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technical support to end users and addressing their queries or concerns. Methodologies, processes, and frameworks range from specific prescriptive steps that can be used directly by an organization in day-to-day work, to flexible frameworks that an organization uses to generate a custom set of steps tailored to the needs of a specific project or group. In some cases, a "sponsor" or "maintenance" organization distributes an official set of documents that describe the process. Specific examples include:
1369:
770:. The main idea of the software development life cycle has been "to pursue the development of information systems in a very deliberate, structured and methodical way, requiring each stage of the life cycle––from the inception of the idea to delivery of the final system––to be carried out rigidly and sequentially" within the context of the framework being applied. The main target of this methodology framework in the 1960s was "to develop large scale functional
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38:
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software development. This model is then used to measure what a development organization or project team actually does during software development. This information is analyzed to identify weaknesses and drive improvement. It also identifies strengths that can be continued or integrated into common practice for that organization or team.
806:, testing, and debugging the software code. Agile methodologies, such as scrum or kanban, are often employed to promote flexibility, collaboration, and iterative development. Regular communication between the development team and the client ensures transparency and enables quick feedback and adjustments.
749:
A life-cycle "model" is sometimes considered a more general term for a category of methodologies and a software development "process" is a particular instance as adopted by a specific organization. For example, many specific software development processes fit the spiral life-cycle model. The field is
1551:
also known as
Software Process Improvement Capability Determination (SPICE), is a "framework for the assessment of software processes". This standard is aimed at setting out a clear model for process comparison. SPICE is used much like CMMI. It models processes to manage, control, guide, and monitor
1541:
describes standards for a formally organized process to manufacture a product and the methods of managing and monitoring progress. Although the standard was originally created for the manufacturing sector, ISO 9000 standards have been applied to software development as well. Like CMMI, certification
826:
After the software is deployed, ongoing maintenance and support become crucial to address any issues, enhance performance, and incorporate future enhancements. Regular updates, bug fixes, and security patches are released to keep the software up-to-date and secure. This phase also involves providing
788:
The first phase of the custom software development process involves understanding the client's requirements and objectives. This stage typically involves engaging in thorough discussions and conducting interviews with stakeholders to identify the desired features, functionalities, and overall scope
1351:
The waterfall model is a traditional engineering approach applied to software engineering. A strict waterfall approach discourages revisiting and revising any prior phase once it is complete. This "inflexibility" in a pure waterfall model has been a source of criticism by supporters of other more
795:
Once the requirements are understood, the custom software development team proceeds to create a comprehensive project plan. This plan outlines the development roadmap, including timelines, resource allocation, and deliverables. The software architecture and design are also established during this
819:
Once the software passes the testing phase, it is ready for deployment and implementation. The development team assists the client in setting up the software environment, migrating data if necessary, and configuring the system. User training and documentation are also provided to ensure a smooth
812:
To ensure the software's reliability, performance, and security, rigorous testing and quality assurance (QA) processes are carried out. Different testing techniques, including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing, are employed to identify and rectify any
1036:
Agile software development uses iterative development as a basis but advocates a lighter and more people-centric viewpoint than traditional approaches. Agile processes fundamentally incorporate iteration and the continuous feedback that it provides to successively refine and deliver a software
1596:
A variety of such frameworks have evolved over the years, each with its own recognized strengths and weaknesses. One software development methodology framework is not necessarily suitable for use by all projects. Each of the available methodology frameworks is best suited to specific kinds of
1175:. In the next stage, requirements are verified using prototyping, eventually to refine the data and process models. These stages are repeated iteratively; further development results in "a combined business requirements and technical design statement to be used for constructing new systems".
1405:
Focus is on risk assessment and on minimizing project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease-of-change during the development process, as well as providing the opportunity to evaluate risks and weigh consideration of project continuation throughout the life
1110:
Various methods are acceptable for combining linear and iterative systems development methodologies, with the primary objective of each being to reduce inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease-of-change during the development process.
