536:(SMBC) has pioneered much of the research regarding the connection between birds, coffee and farming communities to understand the importance of setting standards to create healthy, producing forests. SMBC is considered the gold standard in certification for shade-grown coffee. Although organic coffee certification does not stipulate a shade cover requirement, organic coffee farmers do often employ shade as the leaf litter from an upper canopy provides a natural fertilizer. Certification by the Rainforest Alliance does require some level of shade-cover, but this may be as low as 15% of the land area. A study involving bird lovers and coffee consumers in the US suggests that uptake of bird-friendly coffee may be strengthened by better communicating the impact of coffee production on bird habitat, the unique attributes of bird-friendly coffee (including the high-quality taste), differences among certification standards and credibility, and easy ways to find and purchase bird-friendly coffee
148:. In a study of shade vs. sun coffee comparisons in Guatemala, overall bird abundance and diversity were 30% and 15% greater, respectively, in shaded farms than sun farms. Shade-grown trees house two-thirds of the bird species found in natural forests in the same geographic areas. Much greater densities of migratory birds were found in shade-grown coffee sites than in local natural habitats. This is most likely due to the greater abundances of bird-dispersed fruit trees, flowering plants, and insects found in the shade sites. Bird communities in traditional polycultures are composed mainly of canopy and midstory species feeding on fruit, insects, and nectar.
363:
83:), and with an aim to yield higher production rates. As a result of modernization and a push for higher yielding crops, sun-tolerant coffee plants were created to produce larger yields through higher-density, open planting, but cultivation practices used for them are considered unsustainable and often have a negative impact on the environment. This has resulted in a new trend in support of shade-grown coffee. Although shade-grown coffee is a production system widely regarded as environmentally sustainable, enabling biodiversity conservation, enhancing pest-control services from birds, and contributing to
31:
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400:. This coffee growing system features minimal management and no use of pesticides or herbicides. For this reason, a shade covered coffee plantation may survive economic setbacks by the farmer where an unshaded plantation would not. Being the least capital-intensive method, the traditional rustic coffee system is marked by a low yield. As an example, a large fraction of coffee in India is grown by this method.
87:, there is an important potential tradeoff, namely lower coffee yields. Yet few studies have explicitly examined this tradeoff and the economic incentives required for smallholders to adopt shade practices. A 2014 study has shown that the proportion of land used to cultivate shade-grown coffee, relative to the total land area used for coffee cultivation, has fallen by nearly 20% since 1996.
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Biological diversity in traditional "rustic" plantations can be extremely high, ranging from 90 to 120 species of plants on a single site. Tree species richness in shade-grown coffee sites ranges from 13 to 58 species per site. Herb diversity was found to be 2 to 4 times that of tree diversity on any
100:
Recent studies have shown that there is a direct correlation between the structural complexity of a coffee plantation and the number of species that can be found there. The forest-like structure of shade coffee farms provides habitat for a great number of migratory and resident birds, reptiles, ants,
77:) is a small tree or shrub that grows in forests in its wild form, and was traditionally grown for commercial purposes under other trees that provided shade. Since the mid-1970s, new sun-tolerant trees and shrubs have been developed in response to fungal disease presence, especially coffee leaf rust (
190:
in
Jamaica was calculated to be worth $ 75/hectare in 2005, averaging $ 1004/farm studied. This equals about 30% of the per capita gross national income for that time. Another study in Puerto Rico used exclosure plots to exclude lizards, found to be more abundant in shade-grown coffee than sun-grown
185:
to form. Birds and mammals alike play a large role in pest control by eating many herbivorous insects. In a study in
Jamaica, birds were excluded from one coffee plantation and resulted in a 70% increase in the proportion of coffee fruits infected by the Coffee Berry Borer, an insect pest species.
