543:
than the
Qinghai army. Dud cannon rounds were fired by the Tibetans and their artillery was useless. Ma Lu was sent with more reinforcements to assist Ma Biao and Ma Xun along with La Pingfu. Jiegu's siege was relieved by La Pingfu on August 20, 1932, which freed Ma Biao and Ma Xun's soldiers to assault the Tibetans. Hand-to-hand combat with swords ensued as the Tibetan army was slaughtered by the "Great Sword" group of the Qinghai army in a midnight attack led by Ma Biao and Ma Xun. The Tibetans suffered massive casualties and fled the battlefield as they were routed. The land occupied in Yushu by the Tibetans was retaken.
896:
troops from
Tachienlu to reinforce the weak garrison at Kongbatsa, their nearest outpost to the scene of the disturbances. The Dargye monks were joined by other Tibetans, either part of the regular army or, more likely, local Kham auxiliaries begin with, the Beri-Chinese forces were greatly outnumbered; and (as had been the case with the Chinese in the 1917-1918 crisis) they were initially obliged to retreat. The Dargye attack on Beri (and observers from the Tachienlu side were unanimous that Dargye was the aggressor, whatever the rights and wrongs behind its action) evidently took place in or before June 1930.
551:
temple and lied to Biao that the temple had been burned it. Ma Biao seized thousands of silver dollars worth of items from local nomads as retribution for them assisting the invading
Tibetan army. On August 24 and 27, massive artillery duels occurred in Surmang between the Tibetans and Qinghai army. 200 Tibetans soldiers were killed in battle by the Qinghai army after the Tibetans came to reinforce their positions. Greater Surmang was abandoned by the Tibetans as they came under attack by La Pingfu on September 2. In Batang, La Pingfu, Ma Biao, and Ma Xun met Ma Lu's reinforcements on September 20.
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Tibetans and comparing it to the
Japanese invasion of Manchuria, saying the Muslims stopped the same scenario from happening in Yushu. Ma Biao and his fight against the Japanese were hailed at the schools of the Islam Progressive Council of Qinghai. The emphasis on military training in schools and their efforts to defend China were emphasized in Kunlun magazine by Muslims. In 1939 his battles against the Japanese led to recognition across China.
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There are suggestions, inherently probable, that the majority of the Beri monks (in that they belonged to the Red Sect and not the Yellow Sect of the Dalai Lama) as well as the people of Beri state were strongly opposed to this proposal for the subordination of a Red Sect (Nyingma) institution to one
822:
Between 1930 and 1932 a second Sino-Tibetan War was fought between the
Tibetan Army and the provincial Chinese troops of Szechwan and Chinghai provinces. A Tibetan army invaded Szechwan and a low-level but brutal conflict lasted for almost two years. (...) After the establishment of a regular Tibetan
603:
A play was written and presented in 1936 to
Qinghai's "Islam Progressive Council schools" by Shao Hongsi on the war against Tibet with the part of Ma Biao appearing in the play where he defeated the Tibetans. The play presented Ma Biao and Ma Bufang as heroes who defended Yushu from being lost to the
550:
Ma Biao ordered the religious books, items, and statues of the
Tibetan Gadan monastery which had started the war, to be destroyed since he was furious at their role in the war. He ordered the burning of the monastery by the Yushu Tibetan Buddhist chief Cai. But Cai could not bring himself to burn the
542:
Ma Xun reinforced Jiegu after Ma Biao fought for more than 2 months against the
Tibetans. The Tibetan army numbered 3,000. Repeated Tibetan attacks were repulsed by Ma Biao—even though his troops were outnumbered—since the Tibetans were poorly prepared for war, and so they suffered heavier casualties
522:
province following a dispute in Yushu, Qinghai, over a monastery. Ma Bufang saw this as an opportunity to retake Xikang for China. Under Gen. Ma the 9th
Division (Kokonor)--composed entirely of Muslim troops—prepared for an offensive against the Tibetans (Kokonor is another name for Qinghai). The war
791:
In June 1930, the
Nyarong Lama and monks from Targye monastery seized possession of Nyarong monastery. The Beri chief then sought assistance from General Liu, whose troops took control of the area. The Targye monks responded by asking Lhasa to deploy the Tibetan border troops in Kham in their aid.
599:
propelled him to fame nationwide in China. Chinese control of the border areas of Kham and Yushu was guarded by the Qinghai army. Chinese Muslim-run schools used their victory in the war against Tibet to show how they defended China's territorial integrity, which Japan had begun violating in 1937.
