3226:
36:
1108:
505:, a language with two phonemic lengths, indicates the stress by adding allophonic length, which gives four distinctive lengths and five physical lengths: short and long stressed vowels, short and long unstressed vowels, and a half-long vowel, which is a short vowel found in a syllable immediately preceded by a stressed short vowel:
1178:). The usual long-short pairings for RP are /iː + ɪ/, /ɑː + æ/, /ɜ: + ə/, /ɔː + ɒ/, /u + ʊ/, but Jones omits /ɑː + æ/. This approach is not found in present-day descriptions of English. Vowels show allophonic variation in length and also in other features according to the context in which they occur. The terms
1600:
In the teaching of
English, vowels are commonly said to have a "short" and a "long" version. The terms "short" and "long" are not accurate from a linguistic point of view—at least in the case of Modern English—as the vowels are not actually short and long versions of the same sound; the terminology
423:
Many languages do not distinguish vowel length phonemically, meaning that vowel length does not change meaning. However, the amount of time a vowel is uttered can change based on factors such as the phonetic characteristics of the sounds around it, for instance whether the vowel is followed by a
3281:"OB-UGRIC LANGUAGES: CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES, LEXICON, CONSTRUCTIONS, CATEGORIES TRANSLITERATION TABLES FOR NORTHERN MANSI : Counterparts of Cyrillic, FUT Counterparts of Cyrillic, FUT Cyrillic, FUT and IPA characters and IPA characters and IPA characters for Northern Mansi"
1845:). When a laryngeal sound followed a vowel, it was later lost in most Indo-European languages, and the preceding vowel became long. However, Proto-Indo-European had long vowels of other origins as well, usually as the result of older sound changes, such as
1872:. An alternative pathway to the phonemicization of allophonic vowel length is the shift of a vowel of a formerly-different quality to become the short counterpart of a vowel pair. That too is exemplified by Australian English, whose contrast between
1789:
Similarly, the short vowel letters are rarely represented in teaching reading of
English in the classroom by the symbols ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, o͝o, and ŭ. The long vowels are more often represented by a horizontal line above the vowel: ā, ē, ī, ō, o͞o, and ū.
590:
is essentially similar to long vowels. Some old
Finnish long vowels have developed into diphthongs, but successive layers of borrowing have introduced the same long vowels again so the diphthong and the long vowel now again contrast
1277:
variation in vowel length depending on the value of the consonant that follows it: vowels are shorter before voiceless consonants and are longer when they come before voiced consonants. Thus, the vowel in
1030:
Vowel length contrasts with more than two phonemic levels are rare, and several hypothesized cases of three-level vowel length can be analysed without postulating this typologically unusual configuration.
1338:. The vowel sound in "beat" is generally pronounced for about 190 milliseconds, but the same vowel in "bead" lasts 350 milliseconds in normal speech, the voiced final consonant influencing vowel length.
3266:
3090:
Odden, David (2011). The
Representation of Vowel Length. In Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume, & Keren Rice (eds.) The Blackwell Companion to Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell, 465-490.
1162:
In many varieties of
English, vowels contrast with each other both in length and in quality, and descriptions differ in the relative importance given to these two features. Some descriptions of
1906:, has a rare phenomenon in which allophonic length variation has become phonemic after the deletion of the suffixes causing the allophony. Estonian had already inherited two vowel lengths from
2517:, as evidenced by the name itself. This is the convention of the Listuguj orthography (Miꞌgmaq), and a common substitution for the acute accent (Míkmaq) of the Francis-Smith orthography.
2291:
and other
Germanic languages, including English. The system is somewhat inconsistent, especially in loanwords, around consonant clusters and with word-final nasal consonants. Examples:
2279:
Estonian also has a rare "overlong" vowel length but does not distinguish it from the normal long vowel in writing, as they are distinguishable by context; see the example below.
1174:
proposed that phonetically similar pairs of long and short vowels could be grouped into single phonemes, distinguished by the presence or absence of phonological length (
1914:
caused the preceding vowels to be articulated shorter. After the deletion of the marker, the allophonic length became phonemic, as shown in the example above.
2621:), while short vowels are typically omitted entirely. Most of these scripts also have optional diacritics that can be used to mark short vowels when needed.
3280:
3387:
2911:". However, some long vowels are written with additional vowel characters, as with hiragana, with the distinction being orthographically significant.
2994:, also based on syllabic characters, long vowels in monosyllabic roots were generally written with word-final syllabic signs ending in the vowel -
1869:
3343:
3124:
1783:
2197:, with a e i o u. (In traditional spelling, is è and is ò as in gnè, pòcaid, Mòr (personal name), while is é and is ó, as in dé, mór.)
1126:
1118:
2935:, 'foster parent' . They are usually identical in normal speech, but when enunciated a distinction may be made with a pause or a
1466:
3219:
1144:
119:
1170:
group all non-diphthongal vowels into the categories "long" and "short", convenient terms for grouping the many vowels of
English.
