944:"The former presidents of the republic who held the presidency by direct popular vote shall be life members of the Senate; and the presidential candidate of the party that obtained second place in the corresponding popular vote shall be a member of the Senate for the term for which he was nominated."
181:
has the right to appoint 30 senators for services to the country in the sphere of state and public activity, 7 of whom can be appointed for life. In addition, former presidents (except for those who were impeached from office) become senators for life, but have the right to refuse this office. This
809:, Article 189 (subsection 1): "(1) Former presidents of the Republic who were democratically elected will be national senators for life, except for those who were impeached from office. (2) They will not count toward a quorum. They will have the right to speak, but not to vote."
960:. Article 51 ("National Assembly"), paragraph 4: "Whoever has been President of the Republic shall become a deputy for life as of right, in addition to the elected deputies, provided that he has not been convicted of any of the crimes referred to in paragraph 1 of Article 76."
794:"République démocratique du Congo, Constitution du 1er août 1964, Article 75 (paragraph 4): "En sus des sénateurs visés au 2e alinéa du présent article, font de droit, partie à vie du Sénat les anciens présidents de la République.""
247:, however, senators must retire upon reaching the age of 75. Though senators appointed before the amendment were grandfathered in by the legislation, there are no longer any lifetime senators present in the Canadian Senate.
832:, Article 82, section 5° (second paragraph): "Former Heads of State who honourably completed their terms or voluntarily resigned from office become members of the Senate by submitting a request to the Supreme Court."
780:, Article 104 (paragraph 6): "Les anciens Présidents de la République élus sont de droit sénateurs à vie." (Loosely translated, this means "Former Presidents of the Republic are senators by right for life.")
719:, be appointed for life as a safeguard against "amazing violence and turbulence of the democratic spirit." His views did not prevail, and the final U.S. Constitution specified six-year terms for senators.
139:"for outstanding patriotic merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field". There may be up to five appointed senators for life at the same time. Former presidents are
83:
95:
819:Закон РФ о поправке к Конституции РФ от 14.03.2020 N 1-ФКЗ "О совершенствовании регулирования отдельных вопросов организации и функционирования публичной власти". Ст. 1
729:, proposed establishing lifetime Senate appointments for former presidents and former vice presidents as part of a broad set of political proposals in his 2007 book,
679:(1960–1969) did not provide for a senate (the legislature, known as the National Assembly, was unicameral), it did grant lifetime membership in the legislature to ex-
70:
who are expected to retire at the age of 70) have lifetime tenure (although Lords can choose to resign or retire or can be expelled in cases of misconduct). Several
91:
378:
174:
696:
863:
716:
928:
759:
409:
957:
845:
712:
482:
in the 15th century AD, was composed of senators which served for life, the number of whom fluctuated from 100 to thousands of men.
281:("unremovable"). Introduced in 1875, the status was abolished for new senators in 1884, but maintained for those already in office.
818:
401:
87:
305:
282:
405:
578:
601:
453:
418:
325:
997:
833:
731:
449:
260:
510:). Most of these countries have since excised these provisions as they are increasingly seen as antidemocratic. The
1033:
582:
457:
244:
114:
970:
661:
559:
543:
422:
350:
141:
932:
672:
621:
613:
609:
586:
433:
248:
781:
371:
former presidents of either legislative chamber who held this function for at least eight ordinary sessions
726:
636:
625:
617:
527:
475:
191:
437:
341:
297:
270:
154:
157:, except for those who were impeached from office, are granted the speaking-but-non-voting position of
105:
The 1964 Congolese constitution also provided for life membership in the Senate for former presidents.
74:
countries once granted lifetime membership to former presidents but have since abolished the practice.
708:
680:
574:
570:
547:
531:
511:
220:
170:
1014:
523:
346:
293:
178:
589:
were the only lifetime senators until the abolition of the senate in 1993 and the introduction of
503:
704:
605:
374:
former senators and deputies elected to at least ten legislatures, irrespective of their duration
199:
158:
136:
898:
881:
653:
555:
333:
309:
224:
55:
656:
from a list of three, indirectly elected, candidates for each constituency. For details, see
700:
657:
649:
590:
479:
461:
360:
240:
195:
124:
924:
849:
744:
722:
676:
67:
749:
660:. There were about 250 senators of the Empire of Brazil. For the list of senators, see
635:, the 1974 Constitution granted lifetime membership in that country's Senate to former
551:
539:
387:
236:
132:
63:
51:
1027:
868:
535:
507:
495:
313:
274:
99:
71:
59:
39:
628:
revoked it in 2000. The provision was abolished by constitutional reforms in 2005.
