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157:, there were discussions over who the population of African descendants would support in the war. Later, a majority of people of color ended up siding with the colonial powers. This was after the move to have equality a core quality of the revolution made between 1810 and 1820. This led to black military men helping to win battles, and army commanders tying patriotism to the fight to end slavery. The Cartagena Constitution was amended to stop the sale of the enslaved, and the new countries constitution in 1821 began the process of ending slavery with manumission and free births.
137:. Palenques were made up of people that would have been sold in Cartagena as slaves, and there was conflict between Cartagena and surrounding palenques, or maroon settlements. In response to this conflict, and after negotiation, the Spanish government released a decree in 1691 that called for a ceasefire. This decree was ignored by those in charge, which led to capturing of members of various palenques in the area, ranging from Matuadres Palenque and ending with palenques in the Maria mountains. Those taken were brought into Cartagena, arrested and some were resold into slavery.
17:
31:, and was one of the most popular. This led to an economy based on labor of African slaves. This also made Cartagena a place with rich African heritage and racial discourse, including the Cartagena witch trials and conflicts with neighboring maroon villages. Many ladinos became ship workers, and later these ship workers fought for independence from Spain starting in 1810. After freedom was decreed in 1821 the new government decided on manumissions and freed births to gradually end slavery.
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gained from this to buy their own freedom. When the enslaved left slavery, they would stay in social circles of the enslaved. They stayed in the same towns they were in before. This allowed for any information that a freed
African gained would be spread through the social circles of the enslaved, including information on the
89:
workers were craftsmen and artisans, who owned their own shops. Freed artisans made up a majority of the artisan population of
Cartagena. These are two of the most common jobs for a freed person, but there were many other jobs freed men or women could hold, including continuing to work under their previous positions.
165:
After the process of manumissions and free births ended slavery, there were still lingering effects after. The main effect was a fear of the newly freed population. Many of the Higher Ups fought to keep control of the black population, fearing a
Haitian revolution. Race war debates existed in 1814
119:
Some would go the route of
Catholicism to free themselves from toxic situations, but others looked for a more aggressive approach. Cartagena was one of the many cities involved in African revolts in South America from the 1790s to the early 1800s. It is believed some of these protests may have been
97:
There were many racial conflicts connected to
Cartagena. 72.5% of Cartagena´s population was of African descent, as of the year 1777 and the city was an epicenter of politics and social discourse. Here are a few of the racially fueled conflicts Cartagena played a role in during the time of slavery.
43:
Captured
Africans would endure many hardships in Cartagena before being sold. First enslaved Africans would be documented to see if they survived the middle passage. Captains bribed officials so they would get financially compensated for Africans that did not die, as well as avoid paying the taxes
39:
Cartagena is a sea port on the coast of modern-day
Colombia. It was 1 of 3 ports that the Spanish crown allowed slave ships to travel to as of the year 1615. Of these 3 ports Cartagena was the most easy to access without illness. The lack of ports where slave ships were allowed to land, led to an
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Regardless of attempts to stop communications, Cartagena had a racial plot that was in line with the attacks on haciendas on the coast. Specifically, one group looked to take control of the military compound San Filipe de
Barajas, and used the weapon gained from the fortress for creole murders and
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Some of the enslaved would be assigned to jobs in the main city. Many of those individuals worked on the ports of
Cartagena. Others worked in houses of the nobility. An example of this is the story of Maria Sabina who was seen as a possession by the Cartagena elite due to how pale her skin was.
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During the time of slavery in
Cartagena, many enslaved Africans or African descendants gained their freedom. This freedom was gained in similar ways to those who gained freedom in other countries in Latin America, with persons doing extra work after their labor was done, and using the commission
55:
Of those that were sold to those in and around Cartagena, African descendants had various jobs they could have depending on where they were forced to work, as well as places they could live. Many of those lived in the Getsemani neighborhood. Here are some of the jobs one could have an enslaved
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Some of the enslaved leveraged the inquisition office as a way to leave more dangerous working conditions, which included both areas in Cartagena and far away from it. These men and women would use the words of holy texts to be set free or to be moved under a different owner, since many of the
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Cartagena was the location of an active Inquisition office. This inquisition would go out and look for practices that went against catholic ideals. Many of these practices had origins in African culture, and included religious practices as well as remedies from African culture. Africans were
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Freed workers could have jobs in the docks. They worked as hands on the docks, members of merchant ship crews, and navy members to stop the privateering in Cartagena’s waters. Black companies defended Cartagena on multiple occasions, notably in 1741 against Vice Admiral Edward Vernon. Other
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Aside from conflicts with those inside of the racial system, there were also interactions with those who were never completely sold into Cartagena, maroons. Cartagena was surrounded by many maroon villages (palenque) surrounding Cartagena, and in the area as a whole. One of the most notable
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There were responses from creoles to prevent a potential race war. Responses included stopping the sharing of information of businesses that discriminated through the prado papers. There was also imprisonment of those who spoke of racism, with some being murdered or exiled.
44:
associated with using the ports. Many enslaved also ended up being killed by illnesses. These illnesses were often treated in crowded hospitals, such as slaved sheds on Santa Clara or Santo Domingo street where they were kept in crowded rooms with poor ventilation.
169:
Some groups played into this fear. An example of this is when a prado was elected Mopox general commander in 1823. As tensions heated up, black protestors used the phrase “In the end you will all be screwed because blood will run like in Saint Domingue
120:
caused by news of the Haitian Revolution. During this time period there was a crackdown on communication between Africans in different areas, with Cartagena trying to prevent blacks from different areas entering and exiting the city.
