627:, bogged down in the muddy waters formed by the lake, and Shapur gave the signal to fall back. In the interval of a single night the defenders effected the repair of the walls, this along with news of Hunnic invasions of the eastern provinces, compelled Shapur to a cessation of hostilities against Rome. Before retreating to Persia, Shapur burned all his siege equipment and executed some of his chief officers and advisors.
799:
623:, which passed near the valley in which Nisibis was located, were broken down, and the valley flooded. When the whole plain was filled with water up to the walls of the city, a Sasanid fleet was embarked and floated to the ramparts. A part of the walls collapsed and the Sasanids withdrew in preparation for the assault. The attack which was launched, supported by
948:, to observe the motions of Shapur from the further bank of the Tigris to inform him when the latter should cross the river. Shapur, however, declined to venture over the Tigris and the entire summer of 361 was wasted in ineffectual maneuvering with each monarch on opposite banks of the river. Meanwhile, Constantius had requested reinforcements from
901:. He lingered only to repair the walls and post a strong garrison in Bazabde before he proceeded on an expedition against Virtha, a formidable fortress on the outliers of the Mesopotamian desert. But the garrison of Virtha defended themselves successfully and Shapur retired over the Tigris towards the end of the campaign season.
850:. Meanwhile, the forays of the Sasanid cavalry were devastating the surrounding country taking many prisoners and much spoil. Ursicinus, who proposed a bold attack using light infantry to divert the Sasanid blockade, was accused of fomenting a treacherous reverse through his excessive zeal for the relief of the city.
722:
to prevent Shapur's army using it as fodder, the population took refuge in the fortified city. With Shapur's crossing of the Tigris secured, Ursicinus fell back to Amida, from which he could harass the
Sasanians if they besieged Nisibis or threaten their lines of communication and supply in case they
845:
with their war-elephants on the west. The operations of the siege began with a two-day mutual discharge of missiles, following heavy casualties on both sides, a truce was concluded. The
Sasanids then set themselves to raising mounds for scaling the walls, and siege towers captured from the Romans in
783:
Shapur bypassed
Nisibis and reached Bebase. From there, his scouts informed him of the flooding of the Euphrates and a strong Roman fortification on the other bank. Faced with this predicament, Antoninus advised the Sasanid monarch to force march his army and cross the Euphrates northwest of Amida.
779:
were remnants of the army of the usurper
Magnentius, and had been sent east by Constantius at the end of the civil war. Unlike the other legions in the area, these three legions were made up of Gallic soldiers. The numbers of the Roman force at Amida are a point of debate: Crawford puts them at
615:
In 348, a
Sasanian army invaded Roman Mesopotamia and marched on Singara. The fortress city was either besieged or blockaded. While the Sasanians camped around Singara, the Romans launched a nighttime raid on their camp, killing many Sasanian soldiers in their sleep. This disrupted Shapur's 348
853:
A night attack on the
Sasanid camp by two Gallic legions from Amida boosted Roman morale and inflicted heavy losses on the Sasanid army, but the loss of 400 Gauls was more devastating to the besieged city. Shapur increased his assaults on the city only to suffer further casualties due to the
589:
sent his son
Constantius in preparation for a campaign against the Sasanid Empire. Constantius recruited and drafted new soldiers, implemented training and drills, expanded the cavalry, and stockpiled supplies. These preparations did not go unnoticed by the Sasanids. In 336,
972:. Constantius saw no alternative but to face the usurper, and yet the threat of an invasion by Shapur remained. Shapur, however, did not attempt another campaign that year. This temporary respite in hostilities allowed Constantius to turn his full attention to Julian.
862:, collapsed. The Sasanids carried their earth mounds to the level of the ramparts, and swarmed into the city. After a prolonged last-ditch defense the garrison was overpowered, the city sacked and the inhabitants removed to the further reaches of the Sasanid Empire.
662:
under the Treaty of
Nisibis. Constantius, though discredited by previous defeats, and even himself secretly doubtful of the outcome of a second war, treated the offer with contempt. Yet, he dispatched civil and military officers accompanied by a
646:
During 350-359 the war between the Roman and
Sasanid Empires languished. Constantius was engaged in several campaigns against enemies, both foreign and domestic, while Shapur was occupied with his eastern campaign in the steppes of Central Asia.