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The Dargye monks sought help from the local Tibetan commander who, it later transpired, provided them with arms (probably rifles of British origin). Beri, apparently supported by another monastery in the district, the Sakya establishment of Nyara, appealed to the Chinese who hastened to send up
546:
Both the Tibetan army and Ma Biao's soldiers committed war crimes according to Cai. Tibetan soldiers had raped nuns and women (local Qinghai Tibetans) after looting monasteries and destroying villages in Yushu while Tibetan soldiers who were surrendering and fleeing were summarily executed by Ma
530:
In 1931 Ma Biao became leader of the Yushu Defense Brigade. He was the second brigade commander while the first brigade was led by Ma Xun. Wang Jiamei was his secretary during the war against Tibet. Ma Biao fought to defend Lesser Surmang against the attacking Tibetans on March 24–26, 1932. The
588:
The Chinese government and Ma Bufang accused the British of supplying weapons and arms to the Tibetans throughout the war. There was, in fact, a sound basis for that accusation: despite persistent diplomatic efforts encouraging both parties to refrain from hostilities and make a comprehensive
1052:
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to declare a ceasefire. Separate truces were signed by Ma and Liu with the Tibetans in 1933, ending the fighting. All Tibetan (Kham) territories east of the Yangtse fell into Chinese hands, with the Upper Yangtse River becoming the border between Chinese and Tibetan controlled areas.
554:
Liu Wenhui, the Xikang warlord, had reached an agreement with Ma Bufang and Ma Lin's Qinghai army to strike the Tibetans in Xikang. A coordinated joint Xikang-Qinghai attack against the Tibetan army at Qingke monastery led to a Tibetan retreat from the monastery and the Jinsha river.
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again. Ma Bufang defeated the Tibetans at Dan Chokorgon. Several Tibetan generals surrendered, and were subsequently demoted by the Dalai Lama. By August, the Tibetans had lost so much territory to Liu Wenhui and Ma Bufang's forces that the Dalai Lama telegraphed the
534:
Their forces retreated to the capital of Yushu county, Jiegue, under Ma Biao to defend it against the Tibetans while the Republic of China government under Chiang Kai-shek was petitioned for military aid like wireless telegraphs, money, ammunition and rifles.
503:
Over the next few years the Tibetans repeatedly attacked Liu Wenhui's forces, but were defeated several times. In 1932 Tibet made the decision to expand the war into Qinghai against Ma Bufang, the reasons for which have speculated upon by many historians.
538:
A wireless telegraph was sent and solved the communication problem. Ma Xun was sent to reinforce the Qinghai forces and accompanied by propagandists, while mobile films and medical treatment provided by doctors awed the primitive Tibetan locals.
570:
and other counties. The Tibetans were pushed back to the other side of the Jinsha River. The Qinghai army recaptured counties that had fallen into the hands of the Tibetan army since 1919. Ma and Liu warned Tibetan officials not to cross the
3024:
434:, which led to the latter's exile in Chinese-controlled territory; and third, the complexities of power politics among local Tibetan dignitaries, both religious and secular, like dispute between Yellow and Red sects of Tibetan Buddhism.
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invading Tibetan forces massively outnumbered Ma Biao's defending Qinghai forces. Cai Zuozhen, the local Qinghai Tibetan Buddhist Buqing tribal chief, was fighting on the Qinghai side against the invading Tibetans.
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and the red line the overall boundary of Tibet. The remaining lines represent actual control: the dotted blue line up to 1910; the light blue line during 1912–1917; and the dark brown line during 1918–1932.
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settlement, the British government—and, later, India—provided some military training and small quantities of arms and ammunition to Tibet throughout the 1912–1950 period of de facto Tibetan independence.
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China's inner Asian frontier: photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923: from the archives of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the National Geographic Society
1632:
Goldstein, M.C. (1994). "Change, Conflict and Continuity among a community of nomadic pastoralists—A Case Study from western Tibet, 1950–1990". In Barnett, Robert; Akiner, Shirin (eds.).
453:. When the Nyarong Lama and monks from Targye Monastery regained control of Nyarong Monastery in June 1930, the chieftain of Beri responded by requesting help from local Chinese warlord
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1932:
1366:
Khams pa Jistories: Visions of People, Place and Authority: PIATS 2000, Tibetan Studies, Proceedings of the 9th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000
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Frederick Roelker Wulsin, Joseph Fletcher, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, National Geographic Society (U.S.), Peabody Museum of Salem (1979). Mary Ellen Alonso (ed.).
