Serial comma - Knowledge (XXG)

708:"What, then, are the arguments for omitting the last comma? Only one is cogent – the saving of space. In the narrow width of a newspaper column this saving counts for more than elsewhere, which is why the omission is so nearly universal in journalism. But here or anywhere one must question whether the advantage outweighs the confusion caused by the omission. … The recommendation here is that use the comma between all members of a series, including the last two, on the common-sense ground that to do so will preclude ambiguities and annoyances at a negligible cost." 1024:"The so-called 'Oxford comma' is an optional comma that follows the penultimate item in a list of three or more items and precedes the word 'and' … The general rule is that it should be used consistently or not at all … However, the Oxford comma can help to avoid ambiguity, ... and it is sometimes helpful to the reader to use an isolated serial comma for clarification, even when the convention has not been adopted in the rest of the text." 1035:"The general rule is that one style or the other should be used consistently. However, the last comma can serve to resolve ambiguity, particularly when any of the items are compound terms joined by a conjunction, and it is sometimes helpful to the reader to use an isolated serial comma for clarification even when the convention has not been adopted in the rest of the text." 64:) in a series of three or more terms. For instance, a list of three countries might be punctuated without the serial comma as "France, Italy and Spain" or with the serial comma as "France, Italy, and Spain". The serial comma can serve to avoid ambiguity in specific contexts, though its employment may also generate ambiguity under certain circumstances. 1186:

entitled to overtime pay. Oakhurst Dairy settled the case by paying $ 5 million to the drivers, and the phrase in the law in question was later changed to use serial semicolons and "distributing" – resulting in "canning; processing; preserving; freezing; drying; marketing; storing; packing for shipment; or distributing".

1677:... has become the subject of much spirited debate. For a century it has been part of OUP style ..., to the extent that the convention has come to be called the 'Oxford comma'. But it is commonly used by many other publishers here and abroad, and forms a routine part of style in US and Canadian English" (p. 121). 454:

leaves the possibility that Betty is both a maid and a cook (with "a maid and a cook" read as an appositive phrase). So in this case neither the serial-comma style nor the no-serial-comma style resolves the ambiguity. A writer who intends a list of three distinct people (Betty, maid, cook) may create

1159:

under which the "canning, processing, preserving, freezing, drying, marketing, storing, packing for shipment or distribution" of certain goods were activities exempted from the general requirement of overtime pay. The question was whether this list included the distribution of the goods, or only the

631:

Ambiguities can often be resolved by the selective use of semicolons instead of commas when more separation is required. General practice across style guides involves using semicolons when individual items have their own punctuation or coordinating conjunctions, but typically a "serial semicolon" is

1185:

decided that the sentence was ambiguous and "because, under Maine law, ambiguities in the state's wage and hour laws must be construed liberally in order to accomplish their remedial purpose", adopted the drivers' narrower reading of the exemption and ruled that those who distributed the goods were

1172:

advised against use of the serial comma suggested another. It said "Although authorities on punctuation may differ, when drafting Maine law or rules, don't use a comma between the penultimate and the last item of a series." In addition to the absence of a comma, the fact that the word chosen was

657:

Omitting a serial comma is often characterized as a journalistic style of writing, as contrasted with a more academic or formal style. Journalists typically do not use the serial comma, possibly for economy of space. In Australia and Canada, the serial comma is typically avoided in non-academic

824:"Medical transcriptionists use the serial comma when two medications or diagnoses must be seen as separate; i.e., for 'The patient was on Aspirin, Coversyl, and Dilaudid', the comma is used before 'and' to avoid the reader erroneously thinking that Coversyl and Dilaudid must be taken together." 219:

in 1905 as a style guide for the employees working at the press. The guide called for the use of the serial comma, but the punctuation mark had no distinct name until 1978, when Peter Sutcliffe referred to the Oxford comma as such in his historical account of the Oxford University Press.

1193:

had warned against omitting it, in the words of the U.S. House Legislative Counsel's Manual on Drafting Style, "to prevent any misreading that the last item is part of the preceding one"; only seven states "either do not require or expressly prohibited the use of the serial comma".