1429:
in 2018. It is a set of principles and techniques that
Basecamp developed internally to overcome the problem of projects dragging on with no clear end. Its primary target audience is remote teams. Shape Up has no estimation and velocity tracking, backlogs, or sprints, unlike
1159:
instead of large amounts of up-front planning. The "planning" of software developed using RAD is interleaved with writing the software itself. The lack of extensive pre-planning generally allows software to be written much faster and makes it easier to change requirements.
1412:
Each trip around the spiral traverses four basic quadrants: (1) determine objectives, alternatives, and constraints of the iteration, and (2) evaluate alternatives; Identify and resolve risks; (3) develop and verify deliverables from the iteration; and (4) plan the next
1029:"Agile software development" refers to a group of software development frameworks based on iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve via collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams. The term was coined in the year 2001 when the
1531:(CMMI) is one of the leading models and is based on best practices. Independent assessments grade organizations on how well they follow their defined processes, not on the quality of those processes or the software produced. CMMI has replaced
1409:"Each cycle involves a progression through the same sequence of steps, for each part of the product and for each of its levels of elaboration, from an overall concept-of-operation document down to the coding of each individual program."
962:
Since DSDM in 1994, all of the methodologies on the above list except RUP have been agile methodologies - yet many organizations, especially governments, still use pre-agile processes (often waterfall or similar). Software process and
1124:
The initial software concept, requirements analysis, and design of architecture and system core are defined via waterfall, followed by incremental implementation, which culminates in installing the final version, a working
996:
Prototyping is not a standalone, complete development methodology, but rather an approach to try out particular features in the context of a full methodology (such as incremental, spiral, or rapid application development
1504:(UML). UP organizes the development of software into four phases, each consisting of one or more executable iterations of the software at that stage of development: inception, elaboration, construction, and guidelines.
1225:
Project control involves prioritizing development and defining delivery deadlines or “timeboxes”. If the project starts to slip, the emphasis is on reducing requirements to fit the timebox, not on increasing the
1680:
1203:
Aims to produce high-quality systems quickly, primarily via iterative
Prototyping (at any stage of development), active user involvement, and computerized development tools. These tools may include
1356:
approach. Except when contractually required, the waterfall model has been largely superseded by more flexible and versatile methodologies developed specifically for software development. See
1398:
concepts. It provided emphasis on a key area many felt had been neglected by other methodologies: deliberate iterative risk analysis, particularly suited to large-scale complex systems.
1442:. Instead, those concepts are replaced with appetite, betting, and cycles. As of 2022, besides Basecamp, notable organizations that have adopted Shape Up include UserVoice and Block.
670:
1352:"flexible" models. It has been widely blamed for several large-scale government projects running over budget, over time and sometimes failing to deliver on requirements due to the
789:
of the software. The development team works closely with the client to analyze existing systems and workflows, determine technical feasibility, and define project milestones.
1276:
The waterfall model is a sequential development approach, in which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through several phases, typically:
624:
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A series of mini-waterfalls are performed, where all phases of the waterfall are completed for a small part of a system, before proceeding to the next increment, or
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1478:
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While some prototypes are developed with the expectation that they will be discarded, it is possible in some cases to evolve from prototype to working system.
1010:
A basic understanding of the fundamental business problem is necessary to avoid solving the wrong problems, but this is true for all software methodologies.
591:
796:
phase. User interface (UI) and user experience (UX) design elements are considered to ensure the software's usability, intuitiveness, and visual appeal.
663:
1617:
1200:
Attempts to reduce inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease of change during the development process.
1000:
Attempts to reduce inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease of change during the development process.
1183:
1343:
Tight control is maintained over the life of the project via extensive written documentation, formal reviews, and approval/signoff by the user and
1330:
in 1970, although Royce did not use the term "waterfall" in this article. Royce presented this model as an example of a flawed, non-working model.
1488:, emphasizes careful and gradual work without (or minimal) time pressures. Slow programming aims to avoid bugs and overly quick release schedules.
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The client is involved throughout the development process, which increases the likelihood of client acceptance of the final implementation.