2101:
461:. Liu's forces quickly took control of the area. The Targye monks in turn requested the aid of the Tibetan government, whose forces entered Beri and drove Liu Wenhui's army out.
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Historical Themes and Current Change in Central and Inner Asia: Papers Presented at the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, April 25–26, 1997, Volume 1997
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500:, sent a telegraph to Tang Kesan ordering him to breach the agreement with Tibet, because he was concerned that political rivals in Nanjing were using the incident.
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Historical themes and current change in Central and Inner Asia: papers presented at the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, April 25-26, 1997
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The Tibetan governor-general sent a Tibetan force from Derge that engaged the Chinese and drove them out of Beri and large parts of Kanze District.
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402:, suggesting a joint attack on the Tibetan forces. The Republic of China then defeated the Tibetan armies and recaptured its lost territory.
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The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47
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The roots of the conflict lay in three areas: first, the disputed border between Tibetan government territory and the territory of the
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was sent to negotiate for an end to the fighting. Ma Xiao was a Muslim brigade commander in Liu Wenhui's army. Muslim General
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426:) which were in fact ruled by Chinese warlords loosely aligned with the Republic; second, the tense relationship between the
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1807:(October 2006), "Making Known the Unknown World: Ethnicity, Religion and Political Manipulations in 1930s Southwest China",
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control, seized the properties of the incarnate lama of Nyarong Monastery, who sought support from nearby Targye Monastery (
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When the ceasefire negotiated by Tang failed, Tibet expanded the war in 1932, attempting to capture parts of southern
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The reputation of the Muslim forces of Ma Bufang was boosted by the war and victory against the Tibetan army.
1661:(Second, Revised and Updated ed.). Shambhala. p. 116 to 124, 134 to 138, 146 and 147, 178 and 179.
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Army in 1913 they received limited British military aid which continued on a small scale into the 1930s.
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The border between Lhasa-controlled ("Outer Tibet") and Chinese-controlled ("Inner Tibet") regions in
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Biao's soldiers and supplies were seized from the local nomad civilians by Ma Biao's army.
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The army of Ma Bufang vanquished the Tibetan armies and recaptured several counties in
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The proximate cause was that the chieftain of Beri, an area claimed by Tibet but under
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in principle claiming areas inhabited by Tibetans in neighboring Chinese provinces (
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Qinghai Across Frontiers: State- and Nation-Building under the Ma Family, 1911–1949
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International Association for Tibetan Studies. Seminar, Lawrence Epstein (2002).
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1991:
1904:
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The Water-Bird and Other Years: A History of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and After
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Michael Gervers, Wayne Schlepp, Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies (1998).
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Frontier Passages: Ethnopolitics and the Rise of Chinese Communism, 1921–1945
477:, 1912–1945. The dark blue line represents the boundary proposed in the 1914
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The Cultural Monuments of Tibet's Outer Provinces: The Qinghai Part of Kham
363:
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The stature of Ma Biao rose over his role in the war and later in 1937
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29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
2985:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
2750:
1753:
A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State
776:
A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State
695:
A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State
567:
559:
449:). The chieftain of Beri was reportedly incited by supporters of the
351:
325:
56:
1787:
Tibet, China & India, 1914-1950: a history of imperial diplomacy
973:
Tibet, China & India, 1914–1950: A History of Imperial Diplomacy
881:
Tibet, China & India 1914-1950: A History of Imperial Diplomacy
852:
Tibet, China & India 1914-1950: A History of Imperial Diplomacy
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
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347:
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The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia, Volumes 31-34
948:
The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia, Volumes 31-34
3421:
1545:. Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies. pp. 73, 74, 76.
1010:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 49.
1332:
India & China, 1904-2004: a Century of Peace and Conflict
1496:. 2nd Edition, pp. 134-136. Shambhala Publications, Boston.
374:, easily defeated the Sichuan army, which was focused on
833:
831:
523:
against the Tibetan army was led by the Muslim General
3040:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
3025:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
3772:
Military history of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
1106:. Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies. p. 70.
338:, was a war that began in May and June 1930 when the
779:. University of California Press. pp. 221–222.
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2017:
2007:
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1987:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1779:(PhD thesis). University of California, San Diego.
