Shoulder - Knowledge (XXG)

852: 1134: 1389: 1399: 1325: 1313: 786:) is formed by the space between the muscles of the shoulder. The nerves and blood vessels of the arm travel through the armpit, and it possesses several sets of lymph nodes that are able to be examined. The armpit is formed by the pectoralis major and minor muscles at the front, the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles at the back, the serratus anterior muscle on its inner surface, and the intertubercular groove of the humerus on the outer side. 359: 445: 3026: 1511: 1337: 437: 815: 1367:

affected arm is then adducted and the elbow is bent to 90 degrees. Slow and cautious passive lateral and/or medial rotations have the effect of being able to visualize different sections of the shoulder. In order to also demonstrate those parts which are hidden under the acromion in the neutral position, a maximum medial rotation with hyperextension behind the back is required.

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become a common initial choice for assessing tendons and soft tissues. Limitations include, for example, the high degree of operator dependence and the inability to define pathologies in bones. One also has to have an extensive anatomical knowledge of the examined region and keep an open mind to normal variations and artifacts created during the scan.

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deltoid assists in different movements of the shoulder - flexion (clavicular part), abduction (middle part) and extension (scapular part). The teres major attaches to the outer part of the back of the scapula, beneath the teres minor, and attaches to the upper part of the humerus. It helps with medial rotation of the humerus.

399:. This capsule is strengthened by the coracohumeral ligament which attaches the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus. There are also three other ligaments attaching the lesser tubercle of the humerus to lateral scapula and are collectively called the glenohumeral ligaments. 59: 375:

of the humerus and the "socket" is formed by the glenoid cavity, the dish-shaped portion of the lateral scapula. The shallowness of the cavity and relatively loose connections between the shoulder and the rest of the body allows the arm to have tremendous mobility, at the expense of being much easier to

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Usually the echogenicity compared to the deltoid muscle is homogeneous intensified without dorsal echo extinction. Variability with reduced or intensified echo has also been found in healthy tendons. Bilateral comparison is very helpful when distinguishing and setting boundaries between physiological

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Adequate for the examination are high-resolution, high-frequency transducers with a transmission frequency of 5, 7.5, and 10 MHz. To improve the focus on structures close to the skin an additional "water start-up length" is advisable. During the examination the patient is asked to be seated, the

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on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) allows the bones to glide and move on each other, and the joint space is surrounded by a synovial membrane. Around the joint space are muscles - the rotator cuff, which directly surrounds and attaches to the shoulder joint - and other muscles that

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There are several advantages of ultrasound. It is relatively cheap, does not emit any radiation, is accessible, is capable of visualizing tissue function in real time, and allows the performance of provocative maneuvers in order to replicate the patient’s pain. Those benefits have helped ultrasound

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Medial rotation of the arm is most easily observed when the elbow is held at a 90-degree angle and the fingers are extended so they are parallel to the ground. Medial rotation occurs when the arm is rotated at the shoulder so that the fingers change from pointing straight forward to pointing across

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arise and exist in the shoulder region itself. The deltoid muscle covers the shoulder joint on three sides, arising from the front upper third of the clavicle, the acromion, and the spine of the scapula, and travelling to insert on the deltoid tubercle of the humerus. Contraction of each part of the

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MRIs can provide joint details to the treating orthopedist, helping them to diagnose and decide the next appropriate therapeutic step. To examine the shoulder, the patient should lay down with the concerned arm is in lateral rotation. For signal detection it is recommended to use a surface-coil. To

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that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. It is formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the lateral scapula (specifically-the glenoid cavity of the scapula). The "ball" of the joint is the rounded, medial anterior surface

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Downward rotation: pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, subclavius, latissimus dorsi (same as scapular depression, with pec major replacing lower fibers of trapezius); True Adduction: latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, teres major, infraspinatus, teres minor, pectoralis major, long head of triceps,

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When examining the rotator cuff, the MRA has a couple of advantages compared to the native MRI. Through a fat suppressed T2-weighted spin echo, MRA can reproduce an extreme high fat-water-contrast, which helps to detect water-deposits with better damage diagnosis in structurally changed collagen

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Kissin, Eugene Y.; Nishio, Jane; Yang, Mei; Backhaus, Marina; Balint, Peter V.; Bruyn, George AW.; Craig-Muller, Jurgen; d'Agostino, Maria A.; Feoktistov, Alexander; Goyal, Janak; Iagnocco, Annamaria; Ike, Robert W.; Moller, Ingrid; Naredo, Esperanza; Pineda, Carlos; Schmidt, Wolfgang A.; Swen,

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Tendons are predominantly composed of dense collagen fiber bundles. Because of their extreme short T2-relaxation time they appear typically signal-weak, respectively, dark. Degenerative changes, inflammations and also partial and complete tears cause loss of the original tendon structure. Fatty

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To accurately evaluate the echogenicity of an ultrasound, one has to take into account the physical laws of reflection, absorption and dispersion. It is at all times important to acknowledge that the structures in the joint of the shoulder are not aligned in the transversal, coronal or sagittal

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In 1999, Weishaupt D. et al. reached through two readers a significant better visibility of pulley lesions at the rotator interval and the expected location of the reflection pulley of the long biceps and subscapularis tendon on parasagittal (reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/100%; specificity:

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Hodler et al. recommend starting scanning with conventional x-rays taken from at least two planes, since this method gives a wide first impression and even has the chance of exposing any frequent shoulder pathologies, i.e., decompensated rotator cuff tears, tendinitis calcarea, dislocations,

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is the second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached.

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Movement of the shoulder in a circular motion so that if the elbow and fingers are fully extended the subject draws a circle in the air lateral to the body. In circumduction, the arm is not lifted above parallel to the ground so that "circle" that is drawn is flattened on top.

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find pathologies of the rotator cuff in the basic diagnostic investigation, T2-weighted sequences with fat-suppression or STIR sequences have proven value. In general, the examination should occur in the following three main planes: axial, oblique coronal and sagittal.

