226:
62:
1919:
1927:
1935:
2575:
2758:
2669:
2178:
8177:
3771:
2456:
3223:
2258:
3231:
4146:
One analysis of these facts is that vowel-initial words actually begin, at an abstract level of representation, with a kind of "empty" consonant that consists of nothing except the information "broad" or "slender". Another analysis is that vowel-initial words, again at an abstract level, all begin
4099:
Vowel-initial words in Irish exhibit behaviour that has led linguists to suggest that the vowel sound they begin with on the surface is not actually the first sound in the word at a more abstract level. Specifically, when a clitic ending in a consonant precedes a word beginning with the vowel, the
5128:
etc. is found in Manx and most dialects of
Scottish Gaelic. Evidence from written manuscripts suggests it had begun in Scottish Gaelic as early as the 16th century and was well established in both Scottish Gaelic and Manx by the late 17th to early 18th century. Lengthening or diphthongization of
5129:
vowels before fortis sonorants is also found in both languages. The stress pattern of
Scottish Gaelic is the same as that in Connacht and Ulster Irish, while in Manx, stress is attracted to long vowels and diphthongs in noninitial syllables, but under more restricted conditions than in Munster.
4307:
This lengthening has received a number of different explanations within the context of theoretical phonology. All accounts agree that some property of the fortis sonorant is being transferred to the preceding vowel, but the details about what property that is vary from researcher to researcher.
153:
during articulation). The contrast between broad and slender consonants is crucial in Irish, because the meaning of a word can change if a broad consonant is substituted for a slender consonant or vice versa. For example, the only difference in pronunciation between the words
2851:), that has since been lost. However, the contrast is not robust in any dialect; most published descriptions say that contrastively nasal vowels are present in the speech of only some (usually older) speakers. Potential minimal pairs include those shown in the table below.
2687:
ranges from a near-open central after broad consonants to an open-mid centralized front after slender consonants, and its end point ranges from a near-close near-front before slender consonants to a centralized before broad consonants. Examples include
2719:
ranges from a near-open central after broad consonants to an open-mid advanced central after slender consonants, and its end point ranges from a near-close near-back before broad consonants to a centralized before slender consonants. Examples include
4163:
appear in syllable-final position (in some cases, only in word-final position), they trigger a lengthening or diphthongization of the preceding vowel in most dialects of Irish. The details vary from dialect to dialect.
3238:
Irish words can begin with clusters of two or three consonants. In general, all the consonants in a cluster agree in their quality, i.e. either all are broad or all are slender. Two-consonant clusters consist of an
1410:, etc., indicating they consider the stops that occur after voiceless fricatives to be devoiced allophones of the voiced stops rather than unaspirated allophones of the voiceless stops, but this is a minority view.
2780:(the only context in which it appears after a broad consonant). Its end point ranges from a mid central before broad consonants to a close-mid centralized front before slender consonants. Examples include
1103:. The distribution of these allophones varies from dialect to dialect. In Munster, generally only is found, and in Ulster generally only is found. In Connacht, is found word-initially before vowels (e.g.
4661:('request'). In the now-extinct accent of East Mayo, stress was attracted to a long vowel or diphthong in the same way as in Munster; in addition, stress was attracted to a short vowel before word-final
95:. Therefore, this article focuses on phenomena shared by most or all dialects, and on the major differences among the dialects. Detailed discussion of the dialects can be found in the specific articles:
190:, in the determination of which consonants can stand next to each other, and in the behaviour of words that begin with a vowel. This broad/slender distinction is similar to the hard/soft one of several
3154:
In addition, where a vowel is nasalized because it is adjacent to a nasal consonant, it often retains its nasalization in related forms where the consonant is no longer nasal. For example, the nasal
4750:) in unstressed syllables, but there are exceptions. In Munster, if the third syllable of a word is stressed and the preceding two syllables are short, the first of the two unstressed syllables is
1898:, in time the lenis version (nasalized semivowel or labial fricative) came to be pronounced as a regular semivowel or fricative along with nasalization of the preceding vowel. The later loss of
2475:
have approximately the same range of realization: both vowels are relatively back in contact with broad consonants and relatively front in contact with slender consonants. Specifically, long
186:. The contrast between broad and slender consonants plays a critical role not only in distinguishing the individual consonants themselves, but also in the pronunciation of the surrounding
2039:
of vowels (that is, the horizontal position of the highest point of the tongue) depends to a great extent on the quality (broad or slender) of adjacent consonants. Some researchers (e.g.
1446:
was a nasalized semivowel , perhaps tending towards a nasalized fricative or when palatalized. By convention, the fortis coronals are transcribed with small capital letters ⟨
1142:
allophones in many dialects; the distribution depends partly on environment (bilabials are more likely to be found adjacent to rounded vowels) and partly on the individual speaker.
3214:. Here it is important to distinguish between clusters that occur at the beginnings of words and those that occur after vowels, although there is overlap between the two groups.
1603:. For the laterals and nasals, some dialects have kept all four distinct, while others have reduced them to three or two distinct phonemes, as summarized in the following table.
4453:, which means that a sound changes its pronunciation in order to become more similar to an adjacent sound. One type of assimilation in Irish is found when a coronal consonant (
1906:), but these are not robustly maintained in any dialect; the strong tendency is to eliminate the nasalization entirely. The original nasalized semivowel is still reflected as
4316:(a term only vaguely defined phonetically) and that this tenseness is transferred to the vowel, where it is realized phonetically as vowel length and/or diphthongization.
2847:
and oral vowels, indicating that nasal vowels are also separate phonemes; these generally result from an earlier nasalized semivowel (historically the lenited version of
2467:
varies according to the quality of the surrounding consonants; there is a significant difference between
Munster dialects and Connacht dialects as well. In Munster, long
1352:(articulated with a puff of air immediately upon release) at the start of a word, while voiced stops may be incompletely voiced but are never aspirated. Voiceless
8213:
2067:. Rather, they acquire a specification for frontness or backness from the consonants around them. In this article, however, the more traditional assumption that
4496:
of a following consonant, becoming labial before a labial consonant, palatal before a palatal consonant, and velar before a velar consonant. For example,
4262:
Because vowels behave differently before broad sonorants than before slender ones in many cases, and because there is generally no lengthening (except by
6821:
6768:
1438:) were probably longer in duration and may have had a larger area of contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth than the lenis sounds. Fortis
3778:
Like word-initial consonant clusters, post-vocalic consonant clusters usually agree in broad or slender quality. The only exception here is that broad
8864:
8475:
7008:
McCone, Kim (1994), "An tSean-Ghaeilge agus a réamhstair", in Kim McCone; Damian McManus; Cathal Ó Háinle; Nicholas
Williams; Liam Breatnach (eds.),
7572:
5173:
5103:
7085:
Ní Chiosáin, Máire (1994), "Vowel features and underspecification: Evidence from Irish", in W. U. Dressler; M. Prinzhorn; J. R. Rennison (eds.),
2124:'country'). Between a slender and a broad consonant, the tongue is retracted slightly from this position (for which the IPA symbol is ), e.g.
225:
8480:
8443:
7530:
4704:('chips'). However, if the first or third syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, stress is attracted to that syllable instead, and the
336:
7761:
891:
764:
7078:
4227:
In
Connemara, the Aran Islands, and Munster, lengthening is found generally not only in the environments listed above, but also before
8206:
8162:
7692:
1012:
When a broad consonant follows a front vowel, there is a very short vowel sound (called an onglide) just before the consonant, e.g.
7470:
7447:
7416:
7338:
7306:
7285:
7260:
7228:
7212:
7189:
7159:
7141:
7116:
7094:
7057:
7035:
7017:
6977:
6868:
6850:
6829:
6794:
6776:
4457:) changes from being broad to being slender before a word that begins with a slender coronal consonant and vice versa. For example,
4449:
effects, i.e. phonological changes across word boundaries, particularly in rapid speech. The most common type of sandhi in Irish is
4521:('a scabbed one'). A voiced consonant at the end of a word may devoice when the next word begins with a voiceless consonant, as in
1021:('sell') is pronounced . Similarly, when a slender consonant follows a back vowel, there is an onglide before the consonant, e.g.
8315:
7507:
727:
8701:
8688:
8242:
6968:
Hughes, Art (1994), "Gaeilge Uladh", in Kim McCone; Damian McManus; Cathal Ó Háinle; Nicholas
Williams; Liam Breatnach (eds.),
2595:
505:
243:
Until the end of the 19th century, linguistic discussions of Irish focused either on the traditional grammar (issues like the
8899:
8267:
7702:
7698:
7988:
8859:
8824:
8465:
8257:
8199:
8132:
7653:
7589:
6961:
6949:
4338:(that is, the bottom of the tongue is pushed upward during articulation of the consonant) and that diphthongization is an
4100:
consonant of the clitic surfaces as either broad or slender, depending on the specific word in question. For example, the
114:
accounts of dialects from all regions where the language is spoken. More recently, Irish phonology has been the focus of
8455:
8408:
8252:
7836:
7688:
7565:
1498:. Fortis and lenis sonorants contrasted with each other between vowels and word-finally after vowels in Old Irish, e.g.
1100:
460:
252:
7824:
7739:
7516:
5217:
9003:
3500:, there is a much wider range of possible onset clusters; for example, in a lenition environment the following occur:
748:
741:
7246:
8837:
8383:
8338:
8272:
8247:
8139:
7812:
7710:
7294:
4450:
2136:('berry' gen.). Between two broad consonants, the tongue is retracted even further, almost to the point of being a
985:
898:
867:
826:
812:
789:
771:
713:
664:
650:
611:
597:
570:
560:
550:
146:
110:
Irish phonology has been studied as a discipline since the late 19th century, with numerous researchers publishing
6803:
Carnie, Andrew (2002), "A note on diphthongization before tense sonorants in Irish: An articulatory explanation",
8556:
8485:
8343:
8328:
7173:
5014:
t̪ˠaːmʲeːˈklɪʃtʲaːləɡɔlhaɾˠəmˠɡəmʲəiˈsˠavˠɾˠəfʲlɔxsˠəˈmʲliənəaɡən̠ʲaɡəsˠˈçiːt̪ˠəɾˠɣɔmˠpʲeːnɡəɾˠˈaʃtʲəxəʃceːleːʃɪn
4267:
1884:
1162:
734:
625:
1434:
types. The precise phonetic definition of these terms is somewhat vague, but the coronal fortis sounds (spelled
8869:
8561:
8495:
8460:
7959:
4671:('horse') was pronounced in isolation or as the last word of a sentence, but as in the middle of a sentence.
1213:
8101:
4643:
In
Munster, stress is attracted to a long vowel or diphthong in the second or third syllable of a word, e.g.
8713:
8606:
8576:
8541:
8333:
8277:
8262:
8180:
7746:
7558:
6838:
5116:. For example, both languages contrast "broad" and "slender" consonants, but only at the coronal and dorsal
3725:
1553:
618:
264:
111:
8998:
8967:
8754:
8571:
8470:
7807:
7538:
5191:
5184:
5169:
5165:
5157:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5132:
Manx and many dialects of
Scottish Gaelic share with Ulster Irish the property of not reducing unstressed
5125:
5121:
5052:
5035:
5013:
4991:
4961:
4956:
4938:
4921:
4904:
4887:
4865:
4837:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4794:
4785:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4755:
4747:
4731:
4722:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4692:
4679:
4675:
4658:
4649:
4637:
4631:('spent bog'). Some compounds, however, have primary stress on both the first and the second member, e.g.
4628:
4615:
4608:
4599:
4582:
4573:
4541:
4537:
4528:
4506:
4463:
4434:
4430:
4421:
4412:
4408:
4395:
4383:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4339:
4301:
4291:
4277:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4140:
4131:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4020:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3981:
3971:
3962:
3953:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3823:
3814:
3805:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3759:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3416:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3165:
3155:
2848:
2802:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2745:
2716:
2684:
2677:
2673:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2617:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2544:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2432:
2406:
2356:
2328:
2299:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2230:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2147:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2071:
are four distinct phonemes will be followed. The descriptions of the allophones in this section come from
2068:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1899:
1879:
1873:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1552:('sound'). Word-initially, only the fortis sounds were found, but they became lenis in environments where
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1407:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1322:
1312:
1298:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1227:
1193:
1185:
1171:
1158:
1154:
1135:
1096:
1084:
1058:
1049:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1006:
974:
957:
948:
935:
782:
678:
509:
248:
183:
173:
142:
126:
7547:, an online collection on Ancient Indo-European languages, including videos on the phonology of Old Irish
5030:
I have heard tell that we'll have a wet summer this year, but it seems to me that that story is strange.
8588:
8581:
8490:
8403:
8398:
5117:
4493:
2052:
1131:
693:
7997:
5081:
1946:
sounds vary from dialect to dialect, but in general
Connacht and Munster at least agree in having the
8957:
8819:
8729:
8708:
8618:
8355:
8069:
6903:
4564:
4335:
2168:('eye'). Between two slender consonants, it is advanced even further, to a centralized vowel (IPA ):
2079:. Unless otherwise noted, however, they largely hold for other Munster and Connacht accents as well.
1998:
840:
671:
489:
272:
115:
30:
This article is about the phonology of the Irish Gaelic language. For Irish accents in
English, see
8947:
8854:
8832:
8789:
8774:
8739:
8683:
8628:
8623:
8502:
8388:
8365:
8310:
8094:
8029:
7597:
5076:
3665:
In Donegal, Mayo, and Connemara dialects (but not usually on the Aran Islands), the coronal nasals
3240:
2156:'fort'), but between a broad and a slender consonant, the tongue is somewhat advanced (IPA ), e.g.
