129:
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especially heavy against the siege lines to the north of the city, which were easily targeted by the French gunners on 12 August. Operations to establish batteries on this front continued for several days even as losses mounted; on 15 August, Lieutenant
Colonel George Maule, Braithwaite's chief engineer, was killed by cannon fire while returning from a night inspection of the trenches. On the night of 21 August the main battery, known as the Royal Battery, came under heavy shellfire and was damaged, but repairs were successful and on the morning of 22 August its
144:
213:
246:
41:
253:
220:
795:
with 167 guns of varying sizes and materials and substantial quantities of ammunition. Elsewhere the other French Indian colonies of
Karaikal, Yanam, Mahé and Chandernagore all surrendered when summoned without conflict, assuring British dominance among the European powers on the Indian Subcontinent.
764:
Attempts were then made to establish batteries to the west and north of the city, but these efforts were hampered by heavy rain, delaying the construction of defensive earthworks which allowed the garrison to maintain a constant fire on the work parties, which suffered consequent casualties. Fire was
804:
the only warship on active operations, and had the French managed to concentrate their forces in the region they might have considerably extended the siege of
Pondicherry and caused considerable damage to British merchant shipping in the region. The French made no efforts to recapture their lost
781:
were raised over the city's bastions. de
Chermont's offer requested a 24-hour ceasefire to negotiate terms, but Braithwaite allowed only until 08:00 the following morning, during which time the construction of British earthworks would continue. de Chermont, isolated and unsupported, accepted the
751:
to the southwest and Arian
Coupang to the south, cutting off the garrison from the supporting hinterland of the city. On 28 July, Braithwaite reached the city and established positions on the Red Hill overlooking Pondicherry, sending a demand to its commander Colonel Prosper de Chermont that he
790:
British losses during the siege of 88 killed and 131 wounded were relatively heavy; French casualties were not recorded but were thought to be negligible as few defenders were exposed to
British fire during the only day of bombardment. Captured in the city were 645 French soldiers and 1,014
731:
and three smaller vessels, carrying supplies and a unit of artillerymen to
Pondicherry to reinforce the garrison. On closing with the French frigate, Cornwallis discovered that the East India Company ships supporting his blockade had become scattered, and in the delay gathering them
760:
to occupy positions to the south of the city's walls on 30 July, a manoeuvre which prompted heavy fire from the bastions. This move was however a feint, Braithwaite planned to launch his main assault on the northeast corner where the defences were weaker and the ground drier.
295:
707:
when he learned of the outbreak of war on 19 June. He immediately gave orders to sail for
Pondicherry, which he placed under blockade. Shortly afterward he captured a merchant ship carrying ammunition supplies to the French port and, after a brief stop at Madras,
288:
501:. British forces constructed trenches and batteries, often under heavy fire, over the following weeks. Twenty days after the city was cut off, Braithwaite began a bombardment of the defences. Within hours the French commander Colonel
281:
686:
issued instructions for operations against the territories of French India. Lord
Cornwallis, brother to William, originally intended to participate in the surrender of Pondicherry himself in the seized French merchant ship
772:
Within hours of the first shots from the Royal
Battery, the French defenses opposite fell silent, the only return fire coming from more distant flanking batteries. British fire intensified at noon when a battery of
782:
terms, and the following morning Braithwaite's army entered the city and took possession, although the French garrison had seized liquor supplies during the night and were too drunk to surrender formally.
727:
in the roads on 9 July. On 13 July sails appeared to the southeast, and Cornwallis assumed they belonged to British reinforcements. On investigation, however, this ship proved to be the 40-gun
659:. Great Britain was not initially engaged in this conflict, but diplomatic relations with France were rapidly deteriorating. On 1 February 1793, shortly after the execution of the deposed
1482:
305:
1133:
493:, were mobilised in preparation and immediately seized the ports of French India. Only Pondicherry was able to resist, and a siege was instigated on 1 August 1793 by Colonel
1983:
1958:
1953:
1357:
1614:
602:
683:
212:
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The French military position in India was considerably weaker than the British, with no significant investment in the colonies since the outbreak of the
1604:
1963:
1417:
381:
245:
1203:
1193:
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1472:
671:. Due to the long distances involved, it took five months for news of the outbreak of war to reach India, passing through the British consul at
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474:. Pondicherry's defenses were strong, but the garrison was too small to effectively man the walls, and although a French
1928:
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1300:
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and a network of subsidiary coastal trading stations. The administration of British India was largely delegated to the
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1023:
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1978:
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601:, close to Madras. Pondicherry was formidably fortified, the extensive and modern defences designed by
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declared war on Britain on 1 February 1793, both sides were prepared for conflict in India.