203:
Many species of bees are attracted to shaded polycultures that have a variety of flowering plants in addition to coffee. This increase in bee abundance results in a direct increase in the pollination of shade trees as well the coffee plants themselves. A study in
Indonesia showed that bee species
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There is significantly less runoff of surface water in shaded plantations than in unshaded plantations. This results in greater water retention as well as less leaching of nutrients in shaded plantations. Greater water retention is also important for recharging local watersheds. Sun-grown coffee
139:
Shade-grown coffee provides important habitat for both native and migratory bird species. The most prominent migratory species, which breed in North
America and overwinter in the tropics, include warblers, flycatchers, vireos, and redstarts. 184 bird species, 46 being migratory, were recorded in
505:
Full-sun or unshaded monoculture represents a "modern" system with absolutely no canopy. Coffee bushes are exposed to direct sunlight and require high inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as well as an intensive yearly workforce. This "modern" system yields the highest output of coffee
416:
than commercial polyculture. As with traditional rustic, traditional polyculture introduces coffee plants under the cover of the original canopy. These plants include those useful for home and market, those yielding food, fuel, and medicinal quality. This creates the highest level of "useful
233:. One comparison in Venezuela showed that unshaded coffee plantations lost twice as much soil to erosion as shaded plantations. In addition, soil moisture can be 42% lower in unshaded plantations than in shaded plantations, which affects biotic and abiotic processes in the environment.
306:
Shade trees protect coffee trees from heavy wind, rain, and sun irradiance. These benefits are especially helpful in environments less favorable to sustainable production. For example, proper shade trees can buffer coffee trees from prolonged droughts and extreme temperatures.
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Coffee trees grown under shaded conditions require less fertilization than trees grown in full sun. For this reason, shade-grown coffee is beneficial to producers who can not afford the cost of fertilization required for intense cropping systems under full sun.
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The shade trees must be maintained (regularly pruned, weeded, fertilized, etc.) and this adds to the cost for the coffee producer. Rigorous evaluation and management of the companion trees is required in order to realize the advantages of shade-grown coffee.
262:
to be added to promote growth. This also contributes to toxic water runoff and lack of habitat for many species. In contrast to the previous information regarding birds, sun-grown coffee provides shelter for less than one-tenth of bird species.
101:
butterflies, bats, plants and other organisms. Of all agricultural land uses, shade-grown coffee is most likely the crop that supports the highest diversity of migratory birds, native flora and fauna. In all of the studies, a clear spectrum of
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Boudrot, Audrey; Pico, Jimmy; Merle, Isabelle; Granados, Eduardo; VĂlchez, Sergio; Tixier, Philippe; Filho, ElĂas de Melo
Virginio; Casanoves, Fernando; Tapia, Ana; Allinne, Clémentine; Rice, Robert A.; Avelino, Jacques (June 2016).
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Just like natural forests, the carbon sequestered in a shadeâgrown coffee farm's shade trees will be stored in the tree trunks, limbs, leaves, and roots of the foliage as opposed to being in the atmosphere and adding to
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Commercial
Polyculture is similar to traditional polyculture, but some foliage is removed to make room for more coffee shrubs or for trees more favorable to the farmersâ needs. Canopy trees are sometimes pruned, and
130:
coffee plantation near
Tapachula, Chiapas. 37% of the individuals were herbivores that could be a potential crop pest if not kept in check by the predators and parasites, which represented 42% of the total species.
395:
and rarest practice. With this method, coffee shrubs are planted in the existing forest with only the lowest strata of the forest removed and replaced with the coffee crop, so there is little alteration of the
354:. Researchers have found that shade may suppress spore dispersal under dry conditions but assist spore dispersal during wet conditions. The researchers acknowledge the need for further research on the topic.
