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38:
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688:; that is, they live on dead or decaying organic matter, thus breaking it down and converting it to forms that are available to the higher plants. A succession of fungi species will colonise the dead matter, beginning with those that use sugars and starches, which are succeeded by those that are able to break down
857:
Ants and termites are often referred to as "Soil engineers" because, when they create their nests, there are several chemical and physical changes made to the soil. Among these changes are increasing the presence of the most essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus—elements needed for
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are single-cell organisms and the most numerous denizens of agriculture, with populations ranging from 100 million to 3 billion in a gram. They are capable of very rapid reproduction by binary fission (dividing into two) in favourable conditions. One bacterium is capable of producing 16 million more
853:
mix the soil as they burrow, significantly affecting soil formation. Earthworms ingest soil particles and organic residues, enhancing the availability of plant nutrients in the material that passes through and out of their bodies. By aerating and stirring the soil, and by increasing the stability of
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forests, a young seedling cannot obtain sufficient light to photosynthesise for itself and will not grow properly in a sterile soil. But, if the ground is underlain by a mycorrhizal mat, then the developing seedling will throw down roots that can link with the fungal threads and through them obtain
643:
formation. They specialize in breaking down cellulose and lignin along with the tough chitin found on the exoskeletons of insects. Their presence is responsible for the sweet "earthy" aroma associated with a good healthy soil. They require plenty of air and a pH between 6.0 and 7.5, but are more
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meaning root). Plant root hairs are invaded by the mycelia of the mycorrhiza, which lives partly in the soil and partly in the root, and may either cover the length of the root hair as a sheath or be concentrated around its tip. The mycorrhiza obtains the carbohydrates that it requires from the
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and woodlands. Here the mycorrhizae create a fine underground mesh that extends greatly beyond the limits of the tree's roots, greatly increasing their feeding range and actually causing neighbouring trees to become physically interconnected. The benefits of mycorrhizal relations to their plant
359:, well represented by fungi and bacteria, extract soluble nutrients from delitro. The ants (macrofaunas) help by breaking down in the same way but they also provide the motion part as they move in their armies. Also the rodents, wood-eaters help the soil to be more absorbent.
510:
878:, moles, prairie dogs, and other burrowing animals rely on this soil for protection and food. The animals even give back to the soil as their burrowing allows more rain, snow and water from ice to enter the soil instead of creating erosion.
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returns an approximately equal amount of nitrogen to the atmosphere. Denitrifying bacteria tend to be anaerobes, or facultatively anaerobes (can alter between the oxygen dependent and oxygen independent types of metabolisms), including
683:
Many fungi are parasitic, often causing disease to their living host plant, although some have beneficial relationships with living plants, as illustrated below. In terms of soil and humus creation, the most important fungi tend to be
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in just 24 hours. Most soil bacteria live close to plant roots and are often referred to as rhizobacteria. Bacteria live in soil water, including the film of moisture surrounding soil particles, and some are able to swim by means of
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Ochoa-Hueso, R; Delgado-Baquerizo, M; King, PTA; Benham, M; Arca, V; Power, SA (February 2019). "Ecosystem type and resource quality are more important than global change drivers in regulating early stages of litter decomposition".
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bursts, these spores are dispersed through the air to settle in fresh environments, and are able to lie dormant for up to years until the right conditions for their activation arise or the right food is made available.
800:, wherein the plant/fungi symbiosis is enhanced by animals such as the wild boar, deer, mice, or flying squirrel, which feed upon the fungi's fruiting bodies, including truffles, and cause their further spread (
227:
content of the soil and its heartiful structure are important for their well-being, but it is the life in the earth that powers its cycles and provides its fertility. Without the activities of soil organisms,
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plant growth. They also can gather soil particles from differing depths of soil and deposit them in other places, leading to the mixing of soil so it is richer with nutrients and other elements.
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from organic matter) available. Hostile conditions will not completely kill bacteria; rather, the bacteria will stop growing and get into a dormant stage, and those individuals with pro-adaptive
624:. However, fixed nitrogen may circulate many times between organisms and the soil before denitrification returns it to the atmosphere. The diagram above illustrates the nitrogen cycle.
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partners are not limited to nutrients, but can be essential for plant reproduction. In situations where little light is able to reach the forest floor, such as the North
American
680:, they require a chemical source of energy rather than being able to use light as an energy source, as well as organic substrates to get carbon for growth and development.