1756:, Gelek Rimpoche, University of California Press,
1520:. Oriental Society of Australia. pp. 35, 37
1400:Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of modern China
698:. University of California Press. p. 221.
30:
1100:Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies (1998).
917:. Foreign Languages Press. pp. 352, 355.
334:, lit. Kham–Tibet dispute), also known as the
2957:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
2553:
1884:
1057:. Millard Publishing House. 1932. p. 185
746:Wang, Jiawei; Nyima, Gyaincain; 尼玛坚赞 (1997).
8:
1572:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1037:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
951:. Oriental Society of Australia. p. 34
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2546:
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2328:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
1922:
1891:
1877:
1869:
1856:Wars and Conflicts Between Tibet and China
1587:Wars and Conflicts Between Tibet and China
1403:. Columbia University Press. p. 172.
807:China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949
722:China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949
27:
1437:. Stanford University Press. p. 89.
837:
346:invaded the Chinese-administered eastern
498:Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
370:. The Tibetan Army, with support of the
684:
2714:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
2314:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
2174:
1940:
1861:Tibet and Nationalist China’s Frontier
1565:
1514:Oriental Society of Australia (2000).
1298:The Historical Status of China's Tibet
1030:
945:Oriental Society of Australia (2000).
810:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 109.
773:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (June 18, 1991).
749:The Historical Status of China's Tibet
725:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 109.
692:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (June 18, 1991).
2795:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
580:for assistance. British pressure led
7:
3752:Wars involving the Republic of China
2922:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
804:Jowett, Philip (November 20, 2013).
719:Jowett, Philip (November 20, 2013).
1809:American Journal of Chinese Studies
1078:The China Monthly Review, Volume 61
2900:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2855:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2012:Constitutional Protection Movement
1335:. Manak Publications. p. 82.
1054:The China weekly review, Volume 61
914:The Biographies of the Dalai Lamas
656:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
14:
2937:Protests and uprisings since 1950
2927:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
1604:. White Lotus Press. p. 32.
1471:. Rangwang Publishers. p. 60
1295:Jiawei Wang, Nimajianzan (1997).
1081:. FJ.W. Powell. 1932. p. 185
911:Hanzhang Ya; Ya Hanzhang (1991).
362:, in a struggle over control and
3045:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
3035:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
2300:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
2160:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
1911:
1899:
628:
614:
597:his battles against the Japanese
263:
235:
215:
195:
186:
175:
164:
153:
142:
131:
120:
101:
87:
3020:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
2231:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
3275:Patron and priest relationship
3241:Central Tibetan Administration
3050:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
1635:Resistance and Reform in Tibet
976:. Roxford Books. p. 221.
883:. Roxford Books. p. 197.
854:. Roxford Books. p. 194.
446:
330:
321:
1:
3640:Historical and cultural sites
3005:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
2529:Republic of China (1912–1949)
1978:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
1657:Richardson, Hugh E. (1984) .
867:of the Yellow Sect (Gelugpa).
251:army (9th Division (Kokonor))
2980:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
2062:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
1770:Haas, William Brent (2016).
386:secretly sent a telegram to
3000:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
2890:British expedition to Tibet
2880:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
2850:Battle of the Salween River
2377:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
2112:Washington Naval Conference
644:British expedition to Tibet
578:British government of India
3833:
3373:Postage and postal history
2825:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
2439:National Pacification Army
2304:Northeast Flag Replacement
2210:Zhongshan Warship Incident
1907:and warlordism during the
511:
3703:
3402:
3368:
3228:
3076:
3072:
2835:Mongol invasions of Tibet
2526:
2155:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
2102:1st National CPC Congress
2092:Spirit Soldier rebellions
1920:
1827:Mehra, Parshotam (1974),
1598:Andreas Gruschke (2004).
297:
276:
227:
113:
79:
35:
3233:Tibet Autonomous Region
2995:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
2947:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
2282:Muslim conflict in Gansu
2252:Shanghai Commune of 1927
2242:Nanking incident of 1927
2122:First Zhili–Fengtian War
1638:. London: Hurst & Co
1301:. 五洲传播出版社. p. 150.
752:. 五洲传播出版社. p. 149.
3340:TAR People's Government
3300:Serfs' Emancipation Day
2840:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
2200:Canton–Hong Kong strike
1982:National Protection War
1843:– via archive.org
1784:Lamb, Alastair (1989),
1659:Tibet & Its History
879:Lamb, Alastair (1989).