1223:
1189:
1073:
989:
688:
8015:
4686:
the first syllable (and third syllable, if there is one) contains a short vowel. Examples include
8844:
8653:
8598:
8593:
8548:
8507:
8300:
8226:
7817:
7673:
7632:
7498:
6930:
4325:
3497:
2056:
1146:
1139:
833:
8744:
8191:
7198:
4797:('gather'). In Ulster, long vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened but are not reduced to
4151:, one triggering palatalization and the other triggering velarization of a preceding consonant.
6921:
8972:
8937:
8922:
8906:
8894:
8879:
8849:
8809:
8779:
8759:
8749:
8693:
8673:
8663:
8648:
8633:
8528:
8523:
8450:
8420:
8415:
8393:
8375:
8370:
8360:
8350:
8006:
7907:
7787:
7756:
7493:
7466:
7443:
7412:
7334:
7302:
7281:
7256:
7224:
7208:
7185:
7155:
7137:
7112:
7104:
7090:
7053:
7045:
7031:
7013:
6973:
6864:
6846:
6825:
6790:
6772:
5249:
5161:
5120:; both Scottish Gaelic and Manx have lost the distinction in labial consonants. The change of
3211:
2410:
1483:
1345:
1175:
981:
927:
881:
757:
699:
636:
583:
538:
528:
477:
88:
61:
2776:
ranges from a close front after slender consonants to a retracted after word-initial broad
201:
Irish shares a number of phonological characteristics with its nearest linguistic relatives,
8952:
8884:
8874:
8814:
8804:
8799:
8784:
8769:
8764:
8678:
8668:
8536:
8430:
8323:
8305:
8295:
8110:
8022:
7751:
5177:
4619:
4391:
4105:
4014:
There is no epenthesis, however, if the vowel preceding the cluster is long or a diphthong:
3244:
2370:
2208:
2100:
2076:
2051:) have argued that and are actually allophones of the same phoneme, as are and , as in a
1918:
1475:
1431:
1341:
1150:
1065:
965:
819:
657:
604:
533:
523:
448:
432:
328:
291:
is predominantly a historical account, but has some description of modern dialects as well.
214:
195:
191:
5108:
Many of the phonological processes found in Irish are found also in its nearest relatives,
5089:
include recordings of the text being read by a native speaker of Muskerry (Munster) Irish.
5020:
Tá mé ag cloisteáil ag dul tharam go mbeidh samhradh fliuch sa mbliana againn, agus chítear
2531:('short'). Between a broad and a slender consonant, it is in most cases a retracted , e.g.
2217:('piece'). After a broad consonant and before a slender one, it is a more retracted , e.g.
1926:
8962:
8942:
8927:
8889:
8794:
8734:
8658:
8638:
8611:
8438:
8425:
7617:
7544:
7520:
5153:
5109:
4321:
2836:
2559:('injure'). When it is adjacent only to broad consonants, it is a centralized back , e.g.
2266:
2234:
1934:
1902:
between vowels has resulted in phonemically nasalized vowels in some modern dialects (see
1451:
1179:
1069:
919:
210:
202:
138:
31:
4050:('duty'). There is also no epenthesis into words that are at least three syllables long:
7087:
Phonologica 1992: Proceedings of the 7th International Phonology Meeting, Krems, Austria
4320::188–95) argues that the triggering consonant is underlyingly associated with a unit of
8977:
8932:
7678:
7663:
7612:
7607:
7581:
7356:
7012:(in Irish), Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College, pp. 61–219,
6972:(in Irish), Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College, pp. 611–60,
2652:
are lengthened in duration, so that only vowel quality distinguishes the allophones of
2574:
2431:('information'), but when the preceding syllable contains one of the close back vowels
2324:
2036:
1353:
850:
577:
292:
100:
92:
84:
53:
47:
7394:
Sommerfelt, Alf (1965), "The phonemic structure of the dialect of Torr, Co. Donegal",
3444:
is found before slender labials (and for some speakers in Connemara and Dingle before
2744:('memory'). In West Muskerry and the Dingle Peninsula, however, the starting point of
339:
published a series of monographs, each describing the phonology of one local dialect:
129:) come in pairs, a "broad" and a "slender" pronunciation. Broad consonants are either
8992:
7950:
7802:
7729:
7668:
7456:
5113:
3673:
respectively in a word-initial cluster. After other consonants, they are replaced by
2521:
in all contexts except between slender consonants, where it is a centralized . Short
2504:
2137:
1040:
364:
360:
320:
206:
104:
7771:
7683:
7637:
7627:
7602:
4375:
3207:
2840:
2757:
2668:
2491:('beach'). Between a slender and a broad consonant, it is a retracted front , e.g.
2177:
2024:
1595:
In the modern language, the four rhotics have been reduced to two in all dialects,
923:
860:
805:
720:
706:
643:
590:
565:
555:
545:
468:. Dissertations examining Irish phonology from a theoretical point of view include
348:
296:
276:
256:
96:
3770:
2455:
2110:. Their exact pronunciation depends on the quality of the surrounding consonants.
7525:
7460:
7250:
2425:('salt water'). Adjacent to broad consonants, it is usually a mid central , e.g.
8078:
8051:
7880:
7797:
4379:
3222:
2844:
2639:
2257:
2204:
2115:
2088:
2060:
1947:
1308:
939:
931:
396:
392:
344:
150:
134:
7319:
A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties
4366:
is absorbed into the other sound, which then becomes voiceless (in the case of
8157:
7943:
7871:
5195:
5086:
3859:
3248:
3230:
3226:
A summary of the two-consonant clusters available in non-mutation environments
2497:('will cut'), while between two slender consonants it is a fully front , e.g.
2464:
2366:
2223:('understands'). Finally, between two broad consonants it is a central , e.g.
2064:
1491:
997:
961:
799:
244:
7510:, a detailed publicly available study on the Irish spoken in Iorras Aithneach
4767:('scythe-man'). Also in Munster, an unstressed short vowel is not reduced to
3384:('women') and a few forms related to it. Three-consonant clusters consist of
8222:
8087:
7622:
7513:
5156:. For example, most of the vowels of Hiberno-English (with the exception of
4351:
4330:; this mora then shifts to the vowel, creating a long vowel or a diphthong.
4313:
4148:
3251:(however, labial obstruents may not be followed by a nasal); examples (from
2832:
2002:
1419:
1165:
1092:
440:
436:
260:
130:
122:
79:
66:
8060:
7936:
7718:
6890:
Evans, Emrys (1969), "The Irish dialect of Urris, Inishowen, Co. Donegal",
5164:
of Irish. The Irish stops are common realizations of the English phonemes
2419:('pike'). Next to other slender consonants, it is a mid-centralized , e.g.
960:('way, manner') are pronounced and , respectively. This velar offglide is
133:(◌ˠ; back of tongue is pulled back and slightly up in the direction of the
4266:) when the sonorants are followed by a vowel, there is a variety of vowel
3234:
A summary of the two-consonant clusters available in mutation environments
2507:). In Dingle, the back allophone is rounded to after broad labials, e.g.
56:
for a comparison of the IPA system with those used in learners' materials.
4992:ˈtʲaɡəmʲaːn̪ˠxɪləl̪ˠaːsˠəsˠˈmʲɪnəcn̪ˠaxmʲiən̪ˠˈmˠoːɾˠaːnˈfˠaːl̠ʲtʲəɾˠuːmˠ
4590:
4287:
4175:(except when a vowel follows), and in a few words also before word-final
2337:'will be') to a retracted between a broad and a slender consonant (e.g.
2292:'call'), and a more open centralized between two broad consonants (e.g.
1423:
1197:
420:
308:
284:
43:
17:
2620:, on the other hand, ranges from a back between broad consonants (e.g.
2075::20–24); the pronunciations therefore reflect the Munster accent of the
415:
in County Mayo. More recent descriptive phonology has been published by
121:
One of the most important aspects of Irish phonology is that almost all
7898:
7502:
5152:
Irish pronunciation has had a significant influence on the features of
4899:
He wouldn't see a hole through a ladder (i.e. he's very near-sighted).
4848:
The following table shows some sample sentences from the Aran dialect.
4263:
2385:('soft'). Between a broad and a slender consonant, it is a more open :
501:
384:
376:
372:
324:
70:
7184:, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast,
2308:'turf') to an advanced between a broad and a slender consonant (e.g.
2286:'yell'), a centralized between a broad and a slender consonant (e.g.
7862:
7853:
4586:
4446:
3850:
followed by a labial or dorsal consonant (except the voiceless stops
2479:
in word-initial position and after broad consonants is a back , e.g.
2349:'was') to a central when the only adjacent consonant is broad (e.g.
1371:
404:
352:
7889:
6877:
Dillon, Myles (1973), "Vestiges of the Irish dialect of East Mayo",
4334:
expands on that analysis to argue that the fortis sonorants have an
2805:
is consistently a close back while the end point ranges from to :
1430:) were divided not only into broad and slender types, but also into
458:, which follows the principles and practices of Chomsky and Halle's
6908:
2243:('black'), and a more centralized after a slender consonant, e.g.
1168:
in a number of dialects, including Tourmakeady, Erris, and Teelin.
7792:
7317:
5053:əˈɣeːlɟəˈl̪ˠəuɾˠiːɾˠəˈɡuːɟəmˠuːnn̠ʲiːˈhɔnən̪ˠiːsˠəˈɣeːlɟəˈʃaɡən̠ʲə
4828:
4743:
3769:
3581:('reached'). In an eclipsis environment, the following are found:
3229:
3221:
2756:
2667:
2573:
2454:
2256:
2176:
1990:
1943:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1257:
under a variety of circumstances. For example, as the lenition of
412:
368:
224:
187:
60:
7550:
1064:
These all are also a feature of certain Slavic languages such as
235:('The Aran dialect. A contribution to the study of West Irish') (
7967:
6986:
Lavin, T. J. (1957), "Notes on the Irish of East Mayo: 1",
2632:'to get') to a centralized back after slender consonants (e.g.
2610:'bright') to a centralized back between broad consonants (e.g.
2314:'turf' ) to a centralized between two slender consonants (e.g.
232:
Die araner mundart. Ein beitrag zur erforschung des westirischen
8195:
7554:
7425:
Sutton, Laurel (1993), "'Palatal' consonants in spoken Irish",
7207:. Reprinted 1972 by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,
3174:('his mother'), but the vowel remains nasalized. Similarly, in
2578:
Approximate ranges of the allophones of open vowels in Connacht
2276:
varies according to the quality of the surrounding consonants.
7927:
6765:
Elements Interactions in Phonology: A Study in Connemara Irish
4866:
vʲiːʃeːəɟˈafˠəɾˠkəˈmˠaxasˠəˈwɪn̠ʲoːɡnuəɾʲəvʲiːˈmʲɪʃəɡɔlhaɾˠt̪ˠ
2642:, the back allophone is rounded to after broad labials, e.g.
2459:
Approximate ranges of the allophones of open vowels in Munster
4665:
when that word was also final in its utterance. For example,
4270:
between different related word-forms. For example, in Dingle
2626:'boat') to an advanced back before slender consonants (e.g.
2207:). After a slender consonant and before a broad one, it is a
6946:
A Phonetic Study of the Irish of Tory Island, County Donegal
3198:
in some northern dialects, but the nasalized vowel remains.
2409:
is realized as a near-close, near-front when adjacent to a
454:
Research into the theoretical phonology of Irish began with
283:, a phonetic description of the dialect of Meenawannia near
7252:
Modern Irish: Grammatical structure and dialectal variation
4567:
syllable (ˈ◌), namely the first syllable of the word, e.g.
2586:
are consistently further front than the allophones of long
7541:, listen to different phonemes in three different dialects
7376:, Sec. C, Archaeology, Linguistic, and Literature: 195–244
5003:
ann chuile lá is is minic nach mbíonn mórán fáilte romham.
4986:―We certainly did, considering how little there is of it.
4933:
He took a large stone and he threw it against the window.
2027:
are more divergent and are not discussed in this article.
1149:, except broad stops and approximants which are typically
500:
Most dialects of Irish contain at a minimum the consonant
7368:
Sommerfelt, Alf (1927), "Munster vowels and consonants",
6818:
Resonance Elements in Phonology: A Study in Munster Irish
5069:
The Irish spoken in Munster isn't the same as our Irish.
5064:
i gCúige Mumhan, ní hionann í is an Ghaeilge seo againne.
2748:
is rounded and further back after broad consonants, e.g.
2197:
is realized between slender consonants as a front , e.g.
7223:(in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann,
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
464:
and which formed the basis of the phonology sections of
73:. Places mentioned in this article are named on the map.
52:
Readers familiar with other conventions may wish to see
6923:
The Prosodic Structure of Irish, Scots Gaelic, and Manx
6845:(2nd ed.), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,
5008:
I come there every day but often I'm not very welcome.
4928:
Thug sé cloch mhór agus chaith sé leis an bhfuinneog í.
2302:
ranges from a back between two broad consonants (e.g.
4678:
in the second syllable of a word if it is followed by
4618:
words, primary stress falls on the first member and a
4167:
In Donegal and Mayo, lengthening is found only before
3392:
plus a voiceless stop plus a liquid. Examples include
2359:
between two broad consonants is usually a back , e.g.