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root, in return providing the plant with nutrients including nitrogen and moisture. Later the plant roots will also absorb the mycelium into its own tissues.
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561:
constantly puts additional nitrogen into biological circulation. This is carried out by free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil or water such as
612:. The purification process caused by oxygen-free conditions converts nitrates and nitrites in soil into nitrogen gas or into gaseous compounds such as
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886:
This table includes some familiar types of soil life of soil life, coherent with prevalent taxonomy as used in the linked
Knowledge (XXG) articles.
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soil aggregates, these organisms help to assure the ready infiltration of water. These organisms in the soil also help improve pH levels.
819:, a protein that binds soil particles and stores both carbon and nitrogen. These glomalin-related soil proteins are an important part of
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804:, 1995). A greater understanding of the complex relationships that pervade natural systems is one of the major justifications of the
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Those fungi that are able to live symbiotically with living plants, creating a relationship that is beneficial to both, are known as
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204:. However, we find that we do not understand critical aspects about how these populations function and interact. The discovery of
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available for uptake by plants and other organisms. The nutrients stored in the bodies of soil organisms prevent nutrient loss by
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and chemistry: occurrence of physicochemical parameters and surface properties on biological processes and population behavior
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583:, and related species. These are able to convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrogen-containing organic substances.
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that is moist (but not saturated, as this will deprive aerobic bacteria of the air that they require), and neutral
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points out the plant, fungi, animal relationship that creates a "three way harmonious trio" to be found in forest
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heaps. From the mycelia the fungi is able to throw up its fruiting bodies, the visible part above the soil (e.g.,
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2116:
168:. The links between soil organisms and soil functions are complex. The interconnectedness and complexity of this
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A free schools-age educational site, featuring much on soil biology and teaching about soil and its importance.
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for a sustainable environment. Soil
Science Society of America Special Publication Number 35, ASA, Madison Wis.
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would accumulate and litter the soil surface, and there would be no food for plants. The soil biota includes:
41:
Soil biology is the study of microbial and faunal activity in the soil. This photo shows the activity of both.
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Vats, Rajeev & Sanjeev, Aggarwal. (2019). Impact of termite activity and its effect on soil composition.
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in 1995 indicates that we lack the knowledge to correctly answer some of the most basic questions about the
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620:. In excess, denitrification can lead to overall losses of available soil nitrogen and subsequent loss of
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85:
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394:: methodological development and contribution to study microbial and faunal populations; diversity and
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Bardgett, R.D., 2005, The
Biology of Soil: A Community and Ecosystem Approach, Oxford University Press
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means any appraisal of soil function must necessarily take into account interactions with the living
2310:"Effects of soil macro- and mesofauna on litter decomposition and soil organic matter stabilization"
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132:. Soil biology plays a vital role in determining many soil characteristics. The decomposition of
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Paul, P.A. and F.E. Clark. 1996, Soil
Microbiology and Biochemistry, 2nd edition, Academic Press
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Beneficial mycorrhizal associations are to be found in many of our edible and flowering crops.
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Richards, 1987, The
Microbiology of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Longman Scientific & Technical
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152:. As a relatively new science, much remains unknown about soil biology and its effect on soil
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the nutrients it needs, often indirectly obtained from its parents or neighbouring trees.
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for a list of other nitrogen-fixing bacteria occupying the similar niche of root nodules.
459:. The majority of the beneficial soil-dwelling bacteria need oxygen (and are thus termed
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808:, in refraining from the use of artificial chemicals and the damage these might cause.
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672:. They cannot use atmospheric carbon dioxide as a source of carbon, therefore they are
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From the organic gardener's point of view, the important roles that bacteria play are:
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Of these, bacteria and fungi play key roles in maintaining a healthy soil. They act as
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get into a "nonculturable" stage. Bacteria are colonized by persistent viral agents (
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125:
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Sylvia et al., 1998, Principles and
Applications of Soil Microbiology, Prentice Hall
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Coleman D.C. et al., 2004, Fundamentals of Soil
Ecology, 2nd edition, Academic Press
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2388:"What types of animals live in the soil? Why is soil condition important to them?"
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549:, which are available to growing plants, and once again converted to proteins.
