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geometric patterns, sometimes embedded with religious symbols. Quilts are usually made for family members by older women who can no longer work in the fields. The quilts are put to use as mattresses, crib covers, or covers for cold monsoon nights. The non-profit organization Siddis Women
Quilting Cooperative (SWQC) was created in 2004 in an effort to provide a source of income to the community and quilt makers. In 2011 an exhibition titled “Soulful Stitching: Patchwork Quilts by Africans (Siddis) in India” was shown in the
587:(watchmen) captive and burnt several outposts. The leaders of the 'bundh' are said to have taken shelter in the Darshanigudda ranges and at times escaped into neighbouring Goa territory. There are also references to a formidable fight at Dandeli and one at a Somalinga temple. These activities continued for several months and the British eventually sentenced some of them. The Portuguese also deported more than 100 of these insurgents along with the Sawant brothers and their families to
38:
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135:
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Similarly, Shah et al. (2011) observed that Siddis in
Gujarat derive 66.90%-70.50% of their ancestry from Bantu forebears, while the Siddis in Karnataka possess 64.80%-74.40% such Southeast African ancestry. The remaining autosomal DNA components in the studied Siddi were mainly associated with local
603:
In India, Karnataka has the largest concentration of Siddis. According to latest estimates there are around 3,700 Siddi families in the state with a total population of 18,000. Other Siddhi populations in the sub-continent include around 10,000 in
Gujarat and 12,000 in Hyderabad. A few hundreds are
755:
with a view to empowering them constitutionally. Further, policies to provide homes for homeless Siddis, water facilities, education, employment opportunities, roads, electricity, mobile hospitals 2 acres (8,100 m) of land to each Siddi family and the right to collect forest products were also
539:
has adopted symbols from the local Hindu religion. Except for the racial characteristics of the tribe, there is little else that can set them apart from other native populations. Almost all the Siddis in present-day India are mixed indo-African There are very few pure Siddi populations in
Karnataka
735:
Like Siddhi populations across the sub-continent, Siddhis in
Karnataka also have remained isolated, and economically and socially neglected. In 1984, at the instance of the Secretary of the Rural Welfare Trust, Dandeli and few others, an "All-Karnataka Siddi Development Association" was formed to
763:
backed initiative has also increased interest in the rehabilitation of this tribe. Headed by Prof
Angenot of Brazil, it has become the academic link between the Siddis of Karnataka, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh and other research scholars. It aims at involving academic research, promoting cultural
683:
study by Shah et al. (2011), the maternal ancestry of the Siddi consists of a mixture of Sub-Saharan and Indian haplogroups, reflecting substantial female gene flow from neighboring Indian populations. About 53% of the Siddis from
Gujarat and 24% of the Siddis from Karnataka belonged to various
521:
The Siddis of
Karnataka are known in recent years for their unique style of quilting called kawandi. Siddis go through a complicated process of quilting that makes their style distinct from surrounding groups. The process involves taking recycled fabric scraps and arranging them in stylistic
319:
ships that also first delivered Siddi slaves to the subcontinent. The term eventually came to be applied to other
Africans and not only to emancipated Siddis. In time, it came to be used to refer to their descendants as well. It is sometimes pronounced "Hafsi" and is considered an insult.
453:, the spirits of departed parents. It signifies a remembrance of the parents, thanking them for their care over several years and also entreating them to keep a vigil over the family in future. It is obligatory for all relatives to attend the function, thus renewing kinship relations.
296:, a ship that sailed from England to South India and Ceylon. In the letter he describes the crew of the ship as "composed of seven English quarter masters and forty three lascar seamen, six English engineers, thirty-five men (Muslim) and fifteen Sidimen or negroes for coal shifters."
595:. Gunaba Shenvi, Siddi Bastian, his brother Anna Saheb and the three Phadnis brothers were still at large and in July 1859, the British offered rewards of Rs. 1000 each for their arrest. Chintoba Phadnis and Siddi Bastian were eventually killed in an encounter at Jagabet.
448:
or ancestor worship. The dead are believed to be nearby, in the form of spirits. They are regarded as witnesses to be consulted by a family in all its concerns. On occasions like births, marriages and deaths, the ancestors are invoked. The home is organised around
727:
South Asian populations. According to the authors, gene flow between the Siddis' Bantu ancestors and local Indian populations was also largely unidirectional. They estimate this admixture episode's time of occurrence at within the past 200 years or eight generations.
464:. These obviously are not meant to coincide with the dates of the parents' deaths as the Siddis only observe the first death anniversary. Hindu Siddhis usually have elaborate functions to mark the event, but not so the Christian and Muslim Siddhis.