2058:, 2002; in discussion of the semicolon, examples are given in which complex listed items are separated by semicolons, with the same structure and on the same principles as are consistently recommended for use of the comma as a list separator in the preceding section (pp. 124–5) 345:

Nevertheless, lists can also be written in other ways that eliminate the ambiguity without introducing the serial comma, such as by changing the word order or by using other punctuation, or none, to introduce or delimit them (though the emphasis may thereby be changed):

803:"Whether to include the serial comma has sparked many arguments. But it's easily answered in favor of inclusion because omitting the final comma may cause ambiguities, whereas including it never will – e.g.: 'A and B, C and D, E and F and G and H'." 2300:

It's just a matter of STYLE, and in this case, newspaper or literary (book) style. . . . Choose one style or the other the authorities say, but be consistent. Most writers recommend the literary style in college writing to avoid possible confusion . .

882:"Use commas to separate elements in a series, but do not put a comma before the conjunction in a simple series. Put a comma before the concluding conjunction in a series, however, if an integral element of the series requires a conjunction: 792:"To separate the elements (words, phrases, clauses) of a simple series of more than 2 elements, including a comma before the closing 'and' or 'or' (the so-called serial comma). Routine use of the serial comma helps to prevent ambiguity." 2324: 985:"Note that there is generally no comma between the penultimate item and 'and'/'or' – this is sometimes referred to as the 'Oxford comma'. However, it is essential to use an Oxford comma if required to prevent ambiguity." 723:

notes that their style guide has been recommending use of the serial comma ever since the first edition in 1906, but also qualifies this, saying "the serial comma is optional; some mainstream style guides (such as the

1003:"A comma before the final 'and' in lists: straightforward ones (he ate ham, eggs and chips) do not need one, but sometimes it can help the reader (he ate cereal, kippers, bacon, eggs, toast and marmalade, and tea)." 719:"When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series of three or more, a comma … should appear before the conjunction. Chicago strongly recommends this widely practiced usage." In answer to a reader's query, 1067:

in a list when its omission might either give rise to ambiguity or cause the last word or phrase to be construed with a preposition in the preceding phrase. … Generally, however, a comma is not used before

1731: 890:

In the United States, the choice is between journalistic style (no serial comma) and "literary" style (with serial comma); consistent use of the serial comma is usually recommended for college writing."

455:

an ambiguous sentence, regardless of whether the serial comma is adopted. Furthermore, if the reader is unaware of which convention is being used, both styles can be ambiguous in cases such as this.

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in a sequence. In keeping with the general trend toward less punctuation, the final comma is best omitted where clarity permits, unless there is a need to emphasize the last element in a series."

1177:

list. Truck drivers demanded overtime pay; the defense conceded that the expression was ambiguous but said it should be interpreted as exempting distribution activity from overtime pay. The

912:"In an enumeration of three or more items, the practice in MHRA journals is to insert commas after all but the last item, to give equal weight to each enumerated element. … The conjunctions 888:

The main points to consider are whether the athletes are skillful enough to compete, whether they have the stamina to endure the training, and whether they have the proper mental attitude.

1764: 2314: 1999:, 2002; from discussion of the serial comma: "The last comma serves also to resolve ambiguity, particularly when any of the items are compound terms joined by a conjunction" (p. 122). 1144:, the lack of a serial comma became the deciding factor in a $ 13 million lawsuit filed in 2014 that was eventually settled for $ 5 million in 2017. The U.S. appeals judge 1178: 3080: 1182: 3192: 1694: 1710:

Note that there is no comma between the penultimate item in a list and 'and'/'or', unless required to prevent ambiguity – this is sometimes referred to as the 'Oxford comma'.

3170: 2720: 423:, leaving it unclear whether this is a list of three entities (1, my mother; 2, Ayn Rand; and 3, God) or of only two entities (1, my mother, who is Ayn Rand; and 2, God). 161:

in the last item. ... This practice is controversial and is known as the serial comma or Oxford comma, because it is part of the house style of Oxford University Press."

3220: 2668: 2464: 1579: 2943: 1017: 3009: 2864:(Rev and expanded ed.). Toronto : Published by Dundurn Press in co-operation with Public Works and Government Services Canada, Translation Bureau, Canada. 964:. Thus 'The doctor suggested an aspirin, half a grapefruit and a cup of broth. But he ordered scrambled eggs, whisky and soda, and a selection from the trolley. 382:

A serial comma following "Kris Kristofferson" would help prevent this being understood as Kris Kristofferson and Robert Duvall being the ex-wives in question.

2284: 2023: 1655:

Most American writers and publishers use the serial comma; most British writers and publishers use the serial comma only when necessary to avoid ambiguity ...