850:Lamb, Alastair (1989).
336:Second Sino-Tibetan War
3010:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
2964:Special Frontier Force
2186:May Thirtieth Movement
2042:Paris Peace Conference
970:Alastair Lamb (1989).
482:
394:and the leader of the
243:Republic of China Army
114:Commanders and leaders
23:
16:War in China and Tibet
3817:China–Tibet relations
3383:Qinghai–Tibet railway
3378:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
3345:TAR People's Congress
3317:India–Tibet relations
3290:Independence movement
2942:1959 Tibetan uprising
2830:Battle of Dafei River
2678:Era of Fragmentation
2082:Guangdong–Guangxi War
2032:Siberian intervention
1494:Tibet and Its History
1431:Xiaoyuan Liu (2004).
1369:. BRILL. p. 66.
1329:B. R. Deepak (2005).
472:
350:region (later called
298:Casualties and losses
22:
3747:Wars involving Tibet
3691:Traditional medicine
2905:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2726:Relations with Ming
2696:Relations with Song
2668:Relations with Tang
2606:European exploration
2337:Sino-Soviet conflict
1992:Death of Yuan Shikai
1748:Goldstein, Melvyn C.
1397:Gray Tuttle (2005).
562:province, including
3335:Regional Government
3312:CIA Tibetan program
3295:Serfdom controversy
3179:Traditional regions
3030:Simla Accord (1914)
2952:2008 Tibetan unrest
2776:List of Qing ambans
2721:Phagmodrupa dynasty
2296:Huanggutun incident
2226:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
2221:Northern Expedition
2051:May Fourth Movement
1708:, pp. 259–261.
1465:K. Dhondup (1986).
3649:(ceremonial scarf)
3620:Dzong architecture
3437:Imperial Preceptor
3307:Sovereignty debate
3253:Etymology of Tibet
2865:Lhasa riot of 1750
2860:Jinchuan campaigns
2845:Battle of Dartsedo
2763:Qing dynasty rule
2706:Yuan dynasty rule
2680:(9th–13th century)
2348:Central Plains War
2182:Yunnan–Guangxi War
2133:First United Front
2002:Manchu Restoration
1968:Twenty-One Demands
1948:Bai Lang Rebellion
1490:Richardson, Hugh E
1153:, pp. 48, 63.
483:
457:, the governor of
416:Tibetan government
24:
3767:Conflicts in 1932
3762:Conflicts in 1931
3757:Conflicts in 1929
3734:
3733:
3699:
3698:
3391:
3390:
3355:
3354:
3258:Foreign relations
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3059:
3058:
2915:Qinghai–Tibet War
2885:Sikkim expedition
2875:Dogra–Tibetan War
2870:Sino-Nepalese War
2805:political leaders
2783:Post-Qing to 1950
2736:Rinpungpa dynasty
2647:(7th–9th century)
2535:
2534:
2521:
2520:
2412:
2411:
2363:Qinghai–Tibet War
2262:Shanghai massacre
2196:Anti-Fengtian War
2169:
2168:
1958:Second Revolution
1790:, Roxford Books,
1763:978-0-520-91176-5
1261:, pp. 86–87.
1237:, pp. 84–85.