2331:
ranges from a front between slender consonants (e.g.
5172:
where it is permitted in Irish but excluded in other
4877:
amach as an bhfuinneog nuair a bhí mise ag dul thart.
2604:'earwax') to an open after slender consonants (e.g.
1370:'terror'); however, stops remain aspirated after the
7545:
glottothèque - Ancient Indo-European Grammars online
7301:(in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
7170:
Aspects of the Irish of Iorras Aithneach, Co. Galway
6958:
The Gaelic of Tangaveane and Commeen, County Donegal
2181:
Approximate ranges of the allophones of close vowels
8915:
8722:
8516:
8288:
8150:
8125:
8042:
7979:
7918:
7844:
7835:
7780:
7728:
7646:
7588:
7442:(in Irish), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,
7280:(in Irish), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,
7089:, Turin: Rosenberg & Sellier, pp. 157–64,
7050:Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
2525:between two slender consonants is a front , as in
2435:, it is realized as a mid-centralized back , e.g.
2261:Approximate ranges of the allophones of mid vowels
1134:, but they as well as the fricative allophone of
508:for an explanation of the symbols). The consonant
267:analysis of the phonology of an Irish dialect was
4585:('dishonor'). However, certain words, especially
3440:One exception to quality agreement is that broad
2280:is a front between two slender consonants (e.g.
427:for Tangaveane and Commeen (also near Glenties),
7010:Stair na Gaeilge in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta
6970:Stair na Gaeilge in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta
6388:
6341:
6305:
6234:
6007:
5881:
5727:
5655:
5559:
4882:He was looking out the window when I went past.
4309:
2365:('stone'), but it is a centralized adjacent to
2327:also vary depending on their environment. Short
2150:is a fully back between broad consonants (e.g.
2040:
1399:
455:
408:
7501:, a collection of sound files of speakers from
7299:Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen
7052:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16,
6907:
4979:―Go deimhin d'íoc is a laghad a bhfuil ann dhi.
4758:; instead it receives a secondary stress, e.g.
4480:has become slender because the following word,
4231:(unless a vowel follows) and before word-final
4160:
2582:In Connacht varieties, the allophones of short
7381:Sommerfelt, Alf (1929), "South Armagh Irish",
7316:
7136:, Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann,
7111:, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 551–75,
6424:
6187:
6175:
6031:
5983:
5892:
5715:
5631:
5619:
5535:
4771:if the following syllable contains a stressed
4374:). Devoicing is found most prominently in the
3766:Post-vocalic consonant clusters and epenthesis
2839:. For some speakers, there are reported to be
1395:
1222:'sun'); and an intermediate sound (with more
1130:The remaining labial fricatives are typically
356:
8207:
7566:
6734:
6710:
6698:
6686:
6638:
6329:
4593:, have stress on a noninitial syllable, e.g.
2237:when all adjacent consonants are broad, e.g.
1474:⟩ for lenis). Thus Old Irish had four
8:
7508:The Irish of Iorras Aithneach, County Galway
7107:, in H. van der Hulst; N. A. Ritter (eds.),
5222:– "The Official Standard", for writing Irish
4742:In general, short vowels are all reduced to
4300:(the plural, meaning 'heads') is pronounced
1458:⟩, the lenis with lower case ⟨
485:
230:
8137:
8108:
8099:
8085:
8076:
8067:
8058:
8049:
8027:
8013:
8004:
7995:
7986:
7948:
7934:
7925:
7905:
7896:
7887:
7878:
7869:
7860:
7851:
7822:
7737:
7708:
7655:
7276:Ó Siadhail, Mícheál; Wigger, Arndt (1975),
6293:
6281:
6270:
6211:
5960:
5799:
5441:
5423:
5405:
5387:
5369:
5351:
5333:
5315:
5297:
5279:
5261:
5239:
5215:
5062:
5057:
5042:An bhfuil na fataí chomh maith is dúirt sé?
5040:
5023:
5018:
5001:
4996:
4977:
4971:
4966:
4943:
4926:
4909:
4892:
4875:
4870:
4832:
4811:
4802:
4789:
4780:
4759:
4726:
4717:
4696:
4687:
4666:
4653:
4644:
4632:
4623:
4603:
4594:
4577:
4568:
4545:
4532:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4501:
4486:, starts with a slender coronal consonant.
4481:
4471:
4458:
4425:
4416:
4403:
4317:
4295:
4281:
4271:
4246:
4236:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4135:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3975:
3966:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3376:
3363:
3354:
3353:may be followed by a voiceless stop, as in
3337:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3185:
3175:
3169:
3159:
3139:
3127:
3113:
3101:
3087:
3075:
3061:
3049:
3035:
3023:
3009:
2997:
2983:
2971:
2957:
2948:
2937:
2923:
2911:
2897:
2885:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2749:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2648:('white'). In Connemara, the allophones of
2643:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2442:
2436:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2360:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2244:
2238:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2198:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2048:
1386:'it's crooked'). Several researchers (e.g.
1381:
1365:
1332:
1326:
1321:('not'), be deleted word-finally or before
1316:
1302:
1292:
1279:
1270:
1231:
1217:
1207:
1201:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1053:
1044:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1001:
969:
952:
943:
469:
177:
167:
161:
155:
8214:
8200:
8192:
7841:
7573:
7559:
7551:
7001:Grammar of Ros Goill Irish, County Donegal
6484:
6353:
6317:
6246:
5571:
4312::89–90) argue that the fortis sonorant is
2044:
465:
316:
312:
304:
300:
247:of nouns, verbs and adjectives) or on the
7427:UC Berkeley Working Papers in Linguistics
7349:Phonétique d'un parler irlandais de Kerry
7154:, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,
7030:, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,
6863:, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,
6789:, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,
6496:
6447:
6127:
6055:
6043:
5971:
5811:
5775:
5691:
5583:
5465:
4290:singular of the same word) is pronounced
1307:('fear'). In some Ulster varieties, e.g.
1269:is replaced by before back vowels, e.g.
1188:has three allophones in most dialects: a
1153:, and the slender fricative is typically
930:(; a very short vowel-like sound) before
428:
380:
332:
6544:
6520:
6412:
6376:
6019:
5995:
5936:
5787:
5751:
5643:
5547:
4922:hʊɡʃeːklɔxwoːɾˈaɡəsˠxaʃeːlɛʃəˈwɪn̠ʲoːɡiː
4850:
2853:
2761:Approximate ranges of the allophones of
2672:Approximate ranges of the allophones of
1605:
514:
388:
288:
7462:Accents of English 2: The British Isles
7241:(in Irish), Belfast: Browne & Nolan
6662:
6508:
6163:
6115:
5870:
5595:
5499:
5458:
5104:Comparison of Scottish Gaelic and Irish
4962:ɡəˈdʲɪvʲəndʲiːksˠəˈl̪ˠəiəd̪ˠəwɪlaːn̪ˠjɪ
4563:In Irish, words normally have only one
4433:('swept') have the voiceless consonant
4411:('sweep') ends in the voiced consonant
2517:, rounded is the usual realization of
1463:
1226:than but less frication than ) before
280:
7370:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy
7239:Foghraidheacht Ghaedhilge an Tuaiscirt
6843:The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway
6650:
6626:
6614:
6602:
6579:
6459:
6365:
6139:
6067:
5948:
5925:
5823:
5763:
5703:
5667:
5488:
5477:
5025:dhom féin gur aisteach an scéal é sin.
4888:n̠ʲiːˈɛcətʲʃeːpˠəul̪ˠhɾʲiːˈdʲɾʲeːmʲɾʲə
4622:(ˌ◌) falls on the second member, e.g.
4540:('bent') became before the voiceless
4331:
3786:, appears before the slender coronals
2543:('worn'), but after broad labials and
2091:phonemes of Irish are the fully close
2055:. Under this view, these phonemes are
1554:morphosyntactically triggered lenition
1470:⟩ for fortis and Greek ⟨
1391:
1387:
424:
400:
340:
7105:"Syllables and phonotactics in Irish"
6746:
6722:
6674:
6590:
6568:
6532:
6436:
6400:
5903:
5859:
5607:
5328:
5047:Are the potatoes as good as he said?
4119:('wonder') but broad before the word
2118:between two slender consonants (e.g.
1903:
1791:
1747:
1708:
1650:
1301:becomes in monosyllabic words, e.g.
520:
481:
473:
416:
337:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
319:for the now extinct dialect of South
268:
236:
7:
7152:The Irish of West Muskerry, Co. Cork
6556:
6471:
6258:
6222:
6199:
6151:
6103:
6091:
6079:
5914:
5847:
5835:
5739:
5679:
5523:
5511:
5436:
4945:Tháinig sé isteach agus cuthach air.
4894:Ní fheicfeadh sé poll thrí dréimire.
4445:Irish exhibits a number of external
4424:('will sweep') and verbal adjective
2072:
1442:was probably a normal , while lenis
1403:
1109:'is') and in other positions (e.g.
444:
7409:Sengoídelc: Old Irish for Beginners
7383:Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
7079:University of Massachusetts Amherst
4674:In Munster, stress is attracted to
4155:Lengthening before fortis sonorants
4113:('the') is slender before the word
3724:as expected in these dialects, but
3164:('mother') is replaced by nonnasal
6915:(in German), Marburg: N. G. Elwert
6861:The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo
5310:
5036:wɪlnəˈfˠat̪ˠiːxoːmˠasˠd̪ˠuːɾʲtʲʃeː
4819:('gallon'). In Ulster, unstressed
3206:The most notable aspects of Irish
504:shown in the following chart (see
213:, which it currently has the most
149:(◌ʲ; tongue pushed up towards the
25:
7526:Recordings of the sounds of Irish
7026:Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968),
5234:
5187:) and at the end of a word (e.g.
4559:General facts of stress placement
3496:In the environment of an initial
2547:it is a centralized front , e.g.
897:
890:
866:
859:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
788:
781:
770:
763:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
642:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
8176:
8175:
7531:Pronunciation hints for learners
7361:The Dialect of Torr, Co. Donegal
7075:Topics in the Phonology of Irish
6787:The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford
5400:
4455:⟨d, l, n, r, s, t⟩
4342:effect of this tongue movement.
4159:Where reflexes of the Old Irish
3371:('story'). Further, the cluster
3210:revolve around the behaviour of
2831:In general, vowels in Irish are
2598:before slender consonants (e.g.
1922:Vowel phonemes of Connacht Irish
1462:⟩ (some authors, such as
934:, which sounds like the English
543:
295:published early descriptions of
7762:Dependent and independent forms
7333:, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy,
7203:Irish Dialects Past and Present
7180:Ó Dochartaigh, Cathair (1987),
7003:, Queen's University of Belfast
6785:Breatnach, Risteard B. (1947),
5382:
5346:
5274:
5093:Comparison with other languages
4984:―Did you pay much for the turf?
4905:t̪ˠaːmʲeːfʲlɔxhɾʲiːdʲəsˠhɾʲiːdʲ
4738:The nature of unstressed vowels
4245:in all of these regions, while
3218:Word-initial consonant clusters
2590:. In Erris, for example, short
2059:at an abstract level as either
1930:Vowel phonemes of Munster Irish
926:) consonants have a noticeable
506:International Phonetic Alphabet
137:during articulation) or simply
27:Phonology of the Irish language
7465:, Cambridge University Press,
7255:, Cambridge University Press,
5256:
5168:. Hiberno-English also allows
4916:I am wet through and through.
4466:('deceive') ends with a broad
3774:Clusters subject to epenthesis
1938:Vowel phonemes of Ulster Irish
1214:voiced (post)palatal fricative
512:is neither broad nor slender.
456:Ó Siadhail & Wigger (1975)
1:
7411:, Syracuse University Press,
7134:An Teanga Bheo: Gaeilge Uladh
7109:The syllable: Views and facts
6822:Catholic University of Lublin
6805:Journal of Celtic Linguistics
6769:Catholic University of Lublin
5446:is pronounced as if spelled *
5418:
5364:
5338:is pronounced as if spelled *
5320:is pronounced as if spelled *
5292:
5244:is pronounced as if spelled *
4957:əɾˠiːkʃɪbʲˈmˠoːɾˠaːnəɾʲəmˠuːn
4939:ˈhaːnəɟʃeːəʃˈtʲaxaɡəsˠkuːxəɾʲ
4310:Ó Siadhail & Wigger (1975
3180:('snow') the vowel after the
1291:becomes after a vowel, e.g.
7324:, Cambridge University Press
7315:Quiggin, E. C. (1906),
7237:Ó Searcaigh, Séamus (1925),
7205:, Dublin: Browne & Nolan
7132:Ó Baoill, Dónall P. (1996),
7044:Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999),
7028:The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo
6944:Hamilton, John Noel (1974),
6342:Ó Siadhail & Wigger 1975
6306:Ó Siadhail & Wigger 1975
6235:Ó Siadhail & Wigger 1975
5448:⟨labhraíthear⟩
5428:is pronounced as if spelled
5410:is pronounced as if spelled
5392:is pronounced as if spelled
5374:is pronounced as if spelled
5356:is pronounced as if spelled
5302:is pronounced as if spelled
5284:is pronounced as if spelled
5266:is pronounced as if spelled
5075:The first eight chapters of
4911:Tá mé fliuch thríd is thríd.