784:
From there Shapur could advance into the interior of Asia Minor. Marching by way of Horre, Miacarire, Carcha, and the fortresses of Reman and Busan which capitulated on his approach, Shapur arrived beneath the walls of Amida at the end of July.
602:. After sixty days, no closer to taking Nisibis and with a plague hampering his army, he lifted the siege and returned to Persia. Although he lost at Nisibis, Shapur collected tribute from the Armenian king Khosrov starting in the year 345–6.
920:, the Sasanids sallied several times from the city to destroy Roman battering rams and ballistae. With winter beginning, the area was flooded with heavy rains and Constantius' attacks were beaten back, he retreated from Bazabde into
150:
961:
On account of the immediate
Sasanid threat, Constantius was unable to directly respond to his cousin's usurpation, other than by sending missives in which he tried to convince Julian to resign the title of
609:. The date of this battle is uncertain. Sources are divided as to the victor of the battle. Some sources state a Sasanian victory, some a Roman victory, while another states a pyrrhic Roman victory.
242:
276:
143:
650:
In 356, however, the Romans made serious overtures towards a lasting peace. Shapur delivered his conditions to the following effect: that should Constantius deliver up the provinces of
703:
and marched to Singara which he stormed or blockaded. He then marched to Bebase, a major road junction on the Khabur River. From there he could threatened Nisibis to the east and
136:
718:, had informed him the Sasanian army had crossed the Tigris, he secured the defenses of Nisibis and proceeded to Amida. After giving orders for the fields of Roman Mesopotamia
707:, where the main bridge across the Euphrates was located, to the west. He surprised general Ursicinus, whose headquarters was in Nisibis, by suddenly marching toward the
235:
866:
and the rest of the surviving Roman commanders were crucified. The siege being successful and autumn arriving, the Sasanids were obliged to return to winter-quarters.
228:
522:
517:
1892:
1872:
594:
sent his general Narses to invade Armenia. Narses, however, was later defeated and killed. Following Constantine the Great's death, Shapur besieged
1751:
Patterson, Lee E. (2017). "Minority Religions in the Sasanian Empire: Suppression, Integration and Relations with Rome". In Sauer, Eberhard (ed.).
281:
818:, was sent to threaten the defiant city into submission. But before the king could make known the reason of his approach, a dart from the Roman
492:
318:
352:
347:
308:
917:
209:
548:
between 337 and 361. They were a result of long-standing competition between the rival powers over influence in the border kingdoms of
1829:
1810:
1780:
1732:
1675:
404:
995:
Not even the date of this, the biggest confrontation between Constantius and Shapur, is certain, with 343, 344, and 348 all mentioned
497:
1877:
303:
204:
912:
had momentarily delayed the emperor, but his ministers prevailed on him to campaign against the Sasanids. Before crossing the
1862:
549:
1004:
The battle of Singara was technically a Roman victory because they held the field of battle, but Roman casualties made it a
446:
313:
904:
In the meantime, towards autumn of 360, Constantius finally arrived at the head of his long-prepared army. The revolt of
1867:
842:
561:
286:
110:
723:
marched west. After setting up his headquarters at Amida, Ursicinus retreated to oversee the defense of the Euphrates.
485:
394:
890:
which had formed the garrison, as well as the inhabitants of Singara, were sent into captivity in Sasanid Persia.
461:
409:
328:
323:
296:
671:
of the necessity of more reasonable grounds for peace. The embassy was dismissed by Shapur when he arrived at
340:
265:
810:
Shapur convinced himself that the mere sight of his formidable army would terrorize the city into surrender.
1887:
1857:
734:
471:
429:
414:
333:
174:
780:
20,000, Blockley at 7,000–10,000, and Harrel at 5,300. The army of Shapur reportedly numbered 100,000 men.
