
478:bon-puri
409:bon-puri
407:special
321:bon-puri
319:Special
292:Segyeong
284:bon-puri
185:Samseung
133:bon-puri
130:General
2493:Dan'gol
2475:Simbang
2454:Yeonmul
2033:of the
2027:rituals
1979:Ungnyeo
1579:].
1517:July 1,
1423:김, 월덕.
1324:"만년영화"
607:as the
583:Yeongam
299:Munjeon
262:Menggam
235:Samgong
221:Chogong
54:세민황제본풀이
2444:Mengdu
2388:Gasuri
2035:Great
1959:Sansin
1944:Munsin
1939:Kumiho
1914:Bulgae
1681:
1634:
1591:
1546:
1510:
780:mengdu
510:Shimin
269:Jijang
201:Manura
47:Hangul
2381:Dojin
1840:Arang
1833:Tales
1704:[
1535:[
765:Notes
517:Semin
397:is a
255:Chasa
228:Igong
63:Hanja
2484:Somi
2424:Gime
2029:and
1768:Mago
1690:2020
1679:ISSN
1643:2020
1632:ISSN
1600:2020
1589:ISSN
1557:2020
1544:ISBN
1519:2020
1508:ISSN
1445:2020
1427:덕진다리
722:Yama
690:the
593:The
466:and
438:The
417:myth
391:The
2040:of
2037:Gut
1539:Gut
794:Gut
154:Gut
139:of
2556::
2530:^
2172:†)
1675:28
1673:.
1628:41
1626:.
1583:.
1504:12
1502:.
1436:.
1257:^
1122:^
1033:^
982:^
967:^
938:^
919:^
890:^
851:^
834:^
702:.
412:.
85:풀이
2274:†
2246:†
2166:(
2018:e
2011:t
2004:v
1741:e
1734:t
1727:v
1712:.
1692:.
1645:.
1602:.
1585:4
1566:"
1559:.
1521:.
1447:.
512:(
380:e
373:t
366:v
83:本
80:帝
77:皇
74:民
71:世
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