Horse breeding - Knowledge (XXG)

492: 1210:'s origin corresponds to shipments of French horses, some of which came from Louis XIV's own stable and most likely were Baroque horses meant to be gentlemen's mounts. These were ill-suited to farm work and to the hardscrabble life of the New World, so like the Americans, early Canadians crossed their horses with natives escapees. In time they evolved along similar lines as the Quarter Horse to the South as both the US and Canada spread westward and needed a calm and tractable horse versatile enough to carry the farmer's son to school but still capable of running fast and running hard as a cavalry horse, a stockhorse, or a horse to pull a conestoga wagon. 1517:: the mare is brought to the stallion's residence and is covered "live" in the breeding shed. She may also be turned out in a pasture with the stallion for several days to breed naturally ('pasture bred'). The former situation is often preferred, as it provides a more controlled environment, allowing the breeder to ensure that the mare was covered, and places the handlers in a position to remove the horses from one another should one attempt to kick or bite the other. However, this causes more stress for the mare as she feels like she is being forced to undergo this procedure. 1203:

Horses, and the type is still used for ¼-mile races. The stock horse type, used in western events and as a farm and patrol animal is bred for a shorter stride, an ability to stop and turn quickly, and an unflappable attitude that remains calm and focused even in the face of an angry charging steer. The first two are still to this day bred to have a combination of explosive speed that exceeds the Thoroughbred on short distances clocked as high as 55 mph, but they still retain the gentle, calm, and kindly temperament of their ancestors that makes them easily handled.

507:, it is desirable that they be born as close to January 1 in the northern hemisphere or August 1 in the southern hemisphere as possible, so as to be at an advantage in size and maturity when competing against other horses in the same age group. When an early foal is desired, barn managers will put the mare "under lights" by keeping the barn lights on in the winter to simulate a longer day, thus bringing the mare into estrus sooner than she would in nature. Mares signal estrus and ovulation by urination in the presence of a stallion, raising the tail and revealing the 420:: secreted by the pituitary, causes the ovarian follicle to develop. Levels of FSH rise slightly at the end of estrus, but have their highest peak about 10 days before the next ovulation. FSH is inhibited by inhibin (see below), at the same time LH and estrogen levels rise, which prevents immature follicles from continuing their growth. Mares may however have multiple FSH waves during a single estrous cycle, and diestrus follicles resulting from a diestrus FSH wave are not uncommon, particularly in the height of the natural breeding season. 1377:

Research from Nagoya University supports the belief that the most important factor affecting a thoroughbred's race performance is the quality of its sire, whereas the effect of the age of its broodmare is negligible. However, the mare may have a greater influence on an individual foal because its physical characteristics influence the developing foal in the womb and the foal also learns habits from its dam when young. Foals may also learn the "language of intimidation and submission" from their dam, and this

1555:, whether hostile or passive, is noted. A mare that is in heat will generally tolerate a teaser (although this is not always the case), and may present herself to him, holding her tail to the side. A veterinarian may also determine if the mare is ready to be bred, by ultrasound or palpating daily to determine if ovulation has occurred. Live cover can also be done in liberty on a paddock or on pasture, although due to safety and efficacy concerns, it is not common at professional breeding farms. 428:: secreted by the developing follicle, it causes the pituitary gland to secrete more LH (therefore, these 2 hormones are in a positive feedback loop). Additionally, it causes behavioral changes in the mare, making her more receptive toward the stallion, and causes physical changes in the cervix, uterus, and vagina to prepare the mare for conception (see above). Estrogen peaks 1–2 days before ovulation, and decreases within 2 days following ovulation. 1474:, which may charge from two to three thousand dollars for a breeding to a new or unproven stallion, to several hundred thousand dollars for a breeding to a proven producer of stakes winners. Stallions in other disciplines often have stud fees that begin in the range of $ 1,000 to $ 3,000, with top contenders who produce champions in certain disciplines able to command as much as $ 20,000 for one breeding. The lowest stud fees to breed to a 720: 638: 1499: 1076:. These horses were the ancestors of the great heavy horses of today, and their size was preferred not simply because of the weight of the armor, but also because a large horse provided more power for the knight's lance. Weighing almost twice as much as a normal riding horse, the destrier was a powerful weapon in battle meant to act like a giant battering ram that could quite literally run down men on an enemy line. 3213: 748: 36: 1627:(AV) which is heated to simulate the vagina of the mare. The AV has a filter and collection area at one end to capture the semen, which can then be processed in a lab. The semen may be chilled or frozen and shipped to the mare owner or used to breed mares "on-farm". When the mare is in heat, the person inseminating introduces the semen directly into her uterus using a syringe and pipette. 1636: 624:

increases the mare's nutritional requirements. Energy requirements during these last few months, and during the first few months of lactation are similar to those of a horse in full training. Trace minerals such as copper are extremely important, particularly during the tenth month of pregnancy, for proper skeletal formation. Many feeds designed for pregnant and

1425:", of a stallion are often excellent indicators of his ability to pass on his characteristics, and the particular traits he actually passes on. Some stallions are fantastic performers but never produce offspring of comparable quality. Others sire fillies of great abilities but not colts. At times, a horse of mediocre ability sires foals of outstanding quality. 1013:, however, is bred less for overall form and more for power over tall fences, along with speed, scope, and agility. This favors a horse with a good galloping stride, powerful hindquarters that can change speed or direction easily, plus a good shoulder angle and length of neck. A jumper has a more powerful build than either the hunter or the racehorse. 179:. Both are genetically important, as each parent genes can be existent with a 50% probability in the foal. Contrary to popular misuse, "colt" refers to a young male horse only; "filly" is a young female. Though many horse owners may simply breed a family mare to a local stallion in order to produce a companion animal, most professional breeders use 272: 1361: 410:: levels are highest 2 days following ovulation, then slowly decrease over 4–5 days, dipping to their lowest levels 5–16 days after ovulation. Stimulates maturation of the follicle, which then in turn secretes estrogen. Unlike most mammals, the mare does not have an increase of LH right before ovulation. 1482:

As a stallion's career, either performance or breeding, improves, his stud fee tends to increase in proportion. If one or two offspring are especially successful, winning several stakes races or an Olympic medal, the stud fee will generally greatly increase. Younger, unproven stallions will generally

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bloodlines are known not only for their athletic ability, but could also carry a conformational or genetic defect, poor temperament, or for a medical problem. Some bloodlines are also fashionable or otherwise marketable, which is an important consideration should the mare owner wish to sell the foal.

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Some breeders consider the quality of the sire to be more important than the quality of the dam. However, other breeders maintain that the mare is the most important parent. Because stallions can produce far more offspring than mares, a single stallion can have a greater overall impact on a breed.

