Shape-memory alloy - Knowledge (XXG)

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the application of an external force (intrinsic two-way effect). The reason the material behaves so differently in these situations lies in training. Training implies that a shape memory can "learn" to behave in a certain way. Under normal circumstances, a shape-memory alloy "remembers" its low-temperature shape, but upon heating to recover the high-temperature shape, immediately "forgets" the low-temperature shape. However, it can be "trained" to "remember" to leave some reminders of the deformed low-temperature condition in the high-temperature phases. One way of training the SMA consists in applying a cyclic thermal load under constant stress field. During this process, internal defects are introduced into the microstructure which generates internal permanent stresses that facilitate the orientation of the martensitic crystals. Therefore, while cooling a trained SMA in austenitic phase under no applied stress, the martensite is formed detwinned due to the internal stresses, which leads to the material shape change. And while heating back the SMA into austenite, it recovers its initial shape.

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material such as Nitinol, the monoclinic phase has lower symmetry which is important as certain crystallographic orientations will accommodate higher strains compared to other orientations when under an applied stress. Thus it follows that the material will tend to form orientations that maximize the overall strain prior to any increase in applied stress. One mechanism that aids in this process is the twinning of the martensite phase. In crystallography, a twin boundary is a two-dimensional defect in which the stacking of atomic planes of the lattice are mirrored across the plane of the boundary. Depending on stress and temperature, these deformation processes will compete with permanent deformation such as slip.

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crystal transformations, the atoms in the structure will travel through the metal by diffusion, changing the composition locally, even though the metal as a whole is made of the same atoms. A reversible transformation does not involve this diffusion of atoms, instead all the atoms shift at the same time to form a new structure, much in the way a parallelogram can be made out of a square by pushing on two opposing sides. At different temperatures, different structures are preferred and when the structure is cooled through the transition temperature, the martensitic structure forms from the austenitic phase.

509:. The material initially exhibits typical elastic-plastic behavior for metals. However, once the material reaches the martensitic stress, the austenite will transform to martensite and detwin. As previously discussed, this detwinning is reversible when transforming back from martensite to austenite. If large stresses are applied, plastic behavior such as detwinning and slip of the martensite will initiate at sites such as grain boundaries or inclusions. If the material is unloaded before plastic deformation occurs, it will revert to austenite once a critical stress for austenite is reached (σ 266: 517: 188:-Mn-Si, Cu-Zn-Al and Cu-Al-Ni, are commercially available and cheaper than NiTi, NiTi-based SMAs are preferable for most applications due to their stability and practicability as well as their superior thermo-mechanical performance. SMAs can exist in two different phases, with three different crystal structures (i.e. twinned martensite, detwinned martensite, and austenite) and six possible transformations. The thermo-mechanic behavior of the SMAs is governed by a phase transformation between the austenite and the martensite. 427: 373: 580:(an acronym for Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratories). Their remarkable properties were discovered by accident. A sample that was bent out of shape many times was presented at a laboratory management meeting. One of the associate technical directors, Dr. David S. Muzzey, decided to see what would happen if the sample was subjected to heat and held his pipe lighter underneath it. To everyone's amazement the sample stretched back to its original shape. 695:. Deactivation typically occurs by free convective heat transfer to the ambient environment. Consequently, SMA actuation is typically asymmetric, with a relatively fast actuation time and a slow deactuation time. A number of methods have been proposed to reduce SMA deactivation time, including forced convection, and lagging the SMA with a conductive material in order to manipulate the heat transfer rate. 702:". this method uses a thermal paste to rapidly transfer heat from the SMA by conduction. This heat is then more readily transferred to the environment by convection as the outer radii (and heat transfer area) are significantly greater than for the bare wire. This method results in a significant reduction in deactivation time and a symmetric activation profile. As a consequence of the increased 2800: 36: 995:, typically for lower extremity procedures. The device, usually in the form of a large staple, is stored in a refrigerator in its malleable form and is implanted into pre-drilled holes in the bone across an osteotomy. As the staple warms it returns to its non-malleable state and compresses the bony surfaces together to promote bone union. 683:

with a lack of material and design knowledge and associated tools, such as improper design approaches and techniques used. The challenges in designing SMA applications are to overcome their limitations, which include a relatively small usable strain, low actuation frequency, low controllability, low accuracy and low energy efficiency.