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issues or bugs. QA activities aim to validate the software against the predefined requirements, ensuring that it functions as intended.
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Overall requirements are defined before proceeding to evolutionary, mini-waterfall development of individual increments of a system, or
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occurring at the end of most phases before beginning the next phase. Written documentation is an explicit deliverable of each phase.
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390:
121:
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703:. It typically involves dividing software development work into smaller, parallel, or sequential steps or sub-processes to improve
1416:
Begin each cycle with an identification of stakeholders and their "win conditions", and end each cycle with review and commitment.
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513:
508:
264:
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1096:(XP) adopted the concept of CI and did advocate integrating more than once per day – perhaps as many as tens of times per day.
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88:
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845:, originally from PANDATA, the first English translation was published in 1974. SDM stands for System Development Methodology
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with ISO 9000 does not guarantee the quality of the end result, only that formalized business processes have been followed.
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Key emphasis is on fulfilling the business need, while technological or engineering excellence is of lesser importance.
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2377:
2191:
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1627:
1517:" are abstract descriptions for evaluating, comparing, and improving the specific process adopted by an organization.
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Emphasis is on planning, time schedules, target dates, budgets, and implementation of an entire system at one time.
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1024:
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719:
561:
405:
292:
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is the international standard describing the method to select, implement, and monitor the life cycle for software.
974:. The adoption of these best practices known and established processes within the confines of a company is called
48:
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1532:
1501:
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Key objective is for fast development and delivery of a high-quality system at a relatively low investment cost.
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The software development methodology framework did not emerge until the 1960s. According to
Elliott (2004), the
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With the planning and design in place, the development team begins the coding process. This phase involves
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The
Project is divided into sequential phases, with some overlap and splashback acceptable between phases.
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2055:
LĂĽbke, Daniel; van Lessen, Tammo (2016). "Modeling Test Cases in BPMN for
Behavior-Driven Development".
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published a formal software system development "spiral model," which combines some key aspects of the
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in an age of large scale business conglomerates. Information systems activities revolved around heavy
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and artifacts that are created and completed by a project team to develop or maintain an application.
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2101:"The Software Technology of the 21st Century: From Software Reuse to Collaborative Software Design"
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1310:
1237:, via consensus building in either structured workshops, or electronically facilitated interaction.
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876:(OOP) developed in the early 1960s and became a dominant programming approach during the mid-1990s
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is about creating prototypes, i.e. incomplete versions of the software program being developed.
17:
2531:
2289:
1859:
1847:
1814:
1810:
1780:
1690:. United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). March 27, 2008 . Archived from
950:
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are closely interrelated; some unexpected facets and effects have been observed in practice.
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projects, based on various technical, organizational, project, and team considerations.
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842:
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The first formal description of the method is often cited as an article published by
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158:
2076:
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1954:
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1089:
975:
926:
241:
1246:
Produces documentation necessary to facilitate future development and maintenance.
1592:
The three basic approaches applied to software development methodology frameworks
1178:
The term was first used to describe a software development process introduced by
766:
can be considered to be the oldest formalized methodology framework for building
1987:
1969:
1922:
1800:
1688:
Centers for
Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Office of Information Service
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1383:
1085:
712:
37:
1249:
Standard systems analysis and design methods can be fitted into this framework.
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2516:
1264:
1243:
Iteratively produces production software, as opposed to a throwaway prototype.
1164:
2005:
1156:
1040:
The Agile model also includes the following software development processes:
193:
1500:(UP) is an iterative software development methodology framework, based on
1190:, with prototyping techniques to accelerate software systems development.
970:
Among these, another software development process has been established in
2299:
1926:
1561:, is a power type-based metamodel for software development methodologies.
1538:
1163:
The rapid development process starts with the development of preliminary
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518:
503:
498:
2068:
1946:
1908:
2106:
1752:
1735:
803:
1721:
Global
Business Information Technology: an integrated systems approach
1268:
The activities of the software development process represented in the
2156:
1475:- a general term for methods that only have a few rules and practices
956:
277:
1773:
Continuous
Integration: Improving Software Quality and Reducing Risk
1140:
1080:
is the practice of merging all developer working copies to a shared
2356:
1263:
1139:
820:
transition and enable users to maximize the software's potential.