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A rule of thumb is that a foal intended for sale should be worth three times the cost of the stud fee if it were sold at the moment of birth. From birth forward, the costs of care and training are added to the value of the foal, with a sale price going up accordingly. If the foal wins awards in some

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was developed early in the 18th century, mainly for quarter racing (racing ¼ of a mile). Colonists did not have racetracks or any of the trappings of Europe that the earliest Thoroughbreds had at their disposal, so instead the owners of Quarter Horses would run their horses on roads that lead through

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Mares due to foal are usually separated from other horses, both for the benefit of the mare and the safety of the soon-to-be-delivered foal. In addition, separation allows the mare to be monitored more closely by humans for any problems that may occur while giving birth. In the northern hemisphere,

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mares provide the careful balance required of increased protein, increased calories through extra fat as well as vitamins and minerals. Overfeeding the pregnant mare, particularly during early gestation, should be avoided, as excess weight may contribute to difficulties foaling or fetal/foal related

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relationship is implied. "Full" (or "own") siblings have both the same dam and the same sire. The terms paternal half-sibling, and maternal half-sibling are also often used. Three-quarter siblings are horses out of the same dam, and are by sires that are either half-brothers (i.e. same dam) or who

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industry allows registered foals to be bred by live cover, or by artificial insemination (AI) with fresh or frozen (not dried) semen. No other artificial fertility treatment is allowed. In addition, foals bred via AI of frozen semen may only be registered if the stallion's sperm was collected during

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Often an owner does not want to take a valuable competition mare out of training to carry a foal. This presents a problem, as the mare will usually be quite old by the time she is retired from her competitive career, at which time it is more difficult to impregnate her. Other times, a mare may have

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The stallion should be chosen to complement the mare, with the goal of producing a foal that has the best qualities of both animals, yet avoids having the weaker qualities of either parent. Generally, the stallion should have proven himself in the discipline or sport the mare owner wishes for the

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The history of horse breeding goes back millennia. Though the precise date is in dispute, humans could have domesticated the horse as far back as approximately 4500 BCE. However, evidence of planned breeding has a more blurry history. It is well known, for example, that the Romans did breed horses

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requirements do not increase significantly since the rate of growth of the fetus is very slow. However, during this time, the mare may be provided supplemental vitamins and minerals, particularly if forage quality is questionable. During the last 3–4 months of gestation, rapid growth of the fetus

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conceived in England but foaled in the United States is regarded as being bred in the US. In some cases, most notably in the Thoroughbred breeding industry, American- and Canadian-bred horses may also be described by the state or province in which they are foaled. Some breeds denote the country, or

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were developed from Spanish-bred horses for this purpose, and also became the preferred mounts of cavalry officers, who were derived mostly from the ranks of the nobility. It was during this time that firearms were developed, and so the light cavalry horse, a faster and quicker war horse, was bred

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Foals develop rapidly, and within a few hours a wild foal can travel with the herd. In domestic breeding, the foal and dam are usually separated from the herd for a while, but within a few weeks are typically pastured with the other horses. A foal will begin to eat hay, grass and grain alongside

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Most mares foal at night or early in the morning, and prefer to give birth alone when possible. Labor is rapid, often no more than 30 minutes, and from the time the feet of the foal appear to full delivery is often only about 15 to 20 minutes. Once the foal is born, the mare will lick the newborn

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Frozen semen may be stored and used to breed mares even after the stallion is dead, allowing his lines to continue. However, the semen of some stallions does not freeze well. Some breed registries may not permit the registration of foals resulting from the use of frozen semen after the stallion's

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It is considered safe to breed a mare to a stallion of much larger size. Because of the mare's type of placenta and its attachment and blood supply, the foal will be limited in its growth within the uterus to the size of the mare's uterus, but will grow to its genetic potential after it is born.

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horse numbers dropped significantly, though light riding horses remained popular for recreational pursuits. Draft horses today are used on a few small farms, but today are seen mainly for pulling and plowing competitions rather than farm work. Heavy harness horses are now used as an outcross with

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However, this did not mean that the original ¼-mile races that colonists held ever went out of fashion, so today there are three types: the stock horse type, the racer, and the more recently evolving sport type. The racing type most resembles the finer-boned ancestors of the first racing Quarter

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uses August 1 as its standard cutoff date, but also uses the date of conception to determine age. A foal born on or after July 1 of a given calendar year is included in the birth cohort of that calendar year if his or her dam was covered no later than August 31 of the previous calendar year. See

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When it has been determined that the mare is ready, both the mare and intended stud will be cleaned. The mare will then be presented to the stallion, usually with one handler controlling the mare and one or more handlers in charge of the stallion. Multiple handlers are preferred, as the mare and

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The types of horse bred varied with culture and with the times. The uses to which a horse was put also determined its qualities, including smooth amblers for riding, fast horses for carrying messengers, heavy horses for plowing and pulling heavy wagons, ponies for hauling cars of ore from mines,

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of a specific type of horse, breeders aspire to improve physical performance abilities. This concept, known as matching "form to function," has led to the development of not only different breeds, but also families or bloodlines within breeds that are specialists for excelling at specific tasks.

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Mares can be used for riding or driving during most of their pregnancy. Exercise is healthy, though should be moderated when a mare is heavily in foal. Exercise in excessively high temperatures has been suggested as being detrimental to pregnancy maintenance during the embryonic period; however

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Bloodlines are often considered, as some bloodlines are known to cross well with others. If the parents have not yet proven themselves by competition or by producing quality offspring, the bloodlines of the horse are often a good indicator of quality and possible strengths and weaknesses. Some

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from a herd and prevent it from rejoining the group, the best horses are smaller, quick, alert, athletic and highly trainable. They must learn quickly, have conformation that allows quick stops and fast, low turns, and the best competitors have a certain amount of independent mental ability to

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On the other hand, during this same time, lighter horses were bred in northern Africa and the Middle East, where a faster, more agile horse was preferred. The lighter horse suited the raids and battles of desert people, allowing them to outmaneuver rather than overpower the enemy. When Middle

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and Brittany, the centre of French horse breeding. Only 12 of the 20 mares survived the trip. Two more shipments followed, one in 1667 of 14 horses (mostly mares, but with at least one stallion), and one in 1670 of 11 mares and a stallion. The shipments included a mix of draft horses and light

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involved in considering whether an animal is suitable breeding stock, hotly debated by breeders. Additional personal beliefs may come into play when considering a suitable level of care for the mare and ensuing foal, the potential market or use for the foal, and other tangible and intangible

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physical problems that prevent or discourage breeding. However, there are now several options for breeding these mares. These options also allow a mare to produce multiple foals each breeding season, instead of the usual one. Therefore, mares may have an even greater value for breeding.

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If the breeding endeavor is intended to make a profit, there are additional market factors to consider, which may vary considerably from year to year, from breed to breed, and by region of the world. In many cases, the low end of the market is saturated with horses, and the law of

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a special foaling stall that is large and clutter free is frequently used, particularly by major breeding farms. Originally, this was due in part to a need for protection from the harsh winter climate present when mares foal early in the year, but even in moderate climates, such as

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town as a form of local entertainment. As the USA expanded West, the breed went with settlers as a farm and ranch animal, and "cow sense" was particularly valued: their use for herding cattle increased on rough, dry terrain that often involved sitting in the saddle for long hours.

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Similarly, the "breeder", is the person who owned or leased the mare at the time of foaling. That individual may not have had anything to do with the mating of the mare. It is important to review each breed registry's rules to determine which applies to any specific foal.

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Galli, Cesare, Roberto Duchi, Silvia Colleoni, Irina Lagutina, Giovanna Lazzari. Ovum pick up, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and somatic cell nuclear transfer in cattle, buffalo and horses: from the research laboratory to clinical practice. Theriogenology 81 (2014);

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is removed and a single sperm cell is injected into the ooplasm of the mature oocyte. An advantage of ICSI over IVF is that lower quality sperm can be used since the sperm does not have to penetrate the zona pellucida. The success rate of ICSI is 23-44% blastocyst

581:(formation of the placenta) is not initiated until about day 40-45 and not completed until about 140 days of pregnancy. The fetus's sex can be determined by day 70 of the gestation using ultrasound. Halfway through gestation the fetus is the size of between a 466:: chorionic gonadotropins secreted if the mare conceives. First secreted by the endometrial cups around the 36th day of gestation, peaking around day 60, and decreasing after about 120 days of gestation. Also help to stimulate the growth of the fetal gonads. 300:. Anestrus – occurring in the majority of, but not all, mares – prevents the mare from conceiving in the winter months, as that would result in her foaling during the harshest part of the year, a time when it would be most difficult for the foal to survive. 1478:

or an animal of low-quality pedigree may only be $ 100–$ 200, but there are trade-offs: the horse will probably be unproven, and likely to produce lower-quality offspring than a horse with a stud fee that is in the typical range for quality breeding stock.

