360:
418:, according to The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, is instrumental: "Their goal is to promote accurate communication, rigorous testing, high accuracy, and broad applicability. They include the following: absence of contradictions, absence of ambivalence, abstractness, generality, precision, parsimony, and conditionality." Therefore, a social theory consists of well-defined terms, statements, arguments and scope conditions.
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choose and to create the forms and the paths that our societies will take. However, this does not give license to absolute contingency. Unger finds that there are groups of institutional arrangements that work together to bring about certain institutional forms—liberal democracy, for example. These forms are the basis of a social structure, which Unger calls
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law-like characteristics forcibly attached to it. Unger argues that classical social theory was born proclaiming that society is made and imagined, and not the expression of an underlying natural order, but at the same time its capacity was checked by the equally prevalent ambition to create law-like explanations of history and social development. The
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1777:. One might, for instance, review hospital records to find children who were abused, then track them down and administer a personality test to see if they show signs of being violent or shy. The selection of an appropriate (i.e. useful) theoretical orientation within which to develop a potentially helpful theory is the bedrock of social science.
1228:, is cited as one force which has decentralized modern life, creating a culturally pluralistic and interconnected global society, lacking any single dominant center of political power, communication, or intellectual production. The postmodern view is that inter-subjective knowledge, and not objective knowledge, is the dominant form of
667:, technological progress, decline or even fall. Social cycle theorists were skeptical of the Western achievements and technological progress, but argued that progress is an illusion of the ups and downs of the historical cycles. The classical approach has been criticized by many modern sociologists and theorists; among them
1736:
Social theory seeks to question why humans inhabit the world the way they do, and how that came to be by looking at power relations, social structures, and social norms, while also examining how humans relate to each other and the society they find themselves in, how this has changed over time and
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Unger begins by formulating the theory of false necessity, which claims that social worlds are the artifact of human endeavors. There is no pre-set institutional arrangement that societies must adhere to, and there is no necessary historical mold of development that they will follow. We are free to
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recently attempted to revise classical social theory by exploring how things fit together, rather than to provide an all encompassing single explanation of a universal reality. He begins by recognizing the key insight of classical social theory of society as an artifact, and then by discarding the
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Social theory guides scientific inquiry by promoting scientists to think about which topics are suitable for investigation and how they should measure them. Selecting or creating appropriate theory for use in examining an issue is an important skill for any researcher. Important distinctions: a
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Unger, calling his efforts "super-theory", has thus sought to develop a comprehensive view of history and society. Unger does so without subsuming deep structure analysis under an indivisible and repeatable type of social organization or with recourse to law-like constraints and tendencies. His
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Having a theoretical orientation that sees the world in terms of power and control, one could create a theory about violent human behavior which includes specific causal statements (e.g. being the victim of physical abuse leads to psychological problems). This could lead to a
1307:. In order to explain how we move from one formative context to another without the conventional social theory constraints of historical necessity (e.g. feudalism to capitalism), and to do so while remaining true to the key insight of individual human empowerment and
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that developed claimed to identify a small number of possible types of social organization that coexisted or succeeded one another through inescapable developmental tendencies or deep-seated economic organization or psychological constraints.
373:
as it has emerged in the past few centuries. Social theory, as it is recognized today, emerged in the 20th century as a distinct discipline, and was largely equated with an attitude of critical thinking and the desire for knowledge through
1201:. The wide range of uses of this term resulted in different elements of modernity are chosen as being continuous. Each of the different uses is rooted in some argument about the nature of knowledge, known in philosophy as
1235:
Not all people who use the term postmodern or postmodernism see these developments as positive. Users of the term argue that their ideals have arisen as the result of particular economic and social conditions, including
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are examples of more recent developments. A view among contemporary sociologists is that there are no great unifying 'laws of history', but rather smaller, more specific, and more complex laws that govern society.
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In the past few decades, in response to postmodern critiques, social theory has begun to stress free will, individual choice, subjective reasoning, and the importance of unpredictable events in place of
1773:(prediction) about what one expects to see in a particular sample, e.g. "a battered child will grow up to be shy or violent". One can then test the hypothesis by looking to see if it is consistent with
1311:, Unger recognized that there are an infinite number of ways of resisting social and institutional constraints, which can lead to an infinite number of outcomes. This variety of forms of resistance and
1205:. Individuals who use the term are arguing that either there is something fundamentally different about the transmission of meaning, or that modernism has fundamental flaws in its system of knowledge.
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to meet their demands. Smith argued that this allows wealth to be redistributed among inhabitants, and for all to share in progress of society. Smith explained that social forces could regulate the
1458:... making an explicit appeal to some grand narrative, such as the dialectics of Spirit the hermeneutics of meaning, the emancipation of the rational or working subject, or the creation of wealth."