513:). The material will recover nearly all strain that was induced from the structural change, and for some SMAs this can be strains greater than 10 percent. This hysteresis loop shows the work done for each cycle of the material between states of small and large deformations, which is important for many applications. 662:. The high cost of the metal itself and the processing requirements make it difficult and expensive to implement SMAs into a design. As a result, these materials are used in applications where the super elastic properties or the shape-memory effect can be exploited. The most common application is in actuation. 837:(and "Roboterfrau Lara"), as they make it possible to create very lightweight robots. Recently, a prosthetic hand was introduced by Loh et al. that can almost replicate the motions of a human hand . Other biomimetic applications are also being explored. Weak points of the technology are energy inefficiency, 343:

Thus, when the temperature is raised and austenite becomes thermodynamically favored, all of the atoms rearrange to the B2 structure which happens to be the same macroscopic shape as the B19' pre-deformation shape. This phase transformation happens extremely quickly and gives SMAs their distinctive "snap".

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as an enabling technology in a number of minimally invasive endovascular medical applications. While more costly than stainless steel, the self expanding properties of Nitinol alloys manufactured to BTR (Body Temperature Response), have provided an attractive alternative to balloon expandable devices

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SMAs find a variety of applications in civil structures such as bridges and buildings. In the form of rebars or plates, they can be used for flexural, shear and seismic strengthening of concrete and steel structures. Another application is Intelligent Reinforced Concrete (IRC), which incorporates SMA

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observed during the superelastic effect allow SMAs to dissipate energy and dampen vibrations. These materials show promise for reducing the high vibration loads on payloads during launch as well as on fan blades in commercial jet engines, allowing for more lightweight and efficient designs. SMAs also

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The two-way shape-memory effect is the effect that the material remembers two different shapes: one at low temperatures, and one at the high temperature. A material that shows a shape-memory effect during both heating and cooling is said to have two-way shape memory. This can also be obtained without

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Repeated use of the shape-memory effect may lead to a shift of the characteristic transformation temperatures (this effect is known as functional fatigue, as it is closely related with a change of microstructural and functional properties of the material). The maximum temperature at which SMAs can no

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When the martensite is loaded, these self-accommodating twins provide an easy path for deformation. Applied stresses will detwin the martensite, but all of the atoms stay in the same position relative to the nearby atoms—no atomic bonds are broken or reformed (as they would be by dislocation motion).

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Traditional active cancellation techniques for tremor reduction use electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic systems to actuate an object in the direction opposite to the disturbance. However, these systems are limited due to the large infrastructure required to produce large amplitudes of power at human

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There is also strong interest in using SMAs for a variety of actuator applications in commercial jet engines, which would significantly reduce their weight and boost efficiency. Further research needs to be conducted in this area, however, to increase the transformation temperatures and improve the

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Many metals have several different crystal structures at the same composition, but most metals do not show this shape-memory effect. The special property that allows shape-memory alloys to revert to their original shape after heating is that their crystal transformation is fully reversible. In most

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and TITANflex. These frames are usually made out of shape-memory alloys that have their transition temperature set below the expected room temperature. This allows the frames to undergo large deformation under stress, yet regain their intended shape once the metal is unloaded again. The very large

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SMA have many advantages over traditional actuators, but do suffer from a series of limitations that may impede practical application. In numerous studies, it was emphasised that only a few of patented shape memory alloy applications are commercially successful due to material limitations combined

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SMAs are also subject to functional fatigue, a failure mode not typical of most engineering materials, whereby the SMA does not fail structurally but loses its shape-memory/superelastic characteristics over time. As a result of cyclic loading (both mechanical and thermal), the material loses its

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At stresses above the martensitic stress (A), austenite will transform to martensite and induce large macroscopic strains until no austenite remains (C). Upon unloading, martensite will revert to austenite phase beneath the austenitic stress (D), at which point strain will be recovered until the

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cubic) is thermodynamically favored at higher temperatures. Since these structures have different lattice sizes and symmetry, cooling austenite into martensite introduces internal strain energy in the martensitic phase. To reduce this energy, the martensitic phase forms many twins—this is called