352:
2567:
1182:
in 1991. According to
Whitten (2003), it is a merger of various
1092:, although he did not advocate integrating several times a day.
586:
2110:
1463:- The main rule always resolves the most important issue first.
1573:- a general method for improving information system processes.
718:
Most modern development processes can be vaguely described as
31:
711:. The methodology may include the pre-definition of specific
1559:
Software Engineering—Metamodel for Development Methodologies
1272:. There are several other models to represent this process.
1193:
The basic principles of rapid application development are:
1425:
Shape Up is a software development approach introduced by
1151:(RAD) is a software development methodology, which favors
1114:
There are three main variants of incremental development:
1450:
Other high-level software project methodologies include:
862:
Information Requirement Analysis/Soft systems methodology
1927:"A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement"
1882:
Institut fĂĽr Gestaltungs- und Wirkungsforschung, TU-Wien
1567:- a general method for improving management processes.
1736:"Software Process versus Design Quality: Tug of War?"
1394:
methodologies, in an effort to combine advantages of
1614:(some of these tools support specific methodologies)
2595:
2560:
2499:
2413:
2406:
2365:
2225:
2144:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1976:. Computer Society Press of the IEEE. p. 130.
1219:, code generators, and object-oriented techniques.
1992:Software cost estimation with Cocomo II: Volume 1
1974:Tutorial: software engineering project management
1905:"Waterfall methodology: there's no such thing!"
1648:Top-down and bottom-up design#Computer science
2122:
1479:Structured systems analysis and design method
1233:(JAD), where users are intensely involved in
856:Structured systems analysis and design method
664:
8:
1549:Information technology—Process assessment is
2410:
2129:
2115:
2107:
1878:"Wasserfallmodell > Entstehungskontext"
671:
657:
135:
1806:Object Oriented Design: With Applications
1751:
1618:List of software development philosophies
1144:Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2320:Software development process/methodology
1587:
1484:Slow programming, as part of the larger
1367:
699:) is a process of planning and managing
1839:
1837:
1714:
1712:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1217:fourth-generation programming languages
143:
1931:ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
1638:Software development effort estimation
1240:Active user involvement is imperative.
625:Electrical and electronics engineering
27:Process by which software is developed
1529:Capability Maturity Model Integration
1494:- an extension of the waterfall model
1106:Iterative and incremental development
732:iterative and incremental development
7:
2641:
2335:Software verification and validation
2238:Component-based software engineering
2006:"Foreword by Jason Fried | Shape Up"
786:Requirements gathering and analysis:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1939:Association for Computing Machinery
1856:Systems Analysis and Design Methods
1612:Computer-aided software engineering
1285:software requirements specification
1209:Computer Aided Software Engineering
906:(RUP), maintained by IBM since 1998
1681:"Selecting a development approach"
1307:, if there are multiple subsystems
1188:information technology engineering
1045:Dynamic systems development method
886:Dynamic systems development method
25:
2315:Software configuration management
2182:Search-based software engineering
2167:Experimental software engineering
2031:"Is Shape Up just a nice theory?"
1481:- a specific version of waterfall
1345:information technology management
750:often considered a subset of the
551:Standards and bodies of knowledge
2651:
2650:
2640:
2094:Selecting a development approach
1723:. Pearson Education. p. 87.
1457:and business process management.
36:
18:Software engineering methodology
1623:Outline of software engineering
1467:Incremental funding methodology
1088:first named and proposed CI in
925:(AUP) maintained since 2005 by
693:software development life cycle
643:Outline of software development
47:needs additional citations for
2162:Empirical software engineering
1767:Paul M. Duvall; Steve Matyas;
1734:Suryanarayana, Girish (2015).