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The skin around the shoulder is supplied by C2-C4 (upper), and C7 and T2 (lower area). The brachial plexus emerges as nerve roots from the cervical vertebrae C5-T1. Branches of the plexus, in particular from C5-C6, supply the majority of the muscles of the shoulder.

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variants and a possible pathological finding. Degenerative changes at the rotator cuff often are found on both sides of the body. Consequently, unilateral differences rather point to a pathological source and bilateral changes rather to a physiological variation.

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The conventional invasive arthrography is nowadays being replaced by the non-invasive MRI and ultrasound, and is used as an imaging reserve for patients who are contraindicated for MRI, for example pacemaker-carriers with an unclear and unsure ultrasonography.

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Conventional x-rays and ultrasonography are the primary tools used to confirm a diagnosis of injuries sustained to the rotator cuff. For extended clinical questions, imaging through Magnetic Resonance with or without intraarticular contrast agent is indicated.

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forelimbs are characterised by a high degree of mobility in the shoulder-thorax connection. Lacking a solid skeletal connection between the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column, the forelimb's attachment to the trunk is instead mainly controlled by

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than most other joints in the body. There is an approximately 4-to-1 disproportion in size between the large head of the humerus and the shallow glenoid cavity.The glenoid cavity is made deeper by the addition of the fibrocartilaginous ring of the

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In primates, the shoulder shows characteristics that differ from other mammals, including a well developed clavicle, a dorsally shifted scapula with prominent acromion and spine, and a humerus featuring a straight shaft and a spherical head.

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Orthopedics established the MRI early on as the tool of choice for joint- and soft tissue-imaging because of its non-invasiveness, lack of radiation exposure, multi planar slicing possibilities and the high soft tissue contrast.

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The opposite motion of scapular retraction. The scapula is moved anteriorly and laterally along the back, moving the arm and shoulder joint anteriorly. If both scapulae are protracted, the scapulae are separated and the

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The body has to be rotated about 30 to 45 degrees towards the shoulder to be imaged, and the standing or sitting patient lets the arm hang. This method reveals the joint gap and the vertical alignment towards the socket.

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Most morphological changes and injuries are sustained to the supraspinatus tendon. Traumatic rotator cuff changes are often located antero-superior, meanwhile degenerative changes more likely are supero-posterior.

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plane, and that therefore during imaging of the shoulder the transducer head has to be held perpendicularly or parallel to the structures of interest. Otherwise the appearing echogenicity may not be evaluated.

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A large muscle that arises from the spinous processes of the lower six thoracic vertebrae, lumbar and all sacral vertebrae, and posterior iliac crest. It attaches to the intertubercular groove of the humerus.

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which itself is a branch of the subclavian artery. The blood vessels form a network (anastamosis) behind the shoulder that helps to supply blood to the arm even when the axillary artery is compromised.

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suggests that rheumatologists who taught themselves how to manipulate ultrasound can use it just as well as international musculo-skeletal ultrasound experts to diagnose common rheumatic conditions.

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The scapula is moved posteriorly and medially along the back, moving the arm and shoulder joint posteriorly. Retracting both scapulae gives a sensation of "squeezing the shoulder blades together."

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Nanno; Tabechian, Darren; Wakefield, Richard J.; Wells, Alvin F.; Kaeley, Gurjit S. (2010). "Self directed learning of basic musculoskeletal ultrasound among rheumatologists in the United States".

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The lateral contour of the shoulder should be positioned in front of the film in a way that the longitudinal axis of the scapula continues parallel to the path of the rays. This method reveals:

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Arm abduction occurs when the arms are held at the sides, parallel to the length of the torso, and are then raised in the plane of the torso. This movement may be broken down into two parts:

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To avoid the different tendon echogenicities caused by different instrument settings, Middleton compared the tendon’s echogenicity with that of the deltoid muscle, which is still lege artis.

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While using MRI, true lesions at the rotator interval region between the parts of the supraspinatus and subscapularis are all but impossible to distinguish from normal synovium and capsule.

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After the introduction of high-frequency transducers in the mid-1980s, ultrasound has become a conventional tool for taking accurate and precise images of the shoulder to support diagnosis.

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deposits, mucous degeneration and hemorrhages lead to an increased intratendinal T1-image. Edema formations, inflammatory changes and ruptures increase the signals in a T2-weighted image.

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as it passes beyond the first rib. The axillary artery also supplies blood to the arm, and is one of the major sources of blood to the shoulder region. The other major sources are the

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This projection has a low tolerance for errors and, accordingly, needs proper execution. The Y-projection can be traced back to Wijnblath’s 1933 published cavitas-en-face projection.

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at the beginning of arm elevation. The infraspinatus and the teres minor, along with the anterior fibers of the deltoid muscle, are responsible for external rotation of the arm.

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The scapula is lowered from elevation. The scapulae may be depressed so that the angle formed by the neck and shoulders is obtuse, giving the appearance of "slumped" shoulders.

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Trattnig, S.; Mamisch, T. C.; Noebauer, I. (2006). "Hochfeld- und Ultrahochfeldmagnetresonanztomographie" [High-field and ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging].

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Most of its actions flex and rotate the head. In regards to the shoulder, however, it also aids in respiration by elevating the sternoclavicular joint when the head is fixed.

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Hedtmann A. et al.. Atlas und Lehrbuch der Schultersonographie. Stuttgart. 1988@ Hodler J et al.. Gelenkdiagnostik mit bildgebenden Verfahren. Stuttgart . G. Thieme. 1992.

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Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Porto Alegre: Master Medical Books; 2013. Free access to sample chapter on ultrasound technique to evaluate rotator cuff disorders at

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pectoralis major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, supraspinatus, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major and minor, infraspinatus, long head of triceps

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surrounds the axillary artery and is formed from nerve roots from C5-T1. Branches of the plexus supply the shoulder region, although several other nerves play a role.

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Hedtmann, A.; Heers, G. (2007). "Bildgebende Verfahren bei Rotatorenmanschettendefekten der Schulter" [Imaging techniques for rotator cuff of the shoulder].