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The transition from the martensite phase to the austenite phase is only dependent on temperature and stress, not time, as most phase changes are, as there is no diffusion involved. Similarly, the austenite structure receives its name from steel alloys of a similar structure. It is the reversible

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The 2014 Chevrolet Corvette became the first vehicle to incorporate SMA actuators, which replaced heavier motorized actuators to open and close the hatch vent that releases air from the trunk, making it easier to close. A variety of other applications are also being targeted, including electric

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discovered the pseudoelastic behavior of the Au-Cd alloy in 1932. Greninger and Mooradian (1938) observed the formation and disappearance of a martensitic phase by decreasing and increasing the temperature of a Cu-Zn alloy. The basic phenomenon of the memory effect governed by the thermoelastic

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The key to the large strain deformations is the difference in crystal structure between the two phases. Austenite generally has a cubic structure while martensite can be monoclinic or another structure different from the parent phase, typically with lower symmetry. For a monoclinic martensitic

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apparently elastic strains are due to the stress-induced martensitic effect, where the crystal structure can transform under loading, allowing the shape to change temporarily under load. This means that eyeglasses made of shape-memory alloys are more robust against being accidentally damaged.

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SMA is subject to structural fatigue – a failure mode by which cyclic loading results in the initiation and propagation of a crack that eventually results in catastrophic loss of function by fracture. The physics behind this fatigue mode is accumulation of microstructural damage during cyclic

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have produced a prototype machine that transfers heat using a nickel-titanium ("nitinol") alloy wire wrapped around a rotating cylinder. As the cylinder rotates, heat is absorbed on one side and released on the other, as the wire changes from its "superelastic" state to its unloaded state.

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is dependent on parameters such as temperature and the number of nucleation sites for phase nucleation. Interfaces and inclusions will provide general sites for the transformation to begin, and if these are great in number, it will increase the driving force for nucleation. A smaller

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that adjust the contour of the lumbar support / bolsters. The overall benefits of SMA over traditionally-used solenoids in this application (lower noise/EMC/weight/form factor/power consumption) were the crucial factor in the decision to replace the old standard technology with SMA.

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Shape-memory alloys have different shape-memory effects. The two common effects are one-way SMA and two-way SMA. A schematic of the effects is shown below. The procedures are very similar: starting from martensite, adding a deformation, heating the sample and cooling it again.

452: 448:. “Superelasticity” implies that the atomic bonds between atoms stretch to an extreme length without incurring plastic deformation. Pseudoelasticity still achieves large, recoverable strains with little to no permanent deformation, but it relies on more complex mechanisms. 727:

ability to undergo a reversible phase transformation. For example, the working displacement in an actuator decreases with increasing cycle numbers. The physics behind this is gradual change in microstructure—more specifically, the buildup of accommodation slip

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Applying a mechanical load to the martensite leads to a re-orientation of the crystals, referred to as “de-twinning”, which results in a deformation which is not recovered (remembered) after releasing the mechanical load. De-twinning starts at a certain stress

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wires embedded within the concrete. These wires can sense cracks and contract to heal micro-sized cracks. Also the active tuning of structural natural frequency using SMA wires to dampen vibrations is possible, as well as the usage of SMA fibers in concrete.

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developed the Variable Geometry Chevron using a NiTi SMA. Such a variable area fan nozzle (VAFN) design would allow for quieter and more efficient jet engines in the future. In 2005 and 2006, Boeing conducted successful flight testing of this technology.

339:. Since the shape memory alloy will be manufactured from a higher temperature and is usually engineered so that the martensitic phase is dominant at operating temperature to take advantage of the shape memory effect, SMAs "start" highly twinned. 385:), the metal can be bent or stretched and will hold those shapes until heated above the transition temperature. Upon heating, the shape changes to its original. When the metal cools again, it will retain the shape, until deformed again. 731:. This is often accompanied by a significant change in transformation temperatures. Design of SMA actuators may also influence both structural and functional fatigue of SMA, such as the pulley configurations in SMA-Pulley system. 318:

The shape memory effect (SME) occurs because a temperature-induced phase transformation reverses deformation, as shown in the previous hysteresis curve. Typically the martensitic phase is monoclinic or orthorhombic (B19' or

