966:
210:. In this process, a freeze wall is first to be constructed to isolate the processing area from surrounding groundwater. To maximize the functionality of the freeze walls, adjacent working zones will be developed in succession. 2,000 feet (610 m) wells, eight feet apart, are drilled and filled with a circulating super-chilled liquid to cool the ground to −60 °F (−50 °C). Water is then removed from the working zone. Heating and recovery wells are drilled at 40 feet (12 m) intervals within the working zone. Electrical
187:
605:
1345:
35:
1355:
247:
operations would be similar to that for conventional oil and gas drilling. However, the dimensions of Shell's 2005 trial indicate that a much larger footprint is required. Production of 50,000 bbl/day would require that land be developed at a rate on the order of 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi) per year.
246:
Shell's underground conversion process requires significant development on the surface. The separation between drilled wells is less than five meters and wells must be connected by electrical wiring and by piping to storage and processing facilities. Shell estimates that the footprint of extraction
226:
A RAND study in 2005 estimated that production of 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m/d) of oil (5.4 million tons/year) would theoretically require a dedicated power generating capacity of 1.2 gigawatts (10 billion kWh/year), assuming deposit richness of 25 US gallons (95 L;
282:
In Jordan, Shell subsidiary JOSCO plans to use ICP technology to achieve commercial production by the "late 2020s." In
October, 2011, it was reported that JOSCO had drilled more than 100 test holes over the prior two years, apparently for the sake of testing shale samples.
238:" would be significantly better than that achieved in the Mahogany trials. For the 1996 trial, Shell applied 440,000 kWh (which would require about 96 toe energy input in a coal-fired plant), to generate 250 barrels (40 m) of oil (37 toe output).
278:
is planning a shale pilot based on ICP technology. The project would produce a total of 1,500 barrels. However, IEI has also announced that any subsequent projects would not use ICP technology, but would instead utilize horizontal wells and hot gas heating methods.
227:
21 imp gal) per ton, with 100% pyrolysis efficiency, and 100% extraction of pyrolysis products. If this amount of electricity were to be generated by a coal-fired power plant, it would consume five million ton of coal annually (about 2.2 million
178:. Since 2000, additional research and development activities have carried on as a part of the Mahogany Research Project. The oil shale heating at Mahogany started early 2004. From this test site, Shell has recovered 1,700 barrels (270 m) of shale oil.
266:
lease to pursue a large demonstration with a capacity of 1,500 barrels per day (240 m/d); Shell has since dropped those plans and is planning a test based on ICP that would produce a total of minimum 1,500 barrels (240 m), together with
619:
The trial produced a total of 1800 barrels over the course of a year from wells spaced over an area of 100 square metres (1,100 sq ft). For 50,000 bbl/day, the calculated land area per year is 365*50,000*100/1800 = 1 million m2, or 1
165:
conversion process has been under development since the early 1980s. In 1997, the first small scale test was conducted on the 30-by-40-foot (9.1 by 12.2 m) Mahogany property test site, located 200 miles (320 km) west of
496:
660:
1315:
1320:
214:
are lowered into the heating wells and used to heat oil shale to between 650 °F (340 °C) and 700 °F (370 °C) over a period of approximately four years.
327:
Oil Shale
Development in the United States. Prospects and Policy Issues. Prepared for the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the United States Department of Energy
503:
1273:
1217:
1325:
819:
600:, et al., "In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation using exposed metal heat source", issued 2004-09-14, assigned to
631:
1191:
234:
In 2006, Shell estimated that over the project life cycle, for every unit of energy consumed, three to four units would be produced. Such an "
1131:
571:
538:
378:
342:
846:
528:
441:
368:
235:
561:
804:
936:
1156:
1379:
1222:
965:
1171:
463:
1358:
1389:
1243:
754:
737:
434:
218:
in oil shale is slowly converted into shale oil and gases, which then flow to the surface through recovery wells.