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cycle in soils. There is much work ahead to gain a better understanding of the
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2266:"Actinomycetes - Remarkable Antibiotic, Nitrogen Fixing, Decomposer Bacteria"
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throughout the soil; these threads can be observed throughout many soils and
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Complementary disciplinary approaches are necessarily utilized which involve
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Alexander, 1977, Introduction to Soil
Microbiology, 2nd edition, John Wiley
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2012:
2000:
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Doran, J.W., D.C. Coleman, D.F. Bezdicek and B.A. Stewart. 1994. Defining
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supply without using the process of photosynthesis) are able to transform
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2017:
1981:
1948:
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Wood, 1995, Environmental Soil
Biology, 2nd edition, Blackie A & P
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1996:
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produce spores in order to wait for more favourable circumstances, and
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224:
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In balanced soil, plants grow in an active and steady environment. The
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121:
57:
2887:
2426:
Les Bases de la Production Végetal, tome I: Le Sol et son amélioration
2291:"Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon"
575:. These bacteria form colonies in nodules they create on the roots of
3479:
3414:
3155:
3150:
3052:
2502:
Michigan State University – Soil Ecology and Management: Soil Biology
1859:
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781:
773:
769:
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568:
324:
260:
245:
241:
117:
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Alexander, 1994, Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Academic Press
841:
and soil organic matter dynamically on many spatiotemporal scales.
463:
bacteria), whilst those that do not require air are referred to as
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1395:
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1213:
1174:
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640:
508:
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53:
36:
439:, ecology, soil processes, organic matter, nutrient dynamics and
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846:
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268:
61:
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van Elsas et al., 1997, Modern Soil Microbiology, Marcel Dekker
2479:
Soil and Water Conservation Society, 2000, Soil Biology Primer.
2460:
Coyne, 1999, Soil Microbiology: An Exploratory Approach, Delmar
2364:"Impact of termite activity and its effect on soil composition"
699:
Fungi spread underground by sending long thin threads known as
644:
tolerant of dry conditions than most other bacteria and fungi.
3409:
2536:
A method for analyzing the soil microbial community (pdf file)
1900:
576:
471:
of dead organic matter. Aerobic bacteria are most active in a
407:
and functioning processes: interactions between organisms and
276:
2454:
Burges, A., and Raw, F., 1967, Soil Biology: Academic Press
2523:
Why organic fertilizers are a good choice for healthy soil
2516:
2512:
University of Minnesota – Soil Biology and Soil Management
2528:
Effects of transgenic zeaxanthin potatoes on soil quality
2429:
529:, wherein certain bacteria (which manufacture their own
311:
and Microflora: size range – 1 to 100 micrometres, e.g.
2482:
Tate, 2000, Soil Microbiology, 2nd edition, John Wiley
164:
The soil is home to a large proportion of the world's
652:
A gram of garden soil can contain around one million
595:
into organic compounds, a series of processes called
355:, like earthworms, ingest detritus and decompose it.
503:) that determine gene word order in bacterial host.
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3727:
3647:
3574:
3508:
3237:
3174:
3101:
2925:
2880:
2675:
2600:
591:While nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen from the
419:; transformation of mineral and organic compounds,
367:Soil biology involves work in the following areas:
756:suggests that these include at least 80% of the
567:, or by those that live in close symbiosis with
491:may compete better in the new conditions. Some
236:Megafauna: size range – 20 mm upward, e.g.
3655:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
251:Macrofauna: size range – 2 to 20 mm, e.g.
3691:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists
136:by soil organisms has an immense influence on
2903:
2560:
2530:Biosafety research project funded by the BMBF
557:In another part of the cycle, the process of
347:that break down organic materials to produce
8:
874:The soil is also important to many mammals.