335:, as well as the relationship between contingency and necessity. Social theory in an informal nature, or authorship based outside of academic social and political science, may be referred to as "
978:
The first "modern" social theories (known as classical theories) that begin to resemble the analytic social theory of today developed simultaneously with the birth of the science of sociology.
1232:. The ubiquity of copies and dissemination alters the relationship between reader and what is read, between observer and the observed, between those who consume and those who produce.
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The argument for the necessity of the term states that economic and technological conditions of our age have given rise to a decentralized, media-dominated society. These ideas are
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on society, and focused on the "material conditions" of life. His theories centered around capitalism and its effect on class-struggle between the
1006:, becoming recognised as a founding figure of sociology posthumously. At the turn of the 20th century, the first of German sociologists, including
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1319:. However, Unger adds that these outcomes are always reliant on the forms from which they spring. The new world is built upon the existing one.
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In the 18th century, the pre-classical period of social theories developed a new form that provides the basic ideas for social theory, such as
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is an attempt to explain and predict behavior in particular contexts. A theoretical orientation cannot be proven or disproven; a theory can.
485:(428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC), did not see a distinction between politics and society. The concept of society did not come until the
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1761:) is a worldview, the lens through which one organizes experience (i.e. thinking of human interaction in terms of power or exchange). A
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L Arxer, Steven (2008). "Addressing postmodern concerns on the border: globalization, the nation-state, hybridity, and social change".
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addressed the question of whether vast inequalities of wealth represented progress. He explained that the wealthy often demand
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also emphasized that man has the liberty to change his world, an assertion that made it possible to program and change society.
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challenging the traditional way of thinking, scientists were required to find new normativity. This process allowed
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19th-century classical social theory has been expanded upon to create newer, contemporary social theories such as
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by definition is used to make distinctions and generalizations among different types of societies, and to analyze
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Did the development of modern societies, with vast inequalities in wealth among citizens, constitute progress?
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Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In—Volume 2 of
Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
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freed French society of control by the monarchy, with no effective means of maintaining social order until
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where he uses deep-logic practice to theorize human social activity through anti-necessitarian analysis.
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that states a
Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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False
Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy, Revised Edition
767:" and other multi-disciplinary subject matter became part of social theory as taught under sociology.
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and exchange among diverse societies, bringing sweeping changes and new challenges for society. Many
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focus on reflective assessment and critique of society and culture in order to reveal and challenge
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An
Introduction to Classical and Contemporary Social Theory: A Critical Perspective, Third Edition
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followed in the 1940s. In the 1970s, programs in Social and
Political Thought were established at
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was introduced into study of society, which was a significant advance leading to development of
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Abbott, Andrew (1997). "Of Time and Space: The
Contemporary Relevance of the Chicago School".
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2005:
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The term "postmodernism" was brought into social theory in 1971 by the Arab
American Theorist
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810:. Social theory at present seems to be gaining acceptance as a classical academic discipline.
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provides general theories to explain actions and behavior of society as a whole, encompassing
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Philosophical
Foundations of the Social Sciences: Analyzing Controversies in Social Research
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social theory became closely related to academic
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came to power. Three great classical theories of social and historical change emerged: the
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American Utopia and Social
Engineering in Literature, Social Thought, and Political History
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How do particular government interventions and regulations impact natural social processes?
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in different cultures, and the tools used to measure those things. Social theory looks to
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in discussion of social relations. Prior to the enlightenment, social theory took largely
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The 19th century pioneers of social theory and sociology, like Saint-Simon, Comte, Marx,
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A revival of discussion free of disciplines began in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The
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or
Spencer, never held university posts and they were broadly regarded as philosophers.
434:(551–479 BCE) envisaged a just society that went beyond his contemporary society of the
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1370:. The Chicago school focused on patterns and arrangement of social phenomenon across
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False Necessity: anti-necessitarian social theory in the service of radical democracy,
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1955:
Seidman, S., 2016. Contested knowledge: Social theory today. John Wiley & Sons.
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in this time played a significant role in social theory. He revealed the origin of
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Other issues relating to modernity that were addressed by social thinkers include
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ideas. Classical social theory has generally been presented from a perspective of
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philosophers and religious teachers were the precursors to social theory proper.
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which he described as "any science that legitimates itself with reference to a
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scholarship, as well as other non-academic or journalistic forms of writing.
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The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge
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Can human reason make sense of the social world and shape it for the better?
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806:. A chair and undergraduate program in social theory was established at the
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Philosophical questions addressed by social thinkers often centered around
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endeavoured to formally established academic sociology, and did so at the
866:, competition in social space, organismic pattern for social description.