3223:
1860:
quality of a single vowel phoneme, which may have then become split in two phonemes. For example, the
Australian English phoneme
1802:. In Australian English, the second element of a diphthong has assimilated to the preceding vowel, giving the pronunciation of
1055:"get+(infinitive)". As for languages that have three lengths, independent of vowel quality or syllable structure, these include
2494:
1933:
1082:
Four-way distinctions have been claimed, but these are actually long-short distinctions on adjacent syllables. For example, in
515:
Among the languages with distinctive vowel length, there are some in which it may occur only in stressed syllables, such as in
1039:, as it has developed from the allophonic variation caused by now-deleted grammatical markers. For example, half-long 'aa' in
57:
447:. However, languages with two vowel lengths may permit words in which two adjacent vowels are of the same quality: Japanese
100:
3380:
2474:
53:
3359:
72:
1198:
3242:
2187:, a system where inherited lengths are marked with the circumflex and new lengths with the macron is occasionally used.
2057:
2914:
Some analyses make a distinction between a long vowel and a succession of two identical vowels, citing pairs such as
369:. Some languages in the past likely had the distinction even though their descendants do not, with an example being
79:
1799:
1171:
46:
3567:
3373:
1818:
1771:
86:
1948:) is used for both vowel and consonant length. This may be doubled for an extra-long sound, or the top half (
1774:), "long" vowel letters may be marked with a macron; for example, ⟨ā⟩ may be used to represent the IPA sound
2526:
Some languages make no distinction in writing. This is particularly the case with ancient languages such as
1826:
2961:
2950:
2805:
2801:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2610:
2606:
2594:
2590:
2578:
2539:
2535:
2510:
2453:
2449:
2400:
2385:
2373:
2342:
2335:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2273:
2266:
2069:
1949:
1937:
1893:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1814:
1775:
1753:
1748:
1729:
1724:
1705:
1700:
1681:
1676:
1657:
1652:
1633:
1628:
1567:
1563:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1492:
1476:
1459:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1353:
1345:
1289:
1282:
1266:
1249:
1239:
1229:
1219:
1206:
1202:
1163:
1076:
1016:
1011:
997:
992:
985:
980:
975:
970:
958:
953:
946:
941:
936:
931:
843:
838:
823:
818:
810:
805:
793:
788:
780:
775:
667:
655:
643:
257:
198:
141:
1846:
68:
3559:
2567:
2259:
2210:
1907:
687:
401:
342:
2514:
542:
In some languages, vowel length is sometimes better analyzed as a sequence of two identical vowels. In
2151:, which was a light acute accent that was angled lower and aligned with a letter's right, was used in
1990:
Although not phonemic, a half-long distinction can also be illustrated in certain accents of
English:
1475:. The distinction between and exists only word-internally before consonants other than intervocalic
682:
distinction between long and short vowels. Some families have many such languages, examples being the
3583:
3498:
3453:
2527:
2442:
2081:
2049:
1594:
1464:
494:
470:
417:
570:. In non-initial syllables, it is ambiguous if long vowels are vowel clusters; poems written in the
2973:
alphabet, vowel length is not distinguished in normal writing. Some dictionaries use a double dot,
2542:
in spelling, with words like 'span' or 'can' having different pronunciations depending on meaning.
2478:
2204:
2103:
2099:
1830:
683:
547:
440:
397:
334:
469:, "inviolable". Some languages that do not ordinarily have phonemic vowel length but permit vowel
3624:
3526:
3516:
3435:
3415:
3307:
3058:
3053:
2732:
2531:
2184:
2125:
2121:
2021:
1587:
1072:
389:
354:
350:
318:
2064:. While not part of their standard orthography, the macron is used as a teaching aid in modern
3339:
3120:
2231:
2176:
2168:
2053:
2029:
2025:
1964:
1899:
1559:
1167:
1086:, there is , , , "hit", "dry", "bite", "we have chosen for everyone and are still choosing".
1071:. An example from Mixe is "guava", "spider", "knot". In Dinka the longest vowels are three
1032:
717:
In Latin and
Hungarian, some long vowels are analyzed as separate phonemes from short vowels:
703:
695:
478:
436:
393:
374:
346:
3506:
3211:
2555:
2415:
2288:
2239:
2235:
2148:
2037:
1822:
1321:
1298:
1270:
1083:
1068:
1064:
543:
532:
516:
502:
497:
is often reinforced by allophonic vowel length, especially when it is lexical. For example,
405:
381:
358:
326:
2742:
syllabary, long vowels are usually indicated by adding a vowel character after. For vowels
3629:
3549:
3511:
3425:
2572:
2563:
2559:
2507:, a more common variant in the Americanist tradition, also used in language orthographies.
2486:
2482:
2411:
2397:
2377:
2247:
2243:
2214:
2194:
2180:
2152:
2141:
2133:
2117:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2045:
2033:
1941:
1903:
1779:
1421:
as or . The contrast between the two diphthongs is phonetic rather than phonemic, as the
1344:
features short and long varieties of the closing diphthong . The short corresponds to RP
1341:
707:
699:
691:
536:
524:
520:
498:
370:
362:
330:
93:
427:
Languages that do distinguish vowel length phonemically usually only distinguish between
3210:. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press.
3187:
Vowel-length Differences Before Voiced and Voiceless Consonants: An Auditory Explanation
1829:
were formed from short vowels, followed by any one of the several "laryngeal" sounds of
1425:
can be restored in formal speech: etc., which suggests that the underlying form of is
3473:
2466:
2426:
2251:
2164:
2129:
2113:
2077:
1850:
1602:
1357:
1056:
1036:
571:
528:
409:
366:
338:
2167:. The circumflex is occasionally used as a surrogate for the macrons, particularly in
3618:
3598:
3573:
3478:
3420:
3203:
2642:
2636:
1349:
1060:
869:
738:
459:
444:
1821:
or even an approximant, as the English 'r'. A historically-important example is the
574:
often syllabicate between the vowels, and an (etymologically original) intervocalic
3448:
3443:
2936:
2602:
2190:
2172:
2109:
1210:
563:
435:. Very few languages distinguish three phonemic vowel lengths; some that do so are
2868:), ousama, "king") depending on etymological, morphological, and historic grounds.
