877:
885:
716:
565:
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Alliance. The
Croatian Catholic Church rejected the pan-Slavic idea of bringing together Catholic, Orthodox, and Muslim believers under the motto that "a brother is dear regardless of his faith". The two Catholic organizations, Orlovi (Eagles) and Katolička Akcija (Catholic Action) were a main base of this resistance to the idea of Yugoslavism, brotherhood and religious tolerance. The Catholic Church's resistance to this idea of pan-Slavism led the Polish Sokols to abstain from the international All Sokol Rally held in Prague in 1926.
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940:
118:
1038:
38:
281:, where he majored in philosophy. It was not until the early 1860s that he became involved in the Czech nationalist cause, and changed his name to the Slavic form. After he failed to find a position in academia, Tyrš combined his experience working as a therapeutic gymnastics trainer with the nationalist ideologies he had been exposed to in Prague: the first Sokol club was formed.
245:
1637:
391:) was used by all members, but there were constant arguments over whether this was necessary or not. Different leaders believed that the Sokol was a mass-based institution defined by its working class members, while others viewed it more as a middle class apparatus by which to educate and raise the national consciousness of the working classes.
663:
518:
400:
347:
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Members of Sokol who emigrated from
Czechoslovakia set up small Sokol groups abroad. This Sokol migration, for a variety of reasons, began even before Czechoslovakia became a nation in 1918, intensified as a result of the World Wars and the Communist suppression, and continues to this day. Bohemian,
947:
Presently, the organization focuses on physical training in gymnastics and other athletics. Its popularity is, however, well below pre-war levels and a large percentage of members are older people with memories of the pre-1948 Sokol movement. Other members are mainly parents who register their kids
741:
The
Croatian clergy forced Croatian Sokols to leave the Yugoslav Sokol Alliance in 1919–20, fueling internal conflicts within the Alliance on political grounds. At the same time, senior Catholic clergy established the Orlovi (Eagles) clerical organization with the aim of taking youths away from the
733:
The
Slovenes organized their own gymnastic society on 1. October 1863 and named it Južni Sokol (South Falcon). Sokol societies were introduced in Slovenia by Viktor Murnik in the last decade of 19th century. V. Murnik was good gymnast. He was inspired by the Czech Sokol movement and studied Tyrš's
745:
In the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia all Sokol societies were merged into the Union of Sokols of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as of December 1929. The Eagles were ordered to disband but they rebranded themselves as religious fraternities. This way the Sokol movement was the principal agent of the drive for
737:
In
Croatia, the Sokol movement had full support from Strossmayer, then Bishop of Đakovo. After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary and the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in 1918, and under the leadership of Lazar Car, the Croatian Sokol societies were united with the
386:
parties. Theoretically, the Sokol was a society “above politics.” Always flamboyantly nationalistic, the more conservative members of the Sokol argued that the organization should maintain its distance from politics while the Young Czech members advocated more direct political participation.
557:) and sought to limit membership to those who he believed demonstrated commitment to purely Czech causes. Most of the progressive members of the Sokols were purged or left voluntarily to join the DTJ. Another rival gymnast society was founded by the Christian-Socialist party under the name
496:
The 1890s were a progressive era for the Sokols. In order to encourage a wider range of participation, the Sokols reformed their programs, offering training sessions of varying intensities, extending their libraries, emphasizing the educational aspect of training, and starting programs for
488:. There they won several medals and established strong connections with French gymnasts and the French public. The Sokols have been credited with establishing the beginning of the strong French sympathy for the Czechs and their subsequent political alliances on this trip.
272:
Miroslav Tyrš, the founder of the first Sokol in Prague in 1862, continued as the most influential figure in the movement until his death in 1884. Born
Friedrich Emanuel Tirsch into a German-speaking family in 1834, Tyrš grew up under the influence of the
952:
was held in 2000 (25,000 Sokols); another was held in July 2006. In July 2012 there was celebration of 150 years of Sokol movement and in July 2018 was the 100 years anniversary of the creation of
Czechoslovakia where 13,000 Sokols gathered in Prague.
