800:, in 443 CE a contingent of horsemen known as the Wuluohou (of the Shiwei) asked for an audience with the Northern Wei emperor Tuoba Dao. They informed him that their people had heard of a cave located in what is now the Elunchun Autonomous Banner in northeastern Inner Mongolia. The local inhabitants worshiped this cave as a Xianbei ancestral shrine, a fact that convinced Tuoba Dao that the legendary cave that gave birth to his people had been located. The Weishu goes on to say that the emperor sent an emissary, Li Chang, to investigate the report. Li Chang verified the story, and held various ceremonies to worship the Xianbei ancestors, and left an inscription describing the ceremonies. The cave, known today as Gaxian cave site, and the inscription were discovered in 1980 by archaeologists. This find and other historical and archaeological evidence has helped to verify that the Tuoba Xianbei probably emigrated south from this area sometime in the early first century CE. In 544 the Shiwei chieftain Chaniandoufa brought gifts from his homeland to the Tuoba Wei court.
52:
830:(reigned 859–873). After the Uighur Empire was brought to an end by the Kirghiz in 840, they submitted to the Tang and killed the Uighur commissioners by an order of the Tang. From 789 onward, no aggressive actions conducted by the Shiwei could be found throughout the Chinese historical data, until some of their tribes were incorporated into the Khitan and some others migrated to the northwest around the turn of the 10th century.
1392:
740:(618–907), it is known that there were twenty Shiwei tribes, according to the records in dynastic histories. They were the Wusugu, Yisaimo, Saiezhi, Hejie, Wuluohu, Nali, Lingxi, Shanbei, Huangtou (Yellow-head), Da (Great) Ruzhe, Xiao (Lesser) Ruzhe, Powo, Nebeizhi, Luotuo, Dong (Eastern) Shiwei, Xi (Western) Shiwei, Da (Great) Shiwei, Mengwu Shiwei, Luozu Shiwei and Dagui.
465:
833:
In 1087 representatives of the subject Menggu Shiwei came to show respect to the Khitan court at
Yanjing (Beijing). The Menggu Shiwei aided the Liao dynasty against the Jurchens till the end. According to the Qidan Guozhi, in 1124 the Shiwei helped the Khitans against the invading Jurchens. The Dajin
824:
raided the Zhenwu army (located in modern Hohhot) together with the Shiwei, slaughtering both the
Chinese and the Uighur commissioners, capturing the frontier people and plundering their domestic animals. The Shiwei as relative weak tribes almost always wavered between the stronger powers. They were
816:
was established. The Shiwei and many other tribal peoples were gradually drawn into its political orbit. In the period from 618 to 629, the Shiwei frequently presented homage and paid tributes to the Tang court. As a response, the Tang court set
Shizhou, which was subordinate to the governor-general
807:
in great part of their pre-dynastic period, was largely determined by their far more powerful neighbors and by ever-changing balance of power between the successive regimes ruling northern China, on the one hand, and belligerent tribal neighbors on the other. When China had fallen into an anarchy at
789:
vol. 96 records, "Eastward again, there was the
Wuluohu tribe, the other name was Wuluohun, it was called Wuluohou in the Yuan Wei. It inhabited north of the Mount Mogaidu, and beside the Chuo River. This tribe had presented homage and paid tributes continually since the fourth year of Taiwu Zhenjun
556:
to their south. As a result of pressure from the west, south and south-east they never established unified, semi-sedentarized empires like their neighbors, but remained nomadic confederations led by tribal chieftains, alternately submitting to the Turks, the
Chinese and the Khitan as the political
829:
vassals, the Shiwei still frequently presented tributes to the Tang court. In 835 the Shiwei chieftain
Dasheng Duacheng led 30 Shiwei representatives in a visit to the Tang court. The Shiwei chieftain Dale came to visit the Tang court along with the Xi during the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang
775:, at one time the Khitan learnt the art of cart-making from the Heichezi clan. The Huangtou ("yellow head") Shiwei may have been named so because of a high incidence of blondness within their tribe, but it is not certain. However, blondness still occurs regularly in the region today.
825:
involved in the campaign over the
Chinese frontier, probably by the coercion of the Xi, their stronger neighbors to the southwest. In 789, the Shiwei sent envoys to the Tang court to apologize for their offence. During the period from 792 to 842, while having been
715:
Concerning the ethnic relationship between the Shiwei and the Khitan, "the ethnonymic distinction between the Shiwei and Khitan suggests that the division had been completed between the branches leading to Proto-Mongolic and Para-Mongolic".