1607:Systems development life cycle
1492:V-Model (software development)
1155:and the rapid construction of
817:Deployment and implementation:
810:Testing and quality assurance:
764:systems development life cycle
752:systems development life cycle
722:. Other methodologies include
71:"Software development process"
1:
1149:Rapid application development
1136:Rapid application development
1130:Rapid application development
880:Rapid application development
740:rapid application development
2677:Software development process
2187:Site reliability engineering
1358:Criticism of waterfall model
689:software development process
2192:Social software engineering
1777:Addison-Wesley Professional
1643:Software release life cycle
1628:Software Project Management
1455:Behavior-driven development
1213:Database Management Systems
874:Object-oriented programming
2703:
2330:Software quality assurance
1576:
1401:The basic principles are:
1375:
1372:Spiral model (Boehm, 1988)
1333:The basic principles are:
1257:
1133:
1103:
1070:
1025:Agile software development
1022:
992:The basic principles are:
932:Disciplined agile delivery
406:Software quality assurance
2636:
1719:Geoffrey Elliott (2004).
1502:Unified Modeling Language
1186:, especially data-driven
1061:Lean software development
858:(SSADM) from 1980 onwards
2486:Model-driven engineering
2285:Functional specification
2268:Software incompatibility
2177:Requirements engineering
1565:Soft systems methodology
1231:joint application design
1205:Graphical User Interface
904:Rational Unified Process
824:Maintenance and support:
391:Configuration management
2280:Enterprise architecture
1473:Lightweight methodology
1469:- an iterative approach
1169:business process models
1100:Incremental development
615:Artificial intelligence
2491:Round-trip engineering
2248:Backward compatibility
2243:Software compatibility
1593:
1446:Advanced methodologies
1396:top-down and bottom-up
1373:
1273:
1145:
1078:Continuous integration
1073:Continuous integration
1067:Continuous integration
945:Scaled Agile Framework
837:Structured programming
539:Infrastructure as code
385:Supporting disciplines
2310:Software architecture
2263:Forward compatibility
1591:
1577:Further information:
1371:
1281:Requirements analysis
1267:
1254:Waterfall development
1184:structured techniques
1173:structured techniques
1153:iterative development
1143:
1084:several times a day.
923:Agile Unified Process
898:Team software process
396:Deployment management
2687:Software engineering
2608:Computer engineering
2305:Software archaeology
2295:Programming paradigm
2207:Software maintenance
2152:Computer programming
2138:Software engineering
1633:Software development
987:Software prototyping
934:(DAD) Supersedes AUP
793:Planning and design:
701:software development
685:software engineering
216:Paradigms and models
145:Software development
56:improve this article
2628:Systems engineering
2613:Information science
2393:Service orientation
2345:Structured analysis
2253:Compatibility layer
2197:Software deployment
2069:10.1109/MS.2016.117
1968:Richard H. Thayer;
1947:10.1145/12944.12948
1844:Whitten, Jeffrey L.
1509:Process meta-models
1354:big design up front
1229:Generally includes
1094:Extreme programming
910:Extreme programming
768:information systems
744:extreme programming
139:Part of a series on
2618:Project management
2383:Object orientation
2350:Essential analysis
2258:Compatibility mode
1911:on August 2, 2022.
1753:10.1109/MS.2015.87
1594:
1571:Method engineering
1374:
1364:Spiral development
1274:
1146:
888:(DSDM), since 1994
736:spiral development
709:product management
534:Release automation
411:Project management
2664:
2663:
2591:
2590:
2532:Information model
2436:Incremental model
2290:Modeling language
2099:Gerhard Fischer,
1848:Lonnie D. Bentley
1811:Benjamin Cummings
1786:978-0-321-33638-5
1392:rapid prototyping
1019:Agile development
951:Large-Scale Scrum
882:(RAD), since 1991
681:
680:
572:ISO/IEC standards
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2694:
2654:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2603:Computer science
2411:
2325:Software quality
2217:Systems analysis
2212:Software testing
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2081:
2080:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1907:. Archived from
1903:Conrad Weisert.