52:
of trees. A canopy of assorted types of shade trees is created to cultivate shade-grown coffee. Because it incorporates principles of natural ecology to promote natural ecological relationships, shade-grown
993:
LĂłpez-Sampson, Arlene; SepĂșlveda, Norvin; Barrios, Mirna; Somarriba, Eduardo; MunguĂa, Rodolfo; Moraga, Pedro; Ponce, Alejandro; Orozco-Aguilar, Luis; Navarrete, Elvin; Navarrete, Ledis (2020-12-25).
438:
are typically removed. There are only two strata in this system, the canopy and the coffee. At this point, fertilizers and pesticides may be required. In this system, coffee yields are higher and
335:
Shade trees contribute to increased humidity and ground litter from fallen leaves and branches. These conditions are beneficial to the proliferation of certain coffee pests and diseases, such as
285:; soil in shade-grown coffee holds carbon from the organic matter that accumulates on the ground and gets broken down over time. A study on shadeâgrown coffee systems in Indonesia showed that
454:
canopy species to provide shade. Coffee shrubs are planted more densely, and the farm looks very organized and deliberate with a focus on generating products that are solely market-based.
289:
stocks in the upper layer of soil were equal to 60% of those found in primary forest there, and they showed 58% more total carbon stock in soil and biomass than sun-grown coffee.
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Insect communities can be fairly complex in shaded coffee plantations. 609 species of insects from 258 families were found in a sample from ground level to 2 meters in a shaded
2257:
1283:
Takahashi, Ryo; Todo, Yasuyuki (2013). "The impact of a shade coffee certification program on forest conservation: A case study from a wild coffee forest in
Ethiopia".
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If the litter from the shade trees (fallen leaves and branches) is allowed to decay on the ground, nutrients taken up by the shade tree can be returned to the system.
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Canopy coverage of a mostly traditional shade coffee plantation. Most of the canopy has been left undisturbed and coffee shrubs have been planted in the understory.
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diversity increases fruit set in coffee; coffee plants visited by 3 species of bees had 60% fruit set while those with 20 species or more had 90% fruit set.
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Williams, Alicia; Dayer, Ashley A.; Hernandez-Aguilera, J. Nicolas; Phillips, Tina B.; Faulkner-Grant, Holly; GĂłmez, Miguel I.; Rodewald, Amanda D. (2021).
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occurred in shade-coffee plantations. This study also showed that distance from protected wildlife reserves had a negative influence on mammal
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Reduced nutrient availability, namely nitrogen, reduces coffee tree yield when compared to intense cropping systems in full-sun conditions.
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emerged ranging from high species diversity in "rustic" shaded polycultures to extremely low species diversity in unshaded monocultures.
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Shade trees compete with coffee trees for water and nutrients. In regions where either resource is limited, competition is exacerbated.
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are also extremely diverse in shaded polycultures; 90 total epiphytic species were found in 10 sites of shade-grown coffee plots.
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949:"Analysis of management and site factors to improve the sustainability of smallholder coffee production in TarrazĂș, Costa Rica"
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There is a complex interaction between shade, meteorological effects such as rainfall or dry periods, and aerial dispersal of
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382:. The red trees in the background provide shade; those in the foreground have been pruned to allow full exposure to the sun.
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Moguel, Patricia; Toledo, Victor M. (1999). "Biodiversity
Conservation in Traditional Coffee Systems of Mexico".
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involves the integration of beneficial plants, alongside intended coffee crops, which results in more
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Castro-Tanzi, Sebastian; Dietsch, Thomas; Urena, Natalia; Vindas, Lucia; Chandler, Mark (July 2012).
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845:"The mammalian communities in coffee plantations around a protected area in the Western Ghats, India"
695:"The Economics and Ecology of Shade-grown Coffee: A Model to Incentivize Shade and Bird Conservation"
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and other plant material from these shade trees also contribute to increased soil nutrients such as
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1127:"Advantages, Disadvantages and Desirable Characteristics of Shade Trees for Coffee, Cacao and Tea"
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Hernandez-Aguilera, J. Nicolas; Conrad, Jon M.; GĂłmez, Miguel I.; Rodewald, Amanda D. (May 2019).