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Arend, Carlos Frederico (2013). "Top ten pitfalls to avoid when performing musculoskeletal sonography: What you should know before entering the examination room".

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The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing, and pulling.

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Mack, L. A.; Gannon, M. K.; Kilcoyne, R. F.; Matsen Ra, 3rd (1988). "Sonographic evaluation of the rotator cuff. Accuracy in patients without prior surgery".

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Weishaupt, D; Zanetti, M; Tanner, A; Gerber, C; Hodler, J (1999). "Lesions of the reflection pulley of the long biceps tendon. MR arthrographic findings".

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and that hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity during movement. The cuff adheres to the glenohumeral capsule and attaches to the

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is a group of four muscles that surround the shoulder joint and contribute to the shoulder's stability. The muscles of the rotator cuff are

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The subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and directly from the aorta from the left. This becomes the

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permit smooth gliding between bone, muscle, and tendon. They cushion and protect the rotator cuff from the bony arch of the acromion.

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is an anatomical term given to the group of four muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. These muscles are the

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Arises from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 1-4, and attaches to the upper part of the inner border of the scapula.

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Different portions of the fibers perform different actions on the scapula: depression, upward rotation, elevation, and retraction.

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Crass, J. R.; Craig, E. V.; Feinberg, S. B. (1988). "Ultrasonography of rotator cuff tears: A review of 500 diagnostic studies".

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Arises from the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, near their cartilage and inserts into the medial border and upper surface of the

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Imaging of the shoulder includes ultrasound, X-ray and MRI, and is guided by the suspected diagnosis and presenting symptoms.

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This muscle aids in respiration, medially rotates the scapula, protracts the scapula, and also draws the scapula inferiorly.

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Romaneehsen, B.; Kreitner, K.-F. (2005). "MRT-Bildgebung bei Sehnenerkrankungen" [MRI imaging of tendon disorders].

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Wijnbladh, H (1933). "Zur Röntgendiagnose von Schulterluxationen" [For X-ray diagnosis of shoulder dislocations].

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They are responsible for downward rotation of the scapula with the levator scapulae, as well as adduction of the scapula.

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The horizontal alignment of the humerus head in respect to the socket and the lateral clavicle in respect to the acromion

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The shoulder is the most mobile and potentially unstable joint in the body. Due to this, it is often prone to problems.

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fractures, usures, and/or osteophytes. Furthermore, x-rays are required for the planning of an optimal CT or MR image.

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T1 to T5 as well as from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical. They attach to the inner border of the scapula.

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Nové-Josserand L, Gerber C, Walch G (1997) Lesions of the antero-superior rotator cuff. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia

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Thelen M. et al.. Radiologische Diagnostik der Verletzungen von Knochen und Gelenken. Stuttgart . Georg Thieme. 1993.

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is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the

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The shoulder consists of a ball-and-socket joint formed by the humerus and scapula and their surrounding structures -

288:- which support the bones and maintain the relationship of one to another. These supporting structures attach to the 1312: 3841: 3837: 3792: 3787: 3626: 1219: 896: 836: 407: 1377:

In addition, a dynamic examination can help to differentiate between an ultrasound artifact and a real pathology.

1180:, are common and can relate to any of the structures within the shoulder. The primary cause of shoulder pain is a 4715: 4473: 4409: 4243: 3980: 3746: 3631: 512: 28: 2929:

Palmer, W E; Brown, J H; Rosenthal, D I (1993). "Rotator cuff: Evaluation with fat-suppressed MR arthrography".

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of these muscles converge to form the rotator cuff tendon. This tendon, along with the articular capsule, the

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Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (August 11, 2011).

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Although musculoskeletal ultrasound training, like medical training in general, is a lifelong process, Kissin

183:, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is the major joint of the shoulder, but can more broadly include the 4530: 4205: 3908: 3874: 3605: 3593: 2964:

Preuschoft, Holger; Hohn, Bianca; Scherf, Heike; Schmidt, Manuela; Krause, Cornelia; Witzel, Ulrich (2010).

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Middleton, WD; Reinus, WR; Melson, GL; Totty, WG; Murphy, WA (1986). "Pitfalls of rotator cuff sonography".

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at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula.

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True abduction: supraspinatus (first 15 degrees), deltoid; Upward rotation: trapezius, serratus anterior

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that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. The

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Seeger, L. L.; Lubowitz, J; Thomas, B. J. (1993). "Case report 815: Tear of the rotator interval".

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tendons join as a sheath that surrounds the biceps tendon at the entrance of the bicipital groove.

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University of Michigan Medical School module on movements of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand

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Scientific Keys Volume I, The Key Muscles of Hatha Yoga, Ray Long MD FRCSC, Third Edition, p. 174

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It fixes the scapula into the thoracic wall and aids in rotation and abduction of the shoulders.

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The humerus is rotated out of the plane of the torso so that it points backwards (posteriorly)

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of the scapula, which raises the humerus above the shoulders until it points straight upwards.

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Arm adduction is the opposite motion of arm abduction. It can be broken down into two parts:

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Matava, M. J.; Purcell, D. B.; Rudzki, J. R. (2005). "Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears".

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The humerus is rotated out of the plane of the torso so that it points forward (anteriorly).

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90%/70%) and axial (reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/93%; specificity: 90%/80%) MRA images.

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Hodler J et al.. Gelenkdiagnostik mit bildgebenden Verfahren. Stuttgart . G. Thieme. 1992.

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subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, anterior fibers of deltoid

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supplies blood to the arm and is one of the major sources of blood for the shoulder region.

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complex, blend into a confluent sheet before insertion into the humeral tuberosities. The

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The osseous margins of the coraco-acromial arch and hence the supraspinatus outlet canal

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latissimus dorsi and teres major, long head of triceps, posterior fibers of the deltoid

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The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula

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of the arm, which takes the humerus from parallel to the spine to perpendicular; and

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Middleton, W. D.; Edelstein, G; Reinus, W. R.; Melson, G. L.; Murphy, W. A. (1984).