1795: 2527: 1013:"In British practice there's an Oxford/Cambridge divide … In Canada and Australia the serial comma is recommended only to prevent ambiguity or misreading." 215: 1298: 2898: 1173:"distribution" rather than "distributing" was also a consideration, as was the question of whether it would be reasonable to consider the list to be an 2837: 1046: 671: 2976: 2093: 1987:, 2002: "But it is commonly used by many other publishers here and abroad, and forms a routine part of style in US and Canadian English" (p. 121). 309:

Omitting the serial comma may create ambiguity. Writers who normally avoid the serial comma often use one when it avoids ambiguity. Consider this

2360: 1856: 1486: 906: 2441: 1754: 2873: 2816: 2625: 2615: 2458: 2425: 1952: 1922: 1648: 1553: 1520: 1421: 1281: 291:

Many sources are against both systematic use and systematic avoidance of the serial comma, making recommendations in a more nuanced way (see

3235: 3111: 2780: 1007: 923:

But paragraph 5.1 says "The comma after the penultimate item may be omitted in books published by the MHRA, as long as the sense is clear."

1886: 739:"In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last." This has been recommended in 3137: 3070: 2146: 728:) don't use it. … there are times when using the comma (or omitting it) results in ambiguity, which is why it's best to stay flexible." 1482: 764: 1687: 3184: 2790: 2596: 2553: 2397: 1461: 134:

stylebook in Canada similarly recommends against its employment. The majority of British style guides do not mandate its use, with

95: 3160: 796: 3041: 2724: 1189:

The opinion in the case said that 43 of the 50 U.S. states had mandated the use of a serial comma and that both chambers of the

3230: 3134:"Title 26: Labor and Industry, Chapter 7: Employment Practices, Subchapter 3: Minimum wages, §664. Minimum wage; overtime rate" 115: 2490: 2238:

Bruthiaux, Paul (March 1995). "The Rise and Fall of the Semicolon: English Punctuation Theory and English Teaching Practice".

2654: 2319: 1723: 395:

It is unclear whether the eggs are being grouped with the bacon or the toast. Adding a serial comma removes this ambiguity:

1399:

of the separator commas in a list, but this is a rare, old-fashioned usage. Herein, the term is used only as defined above.

68: 2698: 1572: 748: 2935: 1595:

The comma is used ... after each member within a series of three or more words, phrases, letters, or figures used with

173:, a 15th-century Italian printer who used a mark—now recognized as a comma—to separate words. Etymologically, the word 2998: 2523: 810: 712: 89: 2754: 2448: 1210:

day", January 31, 2020, minted with the phrase "Peace, prosperity and friendship with all nations". English novelist

1543: 2269: 2013: 784: 122: 1787: 202:

has been used for centuries in a variety of languages, though not necessarily in a uniform or regulated manner.

2515: 2168:

Delorme, Evelyne; Dougherty, Ray C. (1972). "Appositive NP Constructions: We, the Men; We Men; I, a Man; Etc".

1340: 1306: 405:

In some circumstances, using the serial comma can create ambiguity. If the book dedication above is changed to

229:

Author & Printer: A Guide for Authors, Editors, Printers, Correctors of the Press, Compositors, and Typists

53: 1971:

Author & Printer: A Guide for Authors, Editors, Printers, Correctors of the Press, Compositors and Typists

1336: 1273: 210: 143: 1560:

In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last.

357: 2833: 2220: 833:"A comma goes before 'and' or 'or' in a series of three or more: Sn, K, Na, and Li lines are invisible." 732: 661:

It is important that usage within a document be consistent; inconsistent usage can seem unprofessional.

444:

renaming of Betty or the second in a list of three people. On the other hand, removing the final comma:

323:

There is ambiguity about the writer's parentage because "Ayn Rand and God" can be read as a renaming of

109: 2966: 2083: 1620: 650:

writes: "There are people who embrace the Oxford comma, and people who don't, and I'll just say this:

419:

creates ambiguity about the writer's mother because it uses punctuation identical to that used for an

3225: 2350: 2019: 1818: 1759: 1478: 1181:

agreed with the defense and held that "distribution" was an exempt activity. On appeal, however, the

3165: 2907: 1234: 1028: 304: 251: 29: 20: 2631: 2566:

Perlman, Merrill (March 6, 2007). "Talk to the Newsroom: Director of Copy Desks Merrill Perlman".