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995:"Long-term effects of shade and input levels on coffee yields in the Pacific region of Nicaragua"
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902:"A Critical Analysis of the Agronomic and Economic Sustainability of Organic Coffee Production"
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Perfecto, Ivette; Rice, Robert A.; Greenberg, Russell; van der Voort, Martha E. (1996).
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The high species diversity found in shaded polycultures allows for relatively complex
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1344:"Tapping birdwatchers to promote bird-friendly coffee consumption and conserve birds"
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1262:"Arabica coffee manual for Lao-PDR |Chapter 3 Field management & planting trees"
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The presence of canopy and midstory vegetation in shaded polycultures helps reduce
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763:"The Ecological Benefits of Shade-Grown Coffee: The Case for Going Bird Friendly"
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467:) to provide shade for coffee bushes. In south-east Asia, suitable trees include
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Revenue potentials are lower for shade grown versus full-sun management systems.
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Winston, Edward; Jacques Op de Laak; Tony Marsh; Herbert Lempke; Keith
Chapman.
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588:"Why Migratory Birds are Crazy for Coffee - Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center"
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1078:"Shade Effects on the Dispersal of Airborne Hemileia vastatrix Uredospores"
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733:"Shade Grown Coffee Shrinking as a Proportion of Global Coffee Production"
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diversity" that can be reached in coffee farming. Additionally, this
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The Bird Friendly coffee certification program, administered by the
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Shade conditions can reduce incidences of certain pests such as the
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coffee, showed that the exclusion of lizards led to an increase in
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Bali, Archana; Kumar, Ajith; Krishnaswamy, Jagdish (2007-09-01).
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given site, and shrub diversity was fairly low in all sites.
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In Mexico, for example, farmers will use almost exclusively
808:"Biodiversity of Flora and Fauna in Shaded Coffee Systems"
801:
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65:. The resulting coffee can be marketed as "shade-grown".
1043:. M. Bigger, R. J. Hillocks. Wallingford, UK: CABI Pub.
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as well stabilize steep, mountainous slopes. The added
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Biological control by birds acting as predators on the
813:. ICRAF-Latin America Regional Office. pp. 27â29.
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607:"Shade Coffee: A Disappearing Refuge for Biodiversity"
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The shaded monoculture system uses a single, usually
195:, an insect that is a serious pest to coffee plants.
1329:"Daily Footprint, #8 â Coffee (Part 1, Shade Grown)"
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806:Faminow, Merle D.; Rodriguez, Eloise A. (2001).
785:"Birds do Better in 'Agroforests' than on Farms"
506:production but has greater environmental costs.
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440:production is driven exclusively by the market
57:can be considered an offshoot of agricultural
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1243:"As India Gains Strength, So Does its Coffee"
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1040:Coffee pests, diseases and their management
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826:"Why Migratory Birds are Crazy for Coffee"
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953:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
900:Van Der Vossen, H. A. M. (October 2005).
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2458:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
2228:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
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267:Carbon sequestration and climate change
1512:List of countries by coffee production
374:Coffee plantation with shade trees in
421:helps farmers when coffee prices are
7:
140:traditional coffee plantations near
27:Coffee grown under a canopy of trees
1285:Journal of Environmental Management
1264:. Food and Agriculture Organization
491:(khao dao sang, Indian lilac), and
160:of India showed that 28 species of
2407:United States Barista Championship
590:. February 4, 2017. Archived from
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830:Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center
650:"Coffee Drinkers and Bird Lovers"
534:Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center
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1241:Allison, Mellissa (2013-01-27).
1212:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97153.x
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44:is a form of crop produced from
999:Bois & ForĂȘts des Tropiques
824:Rice, Robert (1 January 1994).
521:shade-grown coffee beans being
272:Carbon sinks and climate change
711:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.01.015
1:
1858:Single-serve coffee container
1297:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.025
672:"What is Shade-grown Coffee?"
872:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.06.017
1012:10.19182/bft2020.346.a36292
783:University of Utah (2012).
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2412:World Barista Championship
1838:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
1095:10.1094/PHYTO-02-15-0058-R
973:10.1016/j.agee.2012.04.013
525:on a coffee plantation in
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918:10.1017/S0014479705002863
793:Retrieved 10 October 2012
85:climate change adaptation
1464:International Coffee Day
906:Experimental Agriculture
652:. www.nationalzoo.si.edu
497:, a useful timber tree.
339:and American leaf spot.
2258:Historical coffeehouses
852:Biological Conservation
674:. www.coffeehabitat.com
556:Sustainable agriculture
404:Traditional polyculture
2468:Coffee vending machine
1692:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
1037:Waller, J. M. (2007).
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473:(tton tong or dadap),
429:Commercial polyculture
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315:Asian white stem borer
281:. Soil also acts as a
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34:Shade grown coffee in
2273:Viennese coffee house
1804:Karlsbad coffee maker
761:Rice, Robert (2010).
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2433:Coffee and doughnuts
2036:Indian filter coffee
1469:Single-origin coffee
1192:Conservation Biology
1134:Agroforestry Systems
699:Ecological Economics
501:Unshaded monoculture
470:Erythrina subumbrans
419:crop diversification
391:Rustic is the least
293:Agricultural impacts
244:chemical fertilizers
2473:Used coffee grounds
1360:2021PeoNa...3..312W
1204:1999ConBi..13...11M
1146:1987AgrSy...5....3B
1125:Beer, John (1987).
965:2012AgEE..155..172C
864:2007BCons.139...93B
494:Paulownia tomentosa
73:Coffee (especially
2478:Sustainable coffee
2175:Organization lists
2136:RĂŒdesheimer Kaffee
1916:Café com cheirinho
1505:Sustainable coffee
1500:Shade-grown coffee
1368:10.1002/pan3.10191
1154:10.1007/bf00046410
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242:requires numerous
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91:Ecological impacts
80:Hemileia vastatrix
42:Shade-grown coffee
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2499:Coffee portal
2417:World Brewers Cup
2041:Ipoh white coffee
1522:Coffee wastewater
1490:Coffee production
1474:Third-wave coffee
1348:People and Nature
1247:The Seattle Times
1050:978-1-84593-209-1
569:Coffee portal
551:Fair trade coffee
476:Gliricidia sepium
446:Shade monoculture
414:species diversity
208:Abiotic processes
96:Species diversity
16:(Redirected from
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760:
759:
740:
731:
730:
726:
692:
691:
687:
677:
675:
670:
669:
665:
655:
653:
648:
647:
640:
624:10.2307/1312989
604:
603:
599:
586:
585:
581:
576:
561:
542:
512:
503:
488:Melia azedarach
479:(khae falang),
448:
439:
431:
406:
389:
360:
348:
323:
300:
295:
274:
269:
239:
215:
210:
201:
179:
174:
156:A study in the
154:
137:
124:
111:
98:
93:
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2502:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2443:Coffee service
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Coffee cupping
2240:
2238:Coffee culture
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:Bikini barista
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2161:Wiener Melange
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:Turkish coffee
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:Liqueur coffee
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Kurdish coffee
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Dalgona coffee
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Coffee cabinet
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:CaffĂš corretto
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Café con leche
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:Turkish coffee
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1816:Instant coffee
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1551:
1549:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1527:Decaffeination
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1495:Organic coffee
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1354:(2): 312â324.
1334:
1320:
1275:
1252:
1233:
1177:
1117:
1088:(6): 572â580.
1082:Phytopathology
1064:
1049:
1026:
978:
939:
912:(4): 449â473.
877:
835:
816:
795:
772:
738:
724:
685:
663:
638:
617:(8): 598â608.