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Middleton, W. D.; Reinus, W. R.; Totty, W. G.; Melson, C. L.; Murphy, W. A. (1986).

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is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the

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Middleton, WD; Edelstein, G; Reinus, WR; Melson, GL; Totty, WG; Murphy, WA (1985).

2352: 1108: 481: 473: 453: 431: 262: 238: 3504: 370:(also known as the glenohumeral joint) is the main joint of the shoulder. It is a 1772: 96: 4037: 3601: 3487: 3412: 3313: 3175: 3160: 2707: 2105:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2010. p. 1069. 1033:

pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, anterior fibers of deltoid.

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Favard, Luc; Bacle, Guillaume; Berhouet, Julien (2007). "Rotator cuff repair".

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Lesions of the anterior and posterior socket border, or of the tuberculum minus

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pectoralis minor, lower fibers of the trapezius, subclavius, latissimus dorsi

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The muscles and joints of the shoulder allow it to move through a remarkable

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It depresses the lateral clavicle and also acts to stabilize the clavicle.

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It is capable of rotating the scapula downward and elevating the scapula.

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and sternoclavicular joint also play a role in shoulder movements. White

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The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder

172:(upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. 161: 17: 2335: 4335: 3770: 3372: 3318: 3264: 3254: 3140: 3039: 2864: 1472: 1116: 297: 293: 226: 222: 199: 195: 169: 165: 2326: 206:. The shoulder is the group of structures in the region of the joint. 27:

This article is about the part of the human body. For other uses, see

4727: 4544: 4253: 4210: 4149: 4083: 4052: 3387: 3362: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3230: 3170: 3150: 492: 392: 285: 281: 230: 1603:"shoulder - definition of shoulder in English | Oxford Dictionaries" 145: 2595:"Ultrasonography of the rotator cuff: Technique and normal anatomy" 2444:"Ultrasonographic evaluation of the rotator cuff and biceps tendon" 1270:

The arm should be abducted 80 to 100 degrees. This method reveals:

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crass 1984 @Katthagen BD. et al.. Schultersonographie. Stuttgart.

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When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called

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Muscles from the chest wall that contribute to the shoulder are:

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Allen, G.M; Wilson, D.J (2001). "Ultrasound of the shoulder".

1713:(2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. pp. 414–416. 1476: 194:, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the 2133:(18 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 2184–2186. 1920:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. Archived from 1873:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. Archived from 1852:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. Archived from 1296:

The horizontal centralization of the humerus head and socket

946:

serratus anterior (prime mover), pectoralis minor and major

1076:

infraspinatus and teres minor, posterior fibers of deltoid

1392:

Longitudinal ultra sonography of the supraspinatus tendon

810:

Nerve roots that supply sensation to the shoulder and arm

536:

In addition to the four muscles of the rotator cuff, the

1402:

Transversal ultra sonography of the supraspinatus tendon

665:

Arises from the transverse processes of the first four

63:

Capsule of shoulder-joint (distended). Anterior aspect.

2744:

Katthagen BD. et al.. Schultersonographie. Stuttgart.

2448:

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume

2272:"Musculoskeletal ultrasound - used to best advantage" 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 960:

levator scapulae, the upper fibers of the trapezius

818:

Nerves that supply sensation to the shoulder and arm

4760: 4735: 4726: 4693: 4655: 4617: 4608: 4583: 4543: 4492: 4441: 4432: 4398: 4358: 4349: 4334: 4297: 4252: 4224: 4196: 4181: 4148: 4094: 4025: 4002: 3979: 3956: 3917: 3859: 3819: 3810: 3778: 3769: 3737: 3719: 3701: 3692: 3650: 3592: 3559: 3550: 3428: 3348: 3339: 3244: 3216: 3106: 3092: 2054:

Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence

2051:David R. Shaffer; Katherine Kipp (1 January 2013). 1737:. Johns Hopkins Orthopaedic Surgery. Archived from 598:Located beneath the clavicle, originating from the 126: 114: 102: 90: 78: 73: 68: 39: 1280:The eventual non-closure of the acromial apophysis 1188:is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff tear. 767:Adducts, extends and rotates the humerus inwards. 1850:"Movements of the Upper Limb — Introduction" 1257:AP-projection 40° posterior oblique after Grashey 1711:Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health Vol. 1 329:help provide stability and facilitate movement. 1485: 880:, rotate, be raised in front of and behind the 476:. Together, these keep the humeral head in the 3670:Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) 2638: 2636: 2103:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine 2080:"Shoulder | Orthopedics & Sports Medicine" 2002: 2000: 1977: 1975: 1912: 1910: 1865: 1863: 4068: 3520: 3070: 2966:"Functional Analysis of the Primate Shoulder" 2794: 2792: 2403:"Sonographic detection of rotator cuff tears" 2032:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002 2010:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002 1985:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002 1960:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002 1938:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002 957:The scapula is raised in a shrugging motion. 581:Originates on the surface of the upper eight 8: 3045:NIH (article includes text from this source) 1686:Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology 1073:The opposite of medial rotation of the arm. 213:is the main joint of the shoulder. It is a 2562:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4732: 4614: 4438: 4355: 4346: 4193: 4100: 4075: 4061: 4053: 3816: 3775: 3698: 3556: 3527: 3513: 3505: 3345: 3077: 3063: 3055: 2526:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 2131:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2989: 2418: 2334: 3040:Video of the shoulder carriage in motion 1792: 1790: 1195:), the joint becomes painful and stiff. 1115:, the shoulders broaden in males during 926:rhomboideus major, minor, and trapezius 901: 686: 555: 357: 2155:"Rotator Cuff Tears - OrthoInfo - AAOS" 1566: 1506: 1308: 2555: 2270:Broadhurst, N. A.; Simmons, N (2007). 1330:Transaxillary conventional radiography 1137:Anatomical studies of the shoulder by 143: 36: 2124: 2122: 2097: 2095: 2078:Ballestrini, Christine (2017-07-27). 1871:"Scapular Protraction and Retraction" 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1342:Y-projection conventional radiography 480:, preventing upward migration of the 332:Two filmy sac-like structures called 7: 2970:International Journal of Primatology 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1597: 1595: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1467:bone in reptiles and birds, and the 884:and move through a full 360° in the 2057:. Cengage Learning. pp. 191–. 1918:"Scapular Elevation and Depression" 1799:American Journal of Sports Medicine 897:terms used for different movements 25: 3971:Superficial transverse metacarpal 2645:American Journal of Roentgenology 2599:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 2407:American Journal of Roentgenology 2008:"Arm Medial and Lateral Rotation" 3798:Interosseous membrane of forearm 3024: 3014: 2908:10.1097/00004424-199907000-00004 2534:10.1097/00003086-198809000-00005 2460:10.2106/00004623-198668030-00020 1509: 1335: 1323: 1311: 532:Muscles from the shoulder region 395:. It is lined by a thin, smooth 233:. It is lined by a thin, smooth 57: 45: 2943:10.1148/radiology.188.3.8351333 1253:views of the shoulder include: 943:muscles are squeezed together. 362:Cross-section of shoulder joint 160:is made up of three bones: the 4463:extensor carpi radialis longus 4390:flexor digitorum superficialis 3616:Inferior transverse of scapula 2483:Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 2368:European Journal of Ultrasound 1688:. Elsevier. pp. 246–260. 1166:fractures of the upper humerus 1156:of shoulder bones can include 1: 3029:The dictionary definition of 2763:Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 2696:European Journal of Radiology 2380:10.1016/S0929-8266(01)00140-9 2315:Arthritis Care & Research 1888:Modric, Jan (22 April 2016). 1607:Oxford Dictionaries | English 1176:Shoulder problems, including 892:and injury than other joints 3611:Superior transverse scapular 1890:"Shoulder Muscles Functions" 1773:10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.08.003 895:The following describes the 671:medial border of the scapula 440:Shoulder anatomy, front view 418:, in which the long head of 4673:flexor digiti minimi brevis 2708:10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.01.022 2276:Australian Family Physician 1983:"Arm Flexion and Extension" 1556:Milwaukee shoulder syndrome 1283:The coraco-humeral interval 448:Shoulder anatomy, back view 412:greater tubercle of humerus 404:transverse humeral ligament 300:, the latter providing the 202:, and the head sits in the 4827: 4415:flexor digitorum profundus 3966:Deep transverse metacarpal 3574:Posterior sternoclavicular 1525: 1126: 837:transverse cervical artery 513:musculotendinous junctions 484:caused by the pull of the 429: 351: 257:. The cuff adheres to the 168:(shoulder blade), and the 26: 4103: 3569:Anterior sternoclavicular 2982:10.1007/s10764-010-9399-1 2813:10.1007/s00132-005-0809-6 2775:10.1007/s00393-006-0121-9 2611:10.7863/jum.1984.3.12.549 2217:10.1007/s00132-007-1138-8 1302:The shape of the acromion 1220:Nerve entrapment syndrome 935:(aka scapular abduction) 920:(aka scapular adduction) 138: 56: 44: 29:Shoulder (disambiguation) 4640:abductor pollicis brevis 4524:extensor pollicis longus 4519:extensor pollicis brevis 4514:abductor pollicis longus 3890:Interosseous intercarpal 1811:10.1177/0363546505280213 1709:Wexler, Barbara (2006). 1266:Transaxillary projection 1251:Projectional radiography 790:Nerve supply and passage 406:, which passes from the 2896:Investigative Radiology 1107:Under the influence of 843:, both branches of the 322:acromioclavicular joint 316:of the shoulder is the 185:acromioclavicular joint 4678:abductor digiti minimi 4668:opponens digiti minimi 4635:flexor pollicis brevis 4484:extensor carpi ulnaris 4479:extensor digiti minimi 4420:flexor pollicis longus 3932:Palmar carpometacarpal 3927:Dorsal carpometacarpal 3086:Human regional anatomy 2495:10.1002/jcu.1870160506 1684:Bogart, Bruce (2007). 