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A variety of alloys exhibit the shape-memory effect. Alloying constituents can be adjusted to control the transformation temperatures of the SMA. Some common systems include the following (by no means an exhaustive list):

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Shape-memory alloys are typically made by casting, using vacuum arc melting or induction melting. These are specialist techniques used to keep impurities in the alloy to a minimum and ensure the metals are well mixed. The

489:. The figure above illustrates how this is possible, by relating the pseudoelastic stress-induced phase transformation to the shape memory effect temperature induced phase transformation. For a particular point on A 2328:

Mabe, J. H.; Calkins, F. T.; Alkislar, M. B. (2008). "Variable area jet nozzle using shape memory alloy actuators in an antagonistic design". In Davis, L. Porter; Henderson, Benjamin K; McMickell, M. Brett (eds.).

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Experimental solid state heat engines, operating from the relatively small temperature differences in cold and hot water reservoirs, have been developed since the 1970s, including the Banks Engine, developed by

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One of the advantages to using shape-memory alloys is the high level of recoverable plastic strain that can be induced. The maximum recoverable strain these materials can hold without permanent damage is up to

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In a plot of strain versus temperature, the austenite and martensite start and finish lines run parallel. The SME and pseudoelasticity are actually different parts of the same phenomenon, as shown on the left.

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tremor frequencies. SMAs have proven to be an effective method of actuation in hand-held applications, and have enabled a new class active tremor cancellation devices. One recent example of such device is the

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The phase transformation from austenite to martensite can also occur at constant temperature by applying a mechanical load above a certain level. The transformation is reversed when the load is released.

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The way in which the alloys are "trained" depends on the properties wanted. The "training" dictates the shape that the alloy will remember when it is heated. This occurs by heating the alloy so that the

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With the one-way effect, cooling from high temperatures does not cause a macroscopic shape change. A deformation is necessary to create the low-temperature shape. On heating, transformation starts at

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The yield strength of shape-memory alloys is lower than that of conventional steel, but some compositions have a higher yield strength than plastic or aluminum. The yield stress for Ni Ti can reach

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above which martensite continue exhibiting only elastic behavior (as long as the load is below the yield stress). The memorized deformation from detwinning is recovered after heating to austenite.

291: 117:. The "memorized geometry" can be modified by fixating the desired geometry and subjecting it to a thermal treatment, for example a wire can be taught to memorize the shape of a coil spring. 1018:. This revolutionized clinical orthodontics. Andreasen's alloy has a patterned shape memory, expanding and contracting within given temperature ranges because of its geometric programming. 797:

mechanical properties of these materials before they can be successfully implemented. A review of recent advances in high-temperature shape-memory alloys (HTSMAs) is presented by Ma et al.

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According to a 2019 article released by Saarland University, the efficiency by which the heat is transferred appears to be higher than that of a typical heat pump or air conditioner.

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where some of the mechanical energy is lost in the process. The shape of the curve depends on the material properties of the shape-memory alloy, such as the alloy's composition and

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SMAs exhibit at least 3 kinds of pseudoelasticty. The two less-studied kinds of pseudoelasticity are pseudo-twin formation and rubber-like behavior due to short range order.

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Filip, Peter; Mazanec, Karel (May 1995). "Influence of work hardening and heat treatment on the substructure and deformation behaviour of TiNi shape memory alloys".

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The copper-based and NiTi-based shape-memory alloys are considered to be engineering materials. These compositions can be manufactured to almost any shape and size.

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Huang, S; Leary, Martin; Attalla, Tamer; Probst, K; Subic, A (2012). "Optimisation of Ni–Ti shape memory alloy response time by transient heat transfer analysis".

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Tanaka, Y.; Himuro, Y.; Kainuma, R.; Sutou, Y.; Omori, T.; Ishida, K. (2010-03-18). "Ferrous Polycrystalline Shape-Memory Alloy Showing Huge Superelasticity".

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In this figure the vertical axis represents the martensite fraction. The difference between the heating transition and the cooling transition gives rise to

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will be needed than for homogeneous nucleation. Likewise, increasing temperature will reduce the driving force for the phase transformation, so a larger σ

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diffusionless transition between these two phases that results in special properties. While martensite can be formed from austenite by rapidly cooling

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in metal tubing, and it can also replace a sensor-actuator closed loop to control water temperature by governing hot and cold water flow ratio.