597:
594:on 2017-02-04.
578:
577:
575:
572:
559:
558:
553:
548:
546:Organic coffee
541:
538:
511:
508:
502:
499:
447:
444:
430:
427:
405:
402:
388:
385:
359:
358:Types of shade
356:
347:
344:
322:
319:
299:
296:
294:
291:
279:global warming
273:
270:
268:
265:
238:
235:
214:
211:
209:
206:
200:
197:
178:
175:
173:
170:
153:
150:
136:
133:
123:
120:
110:
107:
97:
94:
92:
89:
75:Coffea arabica
70:
67:
48:grown under a
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2551:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Canned coffee
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Cereal coffee
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Barley coffee
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Coffee palace
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:CaffĂš sospeso
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:White Russian
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:Frappé coffee
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:CĂ phĂȘ sữa ÄĂĄ
1904:
1902:
1901:Black Russian
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Beaten coffee
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1868:Coffee drinks
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Brewed coffee
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Arabic coffee
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:Blue Mountain
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1532:Home roasting
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1331:. 2017-02-18.
1330:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
985:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
839:
836:
831:
827:
820:
817:
809:
802:
800:
796:
790:
786:
779:
777:
773:
768:
764:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:. 2014-04-16.
734:
728:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
686:
673:
667:
664:
651:
645:
643:
639:
634:
630:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
598:
593:
589:
583:
580:
573:
571:
570:
565:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
537:
535:
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:Certification
509:
507:
500:
498:
496:
495:
490:
489:
484:
483:
482:Cassia siamea
478:
477:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
455:
453:
445:
443:
437:
428:
426:
424:
420:
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
398:native plants
394:
386:
381:
377:
372:
364:
357:
355:
353:
345:
343:
340:
338:
333:
329:
326:
320:
318:
316:
311:
308:
304:
297:
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
271:
266:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
212:
207:
205:
198:
196:
194:
189:
184:
176:
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
158:Western Ghats
151:
149:
147:
143:
134:
132:
129:
121:
119:
117:
108:
106:
104:
95:
90:
88:
86:
82:
81:
76:
68:
66:
64:
60:
56:
51:
47:
46:coffee plants
43:
37:
32:
19:
2504:
2490:
2400:Competitions
2386:Tasse à café
2223:Coffee break
2192:Coffeehouses
2182:Bakery cafés
2151:White coffee
2141:Tenom coffee
2046:Irish coffee
1926:Café de olla
1911:Café au lait
1853:Vacuum maker
1821:Coffee syrup
1811:French press
1677:Caffeic acid
1646:
1639:
1625:
1620:Charrieriana
1618:
1554:
1499:
1377:10919/102582
1351:
1347:
1337:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1255:
1246:
1236:
1198:(1): 11â21.
1195:
1191:
1137:
1133:
1120:
1085:
1081:
1039:
1002:
998:
956:
952:
942:
909:
905:
855:
851:
838:
819:
789:ScienceDaily
788:
766:
727:
702:
698:
688:
676:. Retrieved
666:
654:. Retrieved
614:
610:
600:
592:the original
582:
560:
531:
504:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
449:
432:
408:Traditional
407:
390:
349:
341:
334:
330:
327:
324:
312:
309:
305:
301:
275:
248:insecticides
240:
219:soil erosion
216:
202:
180:
177:Pest control
155:
138:
125:
112:
99:
78:
74:
72:
63:agroforestry
59:permaculture
41:
40:
18:Shade coffee
2539:Polyculture
2453:Coffee wars
2283:Substitutes
2253:Coffeehouse
2066:Kopi tubruk
2031:Iced coffee
2011:Frappuccino
1981:Café Cubano
1971:Coffee milk
1951:CaffĂš mocha
1941:CaffĂš crema
1799:French drip
1767:Drip coffee
1750:Coffeemaker
1707:Preparation
1687:Coffee bean
1592:Maracaturra
959:: 172â181.