680:"After each member within a series of three or more words, phrases, letters, or figures used with 2971: 2865: 2212: 2177: 2124: 2088: 856: 692:." It notes that an age ("70 years 11 months 6 days") is not a series and should not take commas. 644:) leaves use of the serial comma up to the editor so long as individual articles are consistent. 370: 131: 100: 3103: 1878: 1164:

distribution. The lack of a comma suggested one meaning, while the omission of the conjunction

3133: 2879: 2869: 2812: 2786: 2621: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2549: 2454: 2421: 2393: 2389: 2383: 1948: 1918: 1848: 1644: 1549: 1516: 1457: 1417: 1277: 420: 224: 2806: 1819:"'A very pleasant, safe, and effectual medicine': The serial comma in the history of English" 920:

without a preceding comma are understood as linking the parts of a single enumerated element"

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U.S. House Legislative Counsel's Manual on Drafting Style, No. HLC 104-1, § 351 at 58 (1995)

1838: 1830: 1453: 1441: 1215: 901: 725: 76: 3035:"Maine Legislative Drafting Manual 113 (Legislative Council, Maine State Legislature 2009)" 1508: 1265: 1238: 1203: 1145: 72: 261:

Its use is consistent with other means of separating items in a list (for example, when

3075: 2859: 1527:... omitting the final comma may cause ambiguities, whereas including it never will ... 1227: 1211: 800:, 4th edition (Oxford University Press, 2016), "Punctuation," § D, "Comma", p. 748 287:

When space is at a premium, the comma adds redundancy and unnecessary bulk to the text.

170: 3214: 3034: 2620:(3rd ed.). London: Modern Humanities Research Association. 2013. pp. 33–4. 2453:(30th ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2008. p. 201. 1190: 949: 374: 361: 136: 67:

Usage of the serial comma varies among writers and editors and also varies among the

1442: 1214:

and others criticized the omission of the Oxford comma, while others said it was an

990:

Mainly British style guides that consider it generally unnecessary but discretionary

2486: 1449: 996: 886:

Use a comma also before the concluding conjunction in a complex series of phrases:

876: 700: 1834: 945:; say 'he ate bread, butter and jam' rather than 'he ate bread, butter, and jam'." 842:"Use commas to separate the items in a series of words, phrases, or short clauses: 3185:"Philip Pullman calls for boycott of Brexit 50p coin over 'missing' Oxford comma" 1969: 1942: 1912: 277:

Omission of the comma is consistent with the conventional practice of the region.

2224: 1908: 1626: 1548:. Illustrated by Maira Kalman (Illustrated ed.). Penguin Press. p. 3. 1344: 1118:

Opinions differ on whether and when a comma should be inserted before the final

972: 647: 310: 206: 104: 80: 2071:, Pan, 1973, p. 79: "Usually in such lists 'and' is not preceded by a comma, ". 2776: 2690: 982:

University of Oxford Public Affairs Directorate Writing and Style Guide (2016)

976: 641: 441: 2883: 1852: 839:, Revised Edition (McCormick-Mathers Publishing Co., 1959), § 483, p. 78 756:"Use a comma before the conjunction that precedes the last term in a series." 177:, which became widely used to describe Manutius's mark, comes from the Greek 2967:"Lack of Oxford Comma Could Cost Maine Company Millions in Overtime Dispute" 2659: 2251: 2084:"Lack of Oxford Comma Could Cost Maine Company Millions in Overtime Dispute" 1174: 934: 760: 262: 247:

Use of the comma is consistent with the conventional practice of the region.

141:

noting that most British writers use it solely to avert ambiguity. Notably,

84: 2746: 960:

at the end of a sequence of items unless one of the items includes another

223:

Sutcliffe, however, attributed the Oxford comma not to Horace Hart but to

1244: 979:' with 'I dedicate this book to my parents, Martin Amis and JK Rowling'." 971:"Sometimes it is essential: compare 'I dedicate this book to my parents, 328: 265:

are used to separate items, one is always included before the last item).

2617:

MHRA Style Guide: a handbook for authors, editors, and writers of theses

2181: 1914:

Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford

2216: 2128: 1843: 1156: 1578:. United States Government Publishing Office. 2016. pp. 201–202. 1444:

Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation

1247:, the conjunctive phrasing that may or may not contain a serial comma 1207: 432: 2208: 2015:

The case of the $ 13 million comma and why grammarians are rejoicing

2548:

The AAMT Book of Style for Medical Transcription, Claudia Tessier,

3161:"Author calls for Brexit coin 'boycott' over lack of Oxford comma" 3104:"Oxford Comma Dispute Is Settled as Maine Drivers Get $ 5 Million" 2115:

Emonds, Joseph (1979). "Appositive Relatives Have No Properties".