1113:978-1-895296-34-1
890:978-0-907129-03-5
861:978-0-907129-03-5
817:978-1-4728-0673-4
786:978-0-520-91176-5
759:978-7-80113-304-5
732:978-1-4728-0673-4
705:978-0-520-91176-5
661:Qinghai–Tibet War
514:Qinghai–Tibet War
508:Qinghai–Tibet War
496:, as head of the
412:Republic of China
396:Republic of China
310:
309:
282:Several thousand
75:
74:
3824:
3719:
3712:
3650:
3427:Tibetan Buddhism
3400:
3366:
3236:
3226:
3074:
3070:
2932:Battle of Chamdo
2910:Sino-Tibetan War
2766:
2729:
2709:
2699:
2681:
2671:
2658:List of emperors
2648:
2630:
2611:Historical money
2586:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2539:
2513:
2510:Communist Party
2505:
2359:Sino-Tibetan War
2272:July 15 Incident
2175:
2144:Lincheng Outrage
2046:Shandong Problem
2022:Golok rebellions
1941:
1923:
1915:
1903:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1870:
1844:
1823:
1800:
1780:
1778:
1766:
1733:
1727:
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1679:
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1256:
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1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
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1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
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1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1097:
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1090:
1088:
1086:
1073:
1067:
1066:
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1062:
1049:
1043:
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1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
942:
936:
935:
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931:
908:
899:
898:
876:
870:
869:
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841:
835:
826:
825:
801:
795:
794:
770:
764:
763:
743:
737:
736:
716:
710:
709:
689:
667:Battle of Chamdo
638:
633:
632:
624:
619:
618:
617:
488:Muslim official
479:Simla Convention
451:9th Panchen Lama
448:
432:9th Panchen Lama
332:
323:
314:Sino-Tibetan War
269:
267:
266:
241:
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37:
36:
31:Sino-Tibetan war
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3708:
3695:
3648:
3555:
3387:
3351:
3321:
3234:
3207:
3174:
3151:Tibetan Plateau
3146:Rongbuk Glacier
3132:Yarlung Tsangpo
3055:
2968:
2895:Batang uprising
2817:
2811:
2764:
2758:Khoshut Khanate
2746:Ganden Phodrang
2741:Tsangpa dynasty
2727:
2707:
2697:
2679:
2669:
2646:
2640:Yarlung dynasty
2628:
2615:
2575:
2566:
2536:
2531:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2413:
2373:Kumul Rebellion
2335:
2326:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2228:
2224:
2198:
2184:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2072:Zhili–Anhui War
2048:
2044:
1980:
1916:
1897:
1866:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1826:
1805:Lin, Hsiao-ting
1803:
1798:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1724:
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1676:
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1002:
998:
988:
986:
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969:
968:
964:
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952:
944:
943:
939:
929:
927:
925:
910:
909:
902:
891:
878:
877:
873:
862:
849:
848:
844:
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803:
802:
798:
787:
772:
771:
767:
760:
745:
744:
740:
733:
718:
717:
713:
706:
691:
690:
686:
681:
676:
650:Batang uprising
634:
627:
620:
615:
613:
610:
516:
510:
467:
428:13th Dalai Lama
408:
400:Chiang Kai-shek
376:internal fights
368:Dajin Monastery
344:13th Dalai Lama
331:Kāngcáng jiūfēn
264:
262:
236:
234:
222:13th Dalai Lama
216:
214:
206:
196:
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193:
187:
185:
184:
176:
174:
173:
165:
163:
162:
154:
152:
151:
143:
141:
140:
132:
130:
129:
127:Chiang Kai-shek
121:
119:
102:
100:
88:
86:
85:
71:Chinese victory
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3830:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:1930s in Tibet
3779:
3777:1930s in China
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3652:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3598:wall paintings
3595:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3529:Tibetan people
3526:
3524:Social classes
3521:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3393:
3392:
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3388:
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3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
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3347:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3161:Nature Reserve
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3105:
3095:
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3022:
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2997:
2992:
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2897:
2892:
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2852:
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2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2800:PRC annexation
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
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2773:
2760:
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2621:
2617:
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2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2601:List of rulers
2598:
2592:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2565:
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2557:
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2542:
2533:
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2409:
2407:War in Ningxia
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2380:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2365:
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2340:
2339:
2332:Beijing Revolt
2324:Chiang-Gui War
2321:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2292:Jinan incident
2289:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2275:
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2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2249:
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2064:
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2055:
2054:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1909:Nanjing decade
1898:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1850:External links
1848:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1824:
1815:(2): 209–232,
1801:
1796:
1781:
1767:
1762:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:, p. 304.
1722:
1720:, p. 298.
1710:
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838:Goldstein 1989
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512:Main article:
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228:Units involved
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2:
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3812:1932 in Tibet
3810:
3808:
3807:1931 in Tibet
3805:
3803:
3802:1932 in China
3800:
3798:
3797:1931 in China
3795:
3793:
3792:1930 in China
3790:
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3787:1930 in Tibet
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2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
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1996:
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1966:
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1842:
1840:9780333157374
1836:
1833:, Macmillan,
1832:
1831:
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1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:9780907129035
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1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1696:, p. 92.
1695:
1690:
1687:
1684:, p. 91.
1683:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1668:0-87773-292-2
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1613:
1611:974-480-061-5
1607:
1603:
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1594:
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1569:
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1552:1-895296-34-X
1548:
1544:
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1532:
1519:
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1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:0-87773-376-7
1499:
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1444:0-8047-4960-4
1440:
1436:
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1427:
1424:
1412:
1410:0-231-13446-0
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1378:
1376:90-04-12423-3
1372:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1356:
1344:
1342:81-7827-112-5
1338:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1322:
1310:
1308:7-80113-304-8
1304:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1288:
1285:, p. 89.