767:Smithsonian
705:: 110â121.
678:19 February
656:28 November
485:(khi lek),
410:Polyculture
287:soil carbon
223:leaf litter
199:Pollination
146:monoculture
128:polyculture
2528:Categories
2438:Coffee bag
2357:Coffee cup
2296:Barley tea
2121:Raf coffee
2101:Marocchino
2091:Long black
2061:Kopi luwak
2001:Flat white
1991:Egg coffee
1956:Cappuccino
1931:Café Touba
1843:Percolator
1745:Chorreador
1665:Components
1597:Maragogipe
1483:Production
1454:Fair trade
1163:11554/5747
611:BioScience
574:References
519:Fair trade
459:leguminous
380:Costa Rica
260:pesticides
256:fungicides
252:herbicides
193:leafminers
2374:Demitasse
2301:Barleycup
2268:Latte art
2263:Kopi tiam
2233:CoffeeCon
2201:Lifestyle
2166:Yuenyeung
2131:Ristretto
1961:Carajillo
1881:Americano
1787:ristretto
1755:Cold brew
1715:AeroPress
1572:Bonifieur
1547:varieties
1449:Economics
1394:233521434
1386:2575-8314
1306:10685/110
1291:: 48â54.
1104:0031-949X
1059:567837010
1021:1777-5760
1005:: 21â33.
926:0014-4797
719:159324472
527:Guatemala
436:epiphytes
423:depressed
393:intensive
183:food webs
142:Soconusco
116:Epiphytes
36:Guatemala
2331:Maya nut
2106:Mazagran
1996:Espresso
1876:Affogato
1833:Moka pot
1828:Knockbox
1772:Espresso
1682:Caffeine
1672:Cafestol
1641:Racemosa
1627:Liberica
1315:24061085
1228:55271604
1172:22181155
1140:(1): 4.
1112:26828230
540:See also
321:Negative
298:Positive
231:nitrogen
2316:Chicory
2208:Barista
2126:Red eye
2111:Moretta
1976:Cortado
1896:Bicerin
1697:Kahweol
1648:Robusta
1602:Molokai
1577:Bourbon
1562:Benguet
1556:Arabica
1542:Species
1459:History
1356:Bibcode
1220:2641560
1200:Bibcode
1142:Bibcode
961:Bibcode
934:3150859
860:Bibcode
633:1312989
162:mammals
152:Mammals
122:Insects
69:History
2510:
2362:sleeve
2336:Postum
2116:Oliang
2021:Garoto
1777:doppio
1735:Chemex
1725:Jebena
1633:Barako
1612:Sagada
1582:Geisha
1442:Topics
1435:Coffee
1392:
1384:
1313:
1226:
1218:
1170:
1110:
1102:
1057:
1047:
1019:
932:
924:
717:
631:
523:pulped
452:pruned
387:Rustic
258:, and
227:carbon
109:Plants
55:coffee
50:canopy
2426:Misc.
2379:spoon
2369:Cezve
2341:Qishr
2096:Lungo
2081:Latte
2051:Karsk
2016:GalĂŁo
1782:lungo
1760:nitro
1740:Cezve
1390:S2CID
1268:1 May
1224:S2CID
1216:JSTOR
1168:S2CID
1130:(PDF)
930:S2CID
848:(PDF)
811:(PDF)
715:S2CID
629:JSTOR
376:OrosĂ
237:Water
135:Birds
2391:Zarf
2326:Inka
2306:Caro
2056:Kopi
1891:Bica
1654:Sulu
1607:S795
1587:Kona
1544:and
1382:ISSN
1311:PMID
1270:2019
1108:PMID
1100:ISSN
1055:OCLC
1045:ISBN
1017:ISSN
922:ISSN
680:2015
658:2012
464:Inga
283:sink
229:and
213:Soil
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