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1873:
1867:
1852:Kevin C. Dittman
1841:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1697:on June 20, 2012
1696:
1685:
1677:
1579:Process patterns
1328:Winston W. Royce
1207:(GUI) builders,
1033:was formulated.
965:software quality
780:number crunching
772:business systems
673:
666:
659:
620:Computer science
529:Build automation
136:
127:
120:
116:
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2623:Risk management
2587:
2556:
2495:
2476:Waterfall model
2446:Prototype model
2441:Iterative model
2402:
2378:Aspect-oriented
2361:
2340:Software system
2221:
2202:Software design
2140:
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2096:at cms.hhs.gov.
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1876:Markus Rerych.
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1858:. 6th edition.
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1290:Software design
1283:resulting in a
1270:waterfall model
1262:
1260:Waterfall model
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1138:
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1108:
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1090:his 1991 method
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2088:External links
2086:
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2047:
2022:
1997:
1988:Barry W. Boehm
1979:
1970:Barry W. Boehm
1960:
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1211:(CASE) tools,
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2040:September 12,
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2015:September 11,
2011:
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1556:ISO/IEC 24744
1554:
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1546:ISO/IEC 15504
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1522:ISO/IEC 12207
1520:
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1486:Slow Movement
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265:Methodologies
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159:Data modeling
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112:December 2010
104:
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76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2542:Object model
2537:Metamodeling
2466:Spiral model
2366:Orientations
2319:
2063:(5): 15–21.
2060:
2056:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2010:basecamp.com
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1963:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1909:the original
1898:
1888:November 28,
1886:. Retrieved
1881:
1871:
1855:
1824:. Retrieved
1805:
1801:Booch, Grady
1795:
1772:
1762:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1720:
1699:. Retrieved
1692:the original
1687:
1595:
1558:
1548:
1512:
1449:
1424:
1400:
1381:
1378:Spiral model
1350:
1332:
1325:
1315:Installation
1275:
1192:
1180:James Martin
1177:
1162:
1147:
1113:
1109:
1076:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1009:
991:
985:
976:inner source
969:
961:
927:Scott Ambler
912:, since 1999
900:, since 1998
894:, since 1995
823:
822:
816:
815:
809:
808:
800:Development:
799:
798:
792:
791:
785:
784:
761:
748:
717:
713:deliverables
696:
692:
688:
682:
519:UML Modeling
514:GUI designer
179:Construction
169:Requirements
163:
133:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2682:Methodology
2233:Abstraction
2035:Curious Lab
1923:Barry Boehm
1884:(in German)
1746:(4): 7–11.
1701:October 27,
1584:In practice
1461:Chaos model
1384:Barry Boehm
1321:Maintenance
1305:Integration
1165:data models
1086:Grady Booch
982:Prototyping
972:open source
782:routines."
728:prototyping
237:Prototyping
232:Incremental
204:Maintenance
184:Engineering
2671:Categories
2552:View model
2517:Data model
1854:. (2003).
1826:August 18,
1654:References
1413:iteration.
1311:Deployment
1157:prototypes
839:since 1969
609:Glossaries
199:Deployment
82:newspapers
2561:Languages
1941:: 14–24.
1432:waterfall
1382:In 1988,
1226:deadline.
724:waterfall
428:Practices
252:Waterfall
227:Cleanroom
194:Debugging
164:Processes
2656:Category
2522:ER model
2388:Ontology
2300:Software
2226:Concepts
2077:14539297
1990:(2000).
1972:(1986).
1803:(1991).
1771:(2007).
1601:See also
1539:ISO 9000
1427:Basecamp
1421:Shape Up
1215:(DBMS),
1082:mainline
1037:system.
637:Outlines
567:ISO 9001
509:Profiler
504:Debugger
499:Compiler
474:Stand-up
2646:Commons
2471:V-model
1955:1781829
1300:Testing
1125:system.
997:(RAD)).
804:writing
758:History
707:and/or
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247:V model
189:Testing
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2407:Models
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2145:Fields
2103:, 2001
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720:agile
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103:JSTOR
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2398:SDLC
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1890:2007
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