252:
41:
879:
565:
439:
419:
389:
379:
357:
199:
189:
184:
179:
1772:
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
624:
586:
456:
384:
291:
793:
715:
688:
434:
194:
940:. Unwilling to resume the blockade of Bazabde and fearing a costly siege, he sent his two generals,
916:
to face Shapur, Constantius was determined to retake the important fortress of Bazabde. During the
708:
451:
1882:
1645:
1616:
886:. The wall was breached after some days by battering ram, and the town fell. The 1st Flavian and
704:
691:
who had critical knowledge of the Roman defences. With most of the eastern tribes (including the
635:
572:
were defeated in several sanguinary encounters, Shapur was unable to secure a decisive victory.
1825:
1806:
1776:
1728:
1671:
834:
761:
684:
606:
553:
478:
466:
372:
367:
271:
1637:
1608:
954:
949:
905:
887:
863:
855:
830:
727:
399:
1005:
545:
93:
968:
921:
803:
719:
569:
502:
106:
17:
1851:
1742:
Lightfoot, C. S. (1988). "Facts and Fiction: The Third Siege of Nisibis (A.D. 350)".
634:
in the west occurred around the same time diverting Constantius, who left his cousin
362:
568:, which had concluded the previous war between the empires. Though the Romans under
1791:
936:
The following spring 361, Constantius crossed the Euphrates once more, arriving at
541:
87:
1686:
1770:
875:
757:
651:
599:
507:
975:
The war ended indecisively with Constantius dying of fever on 5 October 361 at
858:
and fire darts. Finally the Roman structures, under the bombardment of Sasanid
798:
976:
631:
619:
In 350, Shapur laid siege to Nisibis, for a third time. The dams of the river
128:
859:
838:
819:
815:
811:
692:
672:
668:
620:
591:
557:
512:
121:
115:
1841:
Roman Empire at War: A Compendium of Roman Battles from 31 B.C. to A.D. 565
826:
1649:
1620:
941:
925:
894:
883:
847:
700:
664:
655:
595:
1628:
Blockley, R. C. (1988). "Ammianus on the Persian Invasion of AD 359".
952:
in Gaul, the Gallic legions, however, revolted and proclaimed Julian
937:
913:
898:
696:
659:
220:
1641:
1612:
1725:
The Triumph of Empire: The Roman World from Hadrian to Constantine
945:
797:
612:
In 346–7 Shapur besieged Nisibis a second time, and was repulsed.
909:
767:
had been gathered at Amida and took up its defence. The legions
224:
132:
616:
campaign. The Sasanian army retreated to their own territory.
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
687:. During this campaign he was assisted by the Roman turncoat
1707:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (AD 226-363)
1599:
Barnes, T. D. (1980). "Imperial Chronology, A. D. 337-350".
1555:
1553:
1181:
1179:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1142:
1140:
1753:
Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia
1365:
1363:
1297:
1295:
1067:
1065:
1803:
Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation
822:
struck his son and crown prince killing him instantly.
714:
As soon as Ursicinus' spies, including later historian
683:
In 359, Shapur II launched a large scale invasion into
540:
were a series of military conflicts fought between the
1705:
Dodgeon, Michael H.; Lieu, Samuel N. C., eds. (2002).
1234:
1232:
1230:
1028:
1026:
1024:
829:
encircled the city on every side; as auxiliaries, the
675:
and preparations were conducted for another campaign.
1659:
Constantius II: Usurpers, Eunuchs, and the Antichrist
833:were assigned the assault of the south wall, the
667:on a new embassy to the Sasanid court, advising
874:In spring 360, Shapur renewed his inroads into
605:In 343–4, Constantius met Shapur's forces near
34:
695:) now supporting his army, Shapur crossed the
1746:. Bd. 37, H. 1 1st Qtr. Franz Steiner Verlag.
1698:The 'Night Battle' of Singara: Whose Victory?
236:
144:
8:
1822:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
1484:
1209:
1119:
1056:
1044:
243:
229:
221:
151:
137:
129:
31:
1744:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1250:
1197:
1185:
564:, to revoke the unfavorable terms of the
1571:
1544:
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1520:
1508:
1496:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1405:
1354:
1107:
1083:
1071:
598:, which was then regarded as the key to
1238:
1020:
988:
1793:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9
1668:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
1583:
1559:
1417:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1221:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1131:
1095:
1032:
7:
1775:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
1685:Daryaee, Touraj (2017). "ŠĀPUR II".