514:
still has such a provision. Former presidents are permitted to speak but not vote.
491:
467:
312:
and commentators suggested that it should be replaced by a life membership in the
754:
426:
145:
senators for life. Currently there are five senators for life (five appointed).
47:
43:
17:
395:
391:
793:
684:
632:
519:
398:, which proclaimed their respective provinces’ union with Romania in 1918 (
102:
is the only senator for life after serving as president from 2001 to 2019.
886:
884:
421:
and it was abolished together with the Senate on July 15, 1946, by the
216:
266:
35:
597:
194:
permits former presidents of the country to become members of the
120:
498:
have granted former presidents the right to be senator for life (
566:
471:
308:, which poses a problem of possible partiality. Some members of
182:
was widely seen as a preparation for a future power transition.
27:
Member of an upper chamber of a legislature who has life tenure
864:
La
Chiraquie veut protéger son chef quand il quittera l'Elysée
440:
in 1991, it did not reinstate the office of senator by right.
289:, died in 1918. Overall there had been 116 lifetime senators.
470:, which existed in various forms between the founding of the
880:
See also the constitutional amendment proposals by senator
1020:— Italian lifetime senators (XVII legislation – June 2017)
292:
In 2005, there was questioning about the status of former
715:
and intended to check the power of the popularly elected
251:, the last senator for life, resigned his seat in 1999.
177:. According to the new version of the Constitution, the
502:), possibly recalling the entirely unelected Senate of
687:
was the only person eligible to hold this position.
778:
Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo
368:
former ministers with at least six years’ seniority
417:The membership by right was maintained under the
900:La conveniencia o no de los senadores vitalicios
386:former presidents of the National Assemblies at
946:Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua, 1974
807:Constitution of the Republic of Paraguay, 1992
277:was composed of 300 members, 75 of which were
365:former presidents of the Council of Ministers
340:the heir-apparent or heir-presumptive to the
198:if they wish, by submitting a request to the
8:
526:seats existed from 1961 to 1999. The former
652:(1826–1889) were appointed for life by the
316:. This proposal was, however, not enacted.
227:for life until 2018 constitutional reform.
62:out of 109, and all members of the British
356:heads of state-recognised religious bodies
958:Constitution of the Somali Republic, 1960
169:The lifetime senatorship appeared in the
927:by being democratically elected in the
971:"U.S. Senate: Seven-year Senate Terms?"
897:Paz de Henríquez, Norma (3 June 1998).
770:
296:. According to the constitution of the
830:Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda
929:December 2005 parliamentary elections
7:
328:instituted the membership by right (
620:protected him from prosecution for
379:High Court of Cassation and Justice
243:were appointed for life. Since the
760:List of senators for life in Italy
410:Union of Transylvania with Romania
90:grants lifetime membership in the
25:
711:, which was at time appointed by
707:proposed that all members of the
948:. Article 127, second paragraph.
402:Union of Bessarabia with Romania
88:Democratic Republic of the Congo
78:Democratic Republic of the Congo
725:, a political scientist at the
662:pt:Lista de senadores do Brasil
608:have become senators-for-life:
569:, the practice was extant from
235:In a manner reminiscent of the
406:Union of Bukovina with Romania
54:out of 205, two out of the 41
1:
530:who held this position were:
436:re-established the bicameral
175:constitutional reform in 2020
494:of a number of countries in
454:Senate of the Roman Republic
383:reserve and retired generals
349:and diocesan bishops of the
998:A More Perfect Constitution
846:"Les sénateurs inamovibles"
732:A More Perfect Constitution
450:Senate of the Roman Kingdom
353:and Greek-Catholic churches
261:Senators for life in France
1050:
1015:Senato.it: Senatori a vita
681:presidents of the Republic
637:presidents of the Republic
579:Francisco Morales Bermúdez
458:Senate of the Roman Empire
447:
294:presidents of the Republic
258:
221:presidents of the Republic
155:presidents of the Republic
115:Senators for life in Italy
112:
96:presidents of the Republic
697:Constitutional Convention
658:Senate of Brazil: History
486:South and Central America
425:-dominated government of
377:former presidents of the
283:Émile Deshayes de Marcère
717:House of Representatives
616:(2000–2006). Pinochet's
546:(1979–1989, 1994–1996),
512:Constitution of Paraguay
300:, former presidents are
933:President of the Senate
622:human rights violations
614:Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle
610:Augusto Pinochet Ugarte
591:a unicameral parliament
583:Fernando Belaúnde Terry
558:was abolished with the
508:Bolivar's tricameralism
434:constitution of Romania
249:Orville Howard Phillips
727:University of Virginia
618:parliamentary immunity
306:Constitutional Council
245:Constitution Act, 1965
237:British House of Lords
171:Constitution of Russia
128:
123:, a senator for life (
626:Chilean Supreme Court
448:Further information:
432:Although the current
359:the president of the
285:, the last surviving
131:) is a member of the
648:The senators of the
548:Luis Herrera Campins
347:Metropolitan bishops
192:Rwandan Constitution
544:Carlos Andrés Pérez
542:(1974–1994, 1999),
287:sénateur inamovible
173:as a result of the
66:(apart from the 26
50:. As of 2023, five
34:is a member of the
935:from 2006 to 2008.