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for piping, e.g. oil pipe lines, for industrial applications, water pipes and similar types of piping for consumer/commercial applications.

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The range of applications for SMAs has grown over the years, a major area of development being dentistry. One example is the prevalence of

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The main pseudoelastic effect comes from a stress-induced phase transformation. The figure on the right exhibits how this process occurs.

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Miyazaki, S.; Kim, H. Y.; Hosoda, H. (2006). "Development and characterization of Ni-free Ti-base shape memory and superelastic alloys".

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Cooling from austenite to (twinned) martensite, which happens either at beginning of the SMA’s lifetime or at the end of a thermal cycle.

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behavior of the martensite phase was widely reported a decade later by Kurdjumov and Khandros (1949) and also by Chang and Read (1951).

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Hamilton, R. F.; Dilibal, S.; Sehitoglu, H.; Maier, H. J. (2011). "Underlying mechanism of dual hysteresis in NiMnGa single crystals".

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M. Jani, J.; Leary, M.; Subic, A.; Gibson, Mark A. (2014). "A review of shape memory alloy research, applications and opportunities".

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The first reported steps towards the discovery of the shape-memory effect were taken in the 1930s. According to Otsuka and Wayman,

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There are several ways of doing this. A shaped, trained object heated beyond a certain point will lose the two-way memory effect.

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San Juan, J.; Nó, M.L. (2013). "Superelasticity and shape memory at nano-scale: Size effects on the martensitic transformation".

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Wu, S; Wayman, C (1987). "Martensitic transformations and the shape-memory effect in Ti50Ni10Au40 and Ti50Au50 alloys".

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where it gives the ability to adapt to the shape of certain blood vessels when exposed to body temperature. On average,

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generators to generate electricity from exhaust heat and on-demand air dams to optimize aerodynamics at various speeds.

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Duerig, T.W.; Pelton, A.R. (1994). "Ti-Ni shape memory alloys". In Gerhard Welsch; Rodney Boyer; E.W. Collings (eds.).

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Wilkes, Kenneth E.; Liaw, Peter K.; Wilkes, Kenneth E. (October 2000). "The fatigue behavior of shape-memory alloys".

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Webster, J. (2006). "High integrity adaptive SMA components for gas turbine applications". In White, Edward V (ed.).

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Mereau, Trinity M.; Ford, Timothy C. (March 2006). "Nitinol Compression Staples for Bone Fixation in Foot Surgery".

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Sun, L.; Huang, W. M. (21 May 2010). "Nature of the multistage transformation in shape memory alloys upon heating".

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SMAs are being explored as vibration dampers for launch vehicles and commercial jet engines. The large amount of

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The first high-volume product (> 5Mio actuators / year) is an automotive valve used to control low pressure

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Leary, M; Schiavone, F; Subic, A (2010). "Lagging for control of shape memory alloy actuator response time".

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is the temperature at which the transition to martensite completes upon cooling. Accordingly, during heating

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Smart Structures and Materials 2006: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies

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for 30 minutes, shaped while hot, and then are cooled rapidly by quenching in water or by cooling with air.

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but returns to its pre-deformed ("remembered") shape when heated. It is also known in other names such as

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There is some SMA-based prototypes of robotic hand that using shape memory effect (SME) to move fingers.

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The Development of an Antagonistic SMA Actuation Technology for the Active Cancellation of Human Tremor

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M. Jani, J.; Leary, M.; Subic, A. (2016). "Fatigue of NiTi SMA-pulley system using Taguchi and ANOVA".

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M. Jani, J.; Leary, M.; Subic, A. (2016). "Designing shape memory alloy linear actuators: A review".

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are the temperatures at which the transformation from martensite to austenite starts and finishes.

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Song, G.; Ma, N.; Li, H. -N. (2006). "Applications of shape memory alloys in civil structures".

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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering

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SMAs display a phenomenon sometimes called superelasticity, but is more accurately described as

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Drugacz, J; Lekston, Z (1995). "Use of TiNiCo shape-memory clamps in the surgical treatment of

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Parts made of shape-memory alloys can be lightweight, solid-state alternatives to conventional

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will be necessary. One can see that as you increase the operational temperature of the SMA, σ

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exhibit potential for other high shock applications such as ball bearings and landing gear.