658:, which Diocletian had wrested from
1762:The Roman Empire at bay, AD 189-395
25:
1805:. Oxford University Press (USA).
897:, a strong Roman fortress on the
806:before the Siege of Amida of 359.
1893:Wars involving the Roman Empire
1873:4th century in the Roman Empire
1769:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
1790:Sellwood, D. (2011). "AMIDA".
966:and be satisfied with that of
1:
1755:. Edinburgh University Press.
802:The walls of Amida, built by
353:Campaign of Severus Alexander
1801:Smith II, Andrew M. (2013).
1727:. Harvard University Press.
1723:Kulikowski, Michael (2016).
27:Wars between Rome and Persia
1820:Southern, Patricia (2001).
1696:Dmitriev, Vladimir (2015).
1670:. Oxford University Press.
556:, as well as the desire of
538:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
447:Julian's Persian expedition
425:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
162:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
35:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
1909:
791:
314:Trajan's Parthian campaign
282:Pompeian–Parthian invasion
1839:Taylor, Donathan (2016).
1760:Potter, David S. (2004).
329:Parthian war of Caracalla
277:Caesar's planned invasion
262:
170:
100:
81:
47:
39:
1714:Harrel, John S. (2016).
1666:Daryaee, Touraj (2012).
1657:Crawford, Peter (2016).
1607:(2 (Summer)): 160–166.
1485:Dodgeon & Lieu 2002
1408:, p. 244–260, 258.
1210:Dodgeon & Lieu 2002
1120:Dodgeon & Lieu 2002
1057:Dodgeon & Lieu 2002
1045:Dodgeon & Lieu 2002
486:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
319:Lucius Verus' campaigns
807:
304:Mark Antony's campaign
101:Commanders and leaders
18:Siege of Nisibis (350)
1863:4th-century conflicts
1688:Encyclopaedia Iranica
893:Shapur then invested
841:to the east, and the
801:
625:Sasanid war-elephants
309:Armenian War of 58–63
1700:. Historiai Swiat.=.
888:1st Parthian legions
846:the previous war at
794:Siege of Amida (359)
788:Siege of Amida (359)
716:Ammianus Marcellinus
638:to defend the east.
64:Armenia, Mesopotamia
1878:Roman–Sasanian Wars
1868:4th century in Iran
1420:, p. 157, 265.
1047:, pp. 152–162.
882:the desert town of
726:Six Roman legions:
679:Second war: 359–361
341:Roman–Sasanian wars
266:Roman–Parthian Wars
1843:. Pen & Sword.
1718:. Pen & Sword.
1661:. Pen & Sword.
1562:, p. 165–167.
1535:, p. 225-226.
1523:, p. 224-225.
1432:, p. 192-193.
1328:, p. 150–151.
1316:, p. 152–154.
1289:, p. 151–152.
1277:, p. 147–148.
1224:, p. 471-476.
1200:, p. 124-125.
837:on the north, the
808:
756:and a detachment (
630:The usurpation of
581:First war: 337–350
254:Roman–Persian Wars
42:Roman–Persian Wars
685:Roman Mesopotamia
642:Interwar: 350–359
607:Singara or Alaina
566:Treaty of Nisibis
531:
530:
218:
217:
127:
126:
77:
76:
16:(Redirected from
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932:Campaigns of 361
924:and wintered in
918:ensuing blockade
870:Campaigns of 360
585:In 335, Emperor
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1716:The Nisibis War
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1642:10.2307/1088346
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1613:10.2307/1087874
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985:
934:
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856:Roman scorpions
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681:
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546:Sasanian Empire
534:
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527:
258:
253:
251:
249:
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166:
161:
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120:
118:
109:
94:Sasanian Empire
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1906:
1904:
1896:
1895:
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1888:Constantius II
1885:
1880:
1875:
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1858:350s conflicts
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1831:978-0415239448
1830:
1817:
1812:978-0199861101
1811:
1798:
1796:. p. 938.