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surrender. The demand was refused, and Braithwaite ordered detachments from the
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presence in the Indian Ocean at the outbreak of war comprised the two frigates
458:. British forces in India were considerably stronger than the French, with the
1609:
778:
679:. On 2 June the news arrived at Madras and passed to Calcutta on 11 June. The
672:
467:
40:
553:
of 1789 to 1792. Naval support was provided by a squadron under Rear-Admiral
91:
78:
1763:
1748:
1111:
805:
Indian territories during the war, but regained them under the terms of the
748:
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requested a truce, followed the next morning by an unconditional surrender.
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1046:
The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume IV
739:
On land, the army at Madras was placed under the command of Colonel
581:
in 1754. The French held a number of small trading ports, including
482:, it was unable to effectively protect the French Indian coast.
1115:
277:
414:
was a colonial military operation in the early stages of the
485:
News of the outbreak of war took five months to reach the
911:
909:
860:
858:
201:
negligible losses, all captured. Pondicherry surrendered.
639:
Tensions in Europe had been steadily mounting since the
1072:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793–1796
628:
but were not based in India at all, but on the distant
418:. Britain and France both controlled colonies on the
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796:It has been noted that British naval forces in the
252:
219:
1097:
747:, Braithwaite marched on Pondicherry, occupying
25:
1127:
549:. This force had been heavily engaged in the
289:
8:
603:Camille Charles Leclerc, Chevalier de Fresne
489:but British forces, recently engaged in the
723:leaving Pondicherry on 3 July and seized a
1918:
1828:
1738:
1629:
1589:
1504:
1442:
1372:
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1320:
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1220:
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545:supported by detachments from the regular
521:, its administration based at the port of
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22:
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900:
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849:
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1984:Sieges of the War of the First Coalition
1959:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
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800:were unusually weak during this period,
1954:Sieges of the French Revolutionary Wars
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974:
950:
948:
946:
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517:was the largest colonial power on the
478:squadron was stationed at the distant
430:was centred on the principal ports of
927:
837:
597:but the most important colony was at
16:Part of the French Revolutionary Wars
7:
1565:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
1100:War in the Eastern Seas, 1793 – 1815
964:. 4 February 1794. pp. 115–119.
1580:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)
1570:Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
777:opened a bombardment, and at 16:30
699:Admiral Cornwallis was anchored at
260:Siege of Pondicherry (1793) (India)
14:
1540:French conquest of Senegal (1854)
1020:Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars
743:. After assembling his forces at
497:while Cornwallis imposed a naval
1929:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)
1620:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)
1560:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
1453:Burma–France relations (1729–56)
769:opened return fire on the city.
691:, but was eventually dissuaded.
667:declared war on Britain and the
541:, which maintained the standing
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218:
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127:
39:
1964:Battles involving Great Britain
1794:Tunisian independence (1952–56)
1575:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903)
1413:French and Indian War (1754–60)
647:began with war between the new
1844:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
1784:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
1675:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
1428:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
1:
1909:First Indochina War (1946–54)
1660:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
1106:George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
529:, supported by the cities of
45:Defences of Pondicherry, 1778
1722:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
1306:King William's War (1689–97)
470:squadron under Rear-Admiral
1789:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
1615:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
1488:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
1403:King George's War (1744–48)
1024:Wordsworth Military Library
454:(modern Puducherry) on the
2000:
1670:French conquest of Vietnam
1383:Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
232:Location within Puducherry
1894:Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
1690:Sino-French War (1884–85)
1685:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
1605:Río de la Plata (1838–40)
1433:Santo Domingo (1795–1809)
1143:French colonial conflicts
681:Governor-General of India
645:French Revolutionary Wars
416:French Revolutionary Wars
322:
314:French Revolutionary Wars
205:
192:
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156:
119:
92:11.9300000°N 79.8300000°E
49:
38:
33:French Revolutionary Wars
30:
1969:Battles involving France
1769:Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
1633:Asia & Pacific Ocean
1388:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
643:of 1789 and in 1792 the
1904:South Vietnam (1945–46)
1774:Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
1702:Second Opium War (1860)
1695:North Vietnam (1886–96)
1680:North Vietnam (1873–74)
1483:East Indies (1793–1801)
1418:North America (1778–83)
1286:North America (1627–29)
1276:Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
1094:Parkinson, C. Northcote
1022:. Ware, Hertfordshire:
712:and three accompanying
574:during the Mysore War.