1356:

Sometimes, the term also denotes the comma that might come before

1141: 716:, 16th edition (University of Chicago Press, 2010), paragraph 6.18 49: 1090:

Public Works and Government Services Canada Translation Bureau's

816:"Use commas to separate words, phrases, and clauses in a series." 75:

allows both the inclusion and omission of this comma, whereas in

789:(Council of Science Editors, 7th edition, 2006), Section 5.3.3.1 665:

Mainly American style guides supporting mandatory or typical use

1230:, "hanged on a comma" due to contested non-punctuation in a law 895:

Mainly British style guides supporting mandatory or typical use

440:

This is ambiguous because it is unclear whether "a maid" is an

1102:

They may also be linked by coordinating conjunctions such as

521:

They went to Oregon with Betty, as well as a maid and a cook.

178: 79:

the comma is common and even considered mandatory by several

52:

placed immediately after the penultimate term and before the

1206:

was brought into circulation in the United Kingdom to mark "

327:, leading the reader to believe that the writer claims that 147:

advocates it (hence the name, "Oxford comma"). However, the

2903:

A, B or C' vs. 'A, B, or C' – the serial comma and the law"

2270:"Commas: the biggest little quirks in the English language" 1817:

Calle-Martín, Javier; Criado-Peña, Miriam (April 3, 2022).

601:, then both forms of the list are unambiguous, but if both 157:

notes: "Usage varies as to the inclusion of a comma before

2315:"The Oxford comma is an abomination, but it's now the law" 884:

I had orange juice, toast, and ham and eggs for breakfast.

466:

They went to Oregon with Betty, who was a maid and a cook.

1155:, a federal court of appeals was required to interpret a 3071:"A Few Words About That Ten-Million-Dollar Serial Comma" 2936:"Oxford Comma Decides Court Case in Maine Labor Dispute" 2861:

The Canadian style : a guide to writing and editing

2584:

The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law

2416:

Fowler, Henry Watson (2015). Butterfield, Jeremy (ed.).

1643:(10th ed.). Profile Books. 2012. pp. 152–153. 501:

They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid, and with a cook.

400:

My usual breakfast is coffee, bacon and eggs, and toast.

360:

was found in a newspaper account of a documentary about

471:

They went to Oregon with Betty, both a maid and a cook.

458:

These forms (among others) would remove the ambiguity:

390:

My usual breakfast is coffee, bacon and eggs and toast.

2723:. Public Affairs, University of Oxford. Archived from 1515:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 676. 1241:

which begins "Who gives a fuck about an Oxford comma?"

845:

The farmer sold corn, hay, oats, potatoes, and wheat."

546:

They went with Betty to Oregon with a maid and a cook.

151:(2014 edition) recommends against indiscriminate use. 120:

either recommending or requiring it. In contrast, the

3136:. Maine Legislature official website. March 3, 2018. 1622:

The New York Times Style Book for Writers and Editors

1537: 1535: 830:, American Institute of Physics, fourth edition, 1990 654:

get between these people when drink has been taken."

526:

They went to Oregon with Betty and a maid and a cook.

1730:. Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 658:

publications unless its absence produces ambiguity.

531:

They went to Oregon with Betty, one maid and a cook.

481:

They went to Oregon with Betty, their maid and cook.

292: 1099:

Complacency, urbanity, sentimentality, whimsicality

536:

They went to Oregon with a maid, a cook, and Betty.

506:

They went to Oregon with the maid Betty and a cook.

491:

They went to Oregon with Betty (a maid) and a cook.