646:(a member of Sokol) to remark, "When the thunder comes and the nations rise up to defend their existence, let it be the Sokol clubs from which the cry to battle will sound...". The cry to battle did sound two years later, when the first rumors of
1223:
PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s
Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019,
508:
Day (September 28) Resolutions. The leaders chose to continue to provide more accessible forms of training, with less focus on competition and more on an egalitarian idea of people's gymnastics balancing mental as well as physical education.
177:". Sokol, through lectures, discussions, and group outings, provided what Tyrš viewed as physical, moral, and intellectual training for the nation. This training extended to men of all ages and classes, and eventually to women.
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are also held in the United States by organizations of Czech (American Sokol
Organization) and Slovak (Sokol USA and Slovak Catholic Sokol) descent. The American Sokol Organization and Sokol USA alternate in hosting national
377:
The internal issues that were to plague the Sokol movement over the years emerged almost immediately. These internal arguments reached fruition during the 1870s with the power struggle in leadership between the members of
687:
and local patrols that kept order after the disintegration of Habsburg authority, and during the creation of Czechoslovakia in October 1918. They also fulfilled their title as the "Czech national army", helping to defend
634:
At the 1910 meeting of the ČOS congress the sokols reaffirmed their intentions to remain "above politics" and loosened their strict membership rules to allow Social Democrats, though still not clericals, into the sokols.
622:
The fifth slet, held in 1907 (over 12,000 Sokols), had an increasingly Slavic focus and moved away from the more egalitarian idea of people's gymnastics with increased competition aspects. It marked the creation of the
442:. The first and subsequent slets included an elaborate welcoming ceremony at the train station, mass demonstrations, gymnastics competitions, speeches, and theatrical events, open to members of all Sokols.
683:, in 1915 the Sokols were officially disbanded. Many members were active in persuading the Czechs to defect from the Austro-Hungarian army to the Russian side. Sokol members also helped create the
497:
adolescents, youth, and women. There was an increasing focus on mass-based ideology and working class egalitarianism under the leadership of the Young Czechs, namely Jan Podlipný, who was also the
504:
The second slet was held in 1891 (over 5,000 Sokols) and the third one soon afterwards in 1895. At this third slet the congress of the Sokol union laid out its progressive new trajectory in the
734:
gymnastics bases. The 1903 All-Sokols Rally was held in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The official name of the Slovenian Sokol was Ljubljana Sokol and its starosta was Kajzelj and the coach was Murnik.
438:(1572 Sokols) festival that became a grand tradition within the Sokol movement that spread across Central Europe together with other Slavic movements such as the political movement of
338:
continually kept a close eye on the movement, but the reputation and prestige of the Sokol continued to grow; soon the Sokol members were known by most as the "Czech national army".
367:
regions of the Habsburg empire. Initially the majority of members were students and professionals, but over time there was a trend towards increasingly working class members.
2518:
2513:
1380:
876:
1190:
445:
In 1887 the Habsburg authorities finally allowed, after over twenty years worth of proposals, the formation of a union of Sokol clubs – Czech Sokol Community (
884:
988:
from June 29 through July 2, 2011 in Cleveland, Ohio. The Slovak Catholic Sokol delayed their Slets due to the COVID 19 pandemic, resuming again on July 13, 2023.
1362:
374:
in 1866, when Sokol members were hired as guards for public events. This militaristic side of the Sokol movement continued to resurface throughout its history.
257:
The idea for physical training centers was not a new one. The Sokol movement consciously traced its roots in physical education to the athletes and warriors of
538:
and agrarian parties in the political arena played out in Sokol politics as well as national ones. The Social Democrats formed a rival gymnastics society, the
322:
and the working classes. The first president was Jindřich Fügner, an ethnic German who was a member of the Czech cause. Most founders were also members of the
1254:
Vladislav Bevc: Liberal Forces in Twentieth Century Yugoslavia: Memoirs of Ladislav Bevc, Volume 58 of Studies in modern European history, Peter Lang, 2007,
1693:
228:
and patriotism, which found expression in articles published in the Sokol journal, lectures held in Sokol libraries, and theatrical performances at the
699:
The Sokol flourished in the early interwar period, and by 1930 had 630,000 members. The Sokols held one last slet (350,000 Sokols) on the eve of the
1061:
2523:
2413:
561:("Eagle"). In the face of such competition, the Sokols set about reaffirming their traditional mission under the leadership of Josef Scheiner.