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Otsuka, K.; Ren, X. (July 2005). "Physical metallurgy of Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys".

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Novel methods to enhance the feasibility of SMA actuators include the use of a conductive "

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Kazuhiro Otsuka; Ren, Xiaobing (1997). "Origin of rubber-like behaviour in metal alloys".

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SMA actuators are typically actuated electrically, where an electric current results in

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Duerig, T.W.; Melton, K.N.; Proft, J.L. (1990), "Wide Hysteresis Shape Memory Alloys",

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Here a load is isothermally applied to a SMA above the austenite finish temperature, A

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using SMA technology to exert constant tooth-moving forces on the teeth; the nitinol

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loading. This failure mode is observed in most engineering materials, not just SMAs.

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QADER, Ibrahim Nazem; KOK, Mediha; Dağdelen, Fethi; AYDOĞDU, Yıldırım (2019-09-30).

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Huang, W. (February 2002). "On the selection of shape memory alloys for actuators".

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Hodgson, Darel E.; Wu, Ming H.; Biermann, Robert J. (1990). "Shape Memory Alloys".

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Stress-Temperature graph of martensite and austenite lines in a shape memory alloy.

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Dilibal, S.; Sehitoglu, H.; Hamilton, R. F.; Maier, H. J.; Chumlyakov, Y. (2011).

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Ma, J.; Karaman, I.; Noebe, R. D. (2010). "High temperature shape memory alloys".

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Shape-memory alloys are applied in medicine, for example, as fixation devices for

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Martensite is thermodynamically favored at lower temperatures, while austenite (

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have also been developed, and became commercially available in the late 1990s.

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Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies 2008

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in surgical tools; active steerable surgical needles for minimally invasive

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Comparative force-time response of bare and lagged Ni-Ti shape memory alloy.

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rate, the required current to achieve a given actuation force is increased.

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Karimi, Saeed; Konh, Bardia (2019). "3D Steerable Active Surgical Needle".

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currently available on the worldwide market are manufactured with Nitinol.

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Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials

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Heating the martensite to reform austenite, restoring the original shape.

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Lara-Quintanilla, A.; Hulskamp, A. W.; Bersee, H. E. (October 2013).

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Shaw, J.; Kyriakides, S. (1995). "Thermomechanical aspects of NiTi".

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made from titanium-containing SMAs are marketed under the trademarks

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is determined by the alloy type and composition and can vary between

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later utilized the alloy in the manufacture of root canal files for

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The nickel-titanium alloys were first developed in 1962–1963 by the

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material is fully austenitic and little to no deformation remains.

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Sold in small round lengths for use in affixment-free bracelets.

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There have also been limited studies on using these materials in

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A variety of wing-morphing technologies are also being explored.

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re-order into stable positions, but not so hot that the material

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Shape memory alloys : modeling and engineering applications

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Novel Super-Elastic Materials for Advanced Bearing Applications

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Metal alloys are not the only thermally-responsive materials;

29: 335:"self-accommodating twinning" and is the twinning version of 1467:""A review of smart materials: researches and applications"" 2439: 2737:"On the volume change in Co–Ni–Al during pseudoelasticity" 1768:

Qian, Hui; Li, Hongnan; Song, Gangbing; Guo, Wei (2013).

899:

Several smartphone companies have released handsets with

132:, and motor-based systems. They can also be used to make 927:

cancer interventions in the surgical procedures such as

838: 298:

This animation illustrates the full shape memory effect:

939:

to exert constant tooth-moving forces on the teeth, in

2175:

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures

2109:

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures

378:

When a shape-memory alloy is in its cold state (below

2576:

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association

857:. The SMA valves are particularly compact in design. 739:

SMA actuators are typically actuated electrically by

670:

for some alloys. This compares with a maximum strain

485:, but below the martensite deformation temperature, M 184:. Although iron-based and copper-based SMAs, such as 553:, and superelasticity will no longer be observable. 2066:Kauffman, George & Isaac Mayo (October 1993). 1662:. Dimitris C. Lagoudas. New York: Springer. 2008. 1252:Cederström, J.; Van Humbeeck, J. (February 1995). 946:The late 1980s saw the commercial introduction of 882:The first consumer commercial application was a 2619:. New York Times (1989-08-15). Retrieved in 2016. 1636:. American Society for Metals. pp. 1035–48. 943:they can be used as a trigger for biopsy action. 311:Cooling the austenite back to twinned martensite. 27:Alloy which returns to a preset shape when heated 2365:"Aerospace applications of shape memory alloys" 199:upon cooling starting from a temperature below 144:The two most prevalent shape-memory alloys are 1811:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 1634:Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys 1844:Chowdhury, Piyas; Sehitoglu, Huseyin (2017). 1394:Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 8: 1990:Frankel, Dana J.; Olson, Gregory B. (2015). 168:), but SMAs can also be created by alloying 354:, where the SMAs are permanently deformed. 305:Applying a stress to detwin the martensite. 2468:Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys 1705:Shape Memory Alloy Shape Training Tutorial 549:will be greater than the yield strength, σ 2672:"NT0404 Nitinol Spring (Nickel Titanium)" 2535:2019 Design of Medical Devices Conference 2380: 2015: 1861: 1785: 1478: 1269: 1090:in use today employ vapor-compression of 718:Structural fatigue and functional fatigue 493:it is possible to choose a point on the M 2442:. Lararobot.de. Retrieved on 2011-12-04. 2358: 2356: 576:and commercialized under the trade name 60:of all important aspects of the article. 1201: 1143:Cu-Al-Ni 14/14.5 wt.% Al, 3/4.5 wt.% Ni 583:There is another type of SMA, called a 2652:Saarland University (March 13, 2019). 2363:Lagoudas, D. C.; Hartl, D. J. (2007). 1683: 56:Please consider expanding the lead to 1883: 1881: 1602:K. Otsuka; C.M. Wayman, eds. (1999). 1597: 1595: 1506:(2nd ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. 991:as a fixation-compression device for 7: 2771:Materials Science and Engineering: A 2744:Materials Science and Engineering: A 2264:Materials Science and Engineering: A 1774:Mathematical Problems in Engineering 1571:"Definition of a Shape Memory Alloy" 1471:El-Cezeri Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 1106:Shape memory alloys (SMAs), such as 501:temperature, as long as that point M 337:geometrically necessary dislocations 2413:. Vol. 6171. pp. 61710F. 2333:. Vol. 6930. pp. 69300T. 687:Response time and response symmetry 347:longer be stress induced is called 2476:10.1016/b978-0-7506-1009-4.50015-9 2088:Oral history by William J. Buehler 1707:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-04. 1440:Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 987:Memory metal has been utilized in 25: 853:SMAs are also used for actuating 833:, for example the hobbyist robot 766:General Electric Aircraft Engines 2798: 1996:Shape Memory and Superelasticity 1910:10.1179/095066010x12646898728363 1504:Mechanical behavior of materials 1347:Metal Science and Heat Treatment 1086:Almost all air conditioners and 585:ferromagnetic shape-memory alloy 462:An animation of pseudoelasticity 425: 371: 358:One-way vs. two-way shape memory 264: 34: 2814:- How NASA Reinvented The Wheel 2520:10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.12.010 2041:Journal of Alloys and Compounds 1890:International Materials Reviews 48:may be too short to adequately 2470:, Elsevier, pp. 130–136, 2287:Smart Materials and Structures 1611:. Cambridge University Press. 620:into longer sections and then 58:provide an accessible overview 1: 2307:10.1088/0964-1726/25/5/057001 2053:10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.10.110 1863:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.10.002 1850:Progress in Materials Science 1549:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2004.10.001 1537:Progress in Materials Science 1332:10.1016/S0261-3069(01)00039-5 636:. They are heated to between 2714:10.1016/0278-2391(95)90166-3 2440:The Lara Project – G1 and G2 2249:10.1016/j.matdes.2009.10.010 2222:10.1016/j.matdes.2011.09.043 2156:10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.084 1831:10.1016/0022-5096(95)00024-D 1502:Courtney, Thomas H. (2000). 