1284:
1279:
1276:
1273:, p. 88.
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1249:, p. 86.
1248:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1225:, p. 82.
1224:
1219:
1216:
1213:, p. 81.
1212:
1207:
1204:
1201:, p. 80.
1200:
1195:
1192:
1189:, p. 79.
1188:
1183:
1180:
1177:, p. 78.
1176:
1171:
1168:
1165:, p. 76.
1164:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1141:, p. 75.
1140:
1135:
1132:
1129:, p. 41.
1128:
1123:
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1017:0-674-11968-1
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983:9780907129035
979:
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924:0-8351-2266-2
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42:
39:
38:
34:
29:
26:
21:
3666:
3659:
3645:
3593:sand mandala
3585:
3578:
3519:Sinicization
3491:Panchen Lama
3486:Lhamo La-tso
3469:Ganden Tripa
3263:Human rights
3137:Grand Canyon
3117:Namcha Barwa
3110: /
2788:Tibetan Army
2686:Guge kingdom
2346:
2229:
2219:
2164:Beijing Coup
2153:
2131:
2049:
1865:
1829:
1812:
1808:
1786:
1772:
1752:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1658:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1634:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1600:
1593:
1582:
1556:. Retrieved
1541:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1516:
1509:
1493:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1467:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1433:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1399:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1365:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1331:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1297:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1102:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1077:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1053:
1047:
1021:. Retrieved
1006:
999:
987:. Retrieved
972:
965:
953:. Retrieved
947:
940:
928:. Retrieved
913:
894:
880:
874:
865:
851:
845:
821:
806:
799:
790:
775:
768:
748:
741:
721:
714:
694:
687:
622:China portal
602:
594:
591:
587:
573:Jinsha River
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
517:
502:
484:
436:
409:
364:corvée labor
340:Tibetan Army
335:
329:
313:
311:
233:
207:
80:Belligerents
25:
3603:wall murals
3507:Catholicism
3091:Environment
2765:(1720–1912)
2728:(1368–1644)
2708:(1270–1350)
2629:(Neolithic)
2627:Prehistory
2502:Kuomintang
2487:New Guangxi
2482:Old Guangxi
2397:Two-Liu war
2387:Han–Liu War
1905:Warlord Era
646:(1903–1904)
636:Asia portal
414:, with the
354:), and the
288:Han Chinese
3741:Categories
3686:Tibetology
3655:Literature
3474:Dalai Lama
3327:Government
3285:Tibet Area
3280:Golden Urn
3246:Parliament
2771:Lifan Yuan
2698:(960–1279)
2635:Zhangzhung
2620:Chronology
2445:Zhili Army
1492:. (1984).
674:References
494:Ma Fuxiang
490:Tang Kesan
486:Kuomintang
455:Liu Wenhui
406:Background
392:Liu Wenhui
358:region in
342:under the
284:Hui Muslim
271:Tibet Army
202:Ma Zhanhai
182:Liu Wenhui
138:Ma Fuxiang
3668:Chronicle
3630:Festivals
3442:Dpon-chen
3412:Languages
3407:Education
3156:Changtang
3098:Mountains
3065:Geography
2973:Documents
2818:conflicts
2670:(618–907)
2589:Overviews
2492:Guangdong
2457:Guominjun
2369:1931–1935
2355:1930–1932
2310:1928–1929
2278:1927–1930
2216:1926–1928
2192:1925–1926
2128:1923–1927
2108:1921–1922
2088:1920–1926
2078:1920–1921
2058:1919–1921
2028:1918–1920
2018:1917–1929
2008:1917–1922
1974:1915–1916
1944:1911–1914
1929:1925–1934
1926:1915–1924
1730:Haas 2016
1718:Haas 2016
1706:Haas 2016
1694:Haas 2016
1682:Haas 2016
1642:April 24,
1568:cite book
1283:Haas 2016
1271:Haas 2016
1259:Haas 2016
1247:Haas 2016
1235:Haas 2016
1223:Haas 2016
1211:Haas 2016
1199:Haas 2016
1187:Haas 2016
1175:Haas 2016
1163:Haas 2016
1151:Haas 2016
1139:Haas 2016
1127:Haas 2016
1033:cite book
679:Citations
384:Ma Bufang
380:Ma clique
160:Ma Bufang
43:1930–1932
3726:Category
3610:Calendar
3544:Diaspora
3417:Religion
3221:Politics
3122:Tanggula
3112:Changtse
2816:Wars and
2691:Tsongkha
2653:Timeline
2596:Timeline
2573:articles
2467:Xinjiang
2435:Fengtian
1933:Factions
1821:44288829
1750:(1989),
1617:June 28,
1558:June 28,
1524:June 28,
1475:June 28,
1450:June 28,
1416:June 28,
1382:June 28,
1348:June 28,
1314:June 28,
1023:June 28,
989:June 28,
955:June 28,
930:June 28,
608:See also
465:Conflict
430:and the
390:warlord
382:warlord
290:soldiers
277:Strength
48:Location
3710:Outline
3674:writers
3615:Cuisine
3580:thangka
3561:Culture
3534:Changpa
3449:Nyingma
3396:Society
3361:Economy
3196:Ü-Tsang
3170:Valleys
3128:Rivers
3103:Kailash
2663:Lönchen
2645:Empire
2581:History
2497:Guizhou
2477:Sichuan
2420:Beiyang
2330:(incl.