1910:, but a third one was then introduced. For example, the Finnic imperative marker *
1582:"Long" and "short" vowel letters in spelling and the classroom teaching of reading
380:
While vowel length alone does not change word meaning in most dialects of modern
3578:
3488:
3483:
2991:
2645:
also had distinct vowel signs, but only for some long vowels; the vowel letters
2625:
2095:
1957:
1457:
926:
864:
770:
733:
325:
factor, meaning vowel length can change the meaning of the word, for example in
306:
249:
35:
2136:(for long ó, é, as opposed to è, ò) and pre-20th-century transcriptions of
1593:"Short a" redirects here. For the classification in Minor League Baseball, see
1201:, there is contrastive vowel length in closed syllables between long and short
3539:
3311:
3048:
2632:
2500:
2434:
2389:
2160:
1889:
1429:(John Wells says that the vowel is equally correctly transcribed with ⟨
1004:
874:
830:
743:
385:
265:
206:
149:
3215:
2665:) originally represented long forms of the vowels represented by the letters
3468:
3402:
2446:
2255:
1857:
1274:
965:
800:
603:
587:
413:
17:
451:
1601:
is a historical holdover due to their arising from proper vowel length in
3593:
3534:
3458:
3410:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2739:
2550:
In non-Latin writing systems, a variety of mechanisms have also evolved.
2355:
2137:
2041:
1175:
555:
322:
602:
In Japanese, most long vowels are the results of the phonetic change of
3081:(revised 9th ed. with supplement). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.1
2726:
2684:
2672:
2628:
679:
473:
may similarly exhibit sequences of identical vowel phonemes that yield
714:
which have phonemic vowel length but no descendants that preserve it.
678:
As noted above, only a relatively few of the world's languages make a
3588:
3463:
2984:
2970:
2358:
orthography uses consonant doubling in closed short syllables, e.g.,
2200:
1813:
Another common source is the vocalization of a consonant such as the
1605:. The phonetic values of these vowels are shown in the table below.
690:. Other languages have fewer relatives with vowel length, including
2530:. Modern edited texts often use macrons with long vowels, however.
3603:
3365:
2908:
2779:
2706:
2662:
2586:
2091:
2065:
1953:
711:
651:
642:. The change also occurred after the loss of intervocalic phoneme
314:
2380:
because of the preservation and the generalization of a historic
3115:
Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (2011).
2716:
2618:
1352:), whereas the long corresponds to the non-prevocalic sequence
3369:
2652:
2433:
is used for the long U sound, and the character is known as a
1864:
was created by the incomplete application of a rule extending
1327:
1304:
1194:) are alternative terms that do not directly refer to length.
1101:
29:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2639:, there are different vowel signs for short and long vowels.
2040:
and many transcription schemes, including romanizations for
1868:
before certain voiced consonants, a phenomenon known as the
539:, vowel length is distinctive also in unstressed syllables.
3018:, however, the word-final vowel for indicating length was -
2155:. (However, for I, a taller ꟾ was sometimes used instead.)
1562:) mainly in length. In broad Cockney, the contrast between
1778:. This is sometimes used in dictionaries, most notably in
2566:, long vowels are written with consonant letters (mostly
2396:
letter lengthens other vowels as well, e.g., in the name
1952:) may be used to indicate that a sound is "half long". A
1047:"send (saatta-) +(imperative)", and the overlong 'aa' in
1940:(not a colon, but two triangles facing each other in an
1578:(cf. the near-RP form , with a wide closing diphthong).
1479:. In the morpheme-final position only occurs (with the
420:, which do not have phonemic vowel length distinctions.
3185:
Kluender, Keith; Diehl, Randy; Wright, Beverly (1988).
1586:"Short i" redirects here. For the Cyrillic letter, see
1448:
is often restored before a word-initial vowel, so that
2930:
2754:, the corresponding independent vowel is added. Thus:
2772:(i), にいがた "Niigata", city in northern Japan (usually
2729:), could represent either short or long vowel phones.
1324:
1301:
546:, such as Finnish, the simplest example follows from
3360:
Some Features of the Vernacular Finnish of Jyväskylä
3026:- "to count; to honour, to sanctify" was written as
1330:
1307:
3558:
3525:
3497:
3434:
3401:
1945:
1499:vowels can occur, depending on morphology (compare
1495:is the banned diphthong, though here either of the
292:
279:
274:
264:
255:
248:
233:
220:
215:
205:
196:
191:
176:
163:
158:
148:
139:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2072:textbooks. Macron is also used in modern official
1409:The difference is lost in running speech, so that
2384:spelling, which originally represented the sound
1806:as , creating a contrast with the short vowel in
1463:) is somewhat more likely to contain the lateral
463:
321:. In some languages vowel length is an important
317:sound: the corresponding physical measurement is
2875:syllabary are written with a special bar symbol
2477:, and used in orthographies based on it such as
1075:long, and so are best analyzed as overlong e.g.