1038:
667:
263:
1033:
1002:
435:
Secure Fuels from
Domestic Resources: The Continuing Evolution of America's Oil Shale and Tar Sands Industries
639:
839:
1207:
1166:
1146:
1121:
888:
300:
171:
286:
The
Mahogany Oil Shale Project has been abandoned by Shell in 2013 due to unfavorable project economics
228:
710:
593:
251:
1330:
905:
134:
1126:
784:
1384:
1348:
1048:
946:
832:
805:
http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_24167353/shell-abandons-western-slope-oil-shale-project
1238:
1151:
1053:
1043:
567:
534:
374:
338:
186:
150:
108:
90:
56:
1300:
1289:
1248:
1186:
1136:
1017:
951:
900:
878:
723:
401:
325:
211:
324:
Bartis, James T.; LaTourrette, Tom; Dixon, Lloyd; Peterson, D.J.; Cecchine, Gary (2005).
1181:
915:
597:
175:
1373:
1253:
1212:
1111:
1093:
1088:
910:
688:
295:
203:
1305:
1294:
1263:
1161:
1083:
992:
895:
60:
780:
1258:
1176:
1141:
987:
1116:
1073:
997:
941:
1268:
1012:
920:
855:
601:
275:
268:
146:
142:
80:
70:
758:
39:
Shell's experimental in-situ oil shale facility, Piceance Basin, Colorado.
34:
1078:
1007:
17:
215:
138:
130:
167:
497:"Oil Shale Test Project. Oil Shale Research and Development Project"
206:
from the rock so that it can be pumped to the surface and made into
185:
334:
207:
828:
367:
Lee, Sunggyu; Speight, James G.; Loyalka, Sudarshan K. (2007).
883:
530:
Synthetic Fuels
Handbook: Properties, Process, and Performance
781:"Shell: More Than 100 Oil Wells Drilled in Jordan in 2 Years"
824:
502:. Shell Frontier Oil and Gas Inc. 2006-02-15. Archived from
464:"Shell produces 1,700 barrels of oil from Piceance shale"
198:
The process heats sections of the vast oil shale field
1282:
1231:
1200:
1102:
1066:
1026:
980:
973:
929:
871:
862:
610:
See discussions related to Figs. 104, 175, and 176.
104:
96:
86:
76:
66:
52:
44:
698:(1). National Oil Shale Association. June 2011: 2
1218:Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
840:
563:The Investor's Guide to the Energy Revolution
8:
661:"NEPA approval DOI-BLM-CO-110-2011-0042-DNA"
27:
977:
868:
847:
833:
825:
362:
360:
254:are the technology's greatest challenges.
33:
26:
1192:Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex
533:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 186.
370:Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies
632:"Oil shale may finally have its moment"
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
311:
1316:Lennard's Carrying v Asiatic Petroleum
719:
708:
319:
317:
315:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
7:
1354:
738:"IEI Report, Shfela Oil Shale Pilot"
250:Extensive water use and the risk of
442:United States Department of Energy
236:energy returned on energy invested
25:
807:> Page visited on 30 May 2015.
1353:
1344:
1343:
964:
444:. September 2011. pp. 62–63
274:In Israel, IEI, a subsidiary of
803:Denver Post. Available in: <
202:, releasing the shale oil and
1:
779:Hafidh, Hassan (2011-10-05).
400:Reiss, Spencer (2005-12-13).
1172:Shell Development Emeryville
594:US application 6,789,625
271:, over a seven-year period.
743:. October 2010. p. 18.
462:Colson, John (2012-03-02).
1406:
1311:In situ conversion process
630:Birger, Jon (2007-11-01).
596:, Eric de Rouffignac,
527:Speight, James G. (2008).
373:. CRC Press. p. 290.
262:In 2006, Shell received a
1339:
1039:Asiatic Petroleum Company
962:
820:Mahogany Research Project
668:Bureau of Land Management
440:(Report) (5th ed.).
264:Bureau of Land Management
149:. It is developed by the
100:Mahogany Research Project
32:
1223:Wiwa v Royal Dutch Shell
1034:Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields
1003:North West Shelf Venture
566:. Lulu.com. p. 85.
402:"Tapping the Rock Field"
172:Colorado's Western Slope
1321:Novelty Service Station
757:. JOSCO. Archived from
258:Current implementations
190:Shells Freeze Wall for
1208:Corrib gas controversy
1167:Shell Centre (Calgary)
1147:Rocky Mountain Arsenal
1132:Montreal East Refinery
1122:Hancock Whitney Center
889:Shell Energy Australia
718:Cite journal requires
560:Farkas, Tamas (2008).