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To create a bond with her foal, the mare licks and nuzzles the foal, enabling her to distinguish the foal from others. Some mares are aggressive when protecting their foals, and may attack other horses or unfamiliar humans that come near their newborns.

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for "shoot and run" tactics rather than the shock action as in the Middle Ages. Fine horses usually had a well muscled, curved neck, slender body, and sweeping mane, as the nobility liked to show off their wealth and breeding in paintings of the era.

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within the uterus, making it feel heavier, and the uterus loses its tone. This edema decreases following ovulation, and the muscular tone increases. High levels of progesterone do not cause edema within the uterus. The uterus becomes flaccid during

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Mare owners also look into the question of if the stallion is fertile and has successfully "settled" (i.e. impregnated) mares. A stallion may not be able to breed naturally, or old age may decrease his performance. Mare care boarding fees and

1002:. The hunter must have a tall, smooth build that allows it to trot and canter smoothly and efficiently. Instead of speed, value is placed on appearance and upon giving the equestrian a comfortable ride, with natural jumping ability that shows 1657:: This relatively new method involves flushing out the mare's fertilized embryo a few days following insemination, and transferring to a surrogate mare, which has been synchronized to be in the same phase of the estrous cycle as the donor mare. 249:" technically is the duplication of fourth-generation or more distant ancestors. However, the term is often used more loosely, describing horses with duplication of ancestors closer than the fourth generation. It also is sometimes used as a 1663:: The mare's ovum and the stallion's sperm are deposited in the oviduct of a surrogate dam. This technique is very useful for subfertile stallions, as fewer sperm are needed, so a stallion with a low sperm count can still successfully breed. 1026:

by Homer, and hieroglyphics and paintings left behind by Egyptians tell stories of pharaohs hunting elephants from chariots. Nearly nothing is known of what became of the horses they bred for hippodromes, for warfare, or even for farming.

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On the other hand, some breeders, particularly those in remote areas or with extremely large numbers of horses, may allow mares to foal out in a field amongst a herd, but may also see higher rates of foal and mare mortality in doing so.

356:: the cervix starts to relax right before estrus occurs, with maximal relaxation around the time of ovulation. The secretions of the cervix increase. High progesterone levels (during diestrus) cause the cervix to close and become toned. 1550:

When breeding live cover, the mare is usually boarded at the stud. She may be "teased" several times with a stallion that will not breed to her, usually with the stallion being presented to the mare over a barrier. Her reaction to the

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In the horse breeding industry, the term "half-brother" or "half-sister" only describes horses which have the same dam, but different sires. Horses with the same sire but different dams are simply said to be "by the same sire", and no

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and valued them in their armies, but little is known regarding their breeding and husbandry practices: all that remains are statues and artwork. Mankind has plenty of equestrian statues of Roman emperors, horses are mentioned in the

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care of the mare throughout gestation, parturition, and care of both mare and foal up to the time of weaning. Veterinary expenses may be higher if specialized reproductive technologies are used or health complications occur.

444:: prevents conception and decreases sexual receptibility of the mare to the stallion. Progesterone is therefore lowest during the estrus phase, and increases during diestrus. It decreases 12–15 days after ovulation, when the 287:

toward a stallion, and helps to physically prepare the mare for conception. It generally occurs during the spring and summer months, although some mares may be sexually receptive into the late fall, and is controlled by the

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with a large shed for foaling, or they may remove a wall between two box stalls in a small barn to make a large stall. In the milder climates seen in much of the southern hemisphere, most mares foal outside, often in a

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On the other hand, without careful thought, foals bred without a potential market for them may wind up being sold at a loss, and in a worst-case scenario, sold for "salvage" value—a euphemism for sale to slaughter as

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Making a profit in horse breeding is often difficult. While some owners of only a few horses may keep a foal for purely personal enjoyment, many individuals breed horses in hopes of making some money in the process.

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Therefore, a mare owner must consider their reasons for breeding, asking hard questions of themselves as to whether their motivations are based on either emotion or profit and how realistic those motivations may be.

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helped his high-handicap team La Dolfina win the Argentine National Open, scoring nine goals in the 16-11 match. Two of those he scored atop a horse named Show Me, a clone, and the first to ride onto the Argentine

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from its digestive tract. The newborn is monitored to ensure that it stands and nurses without difficulty. While most horse births happen without complications, many owners have first aid supplies prepared and a

950:. In Canada, the Canadian Horse descended from the French stock Louis XIV sent to Canada in the late 17th century. The initial shipment, in 1665, consisted of two stallions and twenty mares from the Royal Stables 728:

the mare at about 4 weeks old; by 10–12 weeks the foal requires more nutrition than the mare's milk can supply. Foals are typically weaned at 4–8 months of age, although in the wild a foal may nurse for a year.

604:(EHV-1) virus (which can cause miscarriage) as well as vaccines for other conditions that may occur in a given region of the world. Pre-foaling vaccines are recommended 4–6 weeks prior to foaling to maximize the 955:

horses, the latter of which included both pacing and trotting horses. The exact origins of all the horses are unknown, although the shipments probably included Bretons, Normans, Arabians, Andalusians and Barbs.

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is removed from the mare's follicle and transferred into the oviduct of the recipient mare, who is then bred. This is best for mares with physical problems, such as an obstructed oviduct, that prevent breeding.

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industry in the United States, requires all registered foals to be bred through live cover. Artificial insemination, listed below, is not permitted. Similar rules apply in other countries, such as Australia.

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Breeding a horse is an endeavor where the owner, particularly of the mare, will usually need to invest considerable time and money. For this reason, a horse owner needs to consider several factors, including:

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Whereas the various national Thoroughbred associations typically require live cover, by 2009 most horse breeds allowed for the artificial insemination of mares with cooled, frozen or even fresh semen.

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Stud fees are determined by the quality of the stallion, his performance record, the performance record of his get (offspring), as well as the sport and general market that the animal is standing for.

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may affect the foal's status and rank within the herd. Many times, a mature horse will achieve status in a herd similar to that of its dam; the offspring of dominant mares become dominant themselves.

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The cycle is controlled by several hormones which regulate the estrous cycle, the mare's behavior, and the reproductive system of the mare. The cycle begins when the increased day length causes the

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Horse breeders also consider conformation, size and temperament. All of these traits are heritable, and will determine if the foal will be a success in its chosen discipline. The offspring, or "

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A purebred horse is usually worth more than a horse of mixed breeding, though this matters more in some disciplines than others. The breed of the horse is sometimes secondary when breeding for a

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was born in Argentina, and was the first horse clone produced in Latin America. In the same year a cloned polo horse was sold for $ 800,000 - the highest known price ever paid for a polo horse.

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Mortensen C, Choi YH, Hinrichs K, Ing N, Kraemer D, Vogelsang S, Vogelsang M. 2006. Effects of exercise on embryo recovery rates and embryo quality in the horse. Animal Repro. Sci. 94:395-397

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horse, different bloodlines now specialize in different events. For example, larger, heavier animals with a very steady attitude are bred to give competitors an advantage in events such as

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foal to clean it and help blood circulation. In a very short time, the foal will attempt to stand and get milk from its mother. A foal should stand and nurse within the first hour of life.

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relationships and evolution of species. The Thoroughbred breeding hub in Lexington, Kentucky was developed in the late 18th century, and became a mainstay in American racehorse breeding.