1035:has three distinctive lengths, but the third is
2924:
2915:
2899:
2890:
2876:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2699:"). The other vowel letters of Ancient Greek,
1770:In some types of phonetic transcription (e.g.
1360:). The following are minimal pairs of length:
501:long vowels are always in stressed syllables.
481:
449:
3381:
3014:). If the nucleus of the syllable was itself
2094:(ă) are used to mark short vowels in several
554:. In some cases, it is caused by a following
8:
3338:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press,
3117:The Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
3002:"basket", with a long vowel, was written as
2978:
1265:In most varieties of English, for instance
3388:
3374:
3366:
3267:"Short Vowels and Long Vowels Lesson Plan"
3104:. Cambridge University Press. p. 119.
2076:orthographies of some minority languages (
586:"of the sky"). Morphological treatment of
578:is seen in that and some modern dialects (
412:. It also plays a lesser phonetic role in
3119:(18th ed.). Cambridge. p. vii.
2441:"horse". (It actually developed from the
1348:in morphologically closed syllables (see
1145:Learn how and when to remove this message
702:. There are also older languages such as
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1856:Vowel length may also have arisen as an
1607:
1510:In Cockney, the main difference between
855:
723:
404:, and in a few rhotic dialects, such as
3322:
3144:(3rd ed.). Longman. p. xxiii.
3070:
1825:, which states that long vowels in the
1444:). Furthermore, a vocalized word-final
558:, which is etymologically a consonant:
3010:"sky", with a short vowel, written as
2939:inserted between two identical vowels.
2112:(á), used to indicate a long vowel in
2024:(ā), used to indicate a long vowel in
1570:is also mainly one of length; compare
854:
722:
245:
188:
131:
3198:
3196:
3077:Liddell, H. G., and R. Scott (1996).
2287:after short vowels is very common in
2098:transcription systems, as well as in
1166:and more widely some descriptions of
873:
868:
7:
3189:. Journal of Phonetics. p. 153.
2345:'a comb' (but the verb 'to comb' is
1798:Vowel length may often be traced to
1784:Pronunciation respelling for English
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3159:(9th ed.). Heffer. p. 63.
2102:and Alvarez-Hale's orthography for
1483:vowel being realized as ), so that
3172:English phonology: an introduction
2998:rather than an echo-vowel. Hence,
1437:⟩, not to be confused with
1117:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
424:voiced or a voiceless consonant.
3142:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
2850:), "meirei", command/order) and
2577:in Modern Arabic the long vowel
2534:does not distinguish the vowels
1534:is length, not quality, so that
1362:
1320:
1297:
1215:
1127:guide to writing better articles
1106:
34:
3157:An Outline of English Phonetics
2826:), neesan, "elder sister") and
2513:(straight apostrophe), used in
2495:International Phonetic Alphabet
1934:International Phonetic Alphabet
384:, it is said to do so in a few
45:needs additional citations for
3174:. Cambridge. p. para 3.3.
1043:comes from the agglutination *
1:
2581:is represented by the letter
2570:letters) in a process called
2475:Americanist phonetic notation
2250:, and in closed syllables in
313:is the perceived length of a
1743:
1719:
1695:
1671:
1647:
1623:
1285:is longer than the vowel in
486:, "you will facilitate it".
2931:
2554:In abjads derived from the
3646:
3334:Labrune, Laurence (2012),
2800:), dragon. The mid-vowels
2721:
2711:
2701:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2179:, or in transcriptions of
1592:
1585:
1491:. Before the intervocalic
535:, some Irish dialects and
464:
3336:The Phonology of Japanese
3288:Babel.gwi.uni-muenchen.de
2979:
2925:
2916:
2900:
2891:
2877:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2372:is used to mark the long
2163:(â), used for example in
1963:Estonian has a three-way
1888:) was brought about by a
1833:(conventionally written h
1008:
883:
880:
863:
861:
847:
834:
814:
784:
742:
737:
732:
729:
654:) has undergone a shift:
482:
27:Duration of a vowel sound
3243:"Guide to Pronunciation"
3216:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
2871:Most long vowels in the
2429:, the additional letter
2217:to indicate long vowels.
2207:to indicate long vowels.
1819:voiced palatal fricative
1772:pronunciation respelling
1487:is always distinct from
1158:Contrastive vowel length
3079:A Greek-English Lexicon
3034:"appetite", written as
2489:. The triangular colon
2418:spelling, e.g., German
2230:, used consistently in
2183:. In transcriptions of
1827:Indo-European languages
1261:Allophonic vowel length
1121:used on Knowledge (XXG)
527:. In languages such as
3170:Giegerich, H. (1992).
3155:Jones, Daniel (1967).
3100:Wells, John C (1982).
2445:"uo", which noted the
2410:is frequently used in
1815:voiced velar fricative
1267:Received Pronunciation
1164:Received Pronunciation
1125:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
646:. For example, modern
450:
410:Northern Irish English
2766:, "okaasan", mother;
2568:approximant consonant
2546:Other writing systems
688:Finno-Ugric languages
674:Phonemic vowel length
658:. Another example is
477:long vowels, such as
402:South African English
343:Finno-Ugric languages
3140:Wells, J.C. (2008).
2808:may be written with
2691:", by contrast with
2452:until it shifted to
2050:Hepburn romanization
1960:vowel or consonant.