3448:as well). Examples include:
2265:The realization of the long
2041:Ó Siadhail & Wigger 1975
1466:, instead use Latin ⟨
1242:has the primary allophone .
1101:voiced labiodental fricative
461:The Sound Pattern of English
331:in Munster was described by
8444:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
7278:Córas fuaimeanna na Gaeilge
7103:Ní Chiosáin, Máire (1999),
7073:Ní Chiosáin, Máire (1991),
6956:Hughes, A. J. (1986),
6763:Bloch-Rozmej, Anna (1998),
4492:may also assimilate to the
3726:after the definite article
3345:('long for'). In addition,
1297:('twenty'). In Ring, final
1089:⟨bh, mh(, v)⟩
1052:('understanding') is , and
977:('yellow') is pronounced .
359:(first published 1945) for
307:for the village of Torr in
251:development of sounds from
182:is pronounced with slender
9020:
8140:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge
7494:Studies in Irish Phonology
7351:(in French), Paris: Leroux
6962:Queen's University Belfast
6950:Queen's University Belfast
5340:⟨thiúrfainn⟩
5322:⟨molthachán⟩
5101:
4390:) and in the formation of
4255:in Connemara and Aran and
4169:⟨rd, rl, rn⟩
1997:), which is found only in
1910:in the spelling, however.
1885:alveolo-palatal consonants
1428:⟨l, n, r, m⟩
1414:Fortis and lenis sonorants
1406:) use transcriptions like
1315:can be replaced by , e.g.
1009:('thick') is pronounced .
145:). Slender consonants are
29:
8233:
8171:
8158:Personal and family names
8109:
8100:
8086:
8077:
8068:
8059:
8050:
8014:
8005:
7996:
7987:
7935:
7926:
7438:Wagner, Heinrich (1959),
7347:Sjoestedt, M.-L. (1931),
7174:University College Dublin
7168:Ó Curnáin, Brian (1996),
6999:Lucas, Leslie W. (1979),
6816:Cyran, Eugeniusz (1997),
5246:⟨scamhradh⟩
5059:An Ghaeilge a labhraítear
4881:
4869:
4864:
4663:⟨ll, m, nn⟩
4402:). For example, the verb
4294:with a long vowel, while
2859:
2856:
1869:
1847:
1830:
1825:
1808:
1803:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1759:
1742:
1725:
1720:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1676:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1030:('place') is pronounced ,
880:
849:
798:
687:
576:
537:
532:
527:
522:
221:History of the discipline
172:is pronounced with broad
7989:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta
7182:Dialects of Ulster Irish
5098:Scottish Gaelic and Manx
4476:('it deceived me'), the
4358:comes into contact with
4235:. For example, the word
4134:('the wonder' gen.) vs.
2954:'in front of, opposite')
2193:show a similar pattern.
1894:As for fortis and lenis
1216:before consonants (e.g.
335:. From 1944 to 1968 the
8476:Regional North American
7407:Stifter, David (2006),
7221:Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne
7219:Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000),
6859:de Búrca, Seán (1958),
5412:⟨chíotar⟩
5394:⟨teagaim⟩
5286:⟨geairid⟩
4515:('a lame one') and in
4415:, but its future tense
4276:('head') is pronounced
4251:('grip') is pronounced
4241:('hole') is pronounced
3190:('the snow' gen.), the
3184:is nasalized, while in
2463:The realization of the
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1436:⟨l, n, r⟩
1287:('drove'). In Munster,
409:Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)
279:. This was followed by
8900:Dialects and varieties
8471:Received Pronunciation
8316:American Sign Language
8163:List of personal names
8138:
8028:
7949:
7906:
7897:
7888:
7879:
7870:
7861:
7852:
7825:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil
7823:
7740:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil
7738:
7709:
7656:
7363:, Kristiania: Brøggers
7172:, Ph.D. dissertation,
7150:Ó Cuív, Brian (1944),
7077:, Ph.D. dissertation,
6960:, Ph.D. dissertation,
6929:, Ph.D. dissertation,
6920:Green, Antony (1997),
6820:, Ph.D. dissertation,
6767:, Ph.D. dissertation,
5442:
5424:
5406:
5388:
5370:
5352:
5334:
5316:
5298:
5280:
5262:
5240:
5218:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil
5216:
5160:) correspond to vowel
5118:places of articulation
5063:
5058:
5041:
5024:
5019:
5002:
4997:
4978:
4972:
4967:
4950:He came in in a rage.
4944:
4927:
4910:
4893:
4876:
4871:
4833:
4812:
4803:
4790:
4781:
4760:
4727:
4718:
4697:
4688:
4667:
4654:
4645:
4633:
4624:
4604:
4595:
4578:
4569:
4546:
4533:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4502:
4482:
4472:
4459:
4426:
4417:
4404:
4296:
4282:
4280:with a diphthong, but
4272:
4247:
4237:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4181:
4136:
4132:/ənʲ ˈiːn̪ˠt̪ˠəʃ/
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4090:Phonological processes
4079:
4070:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4016:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3984:(a name for Ireland),
3976:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3775:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3706:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3377:
3364:
3355:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3266:
3257:
3235:
3227:
3186:
3176:
3170:
3160:
3140:
3128:
3114:
3102:
3088:
3076:
3062:
3050:
3036:
3024:
3010:
2998:
2984:
2972:
2958:
2949:
2938:
2924:
2912:
2898:
2886:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:The starting point of
2794:
2788:
2782:
2772:The starting point of
2769:
2750:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2715:The starting point of
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2683:The starting point of
2680:
2644:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2579:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2515:Ring, County Waterford
2509:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2460:
2443:
2437:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2361:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2262:
2245:
2239:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2199:
2185:The near-close vowels
2182:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2126:
2120:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1382:
1366:
1356:are unaspirated after
1333:
1327:
1317:
1303:
1293:
1280:
1271:
1232:
1218:
1208:
1202:
1192:before vowels (except
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1097:labiovelar approximant
1054:
1045:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1002:
970:
953:
944:
240:
231:
178:
168:
162:
156:
89:standard pronunciation
74:
42:This article uses the
7539:Fuaimeanna na Gaeilge
6904:Finck, Franz Nikolaus
6839:de Bhaldraithe, Tomás
6389:Mhac an Fhailigh 1968
6008:Mhac an Fhailigh 1968
5882:Mhac an Fhailigh 1968
5728:Mhac an Fhailigh 1968
5656:Mhac an Fhailigh 1968
5560:Mhac an Fhailigh 1968
5358:⟨afarc⟩
5268:⟨guirt⟩
4494:place of articulation
4233:⟨m, ng⟩
4066:/ˈsˠmʲɔl̪ˠɡəd̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/
3858:) is broken up by an
3773:
3653:('you would leave'),
3644:('you would dress'),
3608:('you would break'),
3233:
3225:
2760:
2671:
2596:near-open front vowel
2577:
2458:
2260:
2180:
2053:vertical vowel system
1937:
1929:
1921:
1400:Mhac an Fhailigh 1968
423:in northern Donegal,
387:in County Waterford,
357:de Bhaldraithe (1966)
343:for West Muskerry in
271:, which was based on
228:
116:theoretical linguists
64:
7519:18 July 2010 at the
7329:Quin, E. G. (1975),
5430:⟨péin⟩
5304:⟨lait⟩
5176:, such as before an
4765:/ˌsˠpʲal̪ˠəˈd̪ˠoːɾʲ/
4640:('a terrible lie').
4509:('one') becomes in
4490:⟨n(n)⟩
4470:, but in the phrase
4336:advanced tongue root
4304:with a short vowel.
4215:('spinning wheel'),
3491:/ʃceːl̪ˠ/~/sˠceːl̪ˠ/
2513:('white'), while in
988:) consonants have a
980:Similarly, slender (
964:(pronounced ) after
490:government phonology
275:'s fieldwork in the
67:Irish-speaking areas
8825:Proto-Indo-European
8481:White South African
8095:Irish Texts Society
7598:Proto-Indo-European
7247:Ó Siadhail, Mícheál
6425:de Bhaldraithe 1966
6188:de Bhaldraithe 1966
6176:de Bhaldraithe 1966
6032:de Bhaldraithe 1966
5984:de Bhaldraithe 1966
5893:de Bhaldraithe 1966
5716:de Bhaldraithe 1966
5632:de Bhaldraithe 1966
5620:de Bhaldraithe 1966
5536:de Bhaldraithe 1966
5376:⟨sib⟩
5174:dialects of English
5077:Peadar Ua Laoghaire
4629:/ˈl̪ˠaɡˌfˠɔɾˠt̪ˠəx/
4527:('he bent'), where
4095:Vowel-initial words
3762:('the snow' gen.).
3662:('you would act').
3375:occurs in the word
3241:obstruent consonant
3110:'poison' (genitive)
3032:'autumn' (genitive)
2001:syllables; and the
1592:('his provision').
1490:, and four coronal
1396:de Bhaldraithe 1966
1245:In many varieties,
1190:palatal approximant
1161:may be realized as
1072:, and a feature of
517:
516:Consonant phonemes
486:Bloch-Rozmej (1998)
253:Proto-Indo-European
9004:Celtic phonologies
8133:Leaving Cert Irish
8102:Sáirséal agus Dill
7674:Newfoundland Irish
7633:Early Modern Irish
7331:Old-Irish Workbook
6931:Cornell University
6910:Die araner mundart
6639:Ó Dochartaigh 1987
4827:is not reduced to
4732:/ˌmˠɔl̪ˠhəˈxaːn̪ˠ/
4638:/ˈdʲaɾˠəɡˌvʲɾʲeːɡ/
4498:⟨nn⟩
4478:⟨ll⟩
4468:⟨ll⟩
4400:⟨th⟩
4370:, devoicing is to
4229:⟨nn⟩
4177:⟨ll⟩
4173:⟨rr⟩
4084:/ˈkaɾʲmʲəlʲiːtʲəx/
4057:/ˈfʲɪɾʲmʲəmʲənʲtʲ/
3776:
3498:consonant mutation
3236:
3228:
3212:consonant clusters
2770:
2681:
2580:
2461:
2263:
2183:
2162:('three people'),
1940:
1932:
1924:
1908:⟨mh⟩
1583:('provision') vs.
1516:('he may carry');
1507:('he shears') vs.
1278:('I would give'),
1145:Most coronals are
1099:and the velarized
1043:) is pronounced ,
515:
470:Ní Chiosáin (1991)
443:and vicinity) and
407:, County Donegal,
323:). The dialect of
287:, County Donegal.
241:
209:, as well as with
166:('alive') is that
85:dialect to dialect
75:
8986:
8985:
8486:Standard Canadian
8227:world's languages
8189:
8188:
8121:
8120:
8070:Cló Iar-Chonnacht
8035:
7972:
7964:
7956:
7813:Modern literature
7747:Initial mutations
6483:also repeated in
5250:Irish orthography
5079:'s autobiography
5073:
5072:
4973:mórán ar an móin?
4392:verbal adjectives
4388:⟨f⟩
4380:first conjugation
4318:Ní Chiosáin (1991
4102:⟨n⟩
3484:('inspire'), and
3152:
3151:
3006:'pairs of shears'
2835:when adjacent to
2732:('improvement'),
2411:palatal consonant
2371:labial consonants
2355:'cross' ). Short
2114:is realized as a
1896:⟨m⟩
1892:
1891:
1638:Dingle Peninsula
1599:having merged as
1574:('his mystery'),
1444:⟨m⟩
1440:⟨m⟩
1236:'straightened').
994:⟨y⟩
966:labial consonants
914:On- and offglides
911:
910:
760:
702:
639:
586:
478:optimality theory
466:Ó Siadhail (1989)
16:(Redirected from
9011:
8838:Kerkrade dialect
8461:General American
8216:
8209:
8202:
8193:
8179:
8178:
8143:
8114:
8113:
8105:
8104:
8091:
8090:
8082:
8081:
8073:
8072:
8064:
8063:
8055:
8054:
8033:
8025:
8023:BBC Radio Ulster
8019:
8018:
8010:
8009:
8001:
8000:
7992:
7991:
7970:
7962:
7954:
7946:
7940:
7939:
7931:
7930:
7911:
7902:
7893:
7884:
7875:
7866:
7857:
7842:
7828:
7808:Early literature
7743:
7714:
7693:Northern Ireland
7659:
7647:Sociolinguistics
7575:
7568:
7561:
7552:
7535:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7452:
7440:Gaeilge Theilinn
7434:
7421:
7403:
7390:
7377:
7364:
7352:
7343:
7325:
7323:
7311:
7295:Pedersen, Holger
7290:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7242:
7233:
7206:
7199:O'Rahilly, T. F.
7194:
7176:
7164:
7146:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7099:
7081:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7040:
7022:
7004:
6995:
6982:
6964:
6952:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6928:
6916:
6914:
6899:
6886:
6873:
6855:
6834:
6812:
6799:
6781:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6726:
6720:
6714:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6588:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6536:
6530:
6524:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6481:
6475:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6294:Ní Chiosáin 1991
6291:
6285:
6282:Ní Chiosáin 1991
6279:
6273:
6271:Ní Chiosáin 1999
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6212:Ní Chiosáin 1999
6209:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5961:Ní Chasaide 1999
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5928:
5923:
5917:
5912:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5890:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5857:
5851:
5845:
5839:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5800:Ó Searcaigh 1925
5797:
5791:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5431:
5427:
5422:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5323:
5319:
5314:
5305:
5301:
5296:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5269:
5265:
5260:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5221:
5193:
5186:
5178:unstressed vowel
5171:
5167:
5159:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5127:
5123:
5066:
5061:
5054:
5044:
5037:
5027:
5022:
5015:
5005:
5000:
4993:
4981:
4975:
4970:
4963:
4958:
4947:
4940:
4930:
4923:
4913:
4906:
4896:
4889:
4879:
4874:
4872:Bhí sé ag amharc
4867:
4851:
4839:
4836:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4749:
4733:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4716:as normal, e.g.