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steel royal valuables. Officials were informed of the potential threat by prada militia leader Manuel Yatruen. Most were arrested before the attacks, but two conspirators were able to start fires in the city.
27:
has a long history with slavery, that ranges from the 1500s to the early 1800s. It was one of three Spanish ports allowed to take in slave shipments in the
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894:
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If a person was enslaved there were various jobs they could be assigned in Cartagena. First there were those who worked in a regular plantation (
852:"El patrimonio cultural inmaterial en san basilio de palenque, en busca de las representaciones de lo palenquero a través de la prensa nacional"
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421:"To "excite the curiosity, and gratify the beholder": Displaying Dappled Skin and Crafting Racial Identity in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic"
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There was also a push by religious officials to Catholicize the slaves at the ports. This included the Jesuits Sandoval and Cavel.
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In modern times, Cartagena has a connection to slavery through ties with San Bassillo de Palenque’s tourism market.
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taken, imprisoned, then questioned until they admitted guilt, with punishments varying depending on the situation.
681:"Through the Gate of the Media Luna: Slavery and the Geographies of Legal Status in Colonial Cartagena de Indias"
851:
567:"Sailing Through the Sacraments: Ethnic and Cultural Geographies of a Port and Its Churches-Cartagena de Indias"
521:"Sailing Through the Sacraments: Ethnic and Cultural Geographies of a Port and Its Churches-Cartagena de Indias"
475:"Sailing Through the Sacraments: Ethnic and Cultural Geographies of a Port and Its Churches-Cartagena de Indias"
375:"Sailing Through the Sacraments: Ethnic and Cultural Geographies of a Port and Its Churches-Cartagena de Indias"
134:
334:
From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century
614:
Ordinary Lives in the Early Caribbean : Religion, Colonial Competition, and the Politics of Profit
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member of Cartagena's society, as well as some of the work one could get if one gained their freedom.
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Black Freedom in the Age of Slavery: Race, Status, and Identity in the Urban Americas
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Black Freedom in the Age of Slavery: Race, Status, and Identity in the Urban Americas
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Black Freedom in the Age of Slavery: Race, Status, and Identity in the Urban Americas
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819:"Race War and Nation in Caribbean Gran Colombia, Cartagena, 1810–1832"
752:"Race War and Nation in Caribbean Gran Colombia, Cartagena, 1810–1832"
719:"Race War and Nation in Caribbean Gran Colombia, Cartagena, 1810–1832"
199:"Race War and Nation in Caribbean Gran Colombia, Cartagena, 1810–1832"
789:. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press. pp. 50–82.
651:. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press. pp. 50–82.
303:. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press. pp. 50–82.
276:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 147–162.
272:
Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge; Childs, Matt D.; Sidbury, James (2013).
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on a board to defend the black commander from white criticism.
617:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. pp. 19–37.
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actions they talked about went against the scriptures.
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increase in privateering around the port of Cartagena.
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The black urban Atlantic in the age of the slave trade
230:
Newson, Linda; Minchin, Susie (2007). "Front Matter".
133:examples that has survived till modern day is
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93:Racial Conflict in Cartagena During Slavery
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834:
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565:France, Renée Soulodre-La (3 July 2015).
519:France, Renée Soulodre-La (3 July 2015).
473:France, Renée Soulodre-La (3 July 2015).
425:Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies
373:France, Renée Soulodre-La (3 July 2015).
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149:A copy of Cartagena's Act of Independence
20:An Overhead view of Modern Day Cartagena
189:
7:
685:Hispanic American Historical Review
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850:alge Ferro, Manuel (2021-12-28).
128:The Attacks on Maroon settlements
161:Legacies of Slavery in Cartagena
679:Silva Campo, Ana María (2022).
141:The Revolution and Emancipation
895:History of Cartagena, Colombia
823:The American Historical Review
817:Lasso, Marixa (1 April 2006).
756:The American Historical Review
750:Lasso, Marixa (1 April 2006).
723:The American Historical Review
717:Lasso, Marixa (1 April 2006).
203:The American Historical Review
197:Lasso, Marixa (1 April 2006).
1:
783:Marks, John Garrison (2020).
645:Marks, John Garrison (2020).
583:10.1080/0144039X.2015.1067398
537:10.1080/0144039X.2015.1067398
491:10.1080/0144039X.2015.1067398
391:10.1080/0144039X.2015.1067398
297:Marks, John Garrison (2020).
155:olombia’s War of Independence
35:Cartagena and the Slave Trade
236:. Brill. pp. 136–186.
153:In the time leading up to C
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337:. Brill. p. 136-186.
102:The Cartagena Witch Trials
419:Hogarth, Rana A. (2018).
697:10.1215/00182168-8349840
869:10.14482/memor.13.206.7
611:Block, Kristen (2012).
571:Slavery & Abolition
525:Slavery & Abolition
479:Slavery & Abolition
379:Slavery & Abolition
135:San Basilio de Palenque
115:Rebellions in Cartagena
331:Newson, Linda (2007).
252:10.1163/j.ctv29sfpzt.1
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836:10.1086/ahr.111.2.336
769:10.1086/ahr.111.2.336
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353:10.1163/j.ctv29sfpzt
233:From Capture to Sale
890:Slavery in Colombia
166:and 1828 and 1831.
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83:Haitian revolution
51:Labor in Cartagena
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796:978-1-64336-122-2
658:978-1-64336-122-2
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257:29 November
884:Categories
184:References
591:0144-039X
545:0144-039X
499:0144-039X
445:1531-0485
399:0144-039X
76:The Freed
25:Cartagena
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