1595:Class A Short Season
1433:⟩ or ⟨
1413:falls together with
1209:. The following are
1045:saa+tta+k */sɑːtˑɑk/
599:"diplomatic note").
418:varieties of Chinese
54:improve this article
2898:"maker" instead of
2687:– literally "small
2613:are represented by
2597:are represented by
2262:. Example: Finnish
1974:"to get" (overlong)
1956:is used to mark an
1831:Proto-Indo-European
858:
726:
684:Dravidian languages
595:"musical note" vs.
548:consonant gradation
398:New Zealand English
373:and its descendent
335:Dravidian languages
3208:Accents of English
3102:Accents of English
3059:Mora (linguistics)
3054:Length (phonetics)
2942:In transcription:
2923:'sugar shop' vs.
2733:Japanese phonology
2675:, literally "bare
2605:), and the vowels
2532:Australian English
2497:derives from this.
2285:Consonant doubling
2222:Additional letters
2185:Middle High German
1588:Short I (Cyrillic)
1199:Australian English
1190:(corresponding to
1182:(corresponding to
856:
724:
668:/seuneɴ/→/sjoːneɴ/
416:, unlike in other
390:Australian English
388:dialects, such as
3612:
3611:
3345:978-0-19-954583-4
3325:, pp. 45–46.
3248:. Merriam-Webster
3126:978-0-521-15255-6
2975:⟨:⟩
2505:⟨ꞏ⟩
2491:⟨ː⟩
2471:⟨꞉⟩
2330:Inconsistent use:
1986:"hundred" (short)
1965:phonemic contrast
1768:
1767:
1560:cure-force merger
1407:
1406:
1258:
1257:
1168:English phonology
1155:
1154:
1147:
1119:encyclopedic tone
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
857:Hungarian vowels
852:
851:
656:/kjauto/→/kjoːto/
394:Lunenburg English
375:Romance languages
303:
302:
244:
243:
187:
186:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3637:
3507:Secondary stress
3390:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3348:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3075:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2963:
2952:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2883:vertical writing
2880:
2879:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2724:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2670:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2612:
2608:
2596:
2592:
2580:
2556:Aramaic alphabet
2541:
2537:
2506:
2492:
2472:
2455:
2451:
2402:
2387:
2375:
2344:
2337:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2275:
2268:
2175:romanization of
1951:
1947:
1939:
1895:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1847:Szemerényi's law
1823:laryngeal theory
1777:
1755:
1750:
1731:
1726:
1707:
1702:
1683:
1678:
1659:
1654:
1635:
1630:
1608:
1569:
1565:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1498:
1494:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1461:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1291:
1284:
1271:General American
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:for suggestions.
1110:
1109:
1102:
1078:
1018:
1013:
999:
994:
987:
982:
977:
972:
960:
955:
948:
943:
938:
933:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
859:
845:
840:
825:
820:
812:
807:
795:
790:
782:
777:
727:
720:
719:
669:
657:
645:
544:Finnic languages
517:Alemannic German
490:Related features
485:
484:
467:
466:
455:
406:Scottish English
296:
288:
283:
260:
259:
246:
237:
229:
224:
201:
200:
189:
180:
172:
167:
144:
143:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3554:
3550:Extra-shortness
3521:
3512:Vowel reduction
3493:
3430:
3426:Vowel reduction
3397:
3396:Suprasegmentals
3394:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3310:on the Italian
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3227:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3045:
2990:In the Classic
2974:
2573:mater lectionis
2548:
2524:
2504:
2503:or half-colon,
2490:
2470:
2463:
2362:'language' and
2305:'to change' vs
2297:Consistent use:
2224:
2195:Scottish Gaelic
2193:(à) is used in
2181:Old High German
2153:Classical Latin
2134:Scottish Gaelic
2018:
1942:hourglass shape
1930:
1925:
1920:
1904:Finnic language
1892:of the earlier
1844:
1840:
1836:
1796:
1780:Merriam-Webster
1598:
1591:
1584:
1496:
1480:
1438:
1342:Cockney English
1323:
1319:
1300:
1296:
1292:. Also compare
1263:
1160:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1124:
1115:This section's
1111:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1089:
708:Biblical Hebrew
700:Scottish Gaelic
676:
537:Classical Latin
525:Egyptian Arabic
521:Scottish Gaelic
492:
294:
286:
281:
256:
235:
227:
222:
197:
178:
170:
165:
140:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3643:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:Tone terracing
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3353:External links
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3328:
3327:
3323:Labrune (2012)
3315:
3300:
3272:
3258:
3234:
3204:Wells, John C.
3192:
3177:
3162:
3147:
3132:
3125:
3107:
3092:
3083:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
2988:
2977:, for example
2969:In the Korean
2967:
2966:
2965:
2940:
2912:
2869:
2832:(o) , or with
2730:
2640:
2622:
2589:), the vowels
2547:
2544:
2523:
2522:No distinction
2520:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2423:
2404:
2392:, a following
2367:
2351:
2350:
2338:'a field' and
2327:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2228:Vowel doubling
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2132:, traditional
2107:
2089:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1980:"send!" (long)
1975:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Latin alphabet
1921:
1919:
1916:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1795:
1792:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1603:Middle English
1583:
1580:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1358:l-vocalization
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1037:suprasegmental
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
962:
961:
956:
951:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
886:
885:
882:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
853:
850:
849:
846:
841:
836:
833:
827:
826:
821:
816:
813:
808:
803:
797:
796:
791:
786:
783:
778:
773:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
675:
672:
572:Kalevala meter
491:
488:
458:"phoenix", or
301:
300:
297:
290:
289:
284:
277:
276:
272:
271:
268:
262:
261:
253:
252:
242:
241:
238:
231:
230:
225:
218:
217:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
194:
193:
185:
184:
181:
174:
173:
168:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
137:
136:
128:
127:
110:September 2015
69:"Vowel length"
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3642:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Prosodic unit
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:Pitch contour
3572:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Floating tone
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Metrical foot
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:Daikon radish
2972:
2968:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2922:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2881:(vertical in
2874:
2870:
2794:"ryuu" (usu.