1490:(LFG) – also known as "no foal, free return" or "NFFR" - allowing the owner to have a free breeding to their stallion the next year. However, this is not offered for every breeding. 2691: 1080:

Eastern warriors and European knights collided in warfare, the heavy knights were frequently outmaneuvered. The Europeans, however, responded by crossing their native breeds with

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14–16 days later to see if she "took", and is pregnant. A second check is usually performed at 28 days. If the mare is not pregnant, she may be bred again during her next cycle.

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Other horses from North America retained a hint of their mustang origins by being either derived from stock that Native Americans bred that came in a rainbow of color, like the

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that was powerfully built, but extremely nimble and capable of the quick bursts of speed over short distances necessary for certain types of combat as well as for tasks such as

711:) and/or infection. If the placenta is not removed from the stall after it is passed, a mare will often eat it, an instinct from the wild, where blood would attract predators. 616:

ambient temperatures encountered during the research were in the region of 100 degrees F and the same results may not be encountered in regions with lower ambient temperatures.

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death, although other large registries accept such usage and provide registrations. The overall trend is toward permitting use of frozen semen after the death of the stallion.

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Changes in hormone levels can have great effects on the physical characteristics of the reproductive organs of the mare, thereby preparing, or preventing, her from conceiving.

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The Thoroughbred continues to dominate the horse racing world, although its lines have been more recently used to improve warmblood breeds and to develop sport horses. The

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noted the importance of selecting appropriate parentage to achieve desired outcomes of successive generations. Monboddo worked more broadly in the abstract thought of

2198: 577:. True implantation – invasion into the endometrium of any sort – does not occur until about day 35 of pregnancy with the formation of the endometrial cups, and true 1603:

AI opens up the world to international breeding, as semen may be shipped across continents to mares that would otherwise be unable to breed to a particular stallion.

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were originally plantation horses bred for their gait and comfortable ride in the saddle as a plantation master would survey his vast lands like an English lord.

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Depending on breed, on average, 16% of mares have double ovulations, allowing them to twin, though this does not affect the length of time of estrus or diestrus.

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A mare also does not have to travel to the stallion, so the process is less stressful on her, and if she already has a foal, the foal does not have to travel.

1373:"career" of the ensuing foal. Mares should also have a competition record showing that they also have suitable traits, though this does not happen as often. 600:

Domestic mares receive specific care and nutrition to ensure that they and their foals are healthy. Mares are given vaccinations against diseases such as the

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The mare and stallion never have to come in contact with each other, which therefore reduces breeding accidents, such as the mare kicking the stallion.

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lasts about 19–22 days, with the average being 21 days. As the days shorten, the mare returns to a period when she is not sexually receptive, known as

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horses. Furthermore, modern breeding management and technologies can increase the rate of conception, a healthy pregnancy, and successful foaling.

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Inoue, Sota. Influence of broodmare aging on its offspring's racing performance. PLOS ONE, 2022; 17 (7): e0271535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271535

2945: 362:: the portion of the vagina near the cervix becomes engorged with blood right before estrus. The vagina becomes relaxed and secretions increase. 3746: 2780: 2275: 1623:

A stallion is usually trained to mount a phantom (or dummy) mare, although a live mare may be used, and he is most commonly collected using an

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riding, derived from the most athletic movements required of a war horse, and popular among the elite nobility of the time. Breeds such as the

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Breeding a horse can be an expensive endeavor, whether breeding a backyard competition horse or the next Olympic medalist. Costs may include:

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In modern times, these breeds themselves have since been selectively bred to further specialize at certain tasks. One example of this is the

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are also classified through the "distaff" or direct female line, known as their "family" or "tail female" line, tracing back to their taproot

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or wagon. This animal was later adapted through selective breeding to create a strong but rideable animal suitable for the heavily armored

3568: 2998: 2950: 546:. The initial single cell combination is already dividing and by the time of entry into the uterus, the egg might have already reached the 503:

While horses in the wild mate and foal in mid to late spring, in the case of horses domestically bred for competitive purposes, especially

456:: secreted by the endrometrium 13–15 days following ovulation, causes luteolysis and prevents the corpus luteum from secreting progesterone 3671: 1731:

and his family. In September 2008, Gemini was born. Other clones followed, leading to the development of a breeding line from Gem Twist.

436:: secreted by the developed follicle right before ovulation, "turns off" FSH, which is no longer needed now that the follicle is larger. 922:. Thus, Arabians and Thoroughbreds were crossed on Spanish horses, both domesticated animals descended from those brought over by the 2401: 1232:

Horses were needed for heavy draft and carriage work until replaced by the automobile, truck, and tractor. After this time, draft and

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AI allows mares or stallions with health issues, such as sore hocks which may prevent a stallion from mounting, to continue to breed.

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beginnings they easily transitioned during the 20th century into a sport horse type. Today's warmblood breeds are frequently used in

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period lasts for about eleven months, or about 340 days (normal average range 320–370 days). During the early days of pregnancy, the

3895: 3090: 1908: 1880: 1831: 1250: 831: 119: 1221:, with those East of the Mississippi River increasingly bred to impress and mimic the trends of the upper classes of Europe: The 2736: 612:

in the first milk. Mares are dewormed a few weeks prior to foaling, as the mare is the primary source of parasites for the foal.

3518: 2476: 2126: 1451:

Mare exams: to determine if she is healthy enough to breed, to determine when she ovulates, and (if AI is used) to inseminate her

699:

on call in case of a birthing emergency. People who supervise foaling should also watch the mare to be sure that she passes the

2192: 3698: 3249: 3003: 765: 191:. Alternatively, a breeder could, using individuals of differing phenotypes, create a new breed with specific characteristics. 53: 1312:

thus allows little or no profit to be made from breeding unregistered animals or animals of poor quality, even if registered.

3683: 1781: 812: 769: 395: 100: 57: 784: 72: 3535: 3208: 3036: 1526:: the mare is inseminated by a veterinarian or an equine reproduction manager, using either fresh, cooled or frozen semen. 899:, a horse taller than the Arabian and faster over the distances of a few miles required of a European race horse or light 573:

and early placentation is initiated (35–40 days of gestation) the terminology changes, and the embryo is referred to as a

461: 3678: 3458: 3031: 2875: 1771: 1150: 415: 257:, a practice that is generally frowned upon by horse breeders, though used by some in an attempt to fix certain traits. 856:

of the desert naturally developed speed and endurance to travel long distances and survive in a harsh environment, and

3688: 3634: 3602: 3563: 3163: 3158: 3085: 3013: 791: 230:. The female line of descent always appears at the bottom of a tabulated pedigree and is therefore often known as the 79: 2512: 2236: 650:, foaling stalls are still common because they allow closer monitoring of mares. Smaller breeders often use a small 1486:

To help decrease the risk of financial loss should the mare die or abort the foal while pregnant, many studs have a

1295:

Does the owner of the potential foal have the expertise to properly manage and train a young animal once it is born?

671:, or assorted types of devices that alert a handler via a remote alarm when a mare lies down in a position to foal. 3585: 3556: 2988: 2773: 1756: 1269:

Is the proposed breeding animal in good physical health, fertile, and able to withstand the rigors of reproduction?

1054:

is another breed with roots in ancient times that was also bred specifically for war and racing. The nomads of the

2250: 1062:

is believed to be a very close relative of Ottoman horses from the earliest origins of the Turks in Central Asia.

758: 46: 3721: 3627: 3590: 3409: 3334: 3309: 3173: 2993: 2885: 1679:: Used in horses due to lack of successful co-incubation of female and male gametes in simple IVF. A plug of the 668: 798: 663:. Many stud farms worldwide employ technology to alert human managers when the mare is about to foal, including 589:. The most dramatic fetal development occurs in the last 3 months of pregnancy when 60% of fetal growth occurs. 86: 3693: 3580: 3525: 3138: 1160:

The 17th and 18th centuries saw more of a need for fine carriage horses in Europe, bringing in the dawn of the

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wanted faster horses than could be produced from local horses through simple selective breeding, they imported

561:

is mobile, moving about in the uterus until about day 16 when "fixation" occurs. Shortly after fixation, the

275:

Stallion checking a mare in estrus. The mare welcomes the stallion by lowering her rear and lifting her tail.