923:Frei retained his
713:state legislatures
705:Alexander Hamilton
474:in 753 BC and the
56:Burundian senators
1034:Senators for life
871:, 14 January 2005
673:1960 constitution
602:1980 Constitution
587:Alan García Pérez
560:1999 constitution
556:Venezuelan Senate
554:(1989–1999). The
532:Rómulo Betancourt
500:senador vitalicio
419:1938 Constitution
326:1923 Constitution
239:, members of the
135:appointed by the
84:2006 constitution
60:Congolese senator
16:(Redirected from
1041:
1019:
1003:
1002:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
967:
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905:
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888:
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852:on 18 June 2006.
848:. Archived from
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798:
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784:
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650:Empire of Brazil
612:(1998–2002) and
550:(1984–1999) and
480:Byzantine Empire
462:Byzantine senate
361:Romanian Academy
330:senator de drept
52:Italian senators
32:senator for life
21:
18:Senator for Life
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745:Lords Spiritual
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723:Larry J. Sabato
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677:Somali Republic
669:
646:
506:'s theory (see
488:
464:
446:
423:Communist Party
322:
304:members of the
263:
257:
241:Canadian Senate
233:
213:
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188:
167:
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129:senatore a vita
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68:Lords Spiritual
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23:
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12:
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5:
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1009:External links
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975:www.senate.gov
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882:Patrice Gélard
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223:served in the
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206:Former systems
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187:
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166:
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133:Italian Senate
113:Main article:
110:
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98:. As of 2019,
79:
76:
72:South American
64:House of Lords
38:or equivalent
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24:
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538:(1969–1972),
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504:Simón Bolívar
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496:South America
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492:constitutions
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40:upper chamber
37:
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19:
1018:(in Italian)
996:
990:
978:. Retrieved
974:
965:
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940:
919:
907:. Retrieved
899:
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862:
858:
850:the original
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600:, under the
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472:city of Rome
468:Roman Senate
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31:
29:
925:senate seat
755:Term limits
709:U.S. Senate
695:During the
522:, lifetime
427:Petru Groza
48:life tenure
44:legislature
909:10 January
869:Libération
671:While the
624:until the
606:presidents
536:Raúl Leoni
528:presidents
438:Parliament
396:Alba Iulia
310:Parliament
279:inamovible
161:for life.
142:ex officio
94:to former
703:delegate
699:of 1787,
685:Aden Adde
633:Nicaragua
604:, two ex-
520:Venezuela
332:) in the
219:, former
179:president
137:President
1028:Category
980:24 March
931:and was
739:See also
701:New York
392:Cernăuţi
388:Chişinău
351:Orthodox
149:Paraguay
46:who has
675:of the
667:Somalia
654:Emperor
478:of the
320:Romania
302:de jure
217:Burundi
211:Burundi
159:senator
153:Former
125:Italian
86:of the
834:Source
782:Source
644:Brazil
524:Senate
460:, and
342:throne
334:Senate
314:Senate
275:Senate
273:, the
267:France
255:France
231:Canada
225:Senate
196:Senate
186:Rwanda
165:Russia
92:Senate
58:, one
36:senate
904:(PDF)
766:Notes
598:Chile
336:for:
121:Italy
109:Italy
42:of a
982:2021
911:2024
585:and
575:1993
571:1979
567:Peru
490:The
476:fall
466:The
444:Rome
408:and
400:see
394:and
324:The
190:The
82:The
631:In
596:In
573:to
565:In
518:In
265:In
215:In
119:In
1030::
973:.
867:,
735:.
683:.
581:,
577:.
456:,
452:,
429:.
404:,
390:,
202:.
127::
30:A
1001:.
984:.
913:.
796:.
639:.
593:.
562:.
413:)
20:)
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