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to be a movement of ideas arising from, but also critical of elements of
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and manners as part of his explanation of political and historic events.
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A common factor among the classical theories was the agreement that the
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form. It was expressed as stories and fables, and it may be assumed the
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Social Theory Research Network of the European Sociological Association
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is pursuing a fixed path. They differed on where that path would lead:
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society through a lens of hatred and contempt for what he saw as false
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390 BCE) recommended a more pragmatic sociology, but ethical at base.
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2442:. Harrington, Austin, 1970-. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005.
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programs extended the concerns of social theory into the domain of
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rejected Comtean positivism but nevertheless aimed to establish a
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was important for progress of society. Millar also advocated for
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550:
482:
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343:", or "cultural criticism" and may be associated both with formal
2277:
Petrov, Igor (2003). "Globalization as a Postmodern Phenomenon".
2178:
Allan, H Turnner, Kenneth, Jonathan; Turner, Jonathan H. (2000).
609:
arose during the Enlightenment period, with the emergence of the
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Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture
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media, and that such conditions have pushed society into a new
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were influential in the 1970s in developing postmodern theory.
913:, analyzed the social contract (and social compact) that forms
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The Enlightenment period was marked by the idea that with new
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is thus considered by many to be the forerunner of sociology.
187:
129:
77:
36:
590:, published in 1377, two types of societies: (1) the city or
2340:. London: Verso. pp. 35–36, 164, 169, 278–80, 299–301.
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The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature
358:
147:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2801:
Marx, Durkheim, Weber: formations of modern social thought
2790:
Pure and Applied Sociological Theory: Problems and Issues
2055:
S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge",
457:(354–430) was concerned exclusively with the idea of the
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argued that "history goes in cycles," and presented the
763:
branched out into their own disciplines. Subjects like "
2004:(3rd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 12.
153:
30:"Social analysis" redirects here. For the journal, see
2621:
Berger, J., M. Zelditch, Jr., and B. Anderson (1989).
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populations, distinguished sociological analysis from
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embraced the idea of progress and ideas of modernity.
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
3002:
1802-1876, prolific writer on social theory, some at
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and their relations and influences on social groups.
2658:
Developing Sociological Knowledge: Theory and Method
2039:
H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World",
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Sociological Theories in Progress: New Formulations
1315:make change possible. Unger calls this empowerment
218:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2944:
2798:
2697:
2561:
2522:Baert, Patrick; Silva, Filipe Carreira da (2010).
2369:(4). University of North Carolina Press: 1149–82.
2308:
553:), the introduction to a seven volume analysis of
2978:Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory
2524:Social Theory in the Twentieth Century and Beyond
2487:Contemporary social theory : an introduction
2167:– via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
1378:, and within context of other social variables.
640:. French thought during this period focused on
2252:Tamara Journal of Critical Organisation Inquiry
2159:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1173:The Postmodern Condition: A report on knowledge
951:as an important factor for economic progress.
1802:Should the economy/market be regulated or not?
1781:Example of questions posed by social theorists
1220:, brought on by innovations in communication,
1120:(1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst
971:makes people more industrious, ambitious, and
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943:with social objectivity and without need for
686:The 19th century brought questions involving
8:
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2913:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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2073:"Enlightenment Period: Thinkers & Ideas"
1967:
1965:
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1697:Important Italian social scientists include
1559:, addressed questions and ideas relating to
1416:wrote and theorized about the importance of
1342:developed in the 1920s, through the work of
493:, was probably first used as key concept by
2889:Ritzer, George, Douglas J. Goodman (2003).
2742:Hughes, J., P. Martin, W. Sharrock (1995).
2440:Modern social theory : an introduction
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3357:
3040:
3026:
3018:
2973:The International Social Theory Consortium
1645:philosophers and social thinkers included
1597:philosophers and social thinkers included
2951:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2947:Social Theory: Its Situation and its Task
2315:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2311:Social Theory: Its situation and its task
935:, employing numerous others to carry out
296:Learn how and when to remove this message
278:Learn how and when to remove this message
176:Learn how and when to remove this message
2700:The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity
2649:Social Theory: A Historical Introduction
2583:Berger, Peter; Luckmann, Thomas (1966).
2568:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
2545:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
2302:
2300:
2000:Macionis, John J.; Plummer, Ken (2005).