3646: 3641: 3614: 3597: 3542: 3530: 3513: 2967: 2663: 1984: 1589: 1521: 1378: 1222: 1852: 780: 68: 3803: 3656: 3651: 3372: 3051: 2983: 2419: 1958: 1766: 1195: 959: 939: 318:

Diestrus, or Luteal, phase: 14–15 days in length, the mare is not sexually receptive to the stallion. The

2449: 860:

by humans added a trainable disposition to the animal's natural abilities. In the meantime, in northern

686:

After birth, a foal's navel is dipped in antiseptic to prevent infection. The foal is sometimes given an

3900: 3808: 3756: 3736: 3666: 3609: 3453: 3443: 3431: 3389: 3367: 3324: 3178: 3046: 2766: 1140: 1132: 223: 2719: 1842:

AJC & VRC, "Australian Stud Book", Vol. 31, Ramsay Ware Stockland Pty. Ltd., North Melbourne, 1980

3778: 3741: 3448: 3414: 3404: 3070: 2575: 1395: 1218: 1135:

retook the British throne in 1660, horse racing, which had been banned by Cromwell, was revived. The

737: 601: 520: 307:

Estrus, or Follicular, phase: 5–7 days in length, when the mare is sexually receptive to a stallion.

235: 2283: 1990: 1042:. While it is difficult to determine how far back the Bedouin passed on pedigree information via an 3731: 3495: 3399: 3394: 3242: 2820: 1487: 1328: 845: 656: 405: 2561: 2175: 1281:

What is the anticipated economic benefit, if any, to the owner(s) of the sire and dam or the foal?

1164:. The warmblood breeds have been exceptionally good at adapting to changing times, and from their 938:

to the ecology and climate of the west. These crosses ultimately produced new breeds such as the

3426: 3377: 3362: 3329: 3278: 1574: 1116: 951: 284: 180: 140: 864:, the locally adapted heavy horse with a thick, warm coat was domesticated and put to work as a 1609:

AI allows more mares to be bred from one stallion, as the ejaculate may be split between mares.

1275:

Is there a market for the foal if the owner does not wish to keep the foal for its entire life?

400:: secreted by the hypothalamus, causes the pituitary to release two gonadotrophins: LH and FSH. 3726: 3314: 3023: 2825: 2644: 2333: 2055: 2049: 2028: 1964: 1904: 1876: 1875:

Stratton, Charles, The International Horseman's Dictionary, Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, 1978,

1827: 1624: 1503: 1309: 1188: 1184: 935: 1903:

de Bourg, Ross, "The Australian and New Zealand Thoroughbred", Nelson, West Melbourne, 1980,

569:(about day 21) and a heartbeat should be visible by about day 23. After the formation of the 368:: relaxes right before estrus begins. Becomes dry, and closes more tightly, during diestrus. 3490: 3485: 3465: 3339: 2845: 2840: 2634: 2624: 2431: 1430: 1365: 1320: 1169: 1165: 1139:

was developed 40 years later, bred to be the ultimate racehorse, through the lines of three

1124: 1097: 918:

Later, the people who settled America needed a hardy horse that was capable of working with

904: 805: 620: 516: 512: 164: 93: 1612:

AI reduces the chance of spreading sexually transmitted diseases between mare and stallion.

3813: 3751: 3549: 3354: 3216: 3190: 3185: 2925: 2855: 2850: 2480: 2368: 2202: 2130: 2021:

McKinnon, Angus O.; Squires, Edward L.; Vaala, Wendy E.; Varner, Dickson D. (2011-07-05).

1800: 1742: 1697: 1653: 1562: 1552: 1454:

Mare transport, care, and board if the mare is bred live cover at the stallion's residence

1448:

Fees for collecting, handling, and transporting semen (if AI is used and semen is shipped)

1300: 1101: 1085: 1003: 975: 943: 931: 719: 651: 570: 1891:

Summerhayes, RS, Encyclopaedia for Horsemen, Warne & Co, London & New York, 1966

637: 515:, approaching with a high head, will usually nicker, nip and nudge the mare, as well as 3859: 3839: 3505: 3470: 3436: 3235: 2930: 2920: 2915: 2880: 2810: 2805: 2692:"Argentina's polo star Adolfo Cambiaso - the greatest sportsman you've never heard of?" 2593: 2362: 1776: 1680: 1498: 1411: 1385: 1207: 1093: 1081: 1043: 605: 227: 2753:

Illustrated Atlas of Clinical Equine Anatomy and Common Disorders of the Horse Vol. II

2501:

Katrin Hinrichs. Update on equine ICSI and cloning. Theriogenology 64 (2005); 535-541.

2473: 2123: 2105: 970:, where a horse has to start and stop quickly, but also must calmly hold a full-grown 3889: 3874: 3573: 3480: 3475: 3195: 3128: 3120: 2910: 2865: 1735: 1713: 1701: 1143: 1059: 1039: 923: 888: 857: 853: 528: 452: 445: 319: 293: 280: 266: 219: 152: 2532: 2420:"Changes in Equine Reproduction: Have They Been Good or Bad for the Horse Industry?" 1191:, the latter being an unusual combination between a Thoroughbred and a draft breed. 1030:

One of the earliest people known to document the breedings of their horses were the

292:(length of the day), the cycle first triggered when the days begin to lengthen. The 3661: 3382: 3294: 3133: 2935: 2830: 1761: 1728: 1720: 1640: 1578:

his lifetime, and used no later than the calendar year of his death or castration.

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What is the anticipated economic benefit, if any, to the owner of the ensuing foal?

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stallions bred to small mares with no increase in the number of difficult births.

1284:

Does the owner of the mare have the expertise to properly manage the mare through

895:

to the heavier, local animals. This led to the development of breeds such as the

2395: 2314: 2022: 151:. Planned matings can be used to produce specifically desired characteristics in 3818: 3783: 3419: 3319: 3100: 3095: 3080: 3075: 3061: 2895: 1539: 1475: 1391: 1289: 1246: 1112: 1069: 1035: 995: 967: 747: 703:

in a timely fashion, and that it is complete with no fragments remaining in the

524: 289: 148: 35: 2435: 2076: 1460:

Possible veterinary bills during pregnancy or foaling should something go wrong

3869: 3304: 3299: 3143: 3110: 2962: 2957: 2890: 2835: 1932: 1635: 1593: 1531: 1324: 1226: 1047: 983:

anticipate and counter the movement of a cow, popularly known as "cow sense."

566: 547: 254: 1463:

Veterinary bills for the foal for its first exam a few days following foaling

1266:

Does the proposed breeding animal have valuable genetic qualities to pass on?

3823: 3798: 3788: 3773: 3105: 2142: 1724: 1399: 1368:

with a proven competition record is one criterion for being a suitable sire.

1345: 1285: 1242: 1214: 1161: 947: 877: 660: 625: 609: 558: 554: 470: 382: 312: 250: 184: 17: 2648: 2048:

Riley, Christopher B.; Cregier, Sharon E.; Fraser, Andrew F. (2022-05-10).

565:

proper (so called up to about 35 days) will become visible on trans-rectal

2611:

Andrés Gambini; Javier Jarazo; Ramiro Olivera; Daniel F. Salamone (2012).