1541:Sternoclavicular joint 1528:anatomical terminology 1500: 1403: 1393: 1142: 860: 819: 811: 803: 783: 753:Elevates the scapula. 549:Muscles from the front 497:coracohumeral ligament 449: 441: 416:intertubercular groove 363: 140:Anatomical terminology 4553:bicipital aponeurosis 4380:flexor carpi radialis 3023:at Wikimedia Commons 2657:10.2214/ajr.146.3.555 2420:10.2214/ajr.144.2.349 1924:on 29 September 2017. 1613:on September 29, 2016 1401: 1391: 1136: 1123:Clinical significance 854: 817: 809: 797: 683:Muscles from the back 669:and inserts into the 602:and inserting on the 501:glenohumeral ligament 447: 439: 372:ball and socket joint 361: 215:ball and socket joint 4747:extensor retinaculum 4385:flexor carpi ulnaris 1215:Shoulder dislocation 1210:Impingement syndrome 1158:clavicular fractures 841:suprascapular artery 735:spine of the scapula 700:They arise from the 261:and attaches to the 259:glenohumeral capsule 4575:antebrachial fascia 4509:anatomical snuffbox 4320:triangular interval 4277:intermuscular septa 4169:infraspinous fascia 4164:supraspinous fascia 3981:Metacarpophalangeal 3739:Proximal radioulnar 2030:"Arm Circumduction" 1877:on 13 January 2018. 1586:The Free Dictionary 1011:of the scapula and 845:thyrocervical trunk 644:(cleido-), and the 632:sternocleidomastoid 542:teres major muscles 474:head of the humerus 4811:Upper limb anatomy 4777:palmar aponeurosis 4772:flexor retinaculum 4752:extensor expansion 4596:osborne's ligament 4474:extensor digitorum 4410:pronator quadratus 4310:quadrangular space 4244:articularis cubiti 3885:Palmar intercarpal 3880:Dorsal intercarpal 3833:Palmar radiocarpal 3829:Dorsal radiocarpal 3675:Transverse humeral 2865:10.1007/BF00197147 2853:Skeletal Radiology 1856:on 5 January 2018. 1526:This article uses 1457:serratus lateralis 1404: 1394: 1162:scapular fractures 1143: 1019:coracobrachialis. 861: 820: 812: 804: 706:thoracic vertebrae 667:cervical vertebrae 450: 442: 364: 310:coracoid processes 229:, and head of the 164:(collarbone), the 85:articulatio humeri 4793: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4647:adductor pollicis 4630:opponens pollicis 4604: 4603: 4539: 4538: 4428: 4427: 4330: 4329: 4177: 4176: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4045: 3943:Radial collateral 3851:Radial collateral 3842:Palmar ulnocarpal 3838:Dorsal ulnocarpal 3821:Wrist/radiocarpal 3806: 3805: 3793:Dorsal radioulnar 3788:Palmar radioulnar 3780:Distal radioulnar 3765: 3764: 3711:Radial collateral 3688: 3687: 3627:Acromioclavicular 3594:Acromioclavicular 3502: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3019:Media related to 2327:10.1002/acr.20063 2159:www.orthoinfo.org 2140:978-0-07-174889-6 2112:978-0-7020-3085-7 2064:978-1-111-83452-4 1720:978-1-4144-0374-8 1695:978-1-4160-3165-9 1537:(Pectoral girdle) 1503:Additional images 1497:- 'Last's Anatomy 1408: 1407: 1318:CR. shoulay film. 1182:rotator cuff tear 1139:Leonardo da Vinci 1129:Shoulder problems 1095: 1094: 1009:downward rotation 899:of the shoulder: 771: 770: 727:ligamentum nuchae 702:spinous processes 680: 679: 604:subclavian groove 577:serratus anterior 397:synovial membrane 326:hyaline cartilage 235:synovial membrane 154: 153: 149: 16:(Redirected from 4818: 4765: 4740: 4733: 4615: 4531:extensor indicis 4497: 4446: 4439: 4403: 4363: 4356: 4347: 4315:triangular space 4206:coracobrachialis 4194: 4101: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4054: 3948:Ulnar collateral 3847:Ulnar collateral 3817: 3776: 3729:Ulnar collateral 3699: 3632:Coracoclavicular 3561:Sternoclavicular 3557: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3506: 3346: 3277:Vertebral column 3079: 3072: 3065: 3056: 3028: 3018: 3004: 3003: 2993: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2758: 2752: 2742: 2736: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2691: 2685: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2640: 2631: 2630: 2590: 2584: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2553: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2422: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2338: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2290:. Archived from 2267: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2200: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2126: 2117: 2116: 2099: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2004: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1761:Joint Bone Spine 1756: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1681: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1609:. Archived from 1599: 1590: 1589: 1578: 1546:Chip on shoulder 1513: 1498: 1461:levator scapulae 1384: 1383: 1339: 1327: 1315: 1068:Lateral rotation 941:pectoralis major 902: 759:latissimus dorsi 746:levator scapulae 731:acromion process 721:Arises from the 687: 661:levator scapulae 636:Attaches to the 621:coracoid process 615:pectoralis minor 606:of the clavicle. 556: 511:fuse near their 198:attaches to the 146:edit on Wikidata 61: 49: 37: 34:Part of the body 21: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4781: 4761: 4756: 4736: 4722: 4689: 4685:palmaris brevis 4651: 4600: 4579: 4535: 4493: 4488: 4458:brachioradialis 4442: 4424: 4399: 4394: 4375:palmaris longus 4359: 4338: 4326: 4293: 4272:brachial fascia 4267:axillary fascia 4262:axillary sheath 4248: 4234:triceps brachii 4220: 4185: 4173: 4144: 4090: 4081: 4051: 4042: 4021: 4004:Interphalangeal 3998: 3975: 3958:Intermetacarpal 3952: 3919:Carpometacarpal 3913: 3855: 3802: 3761: 3733: 3715: 3684: 3646: 3588: 3584:Costoclavicular 3579:Interclavicular 3546: 3533: 3503: 3494: 3424: 3335: 3240: 3212: 3102: 3088: 3083: 3012: 3007: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2743: 2739: 2727: 2723: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2676: 2672: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2575: 2571: 2554: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2297: 2295: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2255: 2251: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2202: 2201: 2188: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1958:"Arm Adduction" 1956: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1936:"Arm Abduction" 1934: 1933: 1929: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1894:ehealthstar.com 1887: 1886: 1882: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1744: 1742: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1683: 1682: 1625: 1616: 1614: 1601: 1600: 1593: 1580: 1579: 1568: 1564: 1535:Shoulder girdle 1531: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1449: 1443:fiber bundles. 