1974:Social Theory: A Historical Introduction
1717:Important Thai social theorists include
897:, developed new social ideas during the
97:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
27:Framework used to study social phenomena
2924:A Short History of Sociological Thought
2606:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2156:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2140:Economics and Ideology and Other Essays
1988:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology
1945:
772:Frankfurt Institute for Social Research
315:, that are used to study and interpret
2906:
2873:
2822:Classical & Contemporary Sociology
2749:
2726:
2628:
2463:
2228:
2180:"A formalization of postmodern theory"
1951:
1949:
1555:social thought, with thinkers such as
1108:. In 1896, he established the journal
2604:Modern Social Theory: An Introduction
2434:
2432:
2398:"The German Ideology. Karl Marx 1845"
1026:, Marxist historical materialism and
7:
2856:Ritzer, George, Barry Smart (2003).
2153:Bourdeau, Michel (19 October 2017).
1483:– influenced by Spencer and Durkheim
1295:articulation of such a theory is in
905:and methods of scientific inquiry.
751:, and other related studies such as
216:adding citations to reliable sources
2995:Why is Social Theory So "Difficult"
1170:wrote a short but influential work
878:. Montesquieu included changes in
2689:Social Theory and Modern Sociology
2307:Unger, Roberto Mangabeira (1987).
955:suggested that improved status of
947:intervention. Smith regarded the
380:methods of discovery, rather than
25:
2744:Understanding Classical Sociology
1309:anti-necessitarian social thought
917:and defined the social sphere or
738:theory of post-industrial society
722:multilineal theories of evolution
52:This article has multiple issues.
4237:The Closing of the American Mind
4157:Civilization and Its Discontents
4137:A Vindication of Natural Society
2587:. Garden City NY: Anchor Books.
2002:Sociology. A Global Introduction
1836:
1489:– influenced by Weber and Pareto
1366:, and other sociologists at the
1114:. Durkheim's seminal monograph,
1105:Rules of the Sociological Method
192:
134:
82:
41:
2840:The Social Scientist's Bestiary
2526:. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
2421:Lyotard, Jean-François (1979).
1581:had a very important impact on
1041:Another early modern theorist,
792:University of California, Davis
652:teachings and authority of the
644:critique and criticisms of the
461:. St. Augustine describes late
203:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
2849:Theorizing Classical Sociology
2831:The Structure of Social Action
2099:"The History Behind Sociology"
1888:History of the social sciences
1045:(1820–1903), coined the term "
311:are analytical frameworks, or
1:
4127:Oration on the Dignity of Man
2783:. Cambridge University Press.
2029:. Cambridge University Press.
1603:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1471:Social constructionist theory
1442:Postmodernism was defined by
1076:Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
774:is a historical example. The
594:-dweller and (2) the mobile,
4197:The Society of the Spectacle
2774:. London: Sage Publications.
2719:Hall, S., B. Gieben (1992).
1990:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
1976:. New York University Press.
1495:– influenced by Marx, Simmel
1191:Scholars most commonly hold
469:, and in reaction theorized
2721:The Formations of Modernity
2602:Harrington, Austin (2005).
1450:" and contrasted that with
1277:Philosopher and politician
1061:to illustrate their point.
967:, suggesting that personal
776:Committee on Social Thought
565:in formulating theories of
557:, was the first to advance
519:Sociology in medieval Islam
438:. Later on, also in China,
4422:
2891:Modern Sociological Theory
2560:Berberoglu, Berch (2005).
2543:Constructing Social Theory
1986:Ritzer, George, ed. 2007.
1567:. The political ideals of
1435:
1406:
1385:
1334:Chicago School (sociology)
1331:
1143:
901:period that were based on
817:
535:from the 14th century: in
516:
109:Such statements should be
29:
4375:
4267:Intellectuals and Society
4217:The Culture of Narcissism
2858:Handbook of Social Theory
2829:Parsons, Talcott (1937).
2824:. Hodder & Stoughton.
2696:Habermas, JĂĽrgen (1987).
2485:Elliott, Anthony (2009).
2187:Sociological Perspectives
2041:Cooperation South Journal
2027:The Rise of Social Theory
1140:Post-modern social theory
1014:, developed sociological
740:) and various strains of
588:(Introduction to History)
331:), the primacy of either
32:Social Analysis (journal)
4257:The Malaise of Modernity
4207:The History of Sexuality
3306:Catholic social teaching
2931:Swirski, Peter. (2011).
2851:. Open University Press.
2797:Morrison, K. L. (1995).
2779:Kincaid, Harold (1996).
2423:The Postmodern Condition
2138:Meek, Rodney L. (1967).
2025:Heilbron, Johan (1995).
1534:Claude Henri Saint-Simon
1481:Structural functionalism
1466:Other theories include:
1446:as "incredulity towards
1279:Roberto Mangabeira Unger
1024:structural functionalism
988:structural functionalism
885:Philosophers, including
477:philosophers, including
408:, and often regarded as
4337:Philosophy of education
2922:Swingewood, A. (2000).
2838:Phillips, D.C. (1992).