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4639:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4620:secondary stress
4610:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4549:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4499:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4456:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4401:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4161:fortis sonorants
4147:with one of two
4142:
4141:/ən̪ˠ ˈiːʃ/
4139:
4133:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:definite article
4103:
4085:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3825:
3824:/d̪ˠuːɾˠˈnʲiːnʲ/
3822:
3816:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3799:('two people'),
3798:
3795:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3723:
3719:
3716:Under lenition,
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3669:can follow only
3668:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3253:Ní Chiosáin 1999
3197:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3143:
3136:'oar' (genitive)
3131:
3117:
3105:
3091:
3079:
3065:
3053:
3039:
3027:
3013:
3001:
2987:
2975:
2961:
2952:
2941:
2927:
2915:
2901:
2889:
2854:
2850:
2837:nasal consonants
2827:Nasalized vowels
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2706:('church'), and
2705:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2408:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2367:nasal consonants
2364:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:close-mid vowels
2248:
2242:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2077:Dingle Peninsula
2070:
2049:Ní Chiosáin 1994
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1881:
1875:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1565:('mystery') vs.
1564:
1561:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:fortis and lenis
1429:
1409:
1385:
1379:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1195:
1187:
1173:
1160:
1137:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1091:) has two basic
1090:
1086:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1005:
995:
992:(; like English
990:palatal offglide
976:
973:
959:
956:
950:
947:
937:
901:
894:
870:
863:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
792:
785:
774:
767:
756:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
698:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
593:
582:
518:
511:
451:, County Kerry.
449:Dingle Peninsula
433:Iorras Aithneach
429:Ó Curnáin (1996)
381:Breatnach (1947)
333:Sjoestedt (1931)
329:Dingle Peninsula
234:
215:language contact
192:Slavic languages
185:
181:
175:
171:
165:
159:
144:
128:
21:
9019:
9018:
9014:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9009:
9008:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8982:
8911:
8865:Scottish Gaelic
8718:
8572:Standard Modern
8512:
8324:Modern Standard
8284:
8229:
8220:
8190:
8185:
8167:
8146:
8117:
8038:
7975:
7914:
7831:
7776:
7724:
7703:in Newfoundland
7699:Outside Ireland
7642:
7618:Primitive Irish
7584:
7579:
7533:
7521:Wayback Machine
7514:Irish phonology
7490:
7485:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7455:
7450:
7437:
7424:
7419:
7406:
7393:
7380:
7367:
7357:Sommerfelt, Alf
7355:
7346:
7341:
7328:
7314:
7309:
7293:
7288:
7275:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7245:
7236:
7231:
7218:
7197:
7192:
7179:
7167:
7162:
7149:
7144:
7131:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7102:
7097:
7084:
7072:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7043:
7038:
7025:
7020:
7007:
6998:
6985:
6980:
6967:
6955:
6943:
6935:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6902:
6889:
6876:
6871:
6858:
6853:
6837:
6832:
6815:
6802:
6797:
6784:
6779:
6762:
6758:
6753:
6745:
6741:
6733:
6729:
6721:
6717:
6709:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6685:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6661:
6657:
6649:
6645:
6637:
6633:
6625:
6621:
6613:
6609:
6601:
6597:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6574:
6567:
6563:
6555:
6551:
6543:
6539:
6531:
6527:
6519:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6495:
6491:
6485:Ó Siadhail 1989
6482:
6478:
6470:
6466:
6458:
6454:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6431:
6423:
6419:
6411:
6407:
6399:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6375:
6371:
6364:
6360:
6354:Ó Siadhail 1989
6352:
6348:
6340:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6318:Ó Siadhail 1989
6316:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6247:Ó Siadhail 1989
6245:
6241:
6233:
6229:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6186:
6182:
6174:
6170:
6162:
6158:
6150:
6146:
6138:
6134:
6126:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6090:
6086:
6078:
6074:
6066:
6062:
6054:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6030:
6026:
6018:
6014:
6006:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5970:
5966:
5959:
5955:
5947:
5943:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5920:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5887:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5834:
5830:
5822:
5818:
5810:
5806:
5798:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5654:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5630:
5626:
5618:
5614:
5606:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5572:Sommerfelt 1922
5570:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5522:
5518:
5510:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5447:
5434:
5429:
5416:
5411:
5398:
5393:
5380:
5375:
5362:
5357:
5344:
5339:
5326:
5321:
5308:
5303:
5290:
5285:
5272:
5267:
5254:
5245:
5232:
5229:
5212:
5154:Hiberno-English
5150:
5148:Hiberno-English
5110:Scottish Gaelic
5106:
5100:
5095:
4985:
4976:
4959:
4846:
4740:
4662:
4561:
4556:
4497:
4489:
4477:
4473:d'fheall sé orm
4467:
4454:
4443:
4399:
4387:
4350:Where a voiced
4348:
4322:syllable weight
4232:
4228:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4157:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4086:('Carmelite').
4077:('dandelion'),
4075:/ˈkaʃəɾˠwaːn̪ˠ/
4059:('firmament'),
4048:/ˈd̪ˠuəl̪ˠɡəsˠ/
3891:/ˈdʲaɾˠəmˠəd̪ˠ/
3788:/tʲ,dʲ,ʃ,nʲ,lʲ/
3768:
3633:/ˈnʲɾʲeːmʲəɾʲə/
3527:('practiced'),
3475:('dependent'),
3360:/ˈsˠpˠaɾˠaːn̪ˠ/
3336:('poker'), and
3249:nasal consonant
3220:
3204:
3194:is replaced by
2953:
2947:
2829:
2738:('speak'), and
2666:
2616:'horse'). Long
2453:
2403:
2325:open-mid vowels
2255:
2085:
2045:Ó Siadhail 1989
2033:
1916:
1907:
1895:
1859:
1452:capital letters
1443:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1426:(those spelled
1416:
1331:('greedy') and
1253:alternate with
1200:-finally (e.g.
1163:alveolo-palatal
1088:
1082:
1061:('to us') is .
993:
916:
692:
498:
389:de Búrca (1958)
379:and vicinity),
355:and vicinity),
317:Sommerfelt 1929
313:Sommerfelt 1927
305:Sommerfelt 1965
301:Sommerfelt 1922
289:Pedersen (1909)
223:
211:Hiberno-English
203:Scottish Gaelic
59:
58:
57:
35:
32:Hiberno-English
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9017:
9015:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8991:
8990:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8919:
8917:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8909:
8904:
8903:
8902:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8870:Serbo-Croatian
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8841:
8840:
8835:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8726:
8724:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8566:
8565:
8564:
8559:
8551:
8546:
8545:
8544:
8539:
8531:
8526:
8520:
8518:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8441:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8245:
8240:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8221:
8219:
8218:
8211:
8204:
8196:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8160:
8154:
8152:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8135:
8129:
8127:
8126:Qualifications
8123:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8115:
8106:
8097:
8092:
8083:
8074:
8065:
8056:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8020:
8011:
8007:Raidió Na Life
8002:
7993:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7965:
7957:
7941:
7932:
7922:
7920:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7912:
7903:
7894:
7885:
7876:
7867:
7858:
7848:
7846:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7734:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7715:
7706:
7696:
7686:
7681:
7679:Leinster Irish
7676:
7671:
7666:
7664:Connacht Irish
7661:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7613:Proto-Goidelic
7610:
7608:Insular Celtic
7605:
7600:
7594:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7582:Irish language
7580:
7578:
7577:
7570:
7563:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7528:
7523:
7511:
7505:
7496:
7489:
7488:External links
7486:
7484:
7483:
7471:
7453:
7448:
7435:
7422:
7417:
7404:
7391:
7378:
7365:
7353:
7344:
7339:
7326:
7312:
7307:
7291:
7286:
7273:
7261:
7243:
7234:
7229:
7216:
7195:
7190:
7177:
7165:
7160:
7147:
7142:
7129:
7117:
7100:
7095:
7082:
7070:
7058:
7041:
7036:
7023:
7018:
7005:
6996:
6983:
6978:
6965:
6953:
6941:
6917:
6900:
6887:
6874:
6869:
6856:
6851:
6835:
6830:
6813:
6800:
6795:
6782:
6777:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6739:
6735:O'Rahilly 1932
6727:
6715:
6711:O'Rahilly 1932
6703:
6699:O'Rahilly 1932
6691:
6687:O'Rahilly 1932
6679:
6667:
6655:
6643:
6631:
6619:
6607:
6595:
6583:
6572:
6561:
6549:
6537:
6525:
6513:
6501:
6497:Breatnach 1947
6489:
6476:
6464:
6452:
6448:Breatnach 1947
6440:
6429:
6417:
6405:
6393:
6381:
6369:
6358:
6346:
6334:
6330:O'Rahilly 1932
6322:
6310:
6298:
6286:
6274:
6263:
6251:
6239:
6227:
6215:
6204:
6192:
6180:
6168:
6156:
6144:
6132:
6128:Sjoestedt 1931
6120:
6108:
6096:
6084:
6072:
6060:
6056:Breatnach 1947
6048:
6044:Breatnach 1947
6036:
6024:
6012:
6000:
5988:
5976:
5972:Breatnach 1947
5964:
5953:
5941:
5929:
5918:
5907:
5896:
5885:
5874:
5863:
5852:
5840:
5828:
5816:
5812:Breatnach 1947
5804:
5792:
5780:
5776:Breatnach 1947
5768:
5756:
5744:
5732:
5720:
5708:
5696:
5692:Breatnach 1947
5684:
5672:
5660:
5648:
5636:
5624:
5612:
5600:
5588:
5584:Sjoestedt 1931
5576:
5564:
5552:
5540:
5528:
5516:
5504:
5492:
5481:
5470:
5466:Sjoestedt 1931
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5432:
5414:
5396:
5378:
5360:
5342:
5324:
5306:
5288:
5270:
5252:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5211:
5208:
5198:in words like
5149:
5146:
5122:/kn̪ˠɡn̪ˠmn̪ˠ/
5102:Main article:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5006:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4964:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4845:
4842:
4739:
4736:
4712:is reduced to
4583:/ˈasˠən̪ˠoːɾʲ/
4576:('left' ) and
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4442:
4439:
4347:
4344:
4156:
4153:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4021:/ˈfˠaːɾʲbʲɾʲə/
3963:/ˈɟal̪ˠəwən̪ˠ/
3956:('pleasant'),
3954:/ˈsˠɪlʲəvʲəɾʲ/
3936:/ˈd̪ˠal̪ˠəbˠə/
3782:, not slender
3767:
3764:
3713:('long for').
3660:/ˈɲnʲiːwoːhaː/
3624:/ˈn̪ˠɾˠɔhəd̪ˠ/
3362:('purse') and
3243:followed by a
3219:
3216:
3203:
3200:
3168:in the phrase
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2955:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:Pronunciation
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:Pronunciation
2866:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2828:
2825:
2792:('ever'), and
2665:
2662:
2656:from those of
2594:ranges from a
2452:
2449:
2402:
2399:
2379:('there') and
2254:
2251:
2084:
2081:
2032:
2031:Vowel backness
2029:
2023:The vowels of
1915:
1912:
1890:
1889:
1867:
1866:
1857:word-initially
1851:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1641:West Muskerry
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1543:('stake') vs.
1525:('hazel') vs.