3064: 3062: 2785:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1092:The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing 807:MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing 541:They went to Oregon with a maid, a cook and Betty. 511:They went to Oregon with a cook and Betty, a maid. 449:They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid and a cook. 1416:(3rd ed.). American Bar Association. 12.61. 1368:, below). Such an extension is reasonable, since 1148:wrote, "For want of a comma, we have this case." 850:Mainly American style guides opposing typical use 496:They went to Oregon with Betty—a maid—and a cook. 476:They went to Oregon with Betty (a maid and cook). 19:"Oxford Comma" redirects here. For the song, see 1944:The Oxford University Press: An Informal History 1669:, 2002: "The presence or lack of a comma before 1112:economists, sociologists or political scientists 928:Mainly British style guides opposing typical use 771:"Use a comma between elements (including before 1366:Style Manual for Authors, Editors, and Printers 1364:the Australian Government Publishing Service's 369:Among those interviewed were his two ex-wives, 2587:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus. pp. 2510: 2508: 2411: 2409: 1096:"Items in a series may be separated by commas: 1051:Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 2388:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2344: 2342: 1299:"Serial comma - Oxford comma - Harvard comma" 205:The Oxford comma is most often attributed to 8: 2195:Watkins, Ron (March 2004). "The Semicolon". 1040:Australian style guides opposing typical use 820:AAMT Book of Style for Medical Transcription 736:(Strunk and White, 4th edition 1999), Rule 2 613:, then both forms of the list are ambiguous. 213:from 1893 to 1915. Hart wrote the eponymous 155:The Oxford Companion to the English Language 2418:Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage 2263: 2261: 1373: 1018:Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage 787:Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers 183: 2042: 2040: 2007: 2005: 1542:Strunk, William Jr.; White, E. B. (2005). 1085:Canadian style guides opposing typical use 743:since the first edition by Strunk in 1918. 2721:"Punctuation – University of Oxford" 2351:"The Oxford Comma Is Extremely Overrated" 1842: 1786:pidgin, the inquisitive (June 15, 2018). 1753:Nadeau, Barbie Latza (November 6, 2015). 169:The comma itself is widely attributed to 3221:American and British English differences 2808:New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide 1435: 1433: 1372:is the abbreviation of the Latin phrase 1047:Australian Government Publishing Service 672:United States Government Printing Office 331:and God are the parents. A comma before 216:Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers 3015:from the original on September 20, 2017 2701:from the original on September 23, 2017 2671:from the original on September 24, 2011 2610: 2608: 2145:. Nielsenhayden.com. October 21, 2010. 1414:A Manual of Style for Contract Drafting 1257: 1168:before "packing" and the fact that the 863:"In general, do not use a comma before 3173:from the original on January 27, 2020. 3047:from the original on November 19, 2017 2747:"Guardian and Observer style guide: O" 2487:"The Case of the Serial Comma-Solved!" 2327:from the original on February 16, 2018 2026:from the original on February 15, 2018 907:Modern Humanities Research Association 779:) in a series of three or more items." 16:Comma before the conjunction in a list 3114:from the original on February 9, 2018 2934:Clauss, Kyle Scott (March 15, 2017). 2757:from the original on November 9, 2013 2556:, Modesto, California, USA. Page 309. 2493:from the original on December 5, 2008 2149:from the original on January 22, 2013 1936: 1934: 1755:"The Man Who Changed Reading Forever" 1489:from the original on October 19, 2014 227:, who mentioned it in his 1905 book, 7: 3195:from the original on August 31, 2024 3159:Furness, Hannah (January 27, 2020). 2979:from the original on August 10, 2017 2782:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage 2467:from the original on August 31, 2024 1859:from the original on August 31, 2024 1798:from the original on August 31, 2024 1734:from the original on August 31, 2024 1700:from the original on October 9, 2022 1407: 1405: 1008:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage 273:consistent use of the serial comma: 243:consistent use of the serial comma: 209:, the printer and controller of the 3140:from the original on March 15, 2018 3102:Victor, Daniel (February 9, 2018). 2946:from the original on March 15, 2017 2915:from the original on March 16, 2017 2840:from the original on March 12, 2016 2653:Kelly, Jeremy (December 16, 2005). 2313:Reimink, Troy (February 16, 2018). 2290:from the original on August 7, 2020 2096:from the original on March 17, 2017 1917:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1218:and not required in this instance. 