2336:Unger, Roberto (2004).
1972:Callinicos, A. (1999).
1755:theoretical orientation
1267:symbolic interactionism
1259:deterministic necessity
1047:survival of the fittest
1020:sociological positivism
814:Classical social theory
808:University of Melbourne
734:theory of modernization
602:European social thought
3276:
3230:
3216:
2984:Sociological Theorists
2935:. New York, Routledge.
2820:O'Donnell, M. (2000).
2672:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2470:: CS1 maint: others (
2123:Althusser, L. (1972).
1853:Continental philosophy
1820:social disorganization
1637:Chinese social thought
1548:British social thought
1476:Rational choice theory
1263:Rational choice theory
1102:in 1895, he published
1100:University of Bordeaux
1004:historical materialism
715:historical materialism
581:treatise described in
533:early Muslim sociology
386:methods of tradition.
363:
156:by rewriting it in an
4406:Sociological theories
4342:Philosophy of history
4332:Philosophy of culture
4227:A Conflict of Visions
2860:. Sage Publications.
2788:Larson, C.J. (1993).
2489:. London: Routledge.
2279:International Affairs
1732:In academic practices
1709:, Franco Ferrarotti.
1589:German social thought
1524:French social thought
1444:Jean-François Lyotard
1368:University of Chicago
1344:Albion Woodbury Small
1291:is the star example.
1168:Jean-François Lyotard
1144:Further information:
923:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
907:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
887:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
856:philosophy of history
780:University of Chicago
765:philosophy of history
545:(later translated as
531:There is evidence of
362:
4347:Political philosophy
4147:Democracy in America
2687:Giddens, A. (1987).
2670:Modern Social Theory
2625:. Sage Publications.
2541:Bell, David (2008).
2125:Politics and History
1908:Post-colonial theory
1898:Political philosophy
1883:History of sociology
1571:were a precursor of
1532:social thinkers are
1499:Symbolic interaction
1146:post-modern feminism
1111:L'Année Sociologique
820:History of sociology
681:Immanuel Wallerstein
634:scientific knowledge
487:Enlightenment period
212:improve this article
111:clarified or removed
4187:One-Dimensional Man
1933:Sociological theory
1739:interdisciplinarity
1713:Thai social thought
1503:George Herbert Mead
1364:George Herbert Mead
1317:negative capability
1059:social cycle theory
992:social evolutionism
708:social cycle theory
706:forms a part), the
700:social evolutionism
661:history of humanity
416:Theory construction
333:structure or agency
4307:Cultural pessimism
4302:Cultural criticism
3201:National character
2656:Cohen, B. (1989).
2079:. 21 February 2020
1913:Post-structuralism
1808:social atomization
1462:Other perspectives
1393:Critical theorists
1323:Schools of thought
1154:post-structuralism
1055:Pitirim A. Sorokin
1000:science of society
915:social integration
872:The Spirit of Laws
858:, social life and
621:intellectuals and
406:Western philosophy
364:
158:encyclopedic style
145:is written like a
4388:
4387:
4104:
4103:
3249:Spontaneous order
3239:Social alienation
3088:Cultural heritage
3049:Social philosophy
3004:Project Gutenberg
3000:Harriet Martineau
2842:. Pergamon Press.
2613:978-0-19-925570-2
2575:978-0-7425-2493-4
2552:978-0-7425-6428-2
2533:978-0-7456-3981-9
2347:978-1-85984-331-4
1693:Italian sociology
1619:Theodor W. Adorno
1561:political economy
1536:, Auguste Comte,
1418:political economy
1352:Ernest W. Burgess
1305:formative context
1246:historical period
1240:", the growth of
1065:(1855–1936) made
1063:Ferdinand Tönnies
949:division of labor
837:scientific method
702:theory (of which
692:French Revolution
559:social philosophy
555:universal history
481:(384–322 BC) and
341:social commentary
321:social scientists
319:. A tool used by
306:
305:
298:
288:
287:
280:
262:
186:
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128:
127:
75:
16:(Redirected from
4413:
4352:Social criticism
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4122:
3358:
3340:Frankfurt School
3318:Communitarianism
3281:
3235:
3221:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3019:
3010:Social Phenomena
2962:
2950:
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2927:
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2912:
2904:
2885:
2879:
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2852:
2847:Ray, L. (1999).
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1977:
1969:
1956:
1953:
1928:Social evolution
1903:Political theory
1873:Ethnomethodology
1846:
1841:
1840:
1585:'s philosophy).