301:ExxonMobil Electrofrac
195:
137:technology to convert
906:Shell Gas & Power
252:groundwater pollution
242:Environmental impacts
189:
1380:Oil shale technology
335:The RAND Corporation
194:shale oil production
176:Piceance Creek Basin
135:shale oil extraction
53:Industrial sector(s)
785:Dow Jones Newswires
29:
1390:1997 introductions
1054:Shell-Mex & BP
952:Woodside Petroleum
947:Showa Shell Sekiyu
689:"Oil Shale Update"
222:Energy consumption
196:
122:conversion process
1367:
1366:
1152:Scotford Upgrader
1062:
1061:
960:
959:
670:. 2011. p. 2
573:978-1-4092-0285-1
540:978-0-07-149023-8
380:978-0-8247-4069-6
344:978-0-8330-3848-7
151:Shell Oil Company
114:
113:
109:Shell Oil Company
91:Shell Oil Company
87:Leading companies
57:chemical industry
16:(Redirected from
1397:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1326:Spectacular sign
1274:Chief executives
978:
968:
869:
849:
842:
835:
826:
808:
801:
795:
794:
792:
791:
776:
770:
769:
767:
766:
751:
745:
744:
742:
734:
728:
727:
721:
716:
714:
706:
704:
703:
693:
685:
679:
678:
676:
675:
665:
657:
651:
650:
648:
647:
638:. Archived from
627:
621:
617:
611:
609:
608:
604:
590:
584:
583:
581:
580:
557:
551:
550:
548:
547:
524:
518:
517:
515:
514:
508:
501:
493:
478:
477:
475:
474:
459:
453:
452:
450:
449:
439:
431:
416:
415:
413:
412:
397:
391:
390:
388:
387:
364:
355:
354:
352:
351:
332:
321:
212:heating elements
37:
30:
21:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1335:
1278:
1249:M. King Hubbert
1227:
1196:
1187:Shell Mex House
1137:One Shell Plaza
1104:
1098:
1058:
1022:
1018:Sakhalin Energy
969:
956:
925:
901:Shell Chemicals
879:Shell Australia
864:
858:
853:
816:
811:
802:
798:
789:
787:
778:
777:
773:
764:
762:
755:"JOSCO Journey"
753:
752:
748:
740:
736:
735:
731:
717:
707:
701:
699:
691:
687:
686:
682:
673:
671:
663:
659:
658:
654:
645:
643:
629:
628:
624:
618:
614:
606:
592:
591:
587:
578:
576:
574:
559:
558:
554:
545:
543:
541:
526:
525:
521:
512:
510:
506:
499:
495:
494:
481:
472:
470:
468:The Aspen Times
461:
460:
456:
447:
445:
437:
433:
432:
419:
410:
408:
399:
398:
394:
385:
383:
381:
366:
365:
358:
349:
347:
345:
330:
323:
322:
313:
309:
292:
260:
244:
224:
184:
159:
97:Main facilities
40:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1331:Turbo Chargers
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1283:Related topics
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:Shell Building
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
984:
982:
975:
974:Joint ventures
971:
970:
963:
961:
958:
957:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
933:
931:
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
916:Shell Pakistan
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
892:
891:
886:
875:
873:
866:
860:
859:
854:
852:
851:
844:
837:
829:
823:
822:
815:
814:External links
812:
810:
809:
796:
771:
746:
729:
720:|journal=
680:
652:
622:
612:
598:Harold Vinegar
585:
572:
552:
539:
519:
479:
454:
417:
406:WIRED magazine
392:
379:
356:
343:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
298:
291:
288:
259:
256:
243:
240:
223:
220:
183:
180:
158:
155:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
38:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1402:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Fred Meissner
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:John Jennings
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:Ken Saro-Wiwa
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:Controversies
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:Asia Building