1787:
1782:978-1845116453
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1734:978-0674659612
1733:
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1677:978-0199732159
1676:
1663:
1654:
1636:(3 (Autumn)).
1625:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1586:, p. 167.
1576:
1574:, p. 238.
1564:
1549:
1547:, p. 236.
1537:
1525:
1513:
1511:, p. 223.
1501:
1499:, p. 206.
1489:
1487:, p. 214.
1470:
1468:, p. 198.
1458:
1456:, p. 200.
1446:
1444:, p. 193.
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1396:, p. 149.
1386:
1384:, p. 265.
1374:
1372:, p. 156.
1359:
1357:, p. 186.
1342:
1340:, p. 151.
1330:
1318:
1306:
1304:, p. 152.
1291:
1279:
1267:
1265:, p. 147.
1255:
1253:, p. 191.
1251:Patterson 2017
1243:
1226:
1214:
1212:, p. 185.
1202:
1198:Lightfoot 1988
1190:
1188:, p. 121.
1186:Lightfoot 1988
1175:
1173:, p. 164.
1163:
1151:
1136:
1134:, p. 163.
1124:
1122:, p. 166.
1112:
1100:
1098:, p. 166.
1088:
1076:
1061:
1059:, p. 171.
1049:
1037:
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997:
987:
986:
984:
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930:
871:
868:
864:Count Aelianus
814:, king of the
804:Constantius II
792:Main article:
789:
786:
711:to the north.
680:
677:
643:
640:
582:
579:
577:
574:
570:Constantius II
529:
528:
526:
525:
523:War of 602–628
520:
518:War of 572–591
515:
510:
505:
503:Anastasian War
500:
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493:War of 421–422
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405:Caesarea (260)
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306:
301:
300:
299:
294:
289:
287:Cilician Gates
279:
274:
263:
260:
259:
250:
248:
247:
240:
233:
225:
216:
215:
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212:
207:
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187:
182:
177:
171:
168:
167:
158:
156:
155:
148:
141:
133:
125:
124:
113:
107:Constantius II
103:
102:
98:
97:
91:
84:
83:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
37:
36:
30:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1905:
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1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:. Routledge.
1823:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
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1745:
1740:
1736:
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1703:
1699:
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1673:
1669:
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1660:
1655:
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1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:Crawford 2016
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:Crawford 2016
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:Crawford 2016
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:Crawford 2016
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:Crawford 2016
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:Crawford 2016
1493:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:Crawford 2016
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:Crawford 2016
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:Crawford 2016
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:Crawford 2016
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1406:Blockley 1988
1402:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:Crawford 2016
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
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1298:
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1271:
1268:
1264:
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1252:
1247:
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1240:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1161:, p. 82.
1160:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:Dmitriev 2015
1104:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1086:, p. 56.
1085:
1084:Crawford 2016
1080:
1077:
1074:, p. 55.
1073:
1072:Crawford 2016
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:, p. 17.
1034:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
982:
980:
978:
973:
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965:
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840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
805:
800:
795:
787:
785:
781:
778:
777:Ulpia Victrix
774:
770:
766:
765:
759:
755:
751:
750:Superventores
747:
743:
739:
738:
737:Ulpia Victrix
732:
731:
724:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
676:
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648:
641:
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628:
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617:
613:
610:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
580:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
562:Arab campaign
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
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501:
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448:
445:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:Carrhae (296)
413:
411:
410:3rd Ctesiphon
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
380:Nisibis (252)
378:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:Nisibis (235)
356:
354:
351:
350:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:2nd Ctesiphon
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
261:
256:
246:
241:
239:
234:
232:
227:
226:
223:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
169:
164:
154:
149:
147:
142:
140:
135:
134:
131:
123:
117:
114:
112:
108:
105:
104:
99:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
80:
72:
69:
68:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1840:
1821:
1802:
1792:
1771:
1764:. Routledge.
1761:
1752:
1743:
1724:
1715:
1709:. Routledge.