1415:
1412:
1212:'will be'); a
1121:'autumn', and
1081:
1078:
928:velar offglide
915:
912:
909:
908:
906:
904:
902:
895:
888:
886:
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
871:
864:
857:
855:
853:
847:
846:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
796:
795:
793:
786:
779:
777:
775:
768:
761:
753:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
685:
684:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
632:
631:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
497:
494:
293:Alf Sommerfelt
281:Quiggin (1906)
229:Title page of
222:
219:
141:(for example,
101:Connacht Irish
87:; there is no
54:Help:IPA/Irish
46:to transcribe
40:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9016:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8999:Irish grammar
8997:
8996:
8994:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8908:
8905:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8721:
8715:
8714:Luxembourgish
8712:
8710:
8707:
8703:
8702:Maastrichtian
8700:
8699:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8515:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8287:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8243:Orthographies
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8217:
8212:
8210:
8205:
8203:
8198:
8197:
8194:
8182:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8149:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8112:
8111:Glór na nGael
8107:
8103:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8089:
8084:
8080:
8075:
8071:
8066:
8062:
8057:
8053:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8032:
8031:
8024:
8021:
8017:
8016:Raidió Fáilte
8012:
8008:
8003:
7999:
7994:
7990:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7969:
7966:
7961:
7958:
7953:
7952:
7945:
7942:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7859:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7827:
7826:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7721:
7720:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7707:
7704:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7669:Munster Irish
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7576:
7571:
7569:
7564:
7562:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7499:Caint Ros Muc
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7474:
7472:0-521-28540-2
7468:
7464:
7463:
7458:
7454:
7451:
7449:1-85500-055-5
7445:
7441:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7423:
7420:
7418:0-8156-3072-7
7414:
7410:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7345:
7342:
7340:0-901714-08-9
7336:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7320:
7313:
7310:
7308:3-525-26119-5
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7289:
7287:0-901282-64-2
7283:
7279:
7274:
7264:
7262:0-521-37147-3
7258:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7235:
7232:
7230:0-946452-97-0
7226:
7222:
7217:
7214:
7213:0-901282-55-3
7210:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7191:0-85389-296-2
7187:
7183:
7178:
7175:
7171:
7166:
7163:
7161:0-901282-52-9
7157:
7153:
7148:
7145:
7143:0-946452-85-7
7139:
7135:
7130:
7120:
7118:3-11-016274-1
7114:
7110:
7106:
7101:
7098:
7096:88-7011-611-5
7092:
7088:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7071:
7061:
7059:0-521-63751-1
7055:
7051:
7047:
7042:
7039:
7037:0-901282-02-2
7033:
7029:
7024:
7021:
7019:0-901519-90-1
7015:
7011:
7006:
7002:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6984:
6981:
6979:0-901519-90-1
6975:
6971:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6942:
6932:
6925:
6924:
6918:
6913:
6911:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6875:
6872:
6870:0-901282-49-9
6866:
6862:
6857:
6854:
6852:0-901282-51-0
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6831:83-86239-41-7
6827:
6823:
6819:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6801:
6798:
6796:0-901282-50-2
6792:
6788:
6783:
6780:
6778:83-228-0641-8
6774:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6748:
6743:
6740:
6736:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6707:
6704:
6700:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6656:
6652:
6647:
6644:
6640:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6611:
6608:
6604:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6545:de Búrca 1958
6541:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6521:de Búrca 1958
6517:
6514:
6510:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6413:Ó Baoill 1996
6409:
6406:
6402:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6377:de Búrca 1958
6373:
6370:
6367:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6136:
6133:
6129:
6124:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6037:
6033:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6020:de Búrca 1958
6016:
6013:
6009:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5996:de Búrca 1958
5992:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5937:de Búrca 1958
5933:
5930:
5927:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5856:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5788:Hamilton 1974
5784:
5781:
5777:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5752:de Búrca 1958
5748:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5644:de Búrca 1958
5640:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5548:de Búrca 1958
5544:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5459:
5453:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5408:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5251:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5145:
5130:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5082:Mo Sgéal Féin
5078:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4830:
4814:
4805:
4792:
4783:
4762:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4735:
4729:
4723:/ˈeːʃtʲəxt̪ˠ/
4720:
4702:/ʃlʲəˈʃnʲaxə/
4699:
4695:('lame') and
4690:
4685:
4672:
4669:
4656:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4611:('tobacco').
4606:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4571:
4566:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4535:
4525:
4519:
4518:ceann carrach
4513:
4504:
4495:
4487:
4484:
4474:
4461:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4438:
4428:
4419:
4406:
4393:
4382:verbs (where
4381:
4377:
4353:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4332:Carnie (2002)
4329:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4298:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4249:
4239:
4225:
4219:
4213:/ˈt̪uːɾˠn̠ʲə/
4210:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4165:
4162:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:('the age').
4138:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4107:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:Cairmilíteach
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4041:('insight'),
4039:/ˈlʲeːɾˠɡəsˠ/
4036:
4027:
4023:('wrinkle'),
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:/ˈmʲan̪ˠəmˠə/
3997:
3988:
3978:
3969:
3965:('sparrow'),
3960:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3911:('service'),
3909:/ˈʃɛɾʲəvʲiːʃ/
3906:
3902:('certain'),
3897:
3893:('mistake'),
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3838:A cluster of
3836:
3830:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3760:/ətʲɾʲaxt̪ˠə/
3757:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3714:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3663:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3597:/ˈmʲlʲiən̪ˠə/
3594:
3585:
3576:
3567:
3563:('slipped'),
3558:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3457:('berries'),
3452:
3438:
3432:
3428:('fun'), and
3423:
3414:
3405:
3399:/ˈʃclʲuːxəsˠ/
3396:
3379:
3366:
3357:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3264:('milking'),
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3224:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3199:
3188:
3178:
3172:
3162:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3018:'two people'
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2841:minimal pairs
2838:
2834:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2597:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2541:
2537:('man'), and
2535:
2529:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2466:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:('closing'),
2439:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2412:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2353:
2347:
2343:'I will be',
2341:
2335:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2268:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2144:
2139:
2138:central vowel
2134:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2102:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1798:
1797:
1786:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1715:
1714:
1703:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1607:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1496:/Nˠ,Nʲ,nˠ,nʲ/
1493:
1488:/Lˠ,Lʲ,lˠ,lʲ/
1485:
1480:/Rˠ,Rʲ,rˠ,rʲ/
1477:
1465:
1453:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1282:
1276:/ˈçuːɾˠhən̠ʲ/
1273:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1004:
999:
991:
987:
983:
978:
972:
967:
963:
955:
951:('nine') and
946:
941:
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
907:
905:
903:
900:
896:
893:
889:
887:
885:
883:
879:
876:
874:
872:
869:
865:
862:
858:
856:
854:
852:
848:
845:
842:
838:
835:
831:
828:
824:
821:
817:
814:
810:
807:
803:
801:
797:
794:
791:
787:
784:
780:
778:
776:
773:
769:
766:
762:
759:
755:
754:
750:
746:
743:
739:
736:
732:
729:
725:
722:
718:
715:
711:
708:
704:
701:
697:
695:
690:
686:
683:
680:
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
652:
648:
645:
641:
638:
634:
633:
630:
627:
623:
620:
616:
613:
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
588:
585:
581:
579:
575:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
540:
535:
530:
525:
519:
513:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:Hughes (1986)
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:Wagner (1959)
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:County Galway
362:
361:Cois Fhairrge
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:Ó Cuív (1944)
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:
233:
227:
220:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
180:
170:
164:
158:
152:
148:
140:
136:
132:
124:
119:
117:
113:
108:
106:
105:Munster Irish
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:
72:
68:
63:
55:
51:
49:
45:
37:
33:
19:
8968:West Frisian
8755:Massachusett
8643:
8268:Prepositions
8237:
7998:Raidió Rí-Rá
7818:Lexicography
7766:
7717:
7684:Ulster Irish
7638:Modern Irish
7628:Middle Irish
7603:Proto-Celtic
7476:, retrieved
7461:
7457:Wells, J. C.
7439:
7430:
7426:
7408:
7399:
7395:
7386:
7382:
7373:
7369:
7360:
7348:
7330:
7318:
7298:
7277:
7266:, retrieved
7251:
7238:
7220:
7202:
7181:
7169:
7151:
7133:
7122:, retrieved
7108:
7086:
7074:
7063:, retrieved
7049:
7027:
7009:
7000:
6991:
6987:
6969:
6957:
6945:
6934:, retrieved
6922:
6909:
6895:
6891:
6882:
6878:
6860:
6842:
6817:
6808:
6804:
6786:
6764:
6742:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6663:Quiggin 1906
6658:
6646:
6634:
6622:
6610:
6598:
6586:
6575:
6564:
6552:
6540:
6528:
6516:
6509:Quiggin 1906
6504:
6492:
6479:
6467:
6455:
6443:
6432:
6420:
6408:
6396:
6384:
6372:
6361:
6349:
6337:
6325:
6313:
6301:
6289:
6277:
6266:
6254:
6242:
6230:
6218:
6207:
6195:
6183:
6171:
6164:Quiggin 1906
6159:
6147:
6135:
6123:
6116:Quiggin 1906
6111:
6099:
6087:
6075:
6063:
6051:
6039:
6027:
6015:
6003:
5991:
5979:
5967:
5956:
5944:
5932:
5921:
5910:
5899:
5888:
5877:
5871:Quiggin 1906
5866:
5855:
5843:
5831:
5819:
5807:
5795:
5783:
5771:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5723:
5711:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5663:
5651:
5639:
5627:
5615:
5603:
5596:Quiggin 1906
5591:
5579:
5567:
5555:
5543:
5531:
5519:
5507:
5500:Quiggin 1906
5495:
5484:
5473:
5461:
5435:
5417:
5399:
5381:
5363:
5345:
5335:Thabharfainn
5327:
5309:
5291:
5273:
5255:
5233:
5203:
5199:
5194:). There is
5188:
5181:
5151:
5131:
5107:
5080:
5074:
4968:―Ar íoc sibh
4860:Translation
4847:
4840:('cattle').
4751:
4741:
4734:('wether').
4725:('listen'),
4683:
4673:
4642:
4613:
4562:
4512:ceann bacach
4488:
4451:assimilation
4444:
4422:/ˈsˠkuəpˠəɟ/
4349:
4340:articulatory
4326:
4306:
4268:alternations
4261:
4259:in Munster.
4226:
4224:('yonder').
4204:/ˈoːɾˠl̪ˠax/
4166:
4158:
4145:
4098:
4068:('throat'),
4030:/ˈtʲeːɾˠmˠə/
4013:
4011:('animal').
3982:/ˈbˠan̪ˠəwə/
3927:/ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə/
3900:/ˈdʲaɾˠəfˠə/
3875:('abrupt'),
3837:
3835:('advice').
3826:('handle'),
3815:/ˈd̪ˠoːɾˠʃə/
3777:
3756:an tsneachta
3733:/t̪ˠɾˠ,tʲɾʲ/
3731:they become
3727:
3715:
3704:('liking'),
3664:
3651:/ˈɲɾʲat̪ˠaː/
3642:/ˈɲlʲeːsˠaː/
3635:('ladder'),
3626:('bridge'),
3590:('flower'),
3557:shleamhnaigh
3509:('tasted'),
3495:
3466:('scythe'),
3439:
3437:('streak').
3417:/sˠpˠl̪ˠaŋk/
3410:('scream'),
3401:('rumpus'),
3325:/ˈʃnʲaxt̪ˠə/
3282:('button'),
3237:
3208:phonotactics
3205:
3202:Phonotactics
3187:an tsneachta
3153:
2966:'righteous'
2857:Nasal vowel
2845:nasal vowels
2830:
2823:('strike').
2800:
2798:('devils').
2771:
2714:
2682:
2638:'fine'). In
2581:
2462:
2404:
2391:('school'),
2322:
2264:
2184:
2140:(in IPA, ):
2086:
2083:Close vowels
2061:front vowels
2034:
2025:Ulster Irish
2022:
1948:monophthongs
1941:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1594:
1464:Stifter 2006
1450:⟩ or
1417:
1374:
1339:
1272:thabharfainn
1244:
1238:
1184:
1180:palatovelars
1174:may be true
1170:
1155:postalveolar
1144:
1129:
1127:'hurried').
1087:(written as
1083:
1063:
1039:('drinking'
1011:
979:
938:but without
932:front vowels
917:
499:
482:Cyran (1997)
474:Green (1997)
459:
453:
417:Lucas (1979)
349:Ballyvourney
277:Aran Islands
269:Finck (1899)
263:. The first
257:Proto-Celtic
242:
200:
160:('cow') and
120:
109:
97:Ulster Irish
83:varies from
77:
76:
41:
36:
8698:Limburgish
8589:Greenlandic
8466:New Zealand
8399:Northern Wu
8258:Determiners
8238:Phonologies
8223:Phonologies
8052:Tuairisc.ie
7881:Tuairisc.ie
7798:Gaelic type
7788:Orthography
7757:Conjugation
7657:Gaeilgeoirí
6651:Hughes 1994
6627:Ó Cuív 1944
6615:Ó Cuív 1944
6603:Ó Cuív 1944
6580:Dillon 1973
6460:Ó Cuív 1944
6366:Carnie 2002
6140:Ó Cuív 1944
6068:Ó Cuív 1944
5949:Ó Cuív 1944
5926:Ó Cuív 1944
5824:McCone 1994
5764:Ó Cuív 1944
5704:Ó Cuív 1944
5668:Wagner 1959
5489:Sutton 1993
5478:Sutton 1993
5443:Labhraítear
5126:/kɾˠɡɾˠmɾˠ/
4754:reduced to
4650:/kaˈlʲiːnʲ/
4634:deargbhréag
4625:lagphortach
4431:/ˈsˠkuəpˠə/
4398:is spelled
4386:is spelled
4071:caisearbhán
4009:/ˈanʲəvʲiː/
3974:('venom'),
3972:/ˈbʲɪnʲəbʲ/
3945:/ˈkɔl̪ˠəmˠ/
3920:('anger'),
3873:/ˈbˠɔɾˠəbˠ/
3833:/ˈkuːɾˠlʲə/
3817:('doors'),
3808:('trade'),
3753:('snow' ),
3751:/hnʲaxt̪ˠə/
3742:/ʃnʲaxt̪ˠə/
3718:/sˠn̪ˠ,ʃnʲ/
3695:('women'),
3606:/ˈmʲɾʲɪʃaː/
3599:('years'),
3561:/hlʲəun̪ˠə/
3554:('acted'),
3548:ghníomhaigh
3545:('stuck'),
3518:('broke'),
3493:('story').