1839:Boxer Rebellion (1901)
1804:Cameroon War (1955–64)
1799:Algerian War (1954–62)
1717:Leewards War (1888–97)
1515:Indian Ocean (1809–11)
1393:Dummer's War (1721–25)
1296:Carib Expulsion (1660)
758:74th Regiments of Foot
551:Third Anglo-Mysore War
491:Third Anglo-Mysore War
442:, administered by the
235:Show map of Puducherry
198:93 killed, 131 wounded
157:Commanders and leaders
97:11.9300000; 79.8300000
1974:History of Puducherry
1819:Bizerte crisis (1961)
1650:Philippines (1844–45)
1600:West Indies (1804–10)
1555:Ivory Coast (1883–98)
1478:East Indies (1778–83)
1408:Nova Scotia (1749–55)
1398:Natchez revolt (1729)
1358:West Africa (1758–63)
1291:West Indies (1635–59)
1164:South Carolina (1562)
1076:Conway Maritime Press
1042:Clowes, William Laird
193:Casualties and losses
1311:Santo Domingo (1691)
767:24-pounder long guns
716:captured the French
695:Siege of Pondicherry
422:and when the French
412:siege of Pondicherry
229:class=notpageimage|
26:Siege of Pondicherry
1764:Zaian War (1914–21)
1749:Wadai War (1906–11)
1525:Algeria (1835–1903)
1473:Vietnam (1777–1820)
1423:Caribbean (1778–83)
1104:. London, England:
1074:. London, England:
665:National Convention
543:British Indian Army
519:Indian Subcontinent
503:Prosper de Chermont
460:British Indian Army
424:National Convention
420:Indian Subcontinent
307:East Indies theatre
175:Prosper de Chermont
88: /
1814:Ifni War (1957–58)
1809:Suez Crisis (1956)
1050:Chatham Publishing
961:The London Gazette
555:William Cornwallis
539:East India Company
472:William Cornwallis
466:detachments and a
450:was governed from
444:East India Company
169:William Cornwallis
1979:Conflicts in 1793
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1917:
1916:
1884:Vietnam (1930–31)
1869:Cilicia (1920–21)
1859:Vietnam (1918–21)
1854:Vietnam (1917–18)
1827:
1826:
1779:Rif War (1920–26)
1759:Morocco (1911–12)
1754:Casablanca (1907)
1730:
1729:
1628:
1627:
1588:
1587:
1550:Madagascar (1883)
1520:Algeria (1830–47)
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1495:
1441:
1440:
1371:
1370:
1339:
1338:
1319:
1318:
1264:
1263:
1236:Senegal (1659–77)
1212:
1211:
1182:
1181:
1169:Florida (1562–65)
736:escaped pursuit.
641:French Revolution
405:
404:
272:
271:
263:Show map of India
115:
114:
1991:
1919:
1899:Indochina (1945)
1829:
1739:
1630:
1610:Mexico (1838–39)
1590:
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1443:
1373:
1348:
1321:
1281:Brazil (1612–15)
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1241:Djidjelli (1664)
1221:
1204:Brazil (1590–04)
1199:Brazil (1555–67)
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741:John Braithwaite
657:Prussian Empires
579:Seven Years' War
495:John Braithwaite
456:Coromandel Coast
387:28 February 1799
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57:1–23 August 1793
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1864:Syria (1919–21)
1823:
1726:
1707:Japan (1863–64)
1640:Moluccas (1810)
1624:
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1468:India (1756–63)
1463:India (1749–54)
1458:India (1746–48)
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382:9 February 1799
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111:British victory
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1889:Vietnam (1940)
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1879:Vietnam (1930)
1876:
1871:
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1849:Vietnam (1916)
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1665:Tourane (1856)
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1545:Tunisia (1881)
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1530:Morocco (1844)
1527:
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1363:Morocco (1765)
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1331:Siam (1687–90)
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1256:Algiers (1688)
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1251:Algiers (1683)
1248:
1246:Algiers (1682)
1243:
1238:
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1231:Morocco (1629)
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987:Parkinson 1954
979:
977:, p. 214.
967:
932:
930:, p. 120.
920:
916:Parkinson 1954
905:
901:Parkinson 1954
893:
891:, p. 373.
881:
877:Parkinson 1954
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865:Parkinson 1954
854:
850:Parkinson 1954
842:
840:, p. 119.