1433: 1425: 1413: 1350: 1343: 1340: 1331: 1328: 1319: 1316: 1248: 1228: 1205:Frozen shoulder 1174: 1151: 1131: 1125: 1105: 1100: 1053:Medial rotation 991:upward rotation 870:range of motion 866: 857:axillary artery 833:axillary artery 829: 800:brachial plexus 792: 776: 733:, and into the 697:(work together) 646:mastoid process 640:(sterno-), the 623:of the scapula. 529: 434: 428: 408:lesser tubercle 356: 350: 274: 150: 64: 52: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4824: 4822: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4798: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4621: 4619: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4591:cubital tunnel 4587: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4558:common tendons 4555: 4549: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4460: 4449: 4447: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4370:pronator teres 4366: 4364: 4353: 4344: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4200: 4191: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4159:deltoid fascia 4155: 4153: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4008: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3909:Pisometacarpal 3906: 3900:Pisiform joint 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3875:Radiate carpal 3872: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3680:Glenoid labrum 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3629: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3606:Coracoacromial 3598: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3251: 3249: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3035:at Wiktionary 3011: 3010:External links 3008: 3006: 3005: 2976:(2): 301–320. 2956: 2921: 2886: 2843: 2834: 2788: 2753: 2737: 2721: 2702:(11): 1933–9. 2686: 2670: 2632: 2605:(12): 549–51. 2585: 2569: 2516: 2473: 2434: 2393: 2358: 2304: 2262: 2258:ShoulderUS.com 2249: 2230: 2211:(9): 796–809. 2186: 2170: 2146: 2139: 2118: 2111: 2091: 2070: 2063: 2043: 2021: 1996: 1971: 1949: 1927: 1906: 1880: 1859: 1841: 1832: 1805:(9): 1405–17. 1786: 1751: 1726: 1719: 1701: 1694: 1623: 1591: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1491: 1448: 1445: 1432: 1429: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1395: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1258: 1247: 1244: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1173: 1170: 1150: 1147: 1127:Main article: 1124: 1121: 1113:growth hormone 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1013:true adduction 1005: 998: 997: 994: 987:True abduction 983: 976: 975: 972: 969: 962: 961: 958: 955: 948: 947: 944: 936: 928: 927: 924: 921: 913: 912: 909: 906: 886:sagittal plane 865: 862: 828: 825: 791: 788: 775: 772: 769: 768: 765: 761: 755: 754: 751: 748: 742: 741: 738: 723:occipital bone 719: 713: 712: 709: 698: 695:rhomboid minor 691:rhomboid major 678: 677: 674: 663: 657: 656: 653: 634: 628: 627: 624: 617: 611: 610: 607: 596: 590: 589: 586: 579: 573: 572: 567: 562: 538:deltoid muscle 528: 525: 486:deltoid muscle 478:glenoid cavity 430:Main article: 427: 424: 420:biceps brachii 382:glenoid labrum 368:shoulder joint 354:Shoulder joint 352:Main article: 349: 346: 341:glenoid labrum 318:shoulder joint 302:glenoid cavity 273: 270: 211:shoulder joint 204:glenoid cavity 181:shoulder joint 152: 151: 142: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 118: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 94: 88: 87: 82: 76: 75: 71: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 51:Human shoulder 50: 42: 41: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4823: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618:lateral volar 4616: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4133:subscapularis 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4123:infraspinatus 4121: 4119: 4118:supraspinatus 4116: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4033:Carpal tunnel 4031: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3665:Coracohumeral 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3518: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2803:(in German). 2802: 2801:Der Orthopäde 2795: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2765:(in German). 2764: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2750:3-13-719401-6 2747: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2734:3-13-780501-5 2731: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2683:3-13-719401-6 2680: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651:(3): 555–60. 2650: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2582:3-13-778701-7 2579: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2528:(234): 21–7. 2527: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2489:(5): 313–27. 2488: 2484: 2477: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454:(3): 440–50. 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2413:(2): 349–53. 2412: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2321:(2): 155–60. 2320: 2316: 2308: 2305: 2294:on 2017-10-07 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2242:(in German). 2241: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207:(in German). 2206: 2205:Der Orthopäde 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2183:3-13-780501-5 2180: 2174: 2171: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2044: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1752: 1741:on 2011-11-20 1740: 1736: 1735:"labrum tear" 1730: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1521: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1447:Other animals 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1347: 1338: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1186:supraspinatus 1183: 1179: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1148: 1146: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1097: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1083:circumduction 1080: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1000: 999: 995: 992: 988: 984: 982: 978: 977: 973: 970: 968: 964: 963: 959: 956: 954: 950: 949: 945: 942: 937: 934: 930: 929: 925: 922: 919: 915: 914: 910: 907: 904: 903: 900: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 863: 858: 853: 849: 846: 842: 838: 834: 827:Blood vessels 826: 824: 816: 808: 801: 796: 789: 787: 785: 781: 773: 766: 762: 760: 757: 756: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 739: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 718: 715: 714: 710: 707: 703: 699: 696: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 675: 672: 668: 664: 662: 659: 658: 654: 652:of the skull. 