3473:/sˠpʲlʲaːx/
3455:/sˠmʲeːɾˠə/
3419:('flash'),
3318:('slice'),
3309:('idiot'),
3307:/ˈpʲlʲəicə/
3300:('usual'),
3280:/ˈkn̪ˠapʲə/
3096:'generous'
2860:Oral vowel
2811:('above'),
2786:('sense'),
2694:('rogue'),
2640:Toormakeady
2485:('place'),
2465:open vowels
2451:Open vowels
2405:Unstressed
2397:('drink').
2320:'music' ).
2298:'danger').
2229:('salty').
2174:('quiet').
2146:('sheep').
2089:close vowel
2065:back vowels
1556:was found:
1392:Wagner 1959
1388:Ó Cuív 1944
1337:('seven').
1309:Tory Island
1132:labiodental
998:back vowels
986:palatalised
694:Approximant
445:Ó Sé (2000)
397:County Mayo
393:Tourmakeady
345:County Cork
265:descriptive
151:hard palate
147:palatalized
135:soft palate
112:descriptive
65:Map of the
8993:Categories
8958:Vietnamese
8829:Ripuarian
8820:Portuguese
8730:Macedonian
8709:Lithuanian
8619:Hindustani
8456:Australian
8409:Historical
8356:Belarusian
8253:Adjectives
8043:Publishers
7971:(sporadic)
7963:(sporadic)
7960:BBC Two NI
7951:Nuacht RTÉ
7919:Television
7872:An tUltach
7752:Declension
7711:Béarlachas
7534:(in Irish)
7478:21 January
7268:21 January
7124:21 January
7065:21 January
6756:References
6747:Wells 1982
6723:Green 1997
6675:Finck 1899
6591:Green 1997
6569:Lavin 1957
6533:Finck 1899
6437:Finck 1899
6401:Evans 1969
5904:Finck 1899
5860:Lucas 1979
5682::14–15, 18
5608:Finck 1899
5196:epenthesis
5087:Wikisource
4817:/ˈɡalˠunˠ/
4810:('girl'),
4808:/ˈkalʲinʲ/
4795:/bˠaˈlʲuː/
4761:spealadóir
4698:slisneacha
4659:/axəˈnʲiː/
4652:('girl'),
4602:('only'),
4574:/ˈdʲɪmʲiː/
4418:scuabfaidh
4206:('inch'),
4197:('tall'),
4149:semivowels
4128:an iontais
4062:smiolgadán
4032:('term'),
4002:('mind'),
3993:('name'),
3947:('dove'),
3938:('bold'),
3929:('dark'),
3918:/ˈfʲaɾˠəɡ/
3884:('blue'),
3882:/ˈɡɔɾˠəmˠ/
3860:epenthetic
3744:('snow'),
3722:/hn̪ˠ,hnʲ/
3686:('hill'),
3656:ngníomhófá
3620:ndroichead
3617:('warp'),
3615:/n̪ˠl̪ˠuː/
3572:('swam'),
3552:/ˈjnʲiːwə/
3543:/ˈjɾʲamˠə/
3539:ghreamaigh
3536:('bent'),
3525:/çlʲaxt̪ˠ/
3482:/sˠpʲɾʲaɡ/
3435:/ʃtʲɾʲiːk/
3426:/sˠpˠɾˠiː/
3408:/ʃcɾʲad̪ˠ/
3343:/t̪ˠn̪ˠuː/
3334:/t̪ˠl̪ˠuː/
3327:('snow'),
3273:('fine'),
3262:/bʲlʲaːnˠ/
3255:) include
3171:a mháthair
3122:'washing'
3084:'shooting'
2950:os comhair
2946:(in phrase
2817:('lamb'),
2754:('goat').
2726:('deaf'),
2712:('cure').
2664:Diphthongs
2553:('town'),
2494:gearrfaidh
2471:and short
2447:('pigs').
2323:The short
2253:Mid vowels
2209:near-front
2130:('sale'),
2101:near-close
2099:, and the
2073:Ó Sé (2000
2057:not marked
2003:diphthongs
1999:unstressed
1632:Connemara
1609:Old Irish
1597:/Rˠ,Rʲ,rˠ/
1514:/bʲerˠɨðʲ/
1505:/bʲeRˠɨðʲ/
1472:λ, ν, ρ, μ
1468:l, n, r, m
1408:/sbsdsɡxd/
1348:stops are
1166:affricates
1124:bhrostaigh
1093:allophones
1080:Allophones
1074:Lithuanian
1059:/d̪ˠuːn̠ʲ/
962:labialized
496:Consonants
299:dialects (
273:the author
249:historical
245:inflection
237:Finck 1899
123:consonants
8948:Ukrainian
8855:Sardinian
8833:Colognian
8790:Old Saxon
8775:Norwegian
8740:Maldivian
8684:Latgalian
8629:Icelandic
8624:Hungarian
8503:Esperanto
8389:Cantonese
8366:Bulgarian
8339:Levantine
8311:Afrikaans
8088:Gael Linn
7908:Seachtain
7767:Phonology
7623:Old Irish
6557:Ó Sé 2000
6472:Ó Sé 2000
6259:Ó Sé 2000
6223:Ó Sé 2000
6200:Ó Sé 2000
6152:Ó Sé 2000
6104:Ó Sé 2000
6092:Ó Sé 2000
6080:Ó Sé 2000
5915:Ó Sé 2000
5848:Quin 1975
5836:Quin 1975
5740:Ó Sé 2000
5680:Ó Sé 2000
5524:Ó Sé 2000
5512:Ó Sé 2000
5454:Footnotes
5317:Moltachán
5192:/məˈɡɹæh/
4857:Spelling
4838:/ˈal̪ˠax/
4788:('art'),
4786:/aˈl̪ˠiː/
4728:moltachán
4719:éisteacht
4693:/bˠəˈkax/
4600:/əˈwaːnʲ/
4591:loanwords
4538:/l̪ˠuːbˠ/
4409:/sˠkuəbˠ/
4352:obstruent
4346:Devoicing
4324:called a
4302:/ˈcan̪ˠə/
4257:/ɟɾʲəimʲ/
4253:/ɟɾʲiːmʲ/
4243:/pˠəul̪ˠ/
4195:/aːɾˠd̪ˠ/
4188:('top'),
4171:, before
4053:firmimint
3991:/ˈanʲəmʲ/
3829:comhairle
3806:/ceːɾˠdʲ/
3797:/bʲɛɾˠtʲ/
3747:shneachta
3711:/t̪ˠɾˠuː/
3629:ndréimire
3588:/mˠl̪ˠaː/
3570:/hn̪ˠaːw/
3507:/wl̪ˠasˠ/
3395:scliúchas
3382:/mˠn̪ˠaː/
3369:/ʃceːl̪ˠ/
3291:('law'),
3148:'saying'
2874:Spelling
2865:Spelling
2833:nasalized
2700:('dog'),
2691:cladhaire
2571:('say').
2565:('son'),
2249:('rag').
2235:near-back
2203:('house'
2087:The four
2069:/ɪ,ʊ,ɛ,ɔ/
1864:elsewhere
1626:Glenties
1623:Rosguill
1615:Connacht
1590:/alˠoːnˠ/
1572:/arˠuːnˠ/
1534:('sin');
1494:phonemes
1486:phonemes
1478:phonemes
1424:sonorants
1420:Old Irish
1404:Ó Sé 2000
1350:aspirated
1346:voiceless
1224:frication
1115:'saint',
1019:/dʲiːl̪ˠ/
996:) before
924:velarized
700:voiceless
689:Fricative
584:voiceless
441:Kilkieran
437:Connemara
261:Old Irish
131:velarized
80:phonology
18:Slender R
8845:Romanian
8654:Japanese
8612:Biblical
8599:Hawaiian
8594:Gujarati
8557:Standard
8549:Galician
8537:Parisian
8508:Estonian
8439:Standard
8384:Mandarin
8380:Chinese
8344:Tunisian
8329:Egyptian
8301:Acehnese
8273:Pronouns
8248:Grammars
8181:Category
8079:Coiscéim
7845:Journals
7654:List of
7517:Archived
7459:(1982),
7433:: 164–86
7402:: 237–54
7396:Lochlann
7389:: 107–91
7359:(1922),
7297:(1909),
7249:(1989),
7201:(1932),
6994:: 309–21
6906:(1899),
6892:Lochlann
6841:(1966),
6811:: 129–48
6713::113–115
5241:Scanradh
5210:See also
5124:etc. to
4684:provided
4616:compound
4614:In most
4609:/təˈbak/
4579:easonóir
4565:stressed
4464:/fʲal̪ˠ/
4427:scuabtha
4288:genitive
4278:/cəun̪ˠ/
4222:/haːl̪ˠ/
4186:/bˠaːɾˠ/
4125:('age'):
3959:gealbhan
3950:soilbhir
3905:seirbhís
3848:/n̪ˠ,nʲ/
3844:/l̪ˠ,lʲ/
3738:sneachta
3693:/mˠɾˠaː/
3647:ngreadfá
3638:ngléasfá
3602:mbrisfeá
3534:/xɾˠɔmˠ/
3521:chleacht
3516:/vʲɾʲɪʃ/
3464:/sˠpʲal/
3321:sneachta
3316:/ʃlʲɪsˠ/
3303:pleidhce
3298:/ɡn̪ˠaː/
3289:/dʲlʲiː/
3271:/bʲɾʲaː/
3177:sneachta
3044:'limit'
2992:'hound'
2980:'sorrow'
2843:between
2795:diabhail
2741:meabhair
2735:labhairt
2709:leigheas
2503:('John'
2500:a Sheáin
2220:tuigeann
2047::35–37,
2043::80–82,
2037:backness
1618:Munster
1581:/Lˠoːnˠ/
1563:/Rˠuːnˠ/
1454:⟨
1367:scanradh
1206:'nice',
1198:syllable
1176:palatals
1147:alveolar
1140:bilabial
1050:/mʲəuɾʲ/
1046:meabhair
940:rounding
502:phonemes
447:for the
421:Rosguill
309:Gweedore
285:Glenties
255:through
176:, while
125:(except
8973:Yiddish
8938:Turkish
8923:Tagalog
8907:Swedish
8895:Spanish
8880:Slovene
8850:Russian
8810:Persian
8780:Occitan
8760:Medumba
8750:Marathi
8694:Latvian
8674:Kurdish
8664:Konkani
8649:Italian
8634:Ingrian
8603:Hebrew
8577:Ancient
8562:Bernese
8553:German
8533:French
8529:Finnish
8524:Faroese
8451:English
8421:Cornish
8416:Chukchi
8394:Hokkien
8376:Catalan
8371:Burmese
8361:Bengali
8351:Avestan
8320:Arabic
8225:of the
7944:RTÉ One
7899:An Gael
7803:Braille
7781:Writing
7730:Grammar
7590:History
7503:Ros Muc
7046:"Irish"
6898:: 1–130
6885:: 15–21
6879:Celtica
6749::417–50
6737::110–12
6677::II.1–2
6653::626–27
6641::19 ff.
6535::123–24
6511::146–50
6499::137–38
6462::121–23
6450::142–44
6427::109–12
6391::163–64
6379::132–34
6237::116–17
6058::24–25.
5814::33, 76
5766::117–18
5754::129–30
5407:Chítear
5189:McGrath
5185:/ˈhɑhi/
5182:Haughey
5140:before
4844:Samples
4834:eallach
4831:, e.g.
4823:before
4801:, e.g.
4779:, e.g.
4708:before
4655:achainí
4587:adverbs
4570:d'imigh
4507:/can̪ˠ/
4394:(where
4292:/ciːnʲ/
4264:analogy
4179:, e.g.
4137:an aois
4116:iontais
4104:of the
4044:dualgas
4035:léargas
4017:fáirbre
3887:dearmad
3852:/pˠ,pʲ/
3840:/ɾˠ,ɾʲ/
3820:doirnín
3720:become
3702:/ɡɾˠiː/
3684:/kɾˠʊk/
3675:/ɾˠ,ɾʲ/
3667:/nˠ,nʲ/
3593:mbliana
3579:/hɾˠɪç/
3575:shroich
3469:spleách
3373:/mˠn̪ˠ/
3161:máthair
3077:lámhach
3058:'hands'
3025:fómhair
2999:deimhis
2939:comhair
2932:'luck'
2906:'yarn'
2894:'doubt'
2729:feabhas
2413:, e.g.
2373:, e.g.
2289:glaoigh
2211:, e.g.
1612:Ulster
1550:/sˠonˠ/
1541:/sˠoNˠ/
1501:berraid
1484:lateral
1482:, four
1460:l, n, r
1456:L, N, R
1448:ʟ, ɴ, ʀ
1342:English
1328:santach
1325:, e.g.
1285:/çoːlʲ/
1233:dhírigh
1172:/c,ɟ,ɲ/
1159:/tʲ,dʲ/
1066:Russian
1000:, e.g.
