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Determining the process birds go through during moult can be useful in understanding breeding, migration and foraging strategies. One non-invasive method of studying moult in birds is through using field photography. The evolutionary and ecological forces driving moult can also be investigated using
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Some species of bird become flightless during an annual "wing moult" and must seek a protected habitat with a reliable food supply during that time. While the plumage may appear thin or uneven during the moult, the bird's general shape is maintained despite the loss of apparently many feathers; bald
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Cats moult fur around spring-summer time to get rid of their "winter coat". Cats have thicker fur during the colder winter months to keep them warm, then around spring and summer they shed some of their fur to get a thinner coat for the warmer summer months. Some cats need brushing during moulting,
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are force-moulted to reinvigorate egg-laying. This usually involves complete withdrawal of their food and sometimes water for 7–14 days or up to 28 days under experimental conditions, which presumably reflect standard farming practice in some countries. This causes a body weight loss of 25 to 35%,
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by shedding old feathers while producing new ones. Feathers are dead structures at maturity which are gradually abraded and need to be replaced. Adult birds moult at least once a year, although many moult twice and a few three times each year. It is generally a slow process: birds rarely shed all
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At this point, the snake continues to rub its skin on objects, causing the end nearest the head to peel back on itself, until the snake is able to crawl out of its skin, effectively turning the moulted skin inside-out. This is similar to how one might remove a
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gland in response to seasonal sunlight variations rather than temperature variations. This seasonality in moulting is most preserved in Arctic breeds of dogs which shed twice each year whereas most other breeds moult once each year.
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and repel moisture. The number and area of feathers that are shed varies. In some moulting periods, a bird may renew only the feathers on the head and body, shedding the wing and tail feathers during a later moulting period.
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Some flocks may be force-moulted several times. In 2003, more than 75% of all flocks were force-moulted in the US. Other methods of inducing a moult include low-density diets (e.g. grape pomace, cotton seed meal,
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A new skin can replace structures, such as by providing new external lenses for eyes. The new exoskeleton is initially soft but hardens after the moulting of the old exoskeleton. The old exoskeleton is called an
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For this reason, moults often occur immediately after the breeding season, but while food is still abundant. The plumage produced during this time is called postnuptial plumage. Prenuptial moulting occurs in
489:, breeding seasonality is weak at the population level, instead moult can show high seasonality with individuals probably under strong selection to match moult with peak environmental conditions.
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Ellis, D. H.; Rohwer, V. G.; Rohwer, S. (2017). "Experimental evidence that a large raptor can detect and replace heavily damaged flight feathers long before their scheduled moult dates".
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moult twice each year, in the spring and autumn, depending on the breed, environment and temperature. Dogs shedding much more than usual are known as "blow coats" or "blowing coats".
601:"shed their skin". This is usually achieved by the snake rubbing its head against a hard object, such as a rock (or between two rocks) or piece of wood, causing the already stretched
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In species with a "complete" metamorphosis, the final moult transforms the body, typically from a soft-bodied larva to a reproductive, winged and sometimes colourful adult. In
93:, is a process by which an animal casts off parts of its body to serve some beneficial purpose, either at specific times of the year, or at specific points in its life cycle.
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grow in to replace the old feathers. As the pin feathers become full feathers, other feathers are shed. This is a cyclical process that occurs in many phases. It is usually
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469:, with feather loss equal on each side of the body. Because feathers make up 4–12% of a bird's body weight, it takes a large amount of energy to replace them.
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meal) or dietary manipulation to create an imbalance of a particular nutrient(s). The most important among these include manipulation of minerals including
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where the males replace their nonbreeding plumage with breeding plumage. It is thought that large birds can advance the moult of severely damaged feathers.
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1273:"Weak breeding seasonality of a songbird in a seasonally arid tropical environment arises from individual flexibility and strongly seasonal moult"
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Lizards, like snakes, rub against objects to help remove their shed skin and then consume the shed skin for calcium and other nutrients.
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In medieval times, it was also known as "mewing" (from the French verb "muer", to moult), a term that lives on in the name of
Britain's
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Khan, R.U., Nikousefat, Z., Javdani, M., Tufarelli, V. and
Laudadio, V. (2011). "Zinc-induced moulting: production and physiology".
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Yousaf, M. & Chaudhry, A.S. (2008). "History, changing scenarios and future strategies to induce moulting in laying hens".
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Chickens generally stop laying eggs when their moulting begins and recommence laying when their new feathers have re-grown.
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that aids in camouflage until their flight feathers regrow, upon which they moult again and regain their breeding colours.
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Lincoln, G. A.; Clarke, I. J.; Hut, R. A.; Hazlerigg, D. G. (2006). "Characterizing a mammalian circannual pacemaker".
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Lindström, A.; Nilsson, J.Å. (1988). "Birds doing in the octopus way: Fright moulting and distraction of predators".
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A 2023 paleontological analysis concluded that moulting probably evolved late in the evolutionary lineage of birds.