239: 3864: 3854: 3849: 3793: 3768: 3344: 3262: 2124:"Expectant Mare: Assuring the Health and Well-Being of the Pregnant Mare" 1709: 1689: 1530:

After the mare is bred or artificially inseminated, she is checked using

1403: 1316: 1233: 1177: 1120: 1073: 1055: 892: 700: 691: 478: 424: 308: 297: 144: 2613:"Equine Cloning: In Vitro and In Vivo Development of Aggregated Embryos" 2385:, which explicitly prohibits human manipulation of the breeding process. 3844: 3716: 3227: 3168: 3153: 2639: 1705: 1154: 1031: 1023: 903:

horse. Another cross between oriental and European horses produced the

900: 707:. Retained fetal membranes can cause a serious inflammatory condition ( 647: 539: 432: 373:

Hormones involved in the estrous cycle, during foaling, and after birth

208: 271: 2905: 2900: 2397:

Rules and Regulations of the United States Trotting Association 2009.

1670: 1096:

This cross-breeding led both to a nimbler war horse, such as today's

971: 919: 884: 873: 861: 704: 664: 586: 582: 562: 543: 535: 496: 1360: 3273: 3258: 2789: 2315:

Equine Behaviour – A Guide For Veterinarians and Equine Scientists

1692:, was born in 2003. Other notable instances of horse cloning are: 1634: 1497: 1359: 1046:, there were written pedigrees of Arabian horses by CE 1330. The 963: 927: 908: 718: 687: 636: 574: 508: 490: 346: 270: 188: 136: 1922:

Napier, Miles, "Blood Will Tell", JA Allen & Co, London, 1977

Veterinary bills to keep the pregnant mare healthy while in foal

1058:

steppes bred horses for several thousand years as well, and the

1051: 869: 865: 3231: 2762: 974:

at the end of a rope. On the other hand, for an event known as

592:

Colts are carried on average about 4 days longer than fillies.

2330:

Equine Behavior: a guide for Veterinarian and Equine Scientist

1559:

stallion can be easily separated should there be any trouble.

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state, where conception took place as the origin of the foal.

29: 2533:"Brown, Liz. "Scamper Clone Offered for Commercial Breeding" 2664:"How Champion-Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo" 2081:

Proceedings of Roundtable Conference on Animal Biotechnology

542:

for approximately 5.5 more days, and then descends into the

1406:

bloodlines are an absolute requirement: For example, most

1315:

The minimum cost of breeding for a mare owner includes the

334:

Effects on the reproductive system during the estrous cycle

1826:

Montgomery, E.S, "The Thoroughbred", Arco, New York, 1973

2758: 1510:

There are two general ways to "cover" or breed the mare:

990:. While most representatives of this breed are bred for 659:

built specifically for foaling, especially on the larger

2364:

The American Stud Book Principal Rules and Requirements.

2352:

Stanford, Dr. David, Woodside Equine Clinic, Ashland, VA

2332:. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 378 pp. 2176:"Nutritional Management of Pregnant and Lactating Mares" 2737:

Six cloned horses help rider win prestigious polo match

2218:, 2nd ed., Macquarie Library, North Ryde, 1991, p. 1274 2016: 2014: 1960:

Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination

1340:

form of competition, that may also enhance the price.

1072:

Europe bred large horses specifically for war, called

2560:. horsetalk.co.nz. September 17, 2008. Archived from 1712:, Clayton, became the first cloned horse to stand at 464:– also called PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin) 994:, there are also specialized bloodlines suitable as 194:

A horse is "bred" where it is foaled (born). Thus a

3832: 3707: 3504: 3353: 3287: 3119: 3060: 3022: 2976: 2864: 2796: 1483:have a lower stud fee earlier on in their careers. 934:, descended from the Spanish horse, but adapted by 772:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 345:: increased levels of estrogen during estrus cause 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2690: 2104: 619:During the first several months of pregnancy, the 27:Human-directed process of selective horse breeding 139:, and particularly the human-directed process of 2751:Riegal, Ronald J. DMV, and Susan E. Hakola DMV. 1643:industry does not allow AI or embryo transplant. 283:(also spelled oestrous) controls when a mare is 2739:- Jon Cohen, Science Magazine, 13 December 2016 2051:Fraser's The Behaviour and Welfare of the Horse 1470:The highest stud fees are generally for racing 1100:, but also created a type of horse known as a 519:to determine her readiness for mating. During 3243: 2774: 2413: 2411: 1115:, horses were bred not only for war, but for 1066:packhorses, carriage horses and many others. 8: 2111:American Association of Equine Practitioners 1822: 1820: 1734:In 2010, the first lived equine cloned of a 1394:, but some disciplines may prefer a certain 3906:Horse-related professions and professionals 3335:Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection) 3250: 3236: 3228: 2781: 2767: 2759: 2276:"Egyptian Arabians: The Mystique Unfolded" 2229:"Foaling video on an Australian stud farm" 1899: 1897: 1596:, and has a very similar conception rate: 315:occurs in the final 24–48 hours of estrus. 2638: 2628: 1805:The Pennsylvania Horse Racing Association 891:and other oriental horses to breed as an 832:Learn how and when to remove this message 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 2941:Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics 2251:"Which Thoroughbred Best Fits My Needs?" 2196:by Brad Dowling BVSc MVetClinStud FACVSc 1918: 1916: 267:Horse anatomy § Reproductive system 1792: 1677:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 1272:For what purpose will the foal be used? 1172:, but are more often seen competing in 2689:Alexander, Harriet (8 December 2014). 2511:Shaoni Bhattacharya (August 6, 2003). 883:Then, centuries later, when people in 2075:Hura, V; et al. (October 1997). 1661:Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) 1565:, the organization that oversees the 1410:in the world must be recorded with a 1108:, which was used as a message horse. 226:or the beginning of their respective 7: 2558:"Clone of top jumper Gem Twist born" 2537:, online edition, November 15, 2008" 2513:"World's First Cloned Horse is Born" 2424:Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 1741:In 2013, the world-famous polo star 1719:In 2007, a renowned show jumper and 770:adding citations to reliable sources 58:adding citations to reliable sources 3764:Selection methods in plant breeding 1538:Test breedings have been done with 641:A mare in the early stages of labor 482:: stimulates the uterus to contract 2402:United States Trotting Association 2282:. Pyramid Arabians. Archived from 2106:"Vaccination and Passive Transfer" 1187:is an excellent example as is the 978:, where the horse must separate a 962:. Once a general-purpose working 183:to produce individuals of a given 25: 3091:Mountain and moorland pony breeds 1957:Juan C. Samper (1 January 2009). 1853:"Equine Info Exchange - Breeding" 1592:(AI) has several advantages over 1249:disciplines, particularly at the 1146:stallions and one Turkish horse. 3212: 3211: 2255:Expert how-to for English Riders 1688:The world's first cloned horse, 1631:Advanced reproductive techniques 746: 34: 2699:from the original on 2022-01-12 757:needs additional citations for 238:of a horse has a special term: 45:needs additional citations for 2718:Ryan Bell (10 December 2013). 2450:"AI (Artificial Insemination)" 1782:Thoroughbred breeding theories 723:A foal with its mother, or dam 396:Gonadotropin releasing hormone 303:This cycle contains 2 phases: 163:The male parent of a horse, a 1: 3209:Lists of horse-related topics 2662:Cohen, Haley (31 July 2015). 2630:10.1095/biolreprod.112.098855 462:equine chorionic gonadotropin 311:is secreted by the follicle. 2876:Glossary of equestrian terms 2405:, 2009. Accessed 2011-02-15. 2372:, 2011. Accessed 2011-02-15. 1963:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 1772:Glossary of equestrian terms 1708:, was cloned. The resulting 1237:lighter breeds, such as the 1151:James Burnett, Lord Monboddo 416:Follicle-stimulating hormone 2361:Section V, Rule 1, Part D, 448:begins to decrease in size. 171:and the female parent, the 167:, is commonly known as the 3922: 2999:Ancient and Imperial China 2598:The Chronicle of the Horse 2580:Superior Equine Sires, Inc 2539:. Thehorse.com. 2008-11-15 2436:10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.184 2383:Australian Rules of Racing 1998:Australian Rules of Racing 1857:www.equineinfoexchange.com 1757:Domestication of the horse 1700:, an extremely successful 1433:fees can be a major cost. 1383: 844:Beyond the appearance and 735: 264: 3722:Marker-assisted selection 3310:Marker-assisted selection 3269: 3204: 2886:List of equestrian sports 2027:. John Wiley & Sons. 1437:Costs related to breeding 1319:, and the cost of proper 1257:Deciding to breed a horse 1017:History of horse breeding 868:animal that could pull a 669:closed-circuit television 596:Care of the pregnant mare 261:Estrous cycle of the mare 143:of animals, particularly 3896:Horse breeding and studs 2216:The Macquarie Dictionary 1445:The stud and booking fee 1241:, to produce the modern 381:to reduce the levels of 2454:Equine-Reproduction.com 2328:McGreevy, Paul (2012). 2194:Preparation for Foaling 1985:Australian Racing Board 1590:Artificial insemination 1582:Artificial insemination 1522:Artificial Insemination 1506:, used to collect semen 1356:Choosing breeding stock 1304:benefits to the owner. 1223:Tennessee Walking Horse 1104:, a predecessor to the 986:Another example is the 907:, a horse developed in 523:, the stallion usually 385:, thereby allowing the 3804:Outbreeding depression 2418:Squires, E.L. (2009). 1767:Evolution of the horse 1644: 1573:By contrast, the U.S. 1507: 1369: 1196:American Quarter Horse 1082:"oriental" type horses 1038:, the breeders of the 960:American Quarter Horse 940:American Quarter Horse 724: 642: 500: 487:Breeding and gestation 474:: stimulates lactation 276: 212:are by the same sire. 3809:Inbreeding depression 3325:Preservation breeding 1638: 1501: 1402:of horse. Sometimes, 1363: 1149:In the 18th century, 722: 640: 538:(egg) remains in the 534:Once fertilized, the 494: 274: 224:foundation bloodstock 2394:Rule 26, Section 6, 1219:American Paint Horse 1123:and the now extinct 766:improve this article 738:List of horse breeds 253:for the practice of 236:maternal grandfather 234:. In addition, the 54:improve this article 3496:Designer crossbreed 3009:Indian subcontinent 2214:Delbridge, Arthur. 2024:Equine Reproduction 1488:live foal guarantee 1185:French saddle horse 1170:competitive driving 930:horses such as the 406:Luteinizing hormone 135:is reproduction in 3330:Selective breeding 3279:Lists of cultivars 3042:American Civil War 2797:Equine science and 2479:2008-04-15 at the 2274:Lewis, Barbara S. 2205:Retrieved 2011-2-7 2201:2011-02-07 at the 2143:"Horse - breeding" 2129:2008-04-15 at the 1645: 1508: 1414:in order to race. 1370: 1245:breeds popular in 732:How breeds develop 725: 690:to help clear the 643: 501: 285:sexually receptive 277: 181:selective breeding 147:horses of a given 141:selective breeding 3883: 3882: 3727:Natural selection 3708:Selection methods 3315:Mutation breeding 3225: 3224: 2695:. The Telegraph. 2474:"Embryo Transfer" 2381:See Rule AR.15C, 2339:978-0-7020-4337-6 2061:978-1-78924-210-2 2034:978-0-470-96187-2 1970:978-1-4160-5234-0 1625:artificial vagina 1504:artificial vagina 1494:Covering the mare 1310:supply and demand 1189:Irish Sport Horse 936:natural selection 852:For example, the 842: 841: 834: 816: 389:to secrete GnRH. 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 3913: 3491:Captive breeding 3486:Breeding program 3466:Backyard breeder 3252: 3245: 3238: 3229: 3215: 3214: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2760: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2720:"Game of Clones" 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2694: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2642: 2632: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2564:on July 7, 2012. 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2519: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2415: 2406: 2392: 2386: 2379: 2373: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2325: 2319: 2312:McGreevy, Paul. 2310: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2235:. Archived from 2225: 2219: 2212: 2206: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2139: 2133: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2018: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2005: 1995: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1933:"Basics of Life" 1929: 1923: 1920: 1911: 1901: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1824: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1801:"Breeding Terms" 1797: 1727:, was cloned by 1431:semen collection 1301:value judgements 1125:Neapolitan horse 1098:Andalusian horse 1050:of West-Central 837: 830: 826: 823: 817: 815: 781:"Horse breeding" 774: 750: 742: 602:Rhinopneumonitis 571:endometrial cups 175:, is called the 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 69:"Horse breeding" 62: 38: 30: 21: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3828: 3814:Recessive trait 3752:selective sweep 3709: 3703: 3506:Plant cultivars 3500: 3349: 3283: 3274:Lists of breeds 3265: 3256: 3226: 3221: 3200: 3115: 3056: 3037:Napoleonic Wars 3018: 2972: 2868: 2860: 2798: 2792: 2787: 2748: 2746:Further reading 2743: 2735: 2731: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2542: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2486: 2481:Wayback Machine 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2376: 2369:The Jockey Club 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2287: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2209: 2203:Wayback Machine 2191: 2187: 2180:purinamills.com 2174: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2151: 2149: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2131:Wayback Machine 2122: 2118: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2087: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2020: 2019: 2012: 2003: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1914: 1902: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1825: 1818: 1809: 1807: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1753: 1743:Adolfo Cambiaso 1654:Embryo transfer 1633: 1584: 1563:The Jockey Club 1548: 1496: 1439: 1388: 1358: 1259: 1019: 1006:and good form. 838: 827: 821: 818: 775: 773: 763: 751: 740: 734: 717: 635: 608:content of the 598: 517:sniff her urine 489: 375: 336: 269: 263: 161: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3888: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3860:Heirloom plant 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3840:Breed registry 3836: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3724: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3510: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3471:Breed standard 3468: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3240: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2938: 2933: 2931:Horse training 2928: 2923: 2921:Western riding 2918: 2916:English riding 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2881:Horse industry 2878: 2872: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2771: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2729: 2724:Outside Online 2710: 2681: 2654: 2623:(1): 15, 1–9. 