982:palatal
949:/n̪ˠiː/
942:. Thus
918:Broad (
882:Lateral
571:slender
561:slender
551:slender
539:Glottal
529:Coronal
385:An Rinn
377:Inverin
373:Spiddal
327:on the
325:Dunquin
196:Russian
194:, like
71:Ireland
8953:Uyghur
8885:Somali
8875:Slovak
8815:Polish
8805:Pashto
8800:Ottawa
8785:Ojibwe
8770:Nepali
8765:Navajo
8679:Kyrgyz
8669:Korean
8607:Modern
8568:Greek
8542:Quebec
8496:Middle
8435:Dutch
8431:Danish
8334:Hejazi
8306:Adyghe
8296:Abkhaz
8061:An Gúm
7937:Cúla 4
7863:Feasta
7854:Comhar
7772:Syntax
7719:Fáinne
7689:Status
7469:
7446:
7415:
7337:
7321:
7305:
7284:
7259:
7227:
7211:
7188:
7158:
7140:
7115:
7093:
7056:
7034:
7016:
6976:
6936:23 May
6912:
6867:
6849:
6828:
6793:
6775:
6725::90–93
6701::49–52
6689::22–23
6593::86–90
6559::46–47
6547::74–75
6523::65–68
6487::48–50
6474::40–42
6356::49–50
6344::89–94
6332::49–52
6320::64–65
6308::98–99
6284::80–82
6261::34–36
6046::23–24
6034::12–13
6010::13–16
5998::13–14
5986::12–14
5974::12–13
5730::34–35
5706::42–43
5694::39–40
5658::36–37
5646::24–25
5634::31–32
5622::30–31
5610::64–67
5598::74–76
5586::28–29
5389:Tagaim
5353:Amharc
5281:Gairid
5248:; see
5180:(e.g.
5162:phones
4998:Tagaim
4804:cailín
4791:bailiú
4689:bacach
4668:capall
4646:cailín
4596:amháin
4554:Stress
4524:lúb sé
4447:sandhi
4441:Sandhi
4376:future
4362:, the
4297:ceanna
4209:tuirne
4200:orlach
4026:téarma
4005:ainmhí
3996:meanma
3977:Banbha
3923:dorcha
3896:dearfa
3862:vowel
3811:doirse
3671:/sˠ,ʃ/
3611:ndlúth
3584:mbláth
3566:shnámh
3478:spreag
3451:sméara
3431:stríoc
3422:spraoi
3413:splanc
3404:scread
3356:sparán
3276:cnaipe
3245:liquid
3070:'day'
2920:'ford'
2899:abhras
2887:amhras
2880:Gloss
2871:Gloss
2751:gabhar
2723:bodhar
2697:gadhar
2613:capall
2528:gairid
2438:dúnadh
2433:/uː,ʊ/
2352:croich
2246:giobal
2133:caoire
2016:, and
1989:, and
1914:Vowels
1871:Note:
1629:Erris
1532:/kolˠ/
1523:/koLˠ/
1510:beraid
1476:rhotic
1422:, the
1402:, and
1383:is cam
1380:(e.g.
1372:clitic
1364:(e.g.
1340:As in
1334:seacht
1281:sheoil
1230:(e.g.
1219:ghrian
1196:) and
1151:dental
1118:fómhar
1106:bhfuil
1095:: the
1070:Polish
1037:/oːlʲ/
1028:/aːtʲ/
1007:/tʲuː/
975:/bˠiː/
758:voiced
637:voiced
534:Dorsal
524:Labial
480:, and
405:Teelin
353:Coolea
321:Armagh
315:, and
297:Ulster
217:with.
188:vowels
103:, and
78:Irish
8963:Welsh
8943:Ubykh
8928:Tamil
8890:Sotho
8860:Scots
8795:Oromo
8745:Māori
8735:Malay
8689:Latin
8659:Kiowa
8644:Irish
8639:Inuit
8582:Koine
8426:Czech
8278:Verbs
8263:Nouns
8151:Names
7980:Radio
7837:Media
7793:Ogham
6988:Éigse
6927:(PDF)
5670::9–10
5263:Goirt
5227:Notes
4829:schwa
4813:galún
4782:ealaí
4744:schwa
4605:tobac
4503:ceann
4460:feall
4405:scuab
4314:tense
4286:(the
4273:ceann
4248:greim
4218:thall
3932:dalba
3914:fearg
3856:/k,c/
3846:, or
3802:ceird
3793:beirt
3707:tnúth
3698:gnaoi
3530:chrom
3512:bhris
3503:bhlas
3487:scéal
3460:speal
3365:scéal
3339:tnúth
3330:tlúth
3312:slios
3294:gnáth
3258:bleán
3129:rámha
3103:nimhe
3051:lámha
2973:cumha
2820:buail
2808:thuas
2789:riamh
2783:ciall
2568:abair
2550:baile
2545:/l̪ˠ/
2540:caite
2428:eolas
2422:sáile
2401:Schwa
2394:deoch
2388:scoil
2376:ansan
2362:cloch
2346:raibh
2334:beidh
2317:ceoil
2233:is a
2226:goirt
2214:giota
2171:ciúin
2159:triúr
2143:caora
2116:front
1991:schwa
1944:vowel
1904:below
1635:Aran
1586:a lón
1568:a rún
1492:nasal
1354:stops
1323:/t̪ˠ/
1304:scáth
1294:fiche
1209:beidh
1203:dheas
1138:have
1112:naomh
1055:dúinn
1003:tiubh
968:, so
958:/kiː/
920:velar
800:Nasal
566:broad
556:broad
546:broad
413:Erris
369:Barna
139:velar
93:Irish
48:Irish
8978:Zuni
8933:Taos
8030:Blas
7968:NVTV
7480:2009
7467:ISBN
7444:ISBN
7413:ISBN
7335:ISBN
7303:ISBN
7282:ISBN
7270:2009
7257:ISBN
7225:ISBN
7209:ISBN
7186:ISBN
7156:ISBN
7138:ISBN
7126:2009
7113:ISBN
7091:ISBN
7067:2009
7054:ISBN
7032:ISBN
7014:ISBN
6974:ISBN
6938:2018
6865:ISBN
6847:ISBN
6826:ISBN
6791:ISBN
6773:ISBN
6629::105
6403::127
6190::106
5838::4–5
5802::136
5790::152
5778::137
5574::150
5425:Féin
5371:Sibh
5299:Loit
5204:form
5202:and
5200:film
5166:/θð/
5158:/ɔɪ/
5114:Manx
5112:and
4854:IPA
4777:/uː/
4773:/iː/
4589:and
4529:/bˠ/
4435:/pˠ/
4413:/bˠ/
4372:/fˠ/
4327:mora
4283:cinn
4238:poll
4182:barr
4122:aois
3987:ainm
3968:binb
3941:colm
3878:gorm
3869:borb
3784:/ɾʲ/
3780:/ɾˠ/
3680:cnoc
3442:/sˠ/
3386:/sˠ/
3349:and
3347:/sˠ/
3267:breá
3196:/ɾʲ/
3192:/nʲ/
3182:/nʲ/
3089:lách
3037:fóir
2959:cóir
2803:/uə/
2778:/ɾˠ/
2774:/iə/
2767:/uə/
2765:and
2763:/iə/
2746:/əu/
2717:/əu/
2703:cill
2685:/əi/
2678:/əu/
2676:and
2674:/əi/
2658:/aː/
2635:breá
2629:fáil
2618:/aː/
2607:geal
2601:sail
2588:/aː/
2556:loit
2534:fear
2519:/aː/
2505:voc.
2477:/aː/
2469:/aː/
2444:muca
2416:píce
2369:and
2340:bead
2311:fóid
2300:/oː/
2295:baol
2283:béic
2278:/eː/
2274:/oː/
2272:and
2270:/eː/
2240:dubh
2205:dat.
2200:tigh
2189:and
2165:súil
2148:/uː/
2127:díol
2112:/iː/
2106:and
2097:/uː/
2095:and
2093:/iː/
2035:The
2018:/uə/
2014:/iə/
2010:/əu/
2006:/əi/
1983:/aː/
1975:/oː/
1967:/eː/
1959:/uː/
1951:/iː/
1942:The
1883:are
1877:and
1601:/ɾˠ/
1537:sonn
1519:coll
1378:/sˠ/
1360:and
1358:/sˠ/
1261:and
1259:/tʲ/
1249:and
1240:/ɾʲ/
1228:/iː/
1194:/iː/
1041:gen.
1015:díol
954:caoi
945:naoi
578:Stop
484:and
431:for
419:for
411:for
403:for
391:for
383:for
303:and
207:Manx
205:and
184:/bʲ/
174:/bˠ/
143:/kɡ/
8916:T–Z
8723:M–S
8517:F–L
8491:Old
8404:Old
8289:A–E
7928:TG4
7890:Nós
6617::67
6605::66
6415::16
6296::83
6249::95
6225::33
6202::31
6178::46
6166::65
6154::25
6142::54
6130::68
6118::65
6106::25
6094::24
6082::24
6070::29
6022::13
5951::13
5826::90
5742::19
5718::34
5562::46
5550::59
5538::43
5526::11
5514::11
5502::76
5468::19
5437:^12
5419:^11
5401:^10
5170:/h/
5142:/x/
5138:/ə/
5136:to
5134:/a/
5085:at
4825:/x/
4821:/a/
4799:/ə/
4775:or
4769:/ə/
4756:/ə/
4752:not
4748:/ə/
4714:/ə/
4710:/x/
4706:/a/
4680:/x/
4676:/a/
4544:of
4542:/ʃ/
4534:lúb
4531:of
4500:of
4396:/h/
4384:/h/
4378:of
4368:/w/
4364:/h/
4360:/h/
4356:/w/
4354:or
4191:ard
3864:/ə/
3689:mná
3446:/c/
3390:/ʃ/
3388:or
3378:mná
3351:/ʃ/
3285:dlí
3247:or
3166:/w/
3158:of
3156:/m/
3011:dís
2925:ádh
2913:áth
2849:/m/
2814:uan
2654:/a/
2650:/a/
2645:bán
2623:bád
2592:/a/
2584:/a/
2562:mac
2523:/a/
2510:bán
2488:trá
2482:áit
2473:/a/
2407:/ə/
2382:bog
2357:/ɔ/
2329:/ɛ/
2305:fód
2231:/ʊ/
2195:/ɪ/
2191:/ʊ/
2187:/ɪ/
2153:dún
2121:tír
2108:/ʊ/
2104:/ɪ/
2063:or
1995:/ə/
1987:/a/
1979:/ɔ/
1971:/ɛ/
1963:/ʊ/
1955:/ɪ/
1900:/w/
1880:n̠ʲ
1874:l̠ʲ
1849:n̠ʲ
1793:n̪ˠ
1788:n̪ˠ
1783:n̪ˠ
1778:n̪ˠ
1773:n̪ˠ
1761:l̠ʲ
1710:l̪ˠ
1705:l̪ˠ
1700:l̪ˠ
1695:l̪ˠ
1690:l̪ˠ
1577:lón
1559:rún
1546:son
1528:col
1418:In
1362:/ʃ/
1318:cha
1313:/x/
1299:/h/
1289:/ç/
1267:/h/
1263:/ʃ/
1255:/h/
1251:/ç/
1247:/x/
1186:/j/
1178:or
1136:/w/
1085:/w/
1068:or
1033:óil
1024:áit
984:or
971:buí
936:/w/
922:or
892:l̪ˠ
851:Tap
820:n̪ˠ
658:d̪ˠ
605:t̪ˠ
510:/h/
488:in
476:in
435:in
395:in
363:in
259:to
179:beo
163:beo
127:/h/
91:of
69:of
44:IPA
8995::
7429:,
7398:,
7385:,
7374:37
7372:,
7048:,
6990:,
6948:,
6894:,
6883:10
6881:,
6824:,
6807:,
6771:,
6665::9
5939::7
5850::8
5383:^9
5365:^8
5347:^7
5329:^6
5311:^5
5293:^4
5275:^3
5257:^2
5235:^1
5206:.
5144:.
4682:,
4550:.
4547:sé
4483:sé
4437:.
4110:an
3980:,
3866::
3854:,
3842:,
3790::
3735::
3728:an
3677::
3141:rá
3115:ní
3063:lá
2985:cú
2660:.
2020:.
2012:,
2008:,
1985:,
1981:,
1977:,
1973:,
1969:,
1965:,
1961:,
1957:,
1953:,
1854:nʲ
1844:Nʲ
1837:nʲ
1832:nʲ
1827:nʲ
1817:nʲ
1805:nˠ
1800:nˠ
1768:Nˠ
1756:Lʲ
1749:lʲ
1744:lʲ
1734:lʲ
1722:lˠ
1717:lˠ
1685:Lˠ
1678:ɾʲ
1673:rʲ
1666:Rʲ
1659:rˠ
1652:ɾˠ
1647:Rˠ
1398:,
1394:,
1390:,
1375:is
1344:,
1311:,
1265:,
1182:.
1157:.
1076:.
899:lʲ
868:ɾʲ
861:ɾˠ
827:nʲ
813:mʲ
806:mˠ
772:vʲ
721:sˠ
714:fʲ
707:fˠ
665:dʲ
651:bʲ
644:bˠ
612:tʲ
598:pʲ
591:pˠ
492:.
472:,
399:,
375:,
371:,
351:,
311:,
239:).
198:.
169:bó
157:bó
118:.
107:.
99:,
8215:e
8208:t
8201:v
8034:)
8026:(
7955:)
7947:(
7705:)
7701:(
7695:)
7691:(
7574:e
7567:t
7560:v
7431:1
7400:3
7387:2
7215:.
6992:8
6896:4
6809:7
4960:―
4955:―
4746:(
1993:(
1887:.
1861:ɲ
1822:n
1810:n
1739:l
1727:l
841:ɲ
834:ŋ
790:j
783:ɣ
765:w
749:h
742:ç
735:x
728:ʃ
691:/
679:ɟ
672:ɡ
626:c
619:k
439:(
367:(
347:(
50:.
34:.
20:)
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