1110:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
979:
976:
972:
967:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
937:Mexican Eagle
935:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
911:Shell Nigeria
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
877:
876:
874:
870:
867:
863:Divisions and
861:
857:
850:
845:
843:
838:
836:
831:
830:
827:
821:
818:
817:
813:
806:
800:
797:
786:
782:
775:
772:
761:on 2012-04-14
760:
756:
750:
747:
739:
733:
730:
725:
712:
697:
690:
684:
681:
669:
662:
656:
653:
642:on 2007-11-18
641:
637:
633:
626:
623:
616:
613:
603:
599:
595:
589:
586:
575:
569:
565:
564:
556:
553:
542:
536:
532:
531:
523:
520:
509:on 2008-05-27
505:
498:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
480:
469:
465:
458:
455:
443:
436:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
418:
407:
403:
396:
393:
382:
376:
372:
371:
363:
361:
357:
346:
340:
336:
329:
328:
320:
318:
316:
312:
306:
302:
299:
297:
296:Chevron CRUSH
294:
293:
289:
287:
284:
280:
277:
272:
270:
265:
257:
255:
253:
248:
241:
239:
237:
232:
230:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:oil shale gas
201:
193:
188:
181:
179:
177:
173:
169:
164:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
132:
127:
123:
121:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
31:
19:
1310:
1264:Jorma Ollila
1239:André Bénard
1162:Shell Centre
1084:Quaker State
993:Albian Sands
896:Shell Canada
865:subsidiaries
799:
788:. Retrieved
774:
763:. Retrieved
759:the original
749:
732:
711:cite journal
700:. Retrieved
695:
683:
672:. Retrieved
655:
644:. Retrieved
640:the original
635:
625:
615:
588:
577:. Retrieved
562:
555:
544:. Retrieved
529:
522:
511:. Retrieved
504:the original
471:. Retrieved
467:
457:
446:. Retrieved
409:. Retrieved
405:
395:
384:. Retrieved
369:
348:. Retrieved
326:
285:
281:
273:
261:
249:
245:
233:
225:
199:
197:
191:
162:
160:
129:
125:
119:
117:
115:
105:Developer(s)
61:oil industry
45:Process type
1259:Gale Norton
1177:Shell Haven
1142:Plaza Shell
988:Aera Energy
1374:Categories
1301:Foundation
1290:Answer Man
1117:Brent Spar
1105:and places
1103:Facilities
1074:Jiffy Lube
998:Brunei LNG
942:MonteShell
790:2012-03-12
765:2012-03-12
702:2011-10-10
674:2011-10-10
646:2007-11-17
579:2009-03-14
546:2009-03-14
513:2007-06-30
473:2012-03-12
448:2012-03-12
411:2009-03-14
386:2009-03-14
350:2007-06-29
307:References
77:Product(s)
1385:Shell plc
1269:Rob Routs
1013:Pearl GTL
921:Shell USA
856:Shell plc
602:Shell Oil
276:IDT Corp.
269:nahcolite
147:shale oil
143:oil shale
126:Shell ICP
81:shale oil
71:oil shale
67:Feedstock
28:Shell ICP
18:Shell ICP
1349:Category
1297:(former)
1079:Pennzoil
1008:Oman LNG
290:See also
161:Shell's
128:) is an
48:chemical
1359:Commons
1094:V-Power
1089:Rotella
1044:Cellana
981:Current
872:Current
636:Fortune
216:Kerogen
200:in situ
192:in situ
182:Process
174:in the
163:in situ
157:History
139:kerogen
131:in situ
120:in situ
1306:Guides
1232:People
1067:Brands
1049:Motiva
1027:Former
930:Former
607:
570:
537:
377:
341:
168:Denver
118:Shell
1182:Shell
741:(PDF)
692:(PDF)
664:(PDF)
507:(PDF)
500:(PDF)
438:(PDF)
331:(PDF)
1295:Club
1127:Mars
724:help
620:km2.
568:ISBN
535:ISBN
375:ISBN
339:ISBN
231:).
208:fuel
116:The
884:QGC
229:toe
170:on
145:to
141:in
1376::
783:.
715::
713:}}
709:{{
694:.
666:.
634:.
482:^
466:.
420:^
404:.
359:^
337:.
333:.
314:^
153:.
59:,
848:e
841:t
834:v
793:.
768:.
726:)
722:(
705:.
696:4
677:.
649:.
582:.
549:.
516:.
476:.
451:.
414:.
389:.
353:.
124:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