1565:social evolution
1513:Agential realism
1501:– influenced by
1397:power structures
1178:Jean Baudrillard
1092:John Stuart Mill
1053:(1848–1923) and
796:Cultural Studies
704:Social Darwinism
337:social criticism
317:social phenomena
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4297:Critical theory
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3301:Budapest School
3289:
3078:Cosmopolitanism
3051:
3046:
3015:
2969:
2959:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2905:
2901:
2893:. McGraw-Hill.
2888:
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1893:Literary theory
1878:Feminist theory
1858:Critical theory
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1783:
1734:
1715:
1707:Vilfredo Pareto
1699:Antonio Gramsci
1695:
1639:
1627:Herbert Marcuse
1591:
1557:Herbert Spencer
1550:
1542:Michel Foucault
1526:
1521:
1508:False necessity
1493:Conflict theory
1464:
1440:
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1411:
1405:
1390:
1388:Critical theory
1384:
1382:Critical theory
1360:Ellsworth Faris
1336:
1330:
1325:
1271:false necessity
1254:
1238:late capitalism
1182:Michel Foucault
1156:
1142:
1051:Vilfredo Pareto
1043:Herbert Spencer
1030:, and Weberian
1028:conflict theory
860:social contract
822:
816:
726:neoevolutionism
665:social progress
636:and society to
604:
571:social conflict
567:social cohesion
529:
517:Main articles:
515:
455:Saint Augustine
429:
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1284:human sciences
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40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4418:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:Social theory
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:Radhakrishnan
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:20th and 21st
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:18th and 19th
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2958:9780521329750
2954:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2902:
2900:0-07-282578-2
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2869:
2867:0-7619-4187-8
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2812:0-8039-7562-7
2808:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2711:9780262081634
2707:
2704:. MIT Press.
2702:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2679:0-312-08674-1
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2594:0-385-05898-5
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2496:9780415386333
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2449:9780199255702
2445:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:Social Forces
2357:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2322:9780521329750
2318:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2011:0-13-128746-X
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Postmodernism
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:, including:
1788:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1747:media studies
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:Kukrit Pramoj
1720:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:Gaetano Mosca
1700:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:Wang Yangming
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:Immanuel Kant
1596:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:Social action
1485:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1456:metadiscourse
1453:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1438:Postmodernism
1432:Postmodernism
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:manufacturing
1219:
1218:Globalization
1216:and meaning.
1215:
1214:communication
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1194:postmodernism
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1162:in his book:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1150:postmodernism
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1085:social actors
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
986:– as well as
985:
981:
980:Auguste Comte
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
924:
920:
919:civil society
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:Enlightenment
896:
895:Denis Diderot
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:, public and
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Adam Ferguson
821:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
677:Charles Tilly
674:
673:Robert Nisbet
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:world economy
608:
601:
599:
597:
593:
589:
586:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:
538:
534:
528:
524:
520:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:. The term,
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:Ancient Greek
472:
468:
464:
463:Ancient Roman
460:
456:
453:In the West,
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
426:
421:
419:
417:
413:
411:
407:
403:
402:philosophical
399:
395:
391:
387:
385:
384:
379:
378:
372:
368:
367:Social theory
361:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
300:
297:
282:
279:
271:
268:December 2017
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
243:
239:
236:
232:
229: –
228:
224:
223:Find sources:
217:
213:
207:
206:
201:This article
199:
195:
190:
189:
180:
177:
169:
159:
155:
149:
148:
143:This article
141:
132:
131:
122:
112:
106:
104:
100:
96:
91:This article
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Social Theory
4361:
4265:
4255:
4245:
4235:
4225:
4215:
4205:
4195:
4185:
4175:
4165:
4155:
4145:
4135:
4125:
4115:
3535:Guicciardini
3518:Early modern
3354:Philosophers
3328:Conservatism
3323:Confucianism
3311:Distributism
3244:Social norms
3232:Sittlichkeit
3218:Ressentiment
3164:Institutions
3142:Human nature
3014:
2946:
2932:
2926:. Macmillan.
2923:
2890:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2800:
2789:
2780:
2770:
2743:
2720:
2699:
2691:. Broadview.
2688:
2669:
2657:
2648:
2622:
2603:
2584:
2563:
2542:
2523:
2486:
2480:
2439:
2422:
2416:
2405:. Retrieved
2402:marxists.org
2401:
2396:Marx, Karl.
2391:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2337:
2331:
2310:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2258:(1/2): 179.
2255:
2251:
2245:
2231:cite journal
2190:
2186:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2155:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2076:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1973:
1923:Queer theory
1805:
1784:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1743:anthropology
1735:
1727:Prawase Wasi
1719:Jit Phumisak
1716:
1696:
1689:, Zhu Ming.