1706:
1697:
1687:
1667:
1658:
1633:
1629:
1604:
1600:
1579:
1567:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1239:Daryaee 2017
1217:
1205:
1193:
1166:
1154:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1052:
1040:
1000:
991:
974:
967:
963:
960:
953:
935:
903:
892:
873:
852:
824:
809:
782:
776:
772:
768:
763:
754:Praeventores
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
729:
725:
720:to be burned
713:
682:
649:
645:
629:
618:
614:
611:
604:
584:
560:, after his
542:Roman Empire
537:
535:
484:
483:
457:Maiozamalcha
424:
395:Dura-Europos
339:
338:
264:
160:
88:Roman Empire
82:Belligerents
1584:Harrel 2016
1560:Harrel 2016
1418:Harrel 2016
1394:Harrel 2016
1382:Harrel 2016
1370:Harrel 2016
1338:Harrel 2016
1326:Harrel 2016
1314:Harrel 2016
1302:Harrel 2016
1287:Harrel 2016
1275:Harrel 2016
1263:Harrel 2016
1222:Potter 2004
1171:Barnes 1980
1159:Harrel 2016
1147:Harrel 2016
1132:Barnes 1980
1096:Taylor 2016
1033:Harrel 2016
876:Mesopotamia
758:vexillation
652:Mesopotamia
600:Mesopotamia
587:Constantine
508:Iberian War
440:2nd Singara
430:1st Singara
385:Barbalissos
348:Mesopotamia
297:Mt Gindarus
292:Amanus Pass
210:2nd Bezabde
205:1st Bezabde
200:2nd Singara
190:3rd Nisibis
185:2nd Nisibis
180:1st Singara
175:1st Nisibis
1852:Categories
1016:References
977:Mopsucrene
843:Segestanis
769:Magnentius
742:Magnentius
632:Magnentius
498:War of 440
452:Pirisabora
96:and allies
90:and allies
73:Indecisive
1883:Shapur II
880:besieging
860:ballistae
839:Chionites
835:Albanians
820:ballistae
816:Chionites
812:Grumbates
773:Decentius
764:Fortenses
746:Decentius
693:Chionites
689:Antoninus
673:Ctesiphon
669:Shapur II
621:Mygdonius
592:Shapur II
558:Shapur II
513:Lazic War
479:Bagrevand
462:Ctesiphon
122:Grumbates
116:Shapur II
111:Ursicinus
55:337 - 361
964:Augustus
955:Augustus
827:Sasanids
775:and XXX
730:Parthica
544:and the
60:Location
40:Part of
1650:1088346
1630:Phoenix
1621:1087874
1601:Phoenix
1593:Sources
942:Arbetio
926:Antioch
895:Bazabde
884:Singara
848:Singara
701:Nineveh
665:sophist
656:Armenia
596:Nisibis
550:Armenia
472:Samarra
467:Maranga
390:Antioch
373:Misiche
368:Resaena
334:Nisibis
272:Carrhae
1828:
1809:
1779:
1731:
1674:
1648:
1619:
969:Caesar
950:Julian
938:Edessa
914:Tigris
906:Julian
899:Tigris
831:Vertae
705:Zeugma
697:Tigris
660:Narseh
636:Gallus
576:Events
554:Iberia
420:Satala
400:Edessa
119:Narses
70:Result
1646:JSTOR
1617:JSTOR
983:Notes
946:Agilo
922:Syria
760:) of
709:Amida
435:Amida
363:Hatra
195:Amida
1826:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1672:ISBN
944:and
910:Gaul
825:The
752:and
735:XXX
654:and
552:and
536:The
52:Date
1638:doi
1609:doi
908:in
699:at
1854::
1644:.
1634:42
1632:.
1615:.
1605:34
1603:.
1552:^
1473:^
1362:^
1345:^
1294:^
1229:^
1178:^
1139:^
1064:^
1023:^
979:.
958:.
928:.
878:,
771:,
762:X
748:,
744:,
740:,
733:,
728:V
1834:.
1815:.
1785:.
1737:.
1691:.
1680:.
1652:.
1640::
1623:.
1611::
1241:.
1110:.
1008:.
244:e
237:t
230:v
152:e
145:t
138:v
20:)
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