541:, which is produced by the decomposition of
2430:Collection Sciences et TĂ©chniques Agricoles
415:; involvement of such interactions in soil
3872:
2910:
2896:
2888:
2567:
2553:
2545:
2253:http://www.epa.gov/maia/html/nitrogen.html
888:
84:that spend a significant portion of their
80:is a collective term that encompasses all
30:For a detailed table of life in soil, see
2534:Phospholipid fatty-acid analysis protocol
2228:
176:that exist within the soil. We know that
120:), and species of burrowing mammals like
3665:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
3771:Soil Science Society of America Journal
2198:
2174:
88:within a soil profile, or at the soil-
3743:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
3204:Canadian system of soil classification
635:are critical in the decomposition of
479:, and where there is plenty of food (
216:of soil biological components in the
192:. Microbial exudates act to maintain
7:
3845:
3681:International Union of Soil Sciences
351:and other breakdown products. Soil
116:, as well as some reptiles (such as
3708:Soil and Water Conservation Society
92:interface. These organisms include
3188:Unified Soil Classification System
2720:Soil retrogression and degradation
398:; genetic transfers, influence of
25:
3193:AASHTO Soil Classification System
719:), which may contain millions of
3871:
3856:
3855:
3850:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Soil
3844:
3736:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
3676:Indian Institute of Soil Science
3660:Canadian Society of Soil Science
3491:
3490:
2666:
3714:Soil Science Society of America
2540:USDA-NRCS – Soil Biology Primer
811:Recent research has shown that
3719:World Congress of Soil Science
3703:Soil Science Society of Poland
3209:Australian Soil Classification
3200:(French classification system)
2507:New South Wales – Soil Biology
2334:10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.08.039
776:), as well as the majority of
27:Study of living things in soil
1:
2730:Soil compaction (agriculture)
2289:Comis, Don (September 2002).
2221:10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.11.009
2209:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
870:Gopher sticking out of burrow
2392:Soils Matter, Get the Scoop!
2270:www.the-compost-gardener.com
374:of biological processes and
3671:German Soil Science Society
3229:List of vineyard soil types
3919:
3686:International Year of Soil
3214:Polish Soil Classification
2653:Environmental soil science
830:
29:
3840:
3488:
3238:Non-systematic soil types
2664:
2658:Agricultural soil science
2582:
2308:Frouz, Jan (2018-12-15).
2117:Agricultural soil science
3808:Infiltration (hydrology)
3602:Geotechnical engineering
3224:List of U.S. state soils
2251:Nitrogen cycle diagram:
3877:List of soil scientists
3219:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
3198:Référentiel pédologique
3182:FAO soil classification
780:species, especially in
525:is a vital part of the
3648:Societies, Initiatives
2870:Soil water (retention)
871:
813:arbuscular mycorrhizal
802:Private Life Of Plants
668:, and are not able to
514:
497:Gram-negative bacteria
493:Gram-positive bacteria
42:
3867:Category soil science
3551:Soil salinity control
2295:Agricultural Research
869:
676:, meaning that, like
512:
400:environmental factors
40:
3632:Agricultural science
3526:Soil guideline value
3350:Calcareous grassland
2927:World Reference Base
2127:Biogeochemical cycle
768:families (including
467:, and tend to cause
423:; soil structuration
3728:Scientific journals
2919:Soil classification
2860:Soil organic matter
2821:Pore water pressure
2326:2018Geode.332..161F
1048:Gammaproteobacteria
1009:Alphaproteobacteria
970:Alphaproteobacteria
821:soil organic matter
744:meaning fungal and
674:chemo-heterotrophic
421:cycling of elements
396:population dynamics
376:population dynamics
293:to 2 mm, e.g.