1681:, Wei Yuan,
1640:
1615:Georg Simmel
1592:
1576:
1551:
1527:
1519:Key thinkers
1465:
1441:
1412:
1391:
1348:W. I. Thomas
1337:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1276:
1255:
1234:
1207:
1203:epistemology
1192:
1190:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1089:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1040:
1012:Georg Simmel
999:
977:
927:
884:
871:
864:general will
849:
823:
804:anthropology
769:
753:anthropology
746:
730:sociobiology
719:
688:social order
685:
658:
627:
623:philosophers
605:
587:
582:
546:
540:
530:
507:pre-Socratic
490:
459:just society
458:
452:
447:
443:
430:
415:
414:
394:sociological
389:
388:
381:
377:a posteriori
375:
366:
365:
308:
307:
292:
274:
265:
255:
248:
241:
234:
222:
210:Please help
205:verification
202:
172:
163:
144:
116:
103:unverifiable
95:weasel words
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
4322:Historicism
4151:(1835–1840)
4117:De Officiis
3841:de Beauvoir
3811:Baudrillard
3763:Vivekananda
3753:Tocqueville
3668:Kierkegaard
3484:Ibn Khaldun
3454:Alpharabius
3345:Personalism
3254:Stewardship
3211:Reification
3206:Natural law
3127:Familialism
3093:Culturalism
3008:Teng Wang,
2792:. Harcourt.
2766:James, Paul
2108:21 November
2083:13 November
1683:Kang Youwei
1679:Gong Zizhen
1569:John Ruskin
1528:Some known
1426:bourgeoisie
1422:proletariat
1313:empowerment
1160:Ihab Hassan
953:John Millar
933:convenience
868:Montesquieu
833:John Millar
829:Montesquieu
761:social work
742:Neo-Marxism
669:Karl Popper
630:discoveries
598:societies.
575:Ibn Khaldun
547:Prolegomena
537:Ibn Khaldun
471:City of God
410:Eurocentric
355:Definitions
166:August 2017
105:information
4395:Categories
4327:Humanities
4287:Agnotology
3946:Kołakowski
3509:Ibn Tufayl
3489:Maimonides
3433:Thucydides
3428:Tertullian
3383:Lactantius
3278:Volksgeist
3259:Traditions
3073:Convention
2980:(archived)
2407:2016-09-29
2285:(6): 127.
2193:(3): 363.
2163:19 October
1940:References
1816:loneliness
1812:alienation
1771:hypothesis
1687:Mao Zedong
1685:, Lu Xun,
1647:Shang Yang
1641:Important
1593:Important
1166:. In 1979
1134:philosophy
1130:psychology
1126:Protestant
1038:critique.
984:positivism
973:productive
945:government
929:Adam Smith
911:inequality
845:discipline
757:philosophy
710:, and the
584:Muqaddimah
542:Muqaddimah
523:Muqaddimah
325:positivism
238:newspapers
57:improve it
4367:Sociology
4317:Historism
4026:Santayana
3996:Oakeshott
3966:MacIntyre
3951:Kropotkin
3926:Heidegger
3779:centuries
3693:Nietzsche
3658:Jefferson
3643:Helvétius
3608:Condorcet
3571:centuries
3555:Montaigne
3378:Confucius
3368:Augustine
3285:Worldview
3179:Modernity
3152:Formation
2941:Unger, R.
2909:cite book
2876:cite book
2752:cite book
2729:cite book
2666:Craib, I.
2631:cite book
2505:232358185
2466:cite book
2291:0130-9641
2264:1532-5555
2207:0731-1214
2103:ThoughtCo
1787:modernity
1655:Confucius
1611:Max Weber
1607:Karl Marx
1414:Karl Marx
1242:broadcast
1230:discourse
1210:simulacra
1199:modernism
1067:community
1036:verstehen
1008:Max Weber
1002:based on
996:Karl Marx
961:abolition
852:evolution
841:sociology
802:and thus
749:sociology
650:religious
607:Modernity
579:Khaldun's
527:Asabiyyah
503:normative
499:narrative
479:Aristotle
432:Confucius
398:political
371:modernity
313:paradigms
119:June 2010
93:contains
63:talk page
4380:Category
4292:Axiology
4280:See also
4071:Voegelin
4061:Spengler
4036:Shariati
3991:Nussbaum
3976:Maritain
3936:Irigaray
3916:Habermas
3881:Foucault
3866:Durkheim
3768:Voltaire
3733:de Staël
3708:Rousseau
3633:Franklin
3494:Muhammad
3479:Gelasius
3464:Avempace
3447:Medieval
3423:Polybius
3418:Plutarch
3184:Morality
3159:Ideology
3147:Identity
3056:Concepts
2943:(1987).
2805:. Sage.
2768:(2006).
2668:(1992).
2647:(1999).