812:, under the control of the three Tutuns sent by the Turkic supreme leader, so did the Khitan who were controlled by the Tutun, Pandie, who was sent by the Turkic Shabolue khaghan. At the beginning of the 7th century, the great Chinese
834:
Guozhi recording the same event says that in 1124 the Tatars helped the
Khitans against the invading Jurchens. This, among other indications, has led to the opinion that the Tatars were identical with the Shiwei.
1090:
767:
along with the Khitan. The number of Tatar tribes are roughly equal to the number of Shiwei tribes. Although linguistically
Mongolic, the Da Shiwei may have been descended in some part from the
661:, it is claimed that the Shiwei were a collateral branch of the Khitan. It is likely that at least some tribes of the Shiwei had some ethnic similarities with the Khitan.
1083:
696:), which is the Chinese transliteration of the Iranic/Sogdian title Bagapuhr/βɣpwr, meaning "Son of God". For example, the Khitan Mofuhe Hechen who paid tribute to the
1725:
736:(581–618), there were five groups of Shiwei, they were the Nan (Southern) Shiwei, Bei (Northern) Shiwei, Da (Great) Shiwei, Bo Shiwei and Shenmoda Shiwei. In the
451:
1076:
384:
751:
who fled east after being defeated by the Turks in 555. They were led by their chieftain Tantan (Tatar) and were incorporated into the Shiwei. In fact,
808:
the end of the Sui dynasty and the other nomadic people, the Türks, were getting stronger in northern Asia simultaneously, the Shiwei submitted to the
1958:
1797:
934:
Zhang, Jiuhe (1998). Yuan Menggu ren de li shi: Shiwei—Dada yan jiu 原蒙古人的历史: 室韦--达怛研究. Beijing , Gao deng jiao yu chu ban she 高等教育出版社. pp. 27–28.
231:
724:
The Shiwei and
Wuluohou are known as the Shiwei tribes in the period of the Northern Wei dynasty (386–534), but are separately recorded in the
790:(444) (of the Northern Wei), throughout the Northern Qi, Zhou and Sui until the years after reign period of Wude (618–626)." According to the
961:
Sanping Chen, "Son of Heaven and Son of God: Interactions among Ancient Asiatic Cultures regarding Sacral Kingship and Theophoric Names",
291:
817:
of Yingzhou to control the Shiwei and Khitan tribes in 629. Until 632, the Wuluohu and some other Shiwei tribes submitted to the Tang.
1718:
1391:
984:
444:
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1920:
878:
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489:
389:
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31:
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154:
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1243:
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is held to be an alternative name for some major Shiwei tribes. The Da Shiwei are thought to be the same as the
222:
51:
911:"Early Serbi-Mongolic-Tungusic lexical contact: Jurchen numerals from the 室韦 Shirwi (Shih-wei) in North China"
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1790:
1817:
379:
204:
20:
1006:
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Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
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1238:
364:
134:
40:
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2087:
1742:
1544:
653:, it is claimed that the Shiwei belonged to the same kind of people as the Khitan; and in both the
546:
2498:
1824:
1785:
1775:
771:. The Heichezi ("black-cart") was a Shiwei clan famous for their cart industry. According to the
354:
1158:
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Chinese dynastic histories describe the Shiwei as somewhat related to the Khitan, who were of
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399:
66:
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1760:
1734:
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709:
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643:, it is claimed that the language of the Shiwei was the same as the Khitan's, who spoke the
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This article is about a historic Mongolic people. For the township in Inner Mongolia, see
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Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, page 180-181.
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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Nov., 2002)
820:
According to the historical records, in the fourth year of Zhenyuan (788), the
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Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, page 183.
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Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, page 179.
943:
Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, page 177.
668:
The Book of Sui states that the title of the northern Shiwei chieftain was
557:
climate changed. The Mengwu Shiwei, one of the 20 Shiwei tribes during the
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the Thirty Tatars and Nine Tatars were formidable eastern rivals of the
629:
origin. They were local Xianbei tribes who became independent after the
537:
beach. Records mentioning the Shiwei were recorded from the time of the
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G. Sukhbaatar, Mongolian history sourcebooks, Volume I, page 72, 1991
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565:(907–1125) and are generally considered to be the ancestors of the
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Asia in 900 AD, showing location of the Shiwei and their neighbors.