1740:Sources
1085:June 1,
1061:June 1,
582:Nanjing
525:Ma Biao
520:Qinghai
459:Sichuan
443:Chinese
439:Sichuan
424:Sichuan
420:Qinghai
388:Sichuan
372:British
360:Qinghai
318:Chinese
306:unknown
303:unknown
293:unknown
255:Sichuan
249:Qinghai
208:†
192:Ma Xiao
171:Ma Biao
53:Qinghai
3661:Annals
3625:Emblem
3587:tsakli
3459:Jonang
3108:Lhotse
3052:(2008)
2751:Kashag
2571:
2472:Yunnan
2452:Shanxi
1837:
1819:
1794:
1760:
1665:
1608:
1549:
1504:(pbk).
1500:
1441:
1407:
1373:
1339:
1305:
1110:
1014:
980:
921:
887:
858:
814:
783:
756:
729:
702:
669:(1950)
663:(1932)
652:(1905)
568:Dengke
560:Xikang
445::
352:Xikang
328::
326:pinyin
320::
268:
240:
204:
149:Ma Lin
92:
68:Result
57:Xikang
3717:Index
3681:Music
3646:Khata
3549:Names
3539:Yolmo
3512:Islam
3464:Gelug
3454:Kagyu
3432:Sakya
3235:(TAR)
3201:Ngari
3086:Fauna
3081:Flora
2569:Tibet
2512:(CCP)
2504:(KMT)
2430:Zhili
2425:Anhui
1817:JSTOR
1777:(PDF)
564:Shiqu
356:Yushu
108:Tibet
95:China
61:Tibet
3635:Flag
3574:rugs
3496:list
3479:list
3268:LGBT
3191:Kham
3186:Amdo
2403:1934
2393:1932
2383:1932
2343:1930
2320:1929
2288:1928
2268:1927
2258:1927
2248:1927
2238:1927
2206:1926
2178:1925
2150:1924
2140:1923
2118:1922
2098:1921
2068:1920
2038:1919
1998:1917
1988:1916
1964:1915
1954:1913
1835:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1644:2014
1619:2010
1606:ISBN
1574:link
1560:2010
1547:ISBN
1526:2010
1498:ISBN
1477:2010
1452:2010
1439:ISBN
1418:2010
1405:ISBN
1384:2010
1371:ISBN
1350:2010
1337:ISBN
1316:2010
1303:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1087:2011
1063:2011
1039:link
1025:2010
1012:ISBN
991:2010
978:ISBN
957:2010
932:2010
919:ISBN
885:ISBN
856:ISBN
812:ISBN
781:ISBN
754:ISBN
727:ISBN
700:ISBN
475:Kham
348:Kham
322:康藏糾紛
312:The
286:and
257:army
40:Date
3569:Art
3422:Bon
447:大金寺
366:in
3743::
2462:Ma
2441:)
2375:/
2361:/
1813:13
1811:,
1570:}}
1566:{{
1035:}}
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864:.
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1621:.
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1562:.
1528:.
1479:.
1454:.
1420:.
1386:.
1352:.
1318:.
1116:.
1089:.
1065:.
1041:)
1027:.
993:.
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