296:. They designed a uniform that was a mélange of Slavic and revolutionary influences: brown Russian trousers, a Polish revolutionary jacket, a
2305:
1619:
1338:
1229:
544:
1716:
715:
647:
1543:
1459:
1413:
1049:
1579:
1292:
1276:
1259:
1177:
1376:
900:
in 1948 before they were once again suppressed, this time by the Communists. The Communist Party tried to replace the tradition of
2041:
1153:
In celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the founding of the Sokol organization, the first "Slet" Festival was held in 1882
180:
The movement also spread across all the regions populated by Slavic cultures, most of them part of either Austria-Hungary or the
1194:
775:
1287:
Christian Axboe Nielsen: Making Yugoslavs: Identity in King Aleksandar's Yugoslavia, University of Toronto Press, 2014, p. 113
704:
564:
1510:
913:
1686:
1484:
619:. This slet also marked the first appearance of women who grew to be a major part of Sokol members in the following decades.
778:, only three years after the first Prague Sokol. Units quickly formed and by 1878, the United States had 13 Sokol chapters.
434:, Sokol. The same word, "slet", exists or can be synthesized from common Slavic roots in other Slavic languages. It meant a
1150:
Margaret C. Brown, Betty K. Sommer: Movement Education: Its Evolution and a Modern Approach, Addison-Wesley, 1969, page 23:
2141:
1741:
535:
481:
998:
Regional districts of the American Sokol Organization and Sokol USA also host smaller regional slets on an annual basis.
1975:
1793:
765:
905:
569:
209:
1308:
2452:
1938:
1136:
1108:
224:
movements. Though officially an institution "above politics", Sokol played an important part in the development of
539:
2528:
2486:
2246:
1679:
624:
174:
1898:
2408:
1903:
1768:
581:
498:
1271:
Viktor Novak: Magnum Crimen Ecclesia militants at war with the ideology of Tyrš, Gambit, Jagodina Serbia 2005
980:
from June 22 through June 25, 2017 in Cedar Rapids, IA. The American Sokol Organization will host the XXV ASO
673:
528:
410:
353:
308:
251:
124:
1037:
1888:
1848:
916:. Many of the Sokol members were imprisoned or exiled but some took part in the preparation of Spartakiad.
2031:
747:
277:
that gave rise to the uprisings that swept across Europe in 1848. He received a thorough education at the
225:
2437:
2281:
2046:
2021:
1893:
1853:
1721:
1130:
781:
A large slet (with well over a thousand participants) was held at the just-opened Chicago World's Fair (
266:
774:
Moravian, and Slovak immigrants and Czech-American citizens started the American Sokol Organization in
643:
170:
61:
580:
The fourth slet, held in 1901 (11,000 Sokols), boasted a large international participation, including
2398:
2360:
2345:
2241:
1863:
1813:
1726:
1093:
284:
The first Sokol worked to develop new Czech terminology for the training exercises, which centred on
274:
995:, commemorating the 120th anniversary of Sokol USA, from June 29 to July 2, 2016 in Pittsburgh, PA.