289:: size range – 100
3823:Impervious surface
3103:USDA soil taxonomy
2929:for Soil Resources
2816:Pore space in soil
2759:Soil acidification
2715:Soil contamination
1458:Yellow-green algae
931:Betaproteobacteria
882:Table of soil life
872:
837:Soil fauna affect
794:David Attenborough
515:
513:The nitrogen cycle
388:Population biology
43:
3885:
3884:
3516:Soil conservation
3502:
3501:
2776:Soil biodiversity
2623:Soil microbiology
2415:Dominique Soltner
2157:Soil microbiology
2107:
2106:
1711:Pseudoscorpionida
1420:Bacillariophyceae
1351:Ceratobasidiaceae
941:Nitrosomonadaceae
664:. Fungi have no
559:nitrogen fixation
553:Nitrogen fixation
441:landscape ecology
435:, ecophysiology,
429:molecular biology
413:organic compounds
405:Community ecology
392:molecular ecology
230:organic materials
200:are important in
16:(Redirected from
3910:
3875:
3874:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3697:OPAL Soil Centre
3494:
3493:
3390:Hydrophobic soil
2912:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2853:Soil respiration
2670:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
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2360:
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2305:
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2286:
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2277:
2276:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2203:
2186:
2179:
1449:Heterokontophyta
1415:Heterokontophyta
1115:Blue-green algae
1058:Azotobacteraceae
1014:Hyphomicrobiales
980:Nitrobacteraceae
975:Hyphomicrobiales
936:Nitrosomonadales
889:
806:organic gardener
571:plants, such as
48:is the study of
21:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3836:
3818:Crust (geology)
3798:Land management
3793:Land conversion
3776:
3723:
3643:
3622:Earth materials
3570:
3556:Erosion control
3541:Soil governance
3521:Soil management
3504:
3503:
3498:
3484:
3455:Subaqueous soil
3440:Serpentine soil
3300:Parent material
3233:
3170:
3097:
2928:
2921:
2916:
2876:
2796:Soil resilience
2725:Soil compaction
2693:Soil morphology
2671:
2662:
2596:
2578:
2573:
2498:
2442:
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2264:
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2259:
2250:
2246:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2112:
1302:Sordariomycetes
1263:Sordariomycetes
1053:Pseudomonadales
884:
864:
835:
829:
734:
670:photosynthesise
650:
630:
597:denitrification
589:
587:Denitrification
555:
537:in the form of
520:
449:
365:
214:ecological role
170:soil 'food web'
162:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3863:
3852:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3827:Surface runoff
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3750:Plant and Soil
3746:
3739:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
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3694:
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3624:
3619:
3614:
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3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3575:Related fields
3572:
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3558:
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3538:
3533:
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3523:
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3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:Prime farmland
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Fuller's earth
3382:
3377:
3375:Expansive clay
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
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3327:
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3113:
3107:
3105:
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3075:
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3015:
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3005:
3000:
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2892:
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2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2840:
2838:Soil biomantle
2835:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2811:Soil structure
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2791:Soil fertility
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2703:Soil formation
2700:
2695:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2648:Soil chemistry
2645:
2643:Soil mechanics
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
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2564:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2496:External links
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2461:
2458:
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2197:
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2188:
2187:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Nitrogen cycle
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
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2015:
2009:
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1994:
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1832:
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1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1787:Ground beetles
1780:
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1760:
1754:
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1739:
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1465:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1424:Diatomea algae
1417:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1346:Cantharellales
1343:
1341:Agaricomycetes
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1234:Trichocomaceae
1231:
1226:
1224:Eurotiomycetes
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1195:Trichocomaceae
1192:
1187:
1185:Eurotiomycetes
1182:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1156:Clostridiaceae
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1082:Actinomycetota
1079:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1043:Pseudomonadota
1040:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:Pseudomonadota
1001:
996:
990:
989:
982:
977:
972:
967:
965:Pseudomonadota
962:
957:
951:
950:
943:
938:
933:
928:
926:Pseudomonadota
923:
918:
912:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
883:
880:
863:
860:
839:soil formation
833:Soil mesofauna
831:Main article:
828:
825:
815:fungi produce
754:Shewell Cooper
733:
730:
649:
646:
637:organic matter
633:Actinomycetota
629:
628:Actinomycetota
626:
622:soil fertility
588:
585:
554:
551:
527:nitrogen cycle
519:
516:
501:bacteriophages
485:micronutrients
448:
445:
425:
424:
402:
385:
380:Soil biology,
378:
364:
361:
341:
340:
321:actinobacteria
306:
284:
249:
210:biogeochemical
194:soil structure
182:organic matter
178:soil organisms
161:
158:
150:carbon storage
146:soil structure
138:soil fertility
134:organic matter
26:
24:
18:Soil organisms
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3915:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3878:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:Category soil
3853:
3851:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3764:Soil Research
3761:
3759:
3758:
3757:Pochvovedenie
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Geomorphology
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3566:Liming (soil)
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3496:Types of soil
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Tropical peat
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3360:Dry quicksand
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:Other systems
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:Soil moisture
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:Soil salinity
2740:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Pedodiversity
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2405:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:Soil food web
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Nitrification
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Enchytraeidae
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:Staphylinidae
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1541:Chlorophyceae
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:Xanthophyceae
1452:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Basidiomycota
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:Clostridiales
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:Cyanobacteria
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1087:Actinomycetia
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
949:
948:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
890:
887:
881:
879:
877:
868:
861:
859:
855:
852:
848:
844:
840:
834:
827:Invertebrates
826:
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:
761:
760:
755:
750:
747:
743:
739:
731:
729:
726:
725:fruiting body
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
647:
645:
642:
638:
634:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
614:nitrous oxide
611:
610:
605:
604:
603:Achromobacter
598:
594:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
560:
552:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:Nitrification
518:Nitrification
517:
511:
507:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:carbohydrates
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
422:
418:
417:pathogenicity
414:
410:
406:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
383:
379:
377:
373:
370:
369:
368:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:
233:
231:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
159:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:activity and
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
3903:Soil science
3898:Soil biology
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3617:Biogeography
3612:Hydrogeology
3587:Geochemistry
3509:Applications
3405:Martian soil
2833:Soil horizon
2806:Soil texture
2781:Soil quality
2737:Soil sealing
2710:Soil erosion
2638:Soil physics
2633:Soil ecology
2628:Soil zoology
2618:Soil biology
2617:
2576:Soil science
2517:Soil-Net.com
2465:soil quality
2440:Bibliography
2425:
2407:
2396:. Retrieved
2394:. 2015-06-30
2391:
2382:
2371:. Retrieved
2368:ResearchGate
2367:
2358:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2294:
2284:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:
2260:
2247:
2230:10261/336676
2212:
2208:
2201:
2177:
2162:Soil science
2147:Potting soil
1992:Malacostraca
1394:
1355:
1316:
1312:Hypocreaceae
1277:
1238:
1199:
1160:
1062:
1023:
1019:Rhizobiaceae
984:
947:Nitrosomonas
945:
885:
873:
856:
836:
810:
801:
792:
763:
757:
751:
745:
741:
735:
723:. When the
698:
686:saprotrophic
682:
651:
631:
618:nitric oxide
607:
601:
590:
562:
556:
531:carbohydrate
521:
505:
469:putrefaction
450:
437:biogeography
426:
366:
353:detritivores
342:
222:
202:bioturbation
166:biodiversity
163:
142:plant growth
130:prairie dogs
112:, different
77:
73:
69:
65:
46:Soil biology
45:
44:
3813:Groundwater
3627:Archaeology
3561:Agroecology
3531:Soil survey
3470:Terra rossa
3465:Terra preta
3445:Spodic soil
3365:Duplex soil
3345:Brown earth
3325:Alkali soil
3315:Rhizosphere
3310:Laimosphere
3184:(1974–1998)
3141:Inceptisols
3048:Plinthosols
3013:Kastanozems
2843:Soil carbon
2766:Soil health
2747:Alkali soil
2676:Soil topics
2601:Main fields
2418: [
2412:(in French)
2320:: 161–172.
2215:: 144–152.
2122:Agroecology
2072:Lumbricidae
2067:Haplotaxida
2033:Haplotaxida
1892:Hymenoptera
1826:Rove beetle
1742:Choleoptera
1535:green algae
1531:Chlorophyta
1380:Zygomycetes
1357:Rhizoctonia
1318:Trichoderma
1307:Hypocreales
1273:Nectriaceae
1268:Hypocreales
1240:Aspergillus
1201:Penicillium
1162:Clostridium
1064:Azotobacter
986:Nitrobacter
862:Vertebrates
738:mycorrhizae
732:Mycorrhizae
666:chlorophyll
609:Pseudomonas
564:Azotobacter
357:Saprotrophs
345:decomposers
303:springtails
295:tardigrades
291:micrometres
180:break down
174:communities
3892:Categories
3803:Vegetation
3546:Soil value
3450:Stagnogley
3400:Lunar soil
3355:Dark earth
3340:Brickearth
3305:Pedosphere
3275:Soil crust
3083:Technosols
3068:Solonchaks
2988:Ferralsols
2953:Anthrosols
2828:Soil crust
2801:Soil color
2786:Soil value
2688:Pedosphere
2613:Edaphology
2398:2019-05-08
2373:2019-05-08
2275:2019-05-08
2193:References
2096:Gastropoda
2062:Clitellata
2028:Clitellata
1987:Arthropoda
1954:Arthropoda
1921:Arthropoda
1897:Formicidae
1882:Arthropoda
1846:Arthropoda
1817:Coleoptera