2603: 2585: 2576:"Gemini CL xx" 2567: 2549: 2524: 2503: 2494: 2484: 2466: 2441: 2430:(5): 268–273. 2407: 2387: 2374: 2354: 2345: 2338: 2320: 2305: 2296: 2266: 2242: 2239:on 2009-08-09. 2220: 2207: 2185: 2167: 2158: 2134: 2116: 2096: 2067: 2060: 2040: 2033: 2010: 1976: 1969: 1949: 1924: 1912: 1893: 1884: 1868: 1844: 1835: 1816: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1777:Pedigree chart 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1739: 1732: 1717: 1686: 1685: 1681:zona pellucida 1674: 1664: 1658: 1632: 1629: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1583: 1580: 1547: 1544: 1528: 1527: 1518: 1495: 1492: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1438: 1435: 1412:breed registry 1398:or a specific 1386:Horse behavior 1357: 1354: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1258: 1255: 1208:Canadian horse 1094:Turkoman horse 1044:oral tradition 1018: 1015: 840: 839: 754: 752: 745: 733: 730: 716: 713: 634: 631: 606:immunoglobulin 597: 594: 529:pelvic thrusts 488: 485: 484: 483: 475: 467: 457: 449: 437: 429: 421: 411: 401: 374: 371: 370: 369: 363: 357: 351: 335: 332: 328: 327: 316: 262: 259: 160: 157: 133:Horse breeding 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3918: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3876: 3875:Tree breeding 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3699:Venus flytrap 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3481:Breeding pair 3479: 3477: 3476:Breeding back 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3459:Water buffalo 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3355:Animal breeds 3352: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3218: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3086:Gaited horses 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3014:North America 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2989:Domestication 2987: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2866:Equestrianism 2863: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2711: 2698: 2693: 2685: 2682: 2670:. Vanity Fair 2669: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2594:"Murka's Gem" 2589: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2538: 2536: 2528: 2525: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2286:on 2006-05-08 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2100: 2097: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2017: 2015: 2011: 1999: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1953: 1950: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1909:0-17-005860-3 1906: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881:0-7018-0590-0 1878: 1872: 1869: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832:0-668-02824-6 1829: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1806: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1736:Criollo horse 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702:barrel racing 1699: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1472:Thoroughbreds 1468: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1374: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1060:Caspian horse 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:Arabian horse 1037: 1033: 1028: 1025: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 984: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 924:Conquistadors 921: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 858:domestication 855: 854:Arabian horse 850: 847: 836: 833: 825: 814: 811: 807: 804: 800: 797: 793: 790: 786: 783: – 782: 778: 777:Find sources: 771: 767: 761: 760: 755:This article 753: 749: 744: 743: 739: 731: 729: 721: 714: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 693: 689: 684: 680: 676: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 649: 639: 632: 630: 627: 622: 617: 613: 611: 607: 603: 595: 593: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 530: 527:after 6 to 8 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 498: 493: 486: 481: 480: 476: 473: 472: 468: 465: 463: 458: 455: 454: 453:Prostaglandin 450: 447: 446:corpus luteum 443: 442: 438: 435: 434: 430: 427: 426: 422: 419: 417: 412: 409: 407: 402: 399: 397: 392: 391: 390: 388: 384: 380: 372: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 348: 344: 341: 340: 339: 333: 331: 325: 321: 320:corpus luteum 317: 314: 310: 306: 305: 304: 301: 299: 295: 294:estrous cycle 291: 286: 282: 281:estrous cycle 273: 268: 260: 258: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 216:Thoroughbreds 213: 210: 204: 200: 197: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 158: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 3901:Horse health 3710:and genetics 3684:Sweet potato 3635: 3628: 3620: 3603: 3591: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3536: 3295:Backcrossing 3179:Winged horse 3174:White horses 3071:Horse breeds 3062:Horse breeds 3052:World War II 2936:Horse racing 2821:Conformation 2815: 2752: 2732: 2723: 2713: 2701:. 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Retrieved 1804: 1795: 1762:Endometrosis 1729:Frank Chapot 1721:Thoroughbred 1687: 1684:development. 1676: 1667:Egg transfer 1666: 1660: 1652: 1646: 1641:Thoroughbred 1622: 1588: 1585: 1575:standardbred 1572: 1567:Thoroughbred 1561: 1557: 1549: 1536: 1529: 1520: 1514: 1509: 1485: 1481: 1469: 1466: 1440: 1427: 1420: 1416: 1389: 1375: 1371: 1350: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1314: 1306: 1298: 1260: 1239:Thoroughbred 1231: 1212: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1182: 1174:show jumping 1159: 1148: 1137:Thoroughbred 1130: 1110: 1106:Thoroughbred 1084:such as the 1078: 1068: 1064: 1029: 1020: 1008: 1000:show jumpers 996:show hunters 992:horse racing 988:Thoroughbred 985: 957: 917: 913:bullfighting 897:Thoroughbred 882: 851: 846:conformation 843: 828: 819: 809: 802: 795: 788: 776: 764:Please help 759:verification 756: 726: 709:endometritis 697:veterinarian 685: 681: 677: 673: 644: 618: 614: 599: 591: 579:placentation 552: 533: 505:horse racing 502: 477: 469: 459: 451: 441:Progesterone 439: 431: 423: 413: 403: 393: 387:hypothalamus 379:pineal gland 376: 365: 359: 353: 342: 337: 329: 324:progesterone 302: 278: 247:Linebreeding 244: 231: 214: 205: 201: 193: 176: 168: 162: 153:domesticated 132: 131: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 18:Sire (horse) 3819:Sex linkage 3784:Codominance 3757:stabilizing 3737:directional 3623:(daffodils) 3537:Callistemon 3320:Outcrossing 3101:Stock horse 3096:Sport horse 3081:Feral horse 3076:Draft horse 3047:World War I 2994:Middle Ages 2703:27 December 2674:27 December 2640:11336/16296 2617:Biol Reprod 1716:in the U.S. 1540:draft horse 1476:grade horse 1392:sport horse 1290:parturition 1247:sport horse 1166:coach horse 1117:haute ecole 1113:Renaissance 1111:During the 1036:Middle East 1011:show jumper 968:team roping 952:in Normandy 822:August 2022 621:nutritional 499:with a mare 495:A stallion 290:photoperiod 232:bottom line 159:Terminology 3890:Categories 3870:Rare breed 3742:disruptive 3679:Strawberry 3410:Guinea pig 3305:Inbreeding 3300:Crossbreed 3144:Hippomancy 3111:Wild horse 2963:Equitation 2958:Horse show 2891:Horse tack 2841:Management 2826:Coat color 2799:management 2543:2012-12-11 2518:2012-05-30 2290:2006-05-10 2260:2018-10-13 2152:2019-06-11 2090:2008-04-22 2004:2010-08-03 1943:2019-06-11 1862:2019-06-11 1810:2023-02-03 1788:References 1594:live cover 1546:Live cover 1532:ultrasound 1515:Live cover 1408:racehorses 1384:See also: 1379:imprinting 1329:veterinary 1325:management 1299:There are 1227:Saddlebred 1141:foundation 1133:Charles II 1048:Akhal-Teke 905:Andalusian 792:newspapers 736:See also: 661:stud farms 629:problems. 567:ultrasound 548:blastocyst 525:ejaculates 521:copulation 265:See also: 255:inbreeding 228:stud books 80:newspapers 3824:F1 hybrid 3799:Heterosis 3789:Epistasis 3779:Dominance 3774:Phenotype 3732:balancing 3689:Sweetcorn 3672:cultivars 3636:Nepenthes 3621:Narcissus 3604:Grevillea 3564:Cherimoya 3263:cultivars 3191:Symbolism 3186:Sacrifice 3149:Mythology 3106:Warmblood 3064:and types 3032:East Asia 2984:Evolution 2946:medalists 2869:and sport 2856:Slaughter 2851:Valuation 2846:Nutrition 2535:The Horse 1937:The Horse 1725:Gem Twist 1704:horse, a 1696:In 2006, 1400:phenotype 1346:horsemeat 1321:nutrition 1286:gestation 1243:warmblood 1215:Appaloosa 1162:warmblood 1074:destriers 1056:Mongolian 948:Argentina 715:Foal care 626:lactating 610:colostrum 559:conceptus 555:gestation 471:Prolactin 383:melatonin 350:anestrus. 322:secretes 313:Ovulation 251:euphemism 185:phenotype 110:June 2013 3865:Landrace 3855:Germline 3850:Eugenics 3794:Dwarfing 3769:Genotype 3747:negative 3667:breeders 3586:Cucumber 3558:Capsicum 3551:Cannabis 3519:Japanese 3437:breeding 3420:breeding 3383:breeding 3345:Purebred 3217:Category 2816:Breeding 2811:Behavior 2697:Archived 2649:22553223 2492:138-151. 2477:Archived 2280:Arabians 2199:Archived 2127:Archived 2054:. 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