2781:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2643:Ancient Greek
2641:
2638:
2637:Thai alphabet
2634:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2604:
2600:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:(ä), used in
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:(ą), used in
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:Ancient Greek
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1870:bad–lad split
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1490:
1486:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1350:thought split
1343:
1339:
1335:
1318:
1312:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:minimal pairs
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1146:
1138:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
996:
991:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
967:
964:
963:
957:
952:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
928:
925:
924:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
887:
879:
876:
871:
866:
860:
842:
837:
832:
829:
828:
822:
817:
809:
804:
802:
799:
798:
792:
787:
779:
774:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
745:
740:
735:
728:
725:Latin vowels
721:
718:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
671:
665:
661:
653:
649:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
510:
504:
500:
496:
489:
487:
480:
476:
472:
468:
461:
460:Ancient Greek
457:
454:
453:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
298:
291:
285:
278:
273:
269:
267:
263:
254:
251:
247:
239:
232:
226:
219:
214:
210:
208:
204:
195:
190:
182:
175:
169:
162:
157:
153:
151:
147:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3545:Vowel length
3544:
3449:Pitch accent
3444:Tone contour
3335:
3318:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3287:
3275:
3261:
3250:. Retrieved
3237:
3224:0-52128540-2
3207:
3186:
3180:
3171:
3165:
3156:
3150:
3141:
3135:
3116:
3110:
3101:
3095:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2956:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2937:glottal stop
2920:
2904:
2895:
2885:), called a
2814:(e) (rare) (
2696:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2614:
2598:
2582:
2571:
2549:
2525:
2438:
2430:
2419:
2407:
2406:A following
2393:
2381:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2284:
2270:
2263:
2260:West Frisian
2227:
2191:Grave accent
2173:Kunrei-shiki
2110:Acute accent
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1931:
1911:
1908:Proto-Finnic
1898:
1885:
1877:
1855:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1800:assimilation
1797:
1788:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1738:
1734:
1714:
1710:
1690:
1686:
1666:
1662:
1642:
1638:
1599:
1575:
1571:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:differ from
1543:
1539:
1535:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1472:
1453:
1449:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1340:
1316:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1264:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:Daniel Jones
1161:
1141:
1135:October 2018
1132:
1116:
1088:
1081:
1052:
1051:comes from *
1048:
1044:
1040:
1029:
716:
677:
663:
659:
647:
639:
638:is becoming
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
601:
596:
592:
583:
579:
575:
567:
564:Proto-Uralic
559:
551:
541:
514:
508:
506:
493:
475:phonetically
474:
462:
448:
432:
429:short vowels
428:
426:
422:
379:
311:vowel length
310:
304:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Short vowels
3579:Pitch reset
3489:Tone letter
3484:Tone sandhi
3308:Carlo Porta
2992:Maya script
2953:'moon' vs.
2626:South-Asian
2528:Old English
2461:Other signs
2269:'wind' vs.
2171:and in the
2082:Kildin Sami
1958:extra-short
1851:Stang's law
1786:for more).
1526:as well as
1367:fort/fought
1273:, there is
1213:of length:
1093:By language
552:haka → haan
433:long vowels
307:linguistics
250:Extra-short
3619:Categories
3568:Intonation
3540:Gemination
3312:Wikisource
3252:2018-10-18
3065:References
3049:Gemination
2964:'airflow'.
2695:or "large
2633:Devanagari
2631:, such as
2558:, notably
2414:and older
2390:Low German
2354:Classical
2319:'coma' vs
2312:'tub' and
2205:Lithuanian
2161:Circumflex
2100:Vietnamese
2096:linguistic
2016:Diacritics
1944:; Unicode
1858:allophonic
1458:intrusive
1456:, with an
1275:allophonic
1098:In English
881:unrounded
634:, and now
604:diphthongs
588:diphthongs
483:გააადვილებ
386:non-rhotic
287:̆
266:IPA Number
228:ˑ
207:IPA Number
171:ː
150:IPA Number
80:newspapers
3625:Phonetics
3469:Downdrift
3030:(compare
3006:(compare
2447:diphthong
2376:sound in
2366:'public'.
2326:'to come'
2256:Afrikaans
2126:Hungarian
2122:Old Norse
1936:the sign
1918:Notations
1620:examples
1230:/ˈfeːɹiː/
414:Cantonese
345:(such as
337:(such as
282:(decimal)
223:(decimal)
192:Half-long
166:(decimal)
3594:Loudness
3535:Chroneme
3459:Downstep
3454:Register
3411:Syllable
3206:(1982).
3043:See also
2889:, as in
2873:katakana
2740:hiragana
2629:abugidas
2511:Saltillo
2443:ligature
2437:, e.g.,
2422:'tooth'.