2335:
2026:
984:
in the summer of 2021 in the Chicago, IL suburbs. Sokol USA most recently hosted the XXVI national
923:
of 1968. After years of hibernation, the Sokol movement was revived for the fourth time in 1990. A
782:
721:
684:
371:
318:
The Prague Sokol initially drew its leaders from the ranks of politicians and its members from the
95:
2340:
2256:
1933:
1356:
480:
In 1889, though officially forbidden by the authorities, members of the Prague Sokol went to the
319:
278:
796:
By 1937, American Sokol membership rolls counted nearly 20,000 adults in areas as far-flung as
387:
Theoretically, the Sokol was also open equally to members of all classes. The informal “thou” (
2251:
2186:
2151:
2096:
2001:
1980:
1948:
1868:
1858:
1823:
1615:
1344:
1334:
1288:
1272:
1255:
1225:
1173:
928:
474:
304:
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2171:
2146:
2091:
2081:
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1943:
1878:
1873:
1818:
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1731:
1702:
1172:
J. Richard Polidoro: Sport and Physical Activity in the Modern World, Allyn and Bacon, 2000
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746:
cultural synthesis of the Yugoslav society. Honorary mayor of the Yugoslav Sokol was Prince
700:
166:
56:
1532:
1455:
1402:
650:'s assassination reached the Sokol members, most of whom were attending a regional slet in
2442:
2388:
2325:
2196:
2166:
2086:
2051:
2016:
1843:
1798:
1788:
805:
558:
335:
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162:
327:
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2191:
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2121:
2111:
2066:
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1913:
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and sent Sokol trainers to the rest of the Slavic world to found Sokol institutions in
312:
258:
181:
139:
1596:
Nolte, Claire E. "Our Brothers across the Ocean: The Czech Sokol in America to 1914",
326:
party, the most influential including Prince Rudolf von Thurn-Taxis, Josef Barák, and
220:. In many of these nations, the organization also served as an early precursor to the
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2403:
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2201:
2136:
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2011:
2006:
1985:
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1783:
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920:
801:
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616:
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189:
17:
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The Sokol training went through periods of greater militarized training, during the
117:
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2350:
2320:
2266:
2236:
2221:
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2061:
1928:
1923:
1833:
1746:
1506:
893:
861:
383:
331:
323:
1666:
1480:
553:, DTJ). Václav Kukař, a powerful ČOS figure, developed the policy of "cleansing" (
2365:
2276:
2231:
2126:
2101:
1963:
1918:
1883:
1828:
1808:
1083:
693:
680:
450:
439:
158:
1612:
Spartakiads : the politics of physical culture in Communist Czechoslovakia
1331:
Spartakiads : the politics of physical culture in Communist Czechoslovakia
1129:
1006:
At the beginning of the twentieth century the Sokol movement was introduced in
738:
Serbian and Slovenian Sokol clubs into a large Sokol Alliance on 15 June 1919.
2462:
2447:
2355:
2286:
2226:
2216:
2206:
2176:
2056:
1803:
1348:
1078:
813:
809:
726:
628:
604:
588:
435:
417:
379:
297:
262:
244:
229:
150:
37:
1641:
1241:
Tomaž Pavlin: Sokol movement in Slovenia - 150th anniversary of Južni Sokol,
2271:
2181:
1953:
1657:
1163:
Museum, Volumes 43-44, Volume 187 of Unesco publication, UNESCO., 1991 p. 68
1007:
849:
837:
825:
797:
612:
458:
301:
642:, over 30,000 Sokols) was held with a largely military atmosphere, causing
573:
454:
1636:
631:
idea of the Czechs as the strongest Slavic nation, second only to Russia.
1958:
1908:
1304:
845:
841:
689:
667:
600:
592:
466:
364:
285:
221:
201:
185:
359:
Within the first year the Sokols expanded beyond Prague, first into the
2467:
2291:
2106:
1970:
1103:
1023:
864:
of Nebraska, who was of Czech heritage, was a lifelong member of Sokol
829:
821:
817:
786:
754:
360:
289:
217:
213:
193:
83:
662:
342:
1860s and 1870s: Initial growth, militarization, and internal problems
261:. More directly, the nature of the Sokol was influenced by the German
1015:
857:
596:
462:
431:
404:
205:
197:
154:
145:
79:
517:
399:
307:. A Sokol flag, red with a white falcon, was designed by the writer
1671:
976:
The American Sokol Organization most recently hosted the XXIV ASO
938:
883:
875:
865:
853:
764:
714:
661:
608:
563:
516:
485:
424:
came from the Czech word for "a flocking of birds" (Czech plural:
398:
346:
345:
243:
116:
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of 1938 and were later brutally suppressed and banned during the
658:
World War I to Communism: Continued struggle of Czech nationalism
265:, mass-based, nationalist-minded gymnastics societies founded by
1660:– Sokol Library (Serbian/Yugoslav) at Project Rastko page
1623:
1591:
The Nazi Olympics: Sport, Politics, and Appeasement in the 1930s
1577:
Jandásek, Ladislav. "The Founder of the Sokols: Miroslav Tyrš".