640:Knowledge (XXG)'s Manual of Style ( 3083:from the original on March 4, 2018 2530:from the original on March 3, 2018 2520:The Chicago Manual of Style Online 2363:from the original on March 4, 2018 2012:Petelin, Roslyn (March 21, 2017), 1968:Collins, Frederick Howard (1905). 1889:from the original on July 25, 2023 1788:"From Where Did We Get the Comma?" 1767:from the original on July 29, 2023 1688:"University of Oxford Style Guide" 1585:from the original on July 29, 2018 765:American Psychological Association 753:, 9th edition (1998) Chapter 6.2.1 721:The Chicago Manual of Style Online 14: 2965:Victor, Daniel (March 16, 2017). 2897:Volokh, Eugene (March 15, 2017). 2834:"Style manual - australia.gov.au" 2811:. Oxford University Press. 2014. 2349:Lubin, Gus (September 20, 2013). 2082:Victor, Daniel (March 16, 2017). 1823:Australian Journal of Linguistics 1170:Maine Legislative Drafting Manual 768:, 6th edition (2010) Chapter 4.03 340:To my parents, Ayn Rand, and God. 2832:Agency, Digital Transformation. 1343:, where serial-comma use is the 582:cannot be read as a renaming of 567:cannot be read as a renaming of 410:To my mother, Ayn Rand, and God. 351:To God, Ayn Rand and my parents. 318:To my parents, Ayn Rand and God. 280:It can introduce ambiguity (see 149:University of Oxford Style Guide 3069:Norris, Mary (March 17, 2017). 636:Recommendations by style guides 435:with Betty, a maid, and a cook. 293:Recommendations by style guides 116:U.S. Government Printing Office 2581:Norman Goldstein, ed. (2002). 2385:Garner's Modern American Usage 2320:The Traverse City Record-Eagle 1513:Garner's Modern American Usage 1115:the good, the bad and the ugly 697:Modern American Usage: A Guide 281: 255: 96:Garner's Modern American Usage 1: 2753:. London. December 19, 2008. 2655:"Online Style Guide – P" 2067:Ridout, R., and Witting, C., 1835:10.1080/07268602.2022.2123700 1270:Garner's Modern English Usage 797:Garner's Modern English Usage 609:can be read as a renaming of 597:can be read as a renaming of 128:The New York Times Style Book 69:regional varieties of English 1941:Sutcliffe, Peter H. (1978). 749:American Medical Association 30:English-language punctuation 3236:English usage controversies 2524:University of Chicago Press 2420:. Oxford University Press. 2080:Based on example quoted in 1947:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 956:"Do not put a comma before 811:Modern Language Association 713:The Chicago Manual of Style 90:The Chicago Manual of Style 3254: 3001:O'Connor v. Oakhurst Dairy 2516:"Browse Q & A: Commas" 1412:Adams, Kenneth A. (2013). 1153:O'Connor v. Oakhurst Dairy 302: 295:and subsequent sections). 179: 123:Associated Press Stylebook 36:, also referred to as the 18: 1885:. Royal Academy of Arts. 1641:The Economist Style Guide 703:, 1981), pp. 397–401 235:Arguments for and against 2663:. London. pp. (see 2382:Bryan A. Garner (2003). 1341:Harvard University Press 1055:"A comma is used before 813:2008), paragraph 3.4.2.b 356:An example collected by 130:advise against its use. 54:coordinating conjunction 2268:Gramlich, Andy (2005). 2170:Foundations of Language 2056:The Oxford Style Manual 1997:The Oxford Style Manual 1985:The Oxford Style Manual 1667:The Oxford Style Manual 1337:Oxford University Press 1274:Oxford University Press 1198:British 50p Brexit coin 627:cannot both be grouped. 415:the serial comma after 335:removes the ambiguity: 211:Oxford University Press 144:The Oxford Style Manual 3231:Punctuation of English 1879:"Horace Hart | Artist" 1722:McArthur, Tom (1998). 1374: 1360:at the end of a list ( 1204:commemorative 50p coin 837:Plain English Handbook 761:The Publication Manual 2252:10.1093/applin/16.1.1 1619:Jordan Lewis (1962). 1545:The Elements of Style 1479:"Using Serial Commas" 1160:packing of the goods 1140:In the U.S. state of 941:"Avoid the so-called 909:), 3rd edition (2013) 741:The Elements of Style 733:The Elements of Style 303:Further information: 110:The Elements of Style 3191:. January 27, 2020. 2697:. October 18, 2011. 2069:The Facts of English 1760:Smithsonian Magazine 1440:Truss, Lynn (2004). 1395:sometimes refers to 1297:Upadhyay, Abhishek. 3166:The Daily Telegraph 2908:The Washington Post 2634:on November 5, 2018 2526:. January 6, 2016. 2240:Applied Linguistics 1883:royalacademy.org.uk 1309:on January 16, 2019 1136:Maine labor dispute 1131:Individual disputes 1021:, 4th edition, 2015 305:Syntactic ambiguity 21:Oxford Comma (song) 3108:The New York Times 2972:The New York Times 2866:Translation Bureau 2665:punctuation/commas 2568:The New York Times 2117:Linguistic Inquiry 2089:The New York Times 1573:"GPO Style Manual" 1237:", a 2008 song by 857:The New York Times 619:is unambiguous if 578:is unambiguous if 563:is unambiguous if 371:Kris Kristofferson 132:The Canadian Press 2875:978-1-55002-276-6 2818:978-0-19-164914-1 2727:on March 30, 2014 2627:978-1-78188-009-8 2460:978-0-16-081813-4 2427:978-0-19-966135-0 1954:978-0-19-951084-9 1924:978-0-19-212983-3 1650:978-1-84668-606-1 1555:9-7815-9420-069-4 1522:978-0-19-538275-4 