2364:pubblegh
2360:lenguagg
2356:Milanese
2317:/²koːma/
2310:/²bʏtːa/
2303:/²byːta/
2276:'fire'.
2267:/ˈtuːli/
2232:Estonian
2177:Japanese
2169:Hawaiian
2138:Sanskrit
2074:Cyrillic
2054:Japanese
2042:Sanskrit
2030:Hawaiian
1900:Estonian
1890:lowering
1454:thaw out
1450:fall out
1427:/ˈfoːlt/
1220:/ˈfeɹiː/
1176:chroneme
1033:Estonian
884:rounded
704:Sanskrit
696:Japanese
686:and the
680:phonemic
584:taivahan
562:"ice" ←
556:chroneme
479:Georgian
437:Estonian
355:Japanese
351:Estonian
341:), some
323:phonemic
319:duration
293:Unicode
275:Encoding
258:◌̆
234:Unicode
216:Encoding
177:Unicode
159:Encoding
3570:(pitch)
3560:Prosody
3036:si-tz'i
3004:cha-chi
2962:/tuuki/
2932:satooya
2738:In the
2727:upsilon
2685:omicron
2679:") and
2673:epsilon
2635:or the
2515:Miꞌkmaq
2493:in the
2479:Oʼodham
2473:, from
2435:kroužek
2416:Swedish
2343:/ˈkamː/
2336:/ˈfɛlt/
2324:/²kɔma/
2289:Swedish
2274:/ˈtuli/
2240:Lombard
2236:Finnish
2144:, etc.
2104:O'odham
2038:Latvian
1932:In the
1884:(as in
1876:(as in
1614:"short"
1505:aweless
1501:falling
1497:THOUGHT
1481:THOUGHT
1250:/ˈkɐːt/
1084:Kikamba
1069:Wichita
1065:Yavapai
1053:saa+dak
870:Central
848:
835:
815:
785:
739:Central
730:
630:became
622:became
614:became
580:taivaan
533:Finnish
503:Finnish
441:Luiseño
382:English
347:Finnish
280:Entity
221:Entity
164:Entity
94:scholar
3630:Vowels
3589:Rhythm
3584:Stress
3527:Length
3517:Accent
3499:Stress
3464:Upstep
3403:Timing
3342:
3293:30 May
3228:
3222:
3123:
3032:sitz'
3028:tzi-ka
3012:cha-na
3000:chaach
2971:Hangul
2951:/tuki/
2921:satōya
2750:, and
2719:) and
2655:) and
2564:Hebrew
2560:Arabic
2501:Middot
2487:Seneca
2483:Mohawk
2412:German
2401:/kuːs/
2378:German
2258:, and
2248:Somali
2244:Navajo
2215:Aymara
2201:Ogonek
2142:Arabic
2118:Slovak
2092:Breves
2086:Evenki
2062:Korean
2056:, and
2048:, the
2046:Arabic
2034:Samoan
2022:Macron
1946:U+02D0
1880:) and
1794:Origin
1617:"long"
1611:letter
1556:poorly
1548:here's
1419:fought
1402:Walter
1388:Paul's
1240:/ˈkɐt/
1186:) and
710:, and
692:Arabic
660:shōnen
597:nootti
593:nuotti
499:French
495:Stress
471:hiatus
465:ἀάατος
443:, and
400:, and
365:, and
363:Samoan
359:Kyrgyz
327:Arabic
299:U+0306
240:U+02D1
183:U+02D0
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3604:Pausa
3284:(PDF)
3246:(PDF)
3024:tziik
2909:mecha
2887:chōon
2856:(u) (
2838:(i) (
2788:(u),
2780:kanji
2778:, in
2763:おかあさん
2760:(a),
2707:alpha
2693:omega
2663:omega
2538:from
2467:Colon
2427:Czech
2388:. In
2386:/iə̯/
2347:kamma
2321:komma
2307:bytta
2264:tuuli
2252:Dutch
2211:Trema
2165:Welsh
2130:Irish
2114:Czech
2078:Mansi
2066:Latin
2026:Māori
1978:saada
1972:saada
1954:breve
1841:and h
1804:bared
1782:(see
1754:/juː/
1739:wooed
1691:twine
1574:with
1558:(see
1544:Polly
1540:merry
1503:with
1471:than
1469:]
1465:[
1452:(cf.
1442:/ʌʊ/,
1411:fault
1395:water
1381:pause
1374:fault
1356:(see
1354:/ɔːl/
1315:with
1290:/bæt/
1283:/bæd/
1233:fairy
1223:ferry
1192:short
1180:tense
1077:/oːː/
1073:moras
1057:Dinka
1049:saada
1041:saada
915:short
900:short
890:short
865:Front
765:long
762:short
759:long
756:short
753:long
750:short
734:Front
712:Latin
652:Kyoto
648:Kyōto
529:Czech
371:Latin
367:Xhosa
339:Tamil
331:Czech
315:vowel
295:(hex)
236:(hex)
179:(hex)
101:JSTOR
87:books
3436:Tone
3416:Mora
3340:ISBN
3295:2018
3220:ISBN
3121:ISBN
3008:chan
2905:meka
2896:mēkā
2892:メーカー
2859:おうさま
2841:めいれい
2817:ねえさん
2806:/oː/
2804:and
2802:/eː/
2752:/uː/
2748:/iː/
2744:/aː/
2717:iota
2611:/eː/
2609:and
2607:/iː/
2595:/oː/
2593:and
2591:/uː/
2587:Alif
2579:/aː/
2575:e.g.