2458:56608295
2223:55576226
1830:See also
1759:paradigm
1675:Gu Yanwu
1122:Catholic
891:Voltaire
717:theory.
696:Napoleon
646:monarchy
638:progress
619:Scottish
513:Medieval
495:Rousseau
383:a priori
349:literary
345:cultural
4121:(44 BC)
4051:Sombart
4046:Skinner
4031:Scruton
4011:Polanyi
3986:Niebuhr
3971:Marcuse
3906:Gramsci
3901:Gentile
3861:Du Bois
3851:Deleuze
3821:Benoist
3791:Agamben
3748:Thoreau
3738:Stirner
3728:Spencer
3678:Le Play
3628:Fourier
3613:Emerson
3598:Carlyle
3583:Bentham
3560:MĂĽntzer
3530:Erasmus
3504:Plethon
3499:Photios
3459:Aquinas
3393:Mencius
3361:Ancient
3294:Schools
3174:Loyalty
3132:History
3120:Counter
3115:Culture
3083:Customs
2746:. Sage.
2383:2580667
2215:1389533
2077:HISTORY
1659:Mencius
1643:Chinese
1553:British
1409:Marxism
1403:Marxism
1289:Marxism
1117:Suicide
1071:society
969:liberty
965:slavery
876:history
800:culture
778:at the
712:Marxist
690:. The
654:monarch
596:nomadic
491:société
427:Ancient
422:History
252:scholar
152:Please
4312:Ethics
4271:(2010)
4261:(1991)
4251:(1990)
4241:(1987)
4231:(1987)
4221:(1979)
4211:(1976)
4201:(1967)
4191:(1964)
4181:(1949)
4171:(1935)
4161:(1930)
4141:(1756)
4131:(1486)
4076:Walzer
4066:Taylor
4056:Sowell
4041:Simmel
4006:Pareto
4001:Ortega
3911:Guénon
3896:Gehlen
3891:Gandhi
3846:Debord
3831:Butler
3826:Berlin
3816:Bauman
3806:Badiou
3796:Arendt
3786:Adorno
3718:Ruskin
3673:Le Bon
3648:Herder
3623:Fichte
3618:Engels
3588:Bonald
3578:Arnold
3550:Milton
3545:Luther
3525:Calvin
3403:Origen
3373:Cicero
3333:Social
3269:Family
3264:Values
3225:Rights
3189:Public
3137:Honour
3068:Anomie
3063:Agency
2955:
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2864:
2809:
2708:
2676:
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2591:
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2530:
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2205:
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1822:, and
1763:theory
1725:, and
1671:Zhu Xi
1667:Li Zhi
1651:Lao Zi
1595:German
1583:Gandhi
1540:, and
1530:French
1452:modern
1184:, and
1152:, and
903:reason
893:, and
831:, and
784:Sussex
759:, and
615:French
525:, and
446:470 –
400:, and
339:" or "
254:
247:
240:
233:
225:
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4109:Works
4096:Žižek
4081:Weber
4021:Röpke
3981:Negri
3961:Lasch
3931:Hoppe
3886:Fromm
3876:Evola
3856:Dewey
3836:Camus
3743:Taine
3723:Smith
3713:Royce
3703:Renan
3638:Hegel
3603:Comte
3593:Burke
3540:Locke
3474:Dante
3469:Bruni
3438:Xunzi
3413:Plato
3408:Philo
3388:Laozi
3196:Mores
3108:Multi
3098:Inter
2379:JSTOR
2219:S2CID
2211:JSTOR
2183:(PDF)
1376:place
1252:Today
957:women
937:labor
880:mores
870:, in
843:as a
642:moral
551:Latin
483:Plato
448:circa
444:circa
259:JSTOR
245:books
4091:Zinn
4086:Weil
3956:Land
3941:Kirk
3801:Aron
3758:Vico
3698:Owen
3688:Mill
3683:Marx
3663:Kant
3653:Hume
3398:Mozi
3103:Mono
2953:ISBN
2915:link
2895:ISBN
2882:link
2862:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2758:link
2735:link
2706:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2637:link
2608:ISBN
2589:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2501:OCLC
2491:ISBN
2472:link
2454:OCLC
2444:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2287:ISSN
2260:ISSN
2237:link
2203:ISSN
2165:2017
2110:2023
2085:2023
2062:(3).
2006:ISBN
1775:data
1757:(or
1745:and
1629:and
1563:and
1424:and
1374:and
1372:time
1338:The
1224:and
1124:and
1081:will
1069:and
1034:and
1022:and
1010:and
990:and
788:York
786:and
679:and
617:and
592:town
569:and
561:and
501:and
467:Gods
440:Mozi
347:and
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