534:
A feature common to the Siddis of
Karnataka, as also of those of Maharashtra and Goa, is that they exhibit a remarkable level of assimilation with local culture. This, in the absence of any form of force. Even the uniquely Siddi custom of
1242:
Shah, AM; Tamang, R; Moorjani, P; Rani, DS; Govindaraj, P; Kulkarni, G; Bhattacharya, T; Mustak, MS; Bhaskar, LV; Reddy, AG; Gadhvi, D; Gai, PB; Chaubey, G; Patterson, N; Reich, D; Tyler-Smith, C; Singh, L; Thangaraj, K (2011).
1506:
500:
Almost all Siddis today subsist as agricultural and casual labourers, contractual or in some cases bonded, some also work as domestic help. The earliest Siddhi settlers who fled Goa and entered the Karnataka forests of
987:... Ethiopians were particularly favored; the term Habashi or Habshi— from the Arabic word for Ethiopian – came to be applied to other Africans as well, and referred not only to the freed but to their descendants ...
540:
today, most of the pure Siddi population living in Gujarat. Many of them have lost their original African names and culture however they have retained some forms of African traditions in the form of dance and music.
328:
While some Siddis were victims of the Portuguese slave trade, most were imported by the rajas in the 15th-16th centuries as military mercenaries. Others were sailors on the trade routes to the east.
1499:
923:... since the captains of the African and Arab vessels bore the title Sidi (from Sayyid, or the lineage of Muhammad), the African settlers on the Indian mainland came to be called Siddis ...
1206:
1492:
620:, although a novel tool that uses the genes of modern populations to trace their ethnic and geographic origins, has also helped clarify the possible background of the modern Siddi.
560:. An account by Rev. G. Richter in 1870 also makes a note of "African bodyguards" in the service of the same king. A Siddhi called Gajaveera is noted to have joined hands with
756:
endorsed by parliament. It is hoped that proper implementation of these policies would go a long way in helping the Siddhi community enhance their social and economic status.
339:, which retraced the lives and accomplishments of prominent Siddis from the past. Lasting until July, it included 100 reproductions of paintings and modern photographs.
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Internationally too, awareness of sub-Saharan African diaspora in the east has been limited. In 2006, however, 'The African Diaspora in Asia' (TADIA), a
719:
of Siddis in India. According to the researchers, about 58% of the Siddis' ancestry is derived from Bantu peoples. The remainder is associated with local
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festival in the first week of November. If this is not possible for some reason, it may also be performed in April–May during the other major festival -
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is derived from the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to India. These captains were known as
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study by Shah et al. (2011) tested Siddi individuals in India for paternal lineages. The authors observed the E1b1a1 haplogroup (now called
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55:
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A plurality of the Siddis in Karnataka follow Hinduism. There is a significant number following Islam and Christianity. The
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Sadiq Ali, Shanti. 1996. The African dispersal in the Deccan: from medieval to modern times. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
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Sadiq Ali, Shanti. 1996. The African dispersal in the Deccan: from medieval to modern times. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
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sublineages associated with Bantu women. The remainder possessed Indian-specific subclades of the Eurasian haplogroups
88:
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644:, respectively. Around 14% of Siddis from Karnataka and 35% of Siddis from Gujarat also belonged to the Sub-Saharan
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Hiriyaru worship may be performed twice a year by the 'Kartha'(head) of the family. It normally is held during the
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taluk has populations of Muslims and Christians while the Hindu populations are concentrated in the ghat areas of
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of neighbouring Maharashtra state, records show that two Siddhi brothers, Bastian and Benove, from Punsolli near
70:
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292:. The term seems to have found currency following a description in a letter written by one William aboard the
1207:"Museum of the African Diaspora Presents "Soulful Stitching: Patchwork Quilts by Africans (Siddis) in India""
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436:. Although Siddhis opt for different religions they intermarry across religions without any reservations.
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shares their genepool and that they wanted to gift a bottle of honey to him on his visit to India in 2010
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Drewal, Henry John (March 2013). "Soulful Stitching: Patchwork Quilts by Africans (Siddis) of India".
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The first notable act of this group seems to have been their looting of a British outpost during the
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exchanges and raising funds for education and employment generation programmes for the Siddis.
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Thangaraj (2009) observed similar, mainly Bantu-linked paternal affinities amongst the Siddi.
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also in Lucknow, Delhi and Calcutta. Fewer than 1,000 "Ceylon Kapris" live in Sri Lanka.
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Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity
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Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity
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723:-speaking North and Northwest Indian populations, due to recent admixture events.
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636:), which is frequent among Bantu peoples, in about 42% and 34% of Siddis from
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The one factor which binds the Siddhis, irrespective of their religion is the
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Recent advances in genetic analyses have helped shed some light on the
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On 8 January 2003, the Union government brought the Siddis under the
704:, which points to recent admixture with autochthonous Indian groups.
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526:, helping these quilt makers and the community to gain recognition.
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bring Siddhis together and work for their integrated development.