830:
826:Parkinson 1954
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779:flags of truce
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677:George Baldwin
669:Dutch Republic
661:King Louis XVI
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65:
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47:
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36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1996:
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1930:
1927:
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1499:
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1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:Brazil (1531)
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:South America
1185:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:North America
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1085:0-85177-905-0
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:1-86176-013-2
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1033:1-84022-203-4
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1001:, p. 10.
1000:
999:Chandler 1999
995:
992:
989:, p. 62.
988:
983:
980:
976:
971:
968:
963:
962:
957:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
924:
921:
918:, p. 61.
917:
912:
910:
906:
903:, p. 60.
902:
897:
894:
890:
889:Chandler 1999
885:
882:
879:, p. 72.
878:
873:
870:
867:, p. 14.
866:
861:
859:
855:
852:, p. 11.
851:
846:
843:
839:
834:
831:
828:, p. 13.
827:
822:
819:
812:
810:
808:
803:
799:
798:Bay of Bengal
794:
785:
783:
780:
776:
770:
768:
762:
759:
755:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
730:
726:
722:
719:
715:
714:East Indiamen
711:
706:
702:
694:
692:
690:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:, the French
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
630:Île de France
627:
624:
623:Contre-amiral
620:
619:
614:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:Chandernagore
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
570:
566:
565:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Great Britain
513:In the 1790s
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
480:Île de France
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:supported by
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:British India
425:
421:
417:
413:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
321:
316:
309:
299:
294:
292:
287:
285:
280:
279:
276:
247:
230:
214:
204:
200:
197:
196:
191:
187:
185:
184:
179:
176:
172:
170:
167:Rear-Admiral
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
139:
136:
135:Great Britain
124:
123:
118:
110:
107:
106:
101:
83:79°49′48.00″E
80:11°55′48.00″N
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
1735:20th century
1712:Korea (1866)
1501:19th century
1344:18th century
1217:17th century
1150:16th century
1099:
1071:
1045:
1019:
994:
982:
970:
959:
923:
896:
884:
872:
845:
833:
821:
801:
789:
771:
763:
738:
733:
728:
720:
709:
705:Dutch Ceylon
698:
688:
638:
617:
611:
576:
567:, which had
563:
547:British Army
512:
487:Indian Ocean
484:
464:British Army
448:French India
411:
409:
357:Saldanha Bay
332:Sunda Strait
326:
120:Belligerents
71:French India
31:Part of the
18:
1645:Java (1811)
1535:Salé (1851)
975:Clowes 1997
956:"No. 13621"
701:Trincomalee
626:Saint-Félix
607:French Navy
599:Pondicherry
572:Tellicherry
452:Pondicherry
367:Bali Strait
352:Cape Colony
327:Pondicherry
95: /
67:Pondicherry
1948:Categories
1048:. London:
1009:References
928:James 2002
838:James 2002
673:Alexandria
509:Background
468:Royal Navy
392:Port Louis
337:5 May 1794
1070:(2002) .
1044:(1997) .
1018:(1999) .
813:Citations
809:in 1802.
786:Aftermath
749:Villenore
745:Wallyabad
718:privateer
689:Bien Aimé
634:Mauritius
569:blockaded
342:Île Ronde
1593:Americas
1376:Americas
1269:Americas
1096:(1954).
721:Concorde
653:Austrian
651:and the
632:(modern
618:Prudente
583:Karaikal
523:Calcutta
499:blockade
440:Calcutta
181:Strength
173:Colonel
162:Colonel
62:Location
1922:Pacific
802:Minerva
775:mortars
710:Minerva
564:Minerva
559:frigate
557:in the
476:frigate
362:Sumatra
311:of the
1742:Africa
1508:Africa
1351:Africa
1224:Africa
1082:
1056:
1030:
793:sepoys
734:Cybèle
729:Cybèle
621:under
612:Cybèle
535:Bombay
531:Madras
527:Bengal
436:Madras
432:Bombay
372:Manila
347:Ceylon
150:France
147:
132:
108:Result
587:Yanam
377:Macau
188:1,659
1832:Asia
1446:Asia
1324:Asia
1080:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1028:ISBN
756:and
754:71st
725:snow
655:and
615:and
593:and
591:Mahé
562:HMS
533:and
438:and
410:The
397:Mahé
54:Date
703:in
636:).
525:in
1950::
1078:.
1052:.
1026:.
958:.
935:^
908:^
857:^
675:,
589:,
585:,
446:.
434:,
69:,
1135:e
1128:t
1121:v
1088:.
1062:.
1036:.
297:e
290:t
283:v
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