1452:10.1016/0956-716X(95)00174-T 1425:10.1016/0026-0800(87)90045-0 1295:10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001100 1171:Ni-Ti approx. 55–60 wt.% Ni 1140:Cu-Al-Be-X(X:Zr, B, Cr, Gd) 959:of all peripheral vascular 901:optical image stabilisation 861:Bio-engineered robotic hand 2859: 2783:10.1016/j.msea.2010.10.042 2756:10.1016/j.msea.2010.12.056 2676:Advanced Refractory Metals 2272:10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.054 2617:Obituary of Dr. Andreasen 2017:10.1007/s40830-015-0017-0 1367:10.1007/s11041-010-9213-x 1258:Le Journal de Physique IV 1231:10.1007/s11837-000-0083-3 1108:nickel-titanium (Nitinol) 1011:was developed in 1972 by 674:for conventional steels. 574:Naval Ordnance Laboratory 2382:10.1243/09544100jaero211 2187:10.1177/1045389X13478271 2121:10.1177/1045389X16679296 1388:Mihálcz, István (2001). 1161:Fe-Pt approx. 25 at.% Pt 1155:Cu-Zn-X (X = Si, Al, Sn) 1149:Cu-Sn approx. 15 at.% Sn 778:Texas A&M University 327:—or rather, detwinning. 191:NiTi alloys change from 2629:Pathak, Anupam (2010). 1953:10.1126/science.1183169 1152:Cu-Zn 38.5/41.5 wt.% Zn 757:Aircraft and spacecraft 2843:Nickel–titanium alloys 2805:Shape-memory materials 2702:J Oral Mazillofac Surg 2500:Engineering Structures 2395:DellaCorte, C. (2014) 2237:Materials & Design 2210:Materials & Design 1690:: CS1 maint: others ( 1605:Shape Memory Materials 1320:Materials & Design 714: 624:to turn it into wire. 521: 475: 463: 315: 2807:at Wikimedia Commons 1480:10.31202/ecjse.562177 1264:(C2): C2-335–C2-341. 1131:Au-Cd 46.5/50 at.% Cd 1078:German scientists at 884:shape-memory coupling 712: 678:Practical limitations 592:shape-memory polymers 519: 472: 461: 367:One-way memory effect 297: 2698:mandibular fractures 2543:10.1115/DMD2019-3307 2144:Materials and Design 1289:. pp. 897–902. 1112:mandibular fractures 1043:Verily Life Sciences 1041:spoon, developed by 890:Consumer electronics 770:Goodrich Corporation 735:Unintended actuation 395:and is completed at 2512:2006EngSt..28.1266S 2299:2016SMaS...25e7001M 2008:2015ShMeS...1...17F 1945:2010Sci...327.1488T 1939:(5972): 1488–1490. 1902:2010IMRv...55..257M 1823:1995JMPSo..43.1243S 1787:10.1155/2013/963530 1731:1997Natur.389..579R 1359:2009MSHT...51..573S 1271:10.1051/jp4:1995251 1223:2000JOM....52j..45W 1128:Ag-Cd 44/49 at.% Cd 1080:Saarland University 1074:Heating and cooling 917:orthopaedic surgery 839:slow response times 283:Shape memory effect 18:Shape Memory Alloys 2266:. 438–440: 18–24. 2093:2016-03-03 at the 1353:(11–12): 573–578. 1164:Mn-Cu 5/35 at.% Cu 989:orthopedic surgery 983:Orthopedic surgery 895:Smartphone cameras 782:All Nippon Airways 715: 598:Crystal structures 522: 505:also has a higher 497: line with a 476: 464: 316: 95:deformed when cold 83:shape-memory alloy 2803:Media related to 2552:978-0-7918-4103-7 2419:10.1117/12.669027 2339:10.1117/12.776816 2181:(15): 1834–1845. 1725:(6651): 579–582. 1669:978-0-387-47685-8 1304:978-1-62708-162-7 941:Capsule Endoscopy 459: 295: 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 2850: 2802: 2787: 2786: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2741: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2455:. 24 March 2021. 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2406: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2243:(4): 2124–2128. 2232: 2226: 2225: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2150:(5): 1078–1113. 2139: 2133: 2132: 2104: 2098: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2072: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2019: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1885: 1876: 1875: 1865: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1817:(8): 1243–1281. 1806: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1681: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1610: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1577:. 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