1010:
and soon was considered as a new tradition. It bore the name of
833:
651:
1675:
927:
was held in 1994 (with 23,000 Sokols participating), after the
1667:
Historical photographs of Sokol by Šechtl and Voseček studios
1605:
The Sokol in the Czech Lands to 1914: Training for the Nation
121:
Members of the Sokol club in sports costumes, circa 1900.
1648:
1377:"Thousands Sokols gathered in Prague for the 16th slet"
1651:– official webpage of the Czech Sokol Community
904:
with mass exercises employed for propaganda purposes:
943:
Child gymnasts in Sokol house, Libeň, Prague in 2018
449:, ČOS). The union centralized all the Sokols in the
2430:
2379:
2313:
2304:
1994:
1776:
1767:
1760:
1709:
1022:) and was influenced by the older tradition of the
101:
89:
75:
67:
52:
44:
106:
1572:Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century—and After
1128:Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879).
753:In Serbia, the sport slub Soko is now known as
350:Live statue of poetry for Sokol festival, 1911
430:) since the organization carried the name for
1687:
1614:(First English edition ed.). Czech Republic.
1598:International Journal of the History of Sport
1232:, pp.124 - 128,140 - 148,184 - 190, 192 - 199
8:
248:Members of the Sokol club in costume, 1880s
30:
425:
2519:1862 establishments in the Austrian Empire
2514:Sports organizations of the Czech Republic
2310:
1773:
1764:
1694:
1680:
1672:
1593:. University of Illinois: 2003. p. 9.
1361:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1333:(First English ed.). Czech Republic.
973:in the United States at 4-year intervals.
29:
957:are expected to be held every six years.
919:The Sokols reappeared briefly during the
914:Czechoslovak Union of Physical Education
1436:L. Filipello, American Sokol Secretary.
1191:"JUDr. Jan Podlipný (Portal of Prague)"
1120:
1033:
1445:L. Filipello. American Sokol Secretary
1354:
1193:. Praha.eu. 1914-03-19. Archived from
705:Nazi occupation of Bohemia and Moravia
638:In 1912, the first "All-Slavic Slet" (
513:1900–1914: Competitors and neo-Slavism
173:. It was based upon the principle of "
1607:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
138:
7:
1717:Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths
1507:"Sokolfest XXVII Schedule of Events"
948:for physical activities. A further
25:
1580:Slavonic and East European Review
521:Jumping over horse at the fourth
2482:
2481:
1635:
1060:
1048:
1036:
477:) (mostly the Ukrainian lands).
36:
27:European gymnastics organization
1549:from the original on 2016-05-08
1531:Charles Bendar and Paul Sivak.
1513:from the original on 2016-06-30
1487:from the original on 2023-05-25
1462:from the original on 2016-08-05
1419:from the original on 2016-05-08
1401:Charles Bendar and Paul Sivak.
1383:from the original on 2018-07-01
1311:from the original on 2020-08-06
711:Sokol society among South Slavs
1481:"Slovak Catholic Sokol Events"
1131:"Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig"
153:organization first founded in
71:Sports and cultural federation
1:
2524:Culture of the Czech Republic
1243:Science of Gymnastics Journal
769:1965 U.S. commemorative stamp
551:Dělnická tělovýchovná jednota
311:(and painted by Czech artist
175:a strong mind in a sound body
1794:Edward William Barton-Wright
1589:and Murray, William (eds.).
395:1880s: Slets and Sokol union
991:Sokol USA hosted the XXVII
625:Federation of Slavic Sokols
2545:
1742:Francisco Amorós y Ondeano
1600:26 (no. 13, 2009) 1963–82.
1574:. London: Routledge, 1997.
1245:5(3): 5–18, Ljubljana 2013
888:Sokol slet in Prague, 2018
880:Sokol slet in Prague, 2018
776:St. Louis Missouri in 1865
492:1890s: The progressive era
2476:
1305:"Sokol Baltimore History"
1055:Flag of Sokol (1938–2019)
35:
1067:Flag of Sokol since 2019
692:against the invasion of
540:Workers' Gymnastic Union
230:gymnastic mass festivals
1542:. sokolusachicago.com.
1412:. sokolusachicago.com.
1137:The American Cyclopædia
912:) and its organization
2414:Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao
1653:(in Czech and English)
1043:Sokol festive cockarde
944:
889:
881:
770:
730:
676:
577:
531:
426:
413:
356:
254:
127:
2438:Battle of the Systems
2282:Warren Lincoln Travis
2047:Marie Bjelke Petersen
1854:Edith Margaret Garrud
1722:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
1644:at Wikimedia Commons
1456:"XXVI SOKOLFEST 2011"
1329:Roubal, Petr (2018).
942:
896:Sokols held one more
887:
879:
768:
718:
665:
567:
520:
402:
349:
334:. The authorities of
267:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
247:
210:Polish Sokół movement
120:
18:Slet (sporting event)
2399:Seetharaman Sundaram
2361:Kodi Rammurthy Naidu
2346:Jatindra Charan Guho
2242:Dudley Allen Sargent
1864:George Hackenschmidt
1727:Johann Baptist Krebs
696:and the Hungarians.
685:Czechoslovak Legions
279:University of Prague
275:Romantic nationalism
1899:Jørgen Peter Müller
1649:Česká obec sokolská
1458:. czechevents.net.
783:Century of Progress
447:Česká obec sokolská
416:In 1882, the first
372:Austro-Prussian War
32:
2341:Ambika Charan Guha
2257:Genevieve Stebbins
1934:Clara Schlaffhorst
1658:Sokolska knjižnica
945:
890:
882:
793:on June 25, 1933.
771:
731:
679:With the onset of
677:
674:Šechtl and Voseček
578:
532:
529:Šechtl and Voseček
414:
411:Šechtl and Voseček
357:
354:Šechtl and Voseček
320:petite bourgeoisie
255:
252:Šechtl and Voseček
128:
125:Šechtl and Voseček
2496:
2495:
2453:Muscular religion
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2300:
2299:
2252:Amos Alonzo Stagg
2187:Bernarr Macfadden
2152:Annette Kellerman
2097:Keene Fitzpatrick
2002:Marguerite Agniel
1981:Emily Diana Watts
1949:Lionel Strongfort
1849:Gustav Frištenský
1824:Launceston Elliot
1814:François Delsarte
1640:Media related to
1620:978-80-246-4366-3
1603:Nolte, Claire E.
1583:, 10 (1931/1932).
1533:"What Is a Sokol
1403:"What is a Sokol
1340:978-80-246-4366-3
1230:978-80-87173-47-3
929:fall of Communism
644:Augustin Očenášek
640:Všeslovanský slet
475:FC Spartak Moscow
226:Czech nationalism
115:
114:
16:(Redirected from
2536:
2529:Physical culture
2485:
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2458:Yoga as exercise
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2092:Carrica Le Favre
2082:Ludwig Durlacher
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1944:Mary Bagot Stack
1879:F. A. Hornibrook
1874:Oscar Heidenstam
1819:Edmond Desbonnet
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1737:Franz Nachtegall
1732:Pehr Henrik Ling
1703:Physical culture
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149:) is an all-age
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2017:Sanford Bennett
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1379:. July 2018.