2562:and
2540:/æː/
2454:/uː/
2450:/uo/
2420:Zahn
2398:Kues
2374:/iː/
2333:fält
2314:koma
2300:byta
2271:tuli
2246:and
2149:apex
2068:and
2060:for
2058:Yale
2052:for
2044:and
2000:beat
1995:bead
1984:sada
1902:, a
1886:dark
1882:/aː/
1878:duck
1862:/æː/
1849:and
1776:/eɪ/
1763:cube
1735:wood
1730:/uː/
1715:note
1706:/oʊ/
1687:twin
1682:/aɪ/
1667:Pete
1658:/iː/
1643:mate
1634:/eɪ/
1568:/æʊ/
1566:and
1554:and
1552:Mary
1542:and
1532:/ɔə/
1530:and
1524:/eə/
1522:and
1516:/ɪə/
1514:and
1473:fall
1439:GOAT
1417:and
1415:fort
1346:/ɔː/
1317:need
1294:neat
1269:and
1253:cart
1205:and
1184:long
1067:and
1061:Mixe
1012:/aː/
998:/oː/
986:/øː/
976:/eː/
959:/uː/
947:/yː/
937:/iː/
927:High
920:long
910:long
905:long
895:long
875:Back
844:/aː/
824:/oː/
811:/eː/
794:/uː/
781:/iː/
771:High
744:Back
610:and
582:vs.
568:jäŋe
523:and
445:Mixe
431:and
408:and
349:and
135:Long
73:news
3212:doi
2917:砂糖屋
2823:姉さん
2791:りゅう
2782:);
2709:),
2653:eta
2624:In
2619:yāʼ
2603:wāw
2536:/æ/
2485:or
2439:kůň
2425:In
2340:kam
2147:An
2010:bit
2005:bid
1928:IPA
1894:/ʌ/
1874:/a/
1866:/æ/
1837:, h
1817:or
1808:bed
1759:cub
1749:/ʌ/
1725:/ʊ/
1721:oo
1711:not
1701:/ɒ/
1677:/ɪ/
1663:pet
1653:/ɛ/
1639:mat
1629:/æ/
1576:out
1572:hat
1564:/æ/
1536:his
1528:/ɒ/
1520:/e/
1512:/ɪ/
1507:).
1493:/l/
1485:all
1477:/l/
1460:/r/
1446:/l/
1423:/l/
1287:bat
1280:bad
1243:cut
1207:/ɐ/
1203:/e/
1197:In
1188:lax
1017:/ɒ/
1005:Low
993:/o/
981:/ø/
971:/ɛ/
966:Mid
954:/u/
942:/y/
932:/i/
839:/a/
831:Low
819:/ɔ/
806:/ɛ/
801:Mid
789:/ʊ/
776:/ɪ/
666:):
664:boy
644:/h/
576:-h-
560:jää
507:i-s
452:hōō
353:),
305:In
270:505
211:504
154:503
56:by
3621::
3286:.
3218:.
3195:^
3038:).
3022::
2987:".
2980:무:
2959:ki
2955:ts
2948:ki
2944:ts
2929:,
2926:里親
2901:メカ
2865:王様
2847:命令
2775:新潟
2746:,
2735::
2481:,
2469:,
2456:.)
2382:ie
2370:ie
2254:,
2242:,
2238:,
2234:,
2140:,
2128:,
2124:,
2120:,
2116:,
2088:).
2084:,
2080:,
2036:,
2032:,
2028:,
1967::
1912:-k
1896:.
1853:.
1810:.
1761:/
1745:u
1737:/
1713:/
1697:o
1689:/
1673:i
1665:/
1649:e
1641:/
1625:a
1550:,
1538:,
1518:,
1489:or
1435:oʊ
1431:ɔʊ
1328:iː
1305:iː
1079:.
1063:,
1059:,
706:,
698:,
694:,
670:.
636:ei
632:yō
628:eu
626:,
624:yū
620:iu
618:,
612:ou
608:au
606:;
550::
531:,
519:,
512:.
439:,
396:,
392:,
377:.
361:,
357:,
333:,
329:,
309:,
199:◌ˑ
142:◌ː
3389:e
3382:t
3375:v
3297:.
3269:.
3255:.
3231:.
3214::
3129:.
3020:a
3016:i
2996:i
2983:"
2957:ū
2946:u
2907:"
2878:ー
2862:(
2853:う
2844:(
2835:い
2829:お
2820:(
2811:え
2797:竜
2785:う
2769:い
2757:あ
2725:(
2722:υ
2715:(
2712:ι
2705:(
2702:α
2697:o
2689:o
2683:(
2681:ο
2677:e
2671:(
2668:ε
2661:(
2658:ω
2651:(
2648:η
2617:(
2615:ي
2601:(
2599:و
2585:(
2583:ا
2431:ů
2408:h
2403:.
2394:e
2349:)
2106:.
1950:ˑ
1938:ː
1843:3
1839:2
1835:1
1597:.
1590:.
1467:l
1334:/
1331:d
1325:n
1322:/
1311:/
1308:t
1302:n
1299:/
1148:)
1142:(
1137:)
1133:(
1123:.
662:(
650:(
640:ē
616:ō
591:(
566:*
509:o
456:,
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