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Mongols. The Da Shiwei tribe is thought to be descended from some
159:
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of Genghis Khan. The modern Korean pronunciation of Mengwu (蒙兀
672:, which is the same as the Khitan title for their chieftain –
665:
historian Wan Guowei describes the Shiwei as a Khitan tribe.
796:, the history of the Northern Wei dynasty founded by the
704:
in 466–470 and the Khitan Mofuhe Wuyu who fled from
521:) were a Mongolic people that inhabited far-eastern
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577:(/moŋ.ol/). Mongolia is still called "Menggu" (蒙古
561:(618–907), were also called the Menggu during the
1035:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
885:, whose name Zuev contends to be a distortion of
622:. Shiwei is a variant transcription for Xianbei.
842:were pre-Genghis Khan chieftains of the Shiwei.
618:, but also included some tribes of the Tungusic
552:The Shiwei-Mongols were closely related to the
541:(386–534) until the rise of the Mongols under
1719:
1084:
1019:"Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology"
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681:
445:
8:
743:Wuluohun is said to be another name for the
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16:Pre-Genghis Khan term for Mongolic peoples
614:The Shiwei were descendants of the Yuwen
549:" were applied to all the Shiwei tribes.
759:Mongol tribe. According to the Stele of
463:
385:Korean People's Association in Manchuria
901:
851:
517:
39:
28:
979:. Helsinki: The Finno-Ugrian Society.
1029:
1027:
783:In describing the Shiwei tribes, the
7:
803:The Shiwei's political fate, as the
545:in 1206 when the name "Mongol" and "
633:dissolved in 234 with the death of
977:Manchuria : an ethnic history
14:
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217:Medieval to Early Modern period
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682:
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728:. During the period from the
303:Sino-Russian border conflicts
879:Kimek–Kipchak confederation
79:Ancient to Classical period
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18:
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1388:
375:Kwantung Leased Territory
2504:Ancient peoples of China
223:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
975:Janhunen, Juha (1996).
606:have a common origin.
533:and the area near the
469:
380:Nationalist government
21:Shiwei, Inner Mongolia
467:
861:(2002) links the 落俎
581:) in Chinese today.
365:Far Eastern Republic
135:Yan (Three Kingdoms)
110:Yan (Warring States)
688:traditional Chinese
678:traditional Chinese
490:traditional Chinese
273:Jurchen Jin dynasty
232:Andong Protectorate
2469:Donghu and Xianbei
1825:Mongolian nobility
1776:Slab Grave culture
909:Shimunek, Andrew.
877:) to one tribe in
477:simplified Chinese
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61:Prehistoric period
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732:(550–577) to the
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345:Russian invasions
205:Göktürk Khaganate
67:Liao civilization
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1021:(2002), p. 135
1010:
993:
986:978-9519403847
985:
967:
954:
945:
936:
927:
900:
898:
895:
892:
891:
881:; namely, the
850:
849:
847:
844:
780:
777:
721:
718:
611:
608:
527:Inner Mongolia
460:
459:
457:
456:
449:
442:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
416:
407:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
352:
350:Russian Dalian
347:
338:
333:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
300:
295:
285:
280:
275:
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265:
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197:
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137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
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107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
81:
78:
77:
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73:
70:
69:
63:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
37:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2516:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:Yunnan Mongol
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Upper Mongols
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:Ethnic groups
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
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2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
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2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Khamag Mongol
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1850:Proto-Mongols
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Mongol Empire
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Ordos culture
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
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1736:
1729:
1724:
1722:
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1636:
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1623:
1621:
1618:
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1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1592:
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1587:
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1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Khamag Mongol
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
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1371:
1367:
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1318:
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1302:
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1234:
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1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1197:
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1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
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1162:
1160:
1157:
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1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
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1094:
1089:
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1082:
1080:
1075:
1074:
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1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
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1008:
1004:
1003:
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988:
982:
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971:
968:
964:
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949:
946:
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931:
928:
916:
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905:
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872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
852:
845:
843:
841:
837:
831:
828:
823:
818:
815:
811:
806:
801:
799:
798:Tuoba Xianbei
795:
794:
788:
787:
778:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
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735:
731:
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719:
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713:
711:
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689:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:
646:
642:
641:
636:
632:
631:Xianbei state
628:
623:
621:
617:
609:
607:
605:
604:
600:and possibly
599:
598:
593:
592:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
554:Khitan people
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
514:
510:
504:
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496:
491:
486:
483:
478:
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455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
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435:
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420:
417:
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411:
408:
405:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:Green Ukraine
368:
366:
363:
360:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
325:Modern period
322:
321:
314:
311:
308:
304:
301:
299:
296:
293:
289:
286:
284:
283:Northern Yuan
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
233:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
214:
213:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
130:Xianbei state
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
105:Takri Kingdom
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
76:
75:
68:
65:
64:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
45:
38:
33:
27:
22:
2473:Turco-Mongol
2430:
1925:
1818:Turco-Mongol
1803:Modern clans
1606:Early Modern
1519:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1018:
1013:
1005:"vol. 219",
1000:
996:
976:
970:
962:
957:
948:
939:
930:
920:22 September
918:. Retrieved
915:Academia.edu
914:
904:
886:
874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
832:
819:
814:Tang dynasty
802:
791:
784:
782:
742:
723:
714:
698:Northern Wei
673:
669:
667:
663:Tang dynasty
648:
638:
624:
613:
601:
595:
589:
585:
583:
578:
574:
570:
563:Liao dynasty
559:Tang dynasty
551:
543:Genghis Khan
539:Northern Wei
516:
506:
472:
471:
263:Liao dynasty
253:Later Balhae
228:Tang dynasty
199:
180:Northern Yan
2318:Sart Kalmyk
2068:Qara Khitai
1002:Xin Tangshu
786:Tang Huiyao
738:Tang period
734:Sui dynasty
730:Northern Qi
726:Book of Wei
650:Book of Sui
640:Book of Wei
620:Mohe people
535:Okhotsk Sea
529:, northern
525:, northern
120:Han dynasty
41:History of
2488:Categories
2467:See also:
2442:Sogwo Arig
1467:Karakhanid
1017:Zuev, Yu.
897:References
873:< MC: *
867:lɑk̚-t͡ʃɨʌ
865:< MC: *
584:The names
513:Wade–Giles
170:Former Qin
165:Former Yan
2499:Manchuria
2395:Dongxiang
2143:Khotogoid
2128:Dariganga
2098:Uriankhai
2073:Qara'unas
2032:Khongirad
1786:Languages
1569:Xueyantuo
1477:Khotanese
1259:Tocharian
875:lɑk̚-tʰɑn
761:Kul Tigin
745:Uriankhai
647:; in the
637:. In the
531:Manchuria
410:Manchuria
395:Manchukuo
313:Qing rule
298:Later Jin
288:Ming rule
278:Yuan rule
175:Later Yan
43:Manchuria
2356:Hamnigan
2333:Zakhchin
2221:Üzemchin
2191:Khorchin
2186:Kharchin
2083:Taichiud
2057:Olkhonud
1992:Borjigin
1840:Religion
1751:Timeline
1644:Northern
1613:Southern
1491:Northern
1407:Southern
1400:Medieval
1356:Shanrong
1329:Dingling
1300:Northern
1274:Quanrong
1159:Lạc Việt
1132:Southern
991:, p. 187
965:, p. 295
769:Dingling
765:Göktürks
757:Taichiud
712:in 479.
708:and the
706:Goguryeo
523:Mongolia
518:Shih-wei
268:Xingliao
150:Goguryeo
85:Gojoseon
32:a series
30:Part of
2422:Monguor
2406:Kangjia
2343:Buryats
2323:Torghut
2308:Myangad
2284:Khoshut
2274:Dzungar
2258:Chantuu
2148:Sartuul
2138:Khalkha
2133:Eljigin
2123:Darkhad
2115:Mongols
2037:Manghud
2022:Katagan
2007:Eljigin
2002:Dughlat
1931:Didouyu
1906:Tuyuhun
1896:Kumo Xi
1879:Yujiulü
1863:Xianbei
1743:History
1687:Khoshut
1682:Dzungar
1670:Western
1535:Khereid
1513:Jurchen
1503:Kumo Xi
1482:Tibetan
1460:Western
1424:Cuanman
1373:Xianyun
1346:Guifang
1339:Xianbei
1317:Xiongnu
1312:Chunwei
1279:Xianyun
1232:Western
1179:Yangyue
1174:Shanyue
1154:Dong'ou
1149:Âu Việt
1116:Eastern
1109:Ancient
883:Lanikaz
869:(or 落坦
773:Liaoshi
635:Budugen
627:Xianbei
616:Xianbei
610:Origins
603:Xianbei
575:Mong-ol
567:Mongols
258:Jeongan
185:Kumo Xi
140:Cao Wei
115:Xiongnu
2427:Khatso
2417:Moghol
2411:Mughal
2400:Hazara
2301:Buzava
2299:incl.