1423:978-1-61438-803-6 1283:978-0-19-049148-2 695:Wilson Follett's 421:appositive phrase 385:Another example: 313:book dedication: 269:Common arguments 239:Common arguments 225:F. Howard Collins 3243: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3014: 3007: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2902: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2630:. Archived from 2612: 2603: 2602: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2450:GPO Style Manual 2446: 2442:"8. Punctuation" 2438: 2432: 2431: 2413: 2404: 2403: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2356:Business Insider 2346: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2289: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2255: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2078: 2072: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2009: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1938: 1929: 1928: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1846: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1728:Encyclopedia.com 1719: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1692: 1684: 1678: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1592: 1590: 1584: 1577: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1539: 1530: 1529: 1509:Garner, Bryan A. 1505: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1447: 1437: 1428: 1427: 1409: 1400: 1389: 1383: 1380:and other things 1377: 1354: 1348: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1305:. Archived from 1294: 1288: 1287: 1266:Garner, Bryan A. 1262: 1191:federal congress 1029:New Hart's Rules 967: 902:MHRA Style Guide 828:AIP Style Manual 726:Associated Press 197: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 77:American English 3253: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3068: 3067: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2940:Boston Magazine 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2876: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2628: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2514: 2513: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2461: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2415: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2348: 2347: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2209:10.2307/4128975 2197:English Journal 2194: 2193: 2189: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2029: 2027: 2011: 2010: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1940: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1556: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1523: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1424: 1411: 1410: 1403: 1390: 1386: 1355: 1351: 1326: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1303:Writers' Mentor 1296: 1295: 1291: 1284: 1276:. p. 748. 1264: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1239:Vampire Weekend 1224: 1200: 1146:David J. Barron 1138: 1133: 1087: 1042: 992: 965: 930: 897: 852: 751:Manual of Style 667: 638: 556: 307: 301: 250:It can resolve 237: 195: 192: 189: 186: 167: 73:British English 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3176: 3151: 3125: 3094: 3076:The New Yorker 3058: 3026: 2990: 2957: 2926: 2889: 2874: 2851: 2824: 2817: 2798: 2791: 2768: 2738: 2712: 2682: 2645: 2626: 2604: 2597: 2573: 2558: 2541: 2504: 2478: 2459: 2433: 2426: 2405: 2398: 2374: 2338: 2305: 2257: 2230: 2187: 2160: 2143:"Making Light" 2134: 2123:(2): 211–243. 2107: 2073: 2060: 2048: 2036: 2001: 1989: 1977: 1960: 1953: 1930: 1923: 1900: 1870: 1829:(2): 165–183. 1809: 1778: 1745: 1714: 1693:. p. 13. 1679: 1659: 1649: 1632: 1611: 1564: 1554: 1531: 1521: 1500: 1477:David Becker. 1469: 1462: 1429: 1422: 1401: 1384: 1349: 1320: 1289: 1282: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1231: 1228:Roger Casement 1223: 1220: 1212:Philip Pullman 1199: 1196: 1179:district court 1137: 1134: 1132: 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903: 899: 898: 894: 889: 885: 881: 879: 878: 873: 871:in a series." 870: 866: 862: 859: 858: 854: 853: 849: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 821: 818: 815: 812: 808: 805: 802: 799: 798: 794: 791: 788: 786: 781: 778: 774: 770: 767: 766: 762: 758: 755: 752: 750: 745: 742: 738: 735: 734: 730: 727: 722: 718: 715: 714: 710: 707: 705: 702: 698: 694: 691: 687: 683: 679: 677: 673: 669: 668: 664: 662: 659: 655: 653: 649: 645: 643: 635: 633: 626: 622: 618: 617:x and y and z 615: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 585: 581: 577: 573: 570: 566: 562: 558: 557: 553: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 517:Three people 516: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 486: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 461: 460: 459: 456: 450: 447: 446: 445: 443: 436: 434: 431:They went to 429: 428: 427: 424: 422: 418: 411: 408: 407: 406: 401: 398: 397: 396: 391: 388: 387: 386: 383: 378: 376: 375:Robert Duvall 372: 367: 366: 365: 363: 362:Merle Haggard 359: 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