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had been enlisted by Phen Sawant, a noble of the Sawantwadi court.
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Siddi Farmer in the fields of Yellapur District, Karnataka, India.
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1488:
1463:
Mention of Magsaysay Awardee K. V. Subbanna's work with Siddhis
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1321:"Recent Admixture in an Indian Population of African Ancestry"
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31:
798:
It has been reported that Siddis from Karnataka believe that
190:
population across India, of which more than a third live in
186:
as slaves by Portuguese merchants. There is a 50,000 strong
1231:"The Raja had surrounded his house with African bodyguards"
552:
during the reign of Dodda Veerarajendra (1763–1809) in the
1245:"Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture"
856:"Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture"
1040:"ST-14 SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION BY RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY"
819:(first man of African-origin to be a legislator in India)
272:. One theory is that the word was a term of respect in
268:
There are various hypotheses on the origin of the name
238:. Many members of the Siddi community have migrated to
1480:
The Hindu - Music : Evening of mystical melodies
1414:, Short Takes section, Open Magazine, 30 October 2010
337:
Africans In India: From Slaves to Generals and Rulers
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142:girl from Yellapur taluk, Uttara Kannada District,
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
744:also made some efforts in this direction with his
583:when they confiscated government funds, took many
564:in his revolt against the British in 1829–30 near
777:, a renowned botanist, seeds of a huge tree, the
484:family. Some also speak other languages, such as
250:. Recently, they have come into the limelight by
548:There are references to Siddhi palace guards in
1458:A mention of Siddhi music in The Times of India
1003:
1001:
999:
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972:Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora
1500:
568:. In the revolt of 1844 at Sawantwadi in the
194:. In Karnataka, they are concentrated around
8:
1319:Narang, Ankita; et al. (15 July 2011).
1298:. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 183.
854:Shah, Anish M.; et al. (15 July 2011).
688:sub-clades. The latter mainly consisted of
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1130:Bhatt, Purnima Mehta (5 September 2017).
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
352:Religion followed by Siddis in Karnataka
1475:Catering to the tribals - Deccan Herald
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242:after independence and have settled in
1404:A Bottle of Honey for Our Brother Prez
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1453:The Hindu : Fighting the formula
335:held an artistic exhibition entitled
7:
299:Similarly, another term for Siddis,
60:adding citations to reliable sources
787:A popular Kannada film of the 70s,
284:. A second theory is that the term
1325:American Journal of Human Genetics
1093:"The African Native in Indiaspora"
861:American Journal of Human Genetics
791:, has a Siddi playing the role of
712:Narang et al. (2011) examined the
25:
170:) are an ethnic group inhabiting
1448:Karnataka's Indian-African Tribe
1373:"Empowering the Siddi community"
1010:"Near forgotten, Siddis to meet"
731:Social status and rehabilitation
36:
1431:An article in the Deccan Herald
47:needs additional citations for
1436:Empowering the Siddi community
524:Museum of the African Diaspora
1:
1690:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu
1540:Maratha and associated groups
1132:The African Diaspora in India
817:Karnataka Legislative Council
174:. Members are descended from
27:Ethnic group inhabiting India
1876:Muslim communities of India
1580:Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins
956:, (Beacon Press: 2002), p.8
1897:
1881:Social groups of Karnataka
1585:Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmins
1337:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.004
1292:Mishra, Rakesh K. (2009).
1261:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030
1109:10.1163/156920906779134786
874:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030
1866:African diaspora in India
1595:Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins
1097:African and Asian Studies
476:, the native language of
412:Distribution of religions
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254:'s soundtrack 'Yere' for
182:that were brought to the
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1091:Pinto, Jeanette (2006).
753:list of Scheduled Tribes
1468:5 February 2012 at the
1371:Beeranna Nayak Mogata.
333:New York Public Library
1590:Gaud Saraswat Brahmins
1552:Gomantak Maratha Samaj
1066:"The Siddhi Community"
905:Vijay Prashad (2002),
513:
307:, the Arabic term for
276:, similar to the word
151:
1793:Mangalorean Catholics
1295:Chromosomes To Genome
1140:10.4324/9781315148380
789:Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu
544:Historical references
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480:which belongs to the
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71:"Siddis of Karnataka"
1383:on 29 September 2007
1177:10.1162/AFAR_a_00039
1020:on 29 September 2007
472:Siddis mainly speak
415:Source: 2011 Census.
280:in modern India and
56:improve this article
18:Siddhis of Karnataka
1835:Caste system in Goa
1773:Bombay East Indians
1757:Siddis of Karnataka
1134:. Routledge India.