2295:Kalmyk
2289:Khoton
2269:Dörbet
2264:Choros
2248:Baatud
2235:Oirats
2201:Naiman
2196:Jaruud
2176:Chahar
2171:Baarin
2047:Naiman
2042:Merkit
2027:Kerait
2017:Jalair
2012:Gorlos
1997:Chonos
1982:Barlas
1972:Baarin
1940:incl.
1936:Khitan
1926:Shiwei
1901:Murong
1877:incl.
1873:Rouran
1868:Wuhuan
1858:Donghu
1771:Rulers
1766:States
1677:Oirats
1656:Manchu
1591:Shatuo
1586:Yueban
1564:Uyghur
1554:Tangut
1540:Naiman
1520:Shiwei
1498:Khitan
1472:Karluk
1444:Zhuang
1439:Bouyei
1361:Sushen
1334:Wuhuan
1324:Donghu
1291:Yuezhi
1269:Xirong
1218:Yelang
1213:Nanman
1169:Nanyue
1164:Minyue
1144:Âu Lạc
1139:Baiyue
1123:Dongyi
983:
887:Laktan
871:Luotan
840:Khaidu
827:Uighur
805:Khitan
793:Weishu
779:Events
749:Rouran
720:Tribes
702:Datong
674:Mohefu
670:Mohefu
586:Shiwei
579:Měnggǔ
571:Měngwù
515::
508:Shìwéi
505::
503:pinyin
492::
479::
473:Shiwei
341:Korean
292:Nurgan
238:Balhae
200:Shiwei
190:Khitan
125:Wuhuan
100:Yemaek
95:Donghu
90:Sushen
34:on the
2453:Yugur
2447:Tuvan
2385:Bonan
2379:Aimaq
2372:Other
2362:Soyot
2351:Barga
2279:Khoid
2253:Bayad
2211:Tumed
2206:Ordos
2093:Tumed
2088:Tatar
2078:Sunud
2062:Ongud
2052:Oirat
1987:Bayad
1977:Barga
1911:Tuoba
1891:Yuwen
1661:Nivkh
1581:Tujue
1574:Yugur
1559:Tiele
1545:Tatar
1378:Xunyu
1366:Yilou
1307:Beidi
1284:Xunyu
1264:Wusun
1254:Sumpa
1244:Qiang
1206:Hmong
863:Luozu
810:Türks
753:Tatar
573:) is
547:Tatar
160:Yuwen
145:Buyeo
2390:Daur
2313:Olot
2216:Urad
2166:Asud
1949:Zubu
1942:Yelü
1921:Tufa
1916:Qifu
1886:Duan
1625:Shan
1525:Zubu
1508:Mohe
1249:Saka
1201:Miao
1196:Dian
981:ISBN
922:2019
859:Zuev
846:Note
838:and
657:and
597:Xibe
591:Sibe
421:(in
343:and
307:Jaxa
195:Mohe
1635:Yao
1630:She
1434:Rau
1414:Bai
1351:Jie
1184:Yue
1101:Han
700:at
693:莫弗賀
683:莫賀弗
2490::
2471:·
2449:**
2413:**
2402:**
2381:**
1620:Bo
1451:Yi
1429:Li
1419:Bo
1239:Di
1223:Yi
1191:Bo
1026:^
913:.
822:Xi
690::
680::
594:,
588:,
511:;
501:;
488:;
2433:)
2429:(
2364:*
2358:*
2291:*
2260:*
2064:*
1727:e
1720:t
1713:v
1092:e
1085:t
1078:v
989:.
924:.
889:.
676:(
498:韋
495:室
485:韦
482:室
475:(
453:e
446:t
439:v
425:)
412:/
406:)
402:(
361:)
357:(
309:)
305:(
294:)
290:(
234:)
230:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