651: 650:temporal bone 647: 643: 639: 635: 633: 630: 629: 625: 622: 618: 616: 613: 612: 608: 605: 601: 597: 595: 592: 591: 587: 584: 580: 578: 575: 574: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 557: 554: 551: 550: 546: 543: 539: 534: 533: 527:Other muscles 526: 524: 522: 521:subscapularis 518: 517:supraspinatus 514: 510: 506: 505:infraspinatus 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 470:subscapularis 467: 463: 462:infraspinatus 459: 458:supraspinatus 455: 446: 438: 433: 425: 423: 421: 417: 414:, covers the 413: 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 390: 385: 383: 378: 373: 369: 360: 355: 347: 345: 342: 337: 335: 330: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 271: 269: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 251:infraspinatus 248: 247:subscapularis 244: 243:supraspinatus 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 219:joint capsule 216: 212: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 192:human anatomy 188: 186: 182: 178: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 147: 141: 137: 134: 131: 129: 125: 122: 119: 117: 113: 110: 107: 105: 101: 98: 95: 93: 89: 86: 83: 81: 77: 72: 67: 60: 55: 48: 43: 38: 30: 19: 4762: 4737: 4705: 4694:intermediate 4656:medial volar 4557: 4494: 4444:superficial: 4443: 4400: 4361:superficial: 4360: 4341:compartments 4304: 4276: 4188:compartments 4113:rotator cuff 4095: 3936: 3895:Scapholunate 3752:Oblique cord 3703:Humeroradial 3652:Glenohumeral 3551: 3357: 3226:Adam's apple 3031: 3013: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2937:(3): 683–7. 2934: 2930: 2924: 2902:(7): 463–9. 2899: 2895: 2889: 2859:(8): 615–7. 2856: 2852: 2846: 2837: 2807:(6): 543–9. 2804: 2800: 2769:(8): 681–7. 2766: 2762: 2756: 2740: 2724: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2673: 2648: 2644: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2572: 2558:cite journal 2525: 2519: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2336:2318/1613112 2318: 2314: 2307: 2296:. Retrieved 2292:the original 2282:(6): 430–2. 2279: 2275: 2265: 2252: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2208: 2204: 2173: 2162:. Retrieved 2158: 2149: 2130: 2102: 2083:. Retrieved 2073: 2053: 2046: 2034:. Retrieved 2024: 2012:. Retrieved 1987:. Retrieved 1962:. Retrieved 1952: 1940:. Retrieved 1930: 1922:the original 1897:. Retrieved 1893: 1883: 1875:the original 1854:the original 1844: 1835: 1802: 1798: 1767:(6): 551–7. 1764: 1760: 1754: 1743:. Retrieved 1739:the original 1729: 1710: 1704: 1685: 1615:. Retrieved 1611:the original 1606: 1585: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1450: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1305: 1291: 1288:Y-projection 1269: 1260: 1249: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1190: 1175: 1152: 1144: 1109:testosterone 1106: 1082: 1067: 1052: 1039: 1025: 1015:of the arm. 1012: 1008: 1002: 990: 986: 980: 966: 952: 932: 917: 908:Description 894: 867: 830: 821: 778:The armpit ( 777: 682: 681: 569: 564: 559: 552: 548: 547: 535: 531: 530: 515:, while the 490: 482:humeral head 454:rotator cuff 451: 432:Rotator cuff 426:Rotator cuff 401: 386: 365: 338: 331: 275: 267: 263:humeral head 239:rotator cuff 208: 189: 174: 157: 155: 109:A01.1.00.020 84: 4140:teres major 4128:teres minor 4038:Ulnar canal 3861:Intercarpal 3721:Humeroulnar 3602:Syndesmoses 1098:Development 1070:of the arm 1055:of the arm 933:protraction 890:dislocation 509:teres minor 466:teres minor 312:. The main 255:teres minor 74:Identifiers 4800:Categories 4738:posterior: 4706:interossei 4663:hypothenar 4453:mobile wad 4216:brachialis 4012:Collateral 3989:Collateral 3904:Pisohamate 3393:Fingernail 2374:(1): 3–9. 2298:2015-05-05 2164:2021-02-05 2085:2022-05-04 2036:7 December 2014:7 December 1989:7 December 1964:7 December 1942:7 December 1745:2010-05-16 1617:2016-11-04 1582:"shoulder" 1562:References 1495:R. J. Last 1348:Ultrasound 1059:the body. 967:depression 918:retraction 594:subclavius 565:Attachment 499:, and the 156:The human 4763:anterior: 4701:lumbrical 4504:supinator 4434:posterior 4226:posterior 3866:Midcarpal 3636:trapezoid 3540:ligaments 3309:Genitalia 3032:shoulders 3021:Shoulders 2931:Radiology 1200:Arthritis 1193:arthritis 1154:Fractures 1141:(ca.1510) 1040:extension 1003:adduction 981:abduction 965:Scapular 953:elevation 951:Scapular 931:Scapular 916:Scapular 717:trapezius 600:first rib 491:The four 422:travels. 377:dislocate 278:ligaments 272:Structure 18:Shoulders 4806:Shoulder 4563:extensor 4351:anterior 4239:anconeus 4198:anterior 4096:Shoulder 3757:Quadrate 3623:Synovial 3552:Shoulder 3438:Buttocks 3358:Shoulder 3193:Mandible 3126:Forehead 3000:20495602 2916:10399636 2881:35097650 2829:31680316 2821:15905994 2783:17106667 2716:23478008 2550:22544061 2511:22480015 2388:11567849 2345:20191513 2288:17565399 2225:17713757 1899:11 April 1827:29959313 1819:16127127 1781:17993287 1522:See also 1492:— 1473:primates 1469:clavicle 1465:coracoid 1452:Tetrapod 1149:Fracture 911:Muscles 864:Function 839:and the 642:clavicle 570:Function 306:acromion 290:clavicle 162:clavicle 158:shoulder 40:Shoulder 4336:Forearm 4282:lateral 4108:deltoid 4086:of the 4084:Muscles 3771:Forearm 3660:Capsule 3542:of the 3483:Toenail 3373:Forearm 3319:Scrotum 3265:Midriff 3255:Abdomen 3248:(Trunk) 3198:Occiput 3141:Eyebrow 2991:2860095 2951:8351333 2873:8291016 2665:3511639 2627:7231393 2619:6392585 2542:3044661 2503:3152389 2468:3512571 2429:3880983 2353:6868647 2240:Chirurg 1226:Imaging 1117:puberty 1103:Puberty 1026:flexion 704:of the 648:of the 638:sternum 493:tendons 410:to the 389:capsule 298:scapula 294:humerus 286:tendons 282:muscles 227:humerus 223:scapula 200:scapula 196:humerus 170:humerus 166:scapula 97:D012782 69:Details 4728:fascia 4716:palmar 4711:dorsal 4625:thenar 4568:flexor 4545:fascia 4467:brevis 4305:spaces 4287:medial 4254:fascia 4211:biceps 4150:fascia 4017:Palmar 3994:Palmar 3747:Anular 3641:conoid 3536:Joints 3418:Little 3408:Middle 3388:Finger 3363:Axilla 3304:Pelvis 3297:Nipple 3292:Breast 3287:Thorax 3231:Throat 3208:Temple 3171:Tongue 3151:Eyelid 2998: 2988: 2949: 2914: 2879: 2871: 2827: 2819: 2781: 2748: 2732: 2714: 2681: 2663: 2625: 2617: 2580: 2548: 2540: 2509: 2501: 2466: 2427: 2386: 2351: 2343: 2286: 2246:: 702. 2223: 2181: 2137: 2109: 2061: 1825: 1817: 1779: 1717: 1692: 1358:et al. 1184:. The 1164:, and 878:adduct 874:abduct 784:axilla 774:Armpit 725:, the 393:biceps 334:bursae 296:, and 253:, and 237:. The 231:biceps 179:. 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