1072:. Kamat's Potpourri
184:Indian subcontinent
156:Siddis of Karnataka
1637:Chitpavan Brahmins
1557:Naik Maratha Samaj
1410:2010-10-31 at the
1402:Anil Budur Lulla,
780:Adansonia digitata
686:macro-haplogroup L
570:Ratnagiri district
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257:MTV Sound Trippin'
164:ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಸಿದ್ಧಿಗಳು
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1871:Karnataka society
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1783:Karwari Catholics
1249:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1149:978-1-315-14838-0
1008:Devika Sequeira.
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918:978-0-8070-5011-8
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618:Genetic genealogy
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807:Notable people
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775:B. G. L. Swamy
769:
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738:K. V. Subbanna
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616:of the Siddi.
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220:Uttara Kannada
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1255:(1): 154–61.
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581:Supa Uprising
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
1809:Goan Muslims
1756:
1674:Vaishya Vani
1630:Konkanasthas
1621:Bhatt Prabhu
1403:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:the original
1328:
1324:
1314:
1294:
1287:
1252:
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1237:
1230:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1201:
1168:
1165:African Arts
1164:
1158:
1131:
1125:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:the original
986:
971:
967:Ronald Segal
961:
953:
948:
922:
907:
900:
865:
859:
815:, member of
800:Barack Obama
792:
778:
758:
750:
734:
725:
711:
684:Sub-Saharan
678:
670:
630:Y-chromosome
627:
614:ethnogenesis
611:
602:
599:Demographics
584:
578:
557:
547:
536:
533:
530:Assimilation
520:
503:North Canara
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274:North Africa
269:
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66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1211:artdaily.cc
1171:(1): 6–17.
1050:1 September
593:East Indies
1860:Categories
1422:References
793:Siddi Byra
585:chaukidars
496:Occupation
482:Indo-Aryan
458:Navarathri
398:Christians
317:Abyssinian
294:S.S. Nepal
218:taluks of
82:newspapers
1741:Komarpant
1653:Daivadnya
1646:Daivadnya
1572:Saraswats
1185:0001-9933
1117:1569-2094
1070:K.L.Kamat
714:autosomal
638:Karnataka
313:Ethiopian
309:Abyssinia
264:Etymology
232:Kalghatgi
192:Karnataka
144:Karnataka
1819:Nawayath
1706:Bhandari
1604:Karhades
1530:and the
1466:Archived
1408:Archived
1355:21737057
1279:21741027
1193:57560005
969:(2002),
892:21741027
824:See also
608:Genetics
537:Hiriyaru
468:Language
451:Hiriyaru
446:Hiriyaru
430:Yellapur
357:Religion
343:Religion
305:Al-Habsh
282:Pakistan
240:Pakistan
224:Khanapur
196:Yellapur
112:May 2016
1716:Dhangar
1683:Prabhus
1667:Vaishya
1611:Karhade
1547:Maratha
1387:19 July
1346:3135806
1270:3135801
1076:20 July
1024:19 July
883:3135801
746:Ninasam
658:R1a-M17
642:Gujarat
591:in the
574:Dandeli
554:Kannada
490:Marathi
486:Kannada
474:Konkani
426:Haliyal
403:
388:
383:Muslims
373:
362:Percent
324:History
244:Karachi
228:Belgaum
222:and in
212:Mundgod
200:Haliyal
168:Siddhis
160:Kannada
96:scholar
1753:(Mhar)
1746:Madval
1711:Chamar
1699:Others
1616:Padhye
1562:Kharvi
1534:region
1532:Konkan
1524:tribes
1353:
1343:
1302:
1277:
1267:
1216:13 May
1191:
1183:
1146:
1115:
979:
915:
890:
880:
768:Trivia
761:UNESCO
740:, the
566:Kittur
550:Kodagu
434:Ankola
368:Hindus
303:(from
301:habshi
290:Sayyid
204:Ankola
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1840:Goans
1802:Islam
1751:Mahar
1731:Gavli
1721:Gabit
1658:Shett
1189:S2CID
836:Notes
830:Siddi
782:Linn.
681:mtDNA
675:mtDNA
666:L-M20
646:B-M60
624:Y DNA
589:Timor
556:book
407:27.4%
392:30.6%
377:41.8%
286:Siddi
278:sahib
270:Siddi
248:Sindh
216:Sirsi
208:Joida
188:Siddi
178:from
172:India
148:India
140:Siddi
103:JSTOR
89:books
1736:Koli
1522:and
1389:2007
1351:PMID
1300:ISBN
1275:PMID
1218:2020
1181:ISSN
1144:ISBN
1113:ISSN
1078:2007
1052:2023
1026:2007
977:ISBN
913:ISBN
888:PMID
700:and
692:and
664:and
640:and
488:and
462:Holi
432:and
246:and
230:and
214:and
154:The
75:news
1528:Goa
1526:of
1341:PMC
1333:doi
1265:PMC
1257:doi
1173:doi
1136:doi
1105:doi
878:PMC
870:doi
717:DNA
694:L2a
517:Art
478:Goa
234:of
226:of
58:by
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