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240:Early history
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57:Miroslav Tyrš
55:
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19:
2480:
2371:Monotosh Roy
2351:Guru Hanuman
2321:Manohar Aich
2314:Bodybuilding
2267:Armand Tanny
2237:Tony Sansone
2222:Steve Reeves
2162:Jack LaLanne
2062:Alan Calvert
1929:Arthur Saxon
1924:Eugen Sandow
1834:Juan Ferrero
1747:Adolf Spiess
1662:(in Serbian)
1634:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1587:Krüger, Arnd
1578:
1571:
1551:. Retrieved
1534:
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1450:
1441:
1432:
1421:. Retrieved
1404:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1371:
1330:
1324:
1313:. Retrieved
1299:
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1219:
1210:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:the original
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894:World War II
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862:Roman Hruska
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482:World's Fair
479:
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388:
384:Young Czechs
376:
369:
358:
332:Eduard Grégr
324:Young Czechs
317:
283:
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256:
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179:
144:
131:
129:
76:Headquarters
2366:Chandgi Ram
2336:B. C. Ghosh
2277:John Terpak
2247:Larry Scott
2232:Joe Rollino
2142:Bob Hoffman
2127:John Grimek
2102:Mark Forest
1964:Monte Saldo
1919:Joan Rhodes
1884:Thomas Inch
1829:Tony Emmott
1809:Victor Dane
1710:Antecedents
1626:1140640610.
1505:SOKOL USA.
1084:Pan-Slavism
910:spartakiády
681:World War I
543: [
501:1897–1900.
451:Czech lands
440:Pan-Slavism
313:Josef Mánes
298:Montenegrin
165:in 1862 by
159:Czech lands
2503:Categories
2448:Gymnastics
2356:K. V. Iyer
2287:Al Treloar
2227:Leo Robert
2217:Bill Pearl
2207:Kid Parker
2177:Gilman Low
2057:Paul Bragg
2032:Joe Bonomo
2027:Mark Berry
1894:Dan McLeod
1804:Niels Bukh
1553:2016-06-01
1517:2016-06-01
1491:2023-05-25
1466:2016-06-01
1423:2016-06-01
1387:2018-12-16
1349:1140640610
1315:2020-01-18
1201:2014-05-10
1115:References
1079:Mass games
1024:castellers
906:Spartakiad
860:. Senator
814:Pittsburgh
810:New Jersey
727:Kragujevac
629:neo-Slavic
627:under the
605:Bulgarians
589:Ukrainians
420:was held.
380:Old Czechs
263:Turnverein
151:gymnastics
2272:Vic Tanny
2182:Dan Lurie
1995:New World
1954:Maxalding
1889:John Lees
1357:cite book
1262:pp. 83-88
1008:Catalonia
1002:Catalonia
935:Currently
872:Aftermath
850:St. Louis
838:Minnesota
826:Cleveland
798:Baltimore
617:Americans
613:Frenchmen
459:Ljubljana
365:Slovenian
302:Garibaldi
300:cap, and
269:in 1811.
45:Formation
2487:Category
1909:Reg Park
1777:European
1544:Archived
1511:Archived
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1073:See also
846:Oklahoma
842:Nebraska
748:Peter II
694:Béla Kun
690:Slovakia
601:Russians
593:Slovenes
582:Galician
568:Nest of
555:očištění
467:Sarajevo
403:Slet in
382:and the
363:and the
305:redshirt
288:drills,
286:marching
222:Scouting
202:Bulgaria
186:Slovakia
53:Founders
2468:Pilates
2431:Related
2292:Turners
2107:Ed Fury
1971:Vulcana
1769:Western
1761:Systems
1565:Sources
1104:Turners
1030:Symbols
1020:Catalan
830:Oakland
822:Detroit
818:Chicago
787:Chicago
755:FK BASK
670:, 1924
525:, 1901
407:, 1920
361:Moravia
290:fencing
232:called
218:Belarus
214:Ukraine
194:Croatia
157:in the
102:Website
84:Bohemia
2409:Tiruka
2306:Indian
1959:Maxick
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1109:Pionýr
1016:falcon
892:After
858:Canada
729:, 1910
597:Croats
574:Poznań
463:Zagreb
455:Kraków
432:falcon
405:Prague
328:Julius
292:, and
216:, and
206:Poland
198:Serbia
188:, the
155:Prague
146:falcon
136:Czech:
80:Prague
2509:Sokol
2381:Yogic
1939:Sokol
1642:Sokol
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31:Sokol
1624:OCLC
1616:ISBN
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1363:link
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1289:ISBN
1273:ISBN
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