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1316:"Rarity of molt evidence in early pennaraptoran dinosaurs suggests annual molt evolved later among Neornithes"
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where the King's hawks used to be kept during moulting time before becoming horse stables after Tudor times.
1365:"The effects of alternative forced-molting methods on the performance and egg quality of commercial layers"
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Arachnids moult regularly to grow, often becoming reclusive and fasting for long periods prior to a moult.
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After the end of the breeding season, most mallards moult their flight feathers. As the brightly coloured
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624:(ocular scale), so that the moult is vital for maintaining the animal's quality of vision. The skins of
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The process of moulting in birds is as follows: First, the bird begins to shed some old feathers, then
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Land hermit crabs bury themselves for many weeks while they moult and then consume their exoskeleton.
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moult regularly and consume the skin, with some species moulting in pieces and others in one piece.
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of the males leaves them vulnerable to predation, they lose it through moulting, replacing it with
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Chabot, A. A.; Hobson, K. A.; Criag, S.; Lougheed, S. C. (2018). "Moult in the
Loggerhead Shrike
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The snake's skin is often left in one piece after the moulting process, including the discarded
458:. Some birds will drop feathers, especially tail feathers, in what is called a "fright moult".
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Patwardhan, D. & King, A. (2011). "Review: feed withdrawal and non feed withdrawal moult".
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Moulting or shedding in canids, as in all mammals, is due to fluctuations in the amount of
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their feathers at any one time. The bird must retain sufficient feathers to regulate its
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Molino, A.B., Garcia, E.A., Berto, D.A., Pelícia, K., Silva, A.P. and
Vercese F. (2009).
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which stimulates the hen to lose her feathers, but also reinvigorates egg-production.
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spots are typically signs of unrelated illnesses, such as gross injuries, parasites,
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The
Everything Dog Grooming Book: All you need to help your pet look and feel great!
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1019:"Living with a leaky skin: upregulation of ion transport proteins during sloughing"
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921:"Moult - Definition in the English-French Dictionary - Cambridge Dictionary"
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Snakes rub against rough surfaces to assist removal of their shed skin.
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Wu, Nicholas C.; Cramp, Rebecca L.; Franklin, Craig E. (2017-06-01).
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Salamanders and frogs shed their skins regularly, then often eat it.
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Process by which an animal routinely casts off a part of its body
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with soft, flexible skins also undergo ecdysis. Ecdysis permits
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Frost, S. W. (1932). "Notes on feeding and molting in frogs".
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696:. While moulting, insects cannot breathe. In the crustacean
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in its radical final moult, metamorphosing from an aquatic
1422:"Physiology and behavior of the hen during induced moult"
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The
Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds
1608:"Insect molting is 'like having your lungs ripped out'"
1582:"Insect molting is 'like having your lungs ripped out'"
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with developing replacement feathers, sometimes called
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Regularly in larvae, when the exoskeleton is outgrown.
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by grabbing the open end and pulling it over itself.
535:(Zn), with full or partially reduced dietary intakes.
454:(especially in commercial poultry), or (in pet birds)
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in mid-moult (left) and with regular plumage (right).
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Nwaogu, C.J.; Tieleman, B.I.; Cresswell, W. (2019).
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Vieira, B. P.; Furness, R. W.; Nager, R. G. (2017).
575:Close up view of snake's moulted skin (left) and a
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intrinsic markers such as stable hydrogen isotope (
182:since dead hairs can get trapped in the cat's fur.
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589:periodically engage in moulting, as their skin is
593:. The most familiar example of moulting in such
1314:Kiat, Yosef; o'Connor, Jingmai Kathleen (2023).
485:) analysis. In some tropical birds, such as the
30:"Sloughing" redirects here. For other uses, see
1244:is influenced by sex, latitude and migration".
1208:"Using field photography to study avian moult"
506:In some countries, flocks of commercial layer
628:, in contrast, generally fall off in pieces.
344:Regularly, when the exoskeleton is outgrown.
8:
1565:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1405:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
436:, moulting is the periodic replacement of
326:Regularly, when the carapace is outgrown.
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201:Semi-annually, spring and fall (autumn).
1171:Newton, I. (2011). "Moult and plumage".
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702:molting must occur before they mate.
290:Regularly, when old skin is outgrown.
272:Regularly, when old skin is outgrown.
228:Usually autumn (non-commercial hens).
1369:Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola
7:
902:Abscission (Shedding, more general)
1771:Moulting in Chicken and other fowl
847:Discarded moult of a grasshopper (
662:, moulting is the shedding of the
178:Usually around spring-summer time
103:Moulting can involve shedding the
25:
1606:Stokstad, Erik (29 August 2014).
1580:Stokstad, Erik (29 August 2014).
1084:. New York, NY: Knopf. pp.
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1533:World's Poultry Science Journal
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1463:World's Poultry Science Journal
1382:10.1590/S1516-635X2009000200006
1023:Journal of Experimental Biology
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1185:10.1080/03078698.2009.9674395
1793:Animal developmental biology
793:moulting and eating the skin
666:, which is often called its
577:black-bearded gliding lizard
890:lizard, 5 cm scale bar
551:in the process of moulting.
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1332:10.1038/s42003-023-05048-x
806:Giant prickly stick insect
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32:Sloughing (disambiguation)
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1632:Blackburn, Sandy (2008).
1545:10.1017/S0043933911000547
1510:10.1017/S0043933911000286
1475:10.1017/S0043933907001729
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549:Mediterranean House Gecko
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925:dictionary.cambridge.org
718:The moulting phase of a
246:Mid-summer - early fall
1761:Crayfish Moulting Video
1711:The American Naturalist
1638:. Avon, Massachusetts:
1173:Ringing & Migration
967:10.1126/science.1132009
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1420:Webster, A.B. (2003).
1320:Communications Biology
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834:European green lizard
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1640:Simon & Schuster
1755:Moulting in Pigeons
1439:10.1093/ps/82.6.992
1242:Lanius ludovicianus
959:2006Sci...314.1941L
776:yellow-eyed penguin
1776:2013-08-28 at the
1111:Ornis Scandinavica
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999:. 15 December 2016
820:Moulted snake skin
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208:secreted by their
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51:to a winged adult.
1290:10.1111/ibi.12661
1258:10.1111/ibi.12551
1227:10.1111/ibi.12445
1158:10.1111/ibi.12416
1095:978-0-394-46651-4
1029:(11): 2026–2035.
872:A cicada moulting
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1693:. Retrieved
1680:Lumina Media
1678:. New York:
1674:
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930:10 September
928:. Retrieved
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791:leopard frog
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463:pin feathers
460:
448:
431:
427:pin feathers
423:king penguin
317:Hermit crabs
102:
95:
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68:
60:
54:
36:
1617:1 September
1591:1 September
1392:11449/14340
1300:10023/16070
884:Moult of a
774:A moulting
755:salamanders
664:exoskeleton
660:crustaceans
613:from one's
539:In reptiles
467:symmetrical
358:Exoskeleton
340:Exoskeleton
322:Exoskeleton
308:Regularly.
129:exoskeleton
1787:Categories
1695:2017-07-04
1655:2017-07-04
1326:(1): 687.
1003:2022-04-08
908:References
733:Coat (dog)
677:Arthropoda
650:, such as
648:arthropods
605:to split.
380:See also:
299:Amphibians
190:and other
157:Item shed
133:arthropods
98:Royal Mews
1670:Dog Fancy
1469:: 65–75.
1043:1477-9145
849:Caelifera
832:Moulting
656:arachnids
587:Squamates
335:Arachnids
206:melatonin
105:epidermis
77:sloughing
45:dragonfly
18:Sloughing
1803:Ethology
1774:Archived
1739:84796411
1672:(2011).
1553:85793922
1518:88353703
1483:34761543
1448:12817455
1350:37400509
1341:10317961
1193:84863075
1076:(1980).
1051:28566357
983:19916994
975:17185605
896:See also
597:is when
595:reptiles
547:A young
531:(I) and
438:feathers
376:In birds
367:mayflies
242:Feathers
237:Mallards
224:Feathers
147:Examples
139:in some
117:feathers
107:(skin),
81:shedding
61:moulting
1766:YouTube
1731:2456779
1131:3676468
1086:616–617
955:Bibcode
947:Science
761:Gallery
727:In dogs
694:exuviae
686:instars
674:. Most
672:ecdysis
652:insects
638:ecdysis
626:lizards
525:calcium
517:alfalfa
382:Plumage
353:Insects
281:Lizards
219:Chicken
160:Timing
141:insects
90:ecdysis
69:molting
57:biology
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622:brille
599:snakes
529:iodine
527:(Ca),
523:(Na),
521:sodium
263:Snakes
210:pineal
192:canids
163:Notes
154:Group
109:pelage
67:), or
1735:S2CID
1727:JSTOR
1549:S2CID
1514:S2CID
1479:S2CID
1211:(PDF)
1189:S2CID
1127:JSTOR
979:S2CID
751:frogs
749:Both
737:Most
668:shell
591:scaly
434:birds
137:wings
49:nymph
1798:Skin
1684:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1619:2014
1593:2014
1567:link
1444:PMID
1407:link
1346:PMID
1277:Ibis
1246:Ibis
1215:Ibis
1146:Ibis
1090:ISBN
1047:PMID
1039:ISSN
971:PMID
932:2022
753:and
739:dogs
658:and
640:and
615:foot
611:sock
603:skin
533:zinc
508:hens
304:Skin
286:Skin
268:Skin
188:Dogs
169:Cats
125:wool
113:hair
1764:on
1719:doi
1675:Pug
1541:doi
1506:doi
1471:doi
1434:doi
1387:hdl
1377:doi
1336:PMC
1328:doi
1295:hdl
1285:doi
1281:161
1254:doi
1250:160
1223:doi
1219:159
1181:doi
1154:doi
1150:159
1119:doi
1031:doi
1027:220
963:doi
951:314
646:In
483:δ2H
432:In
197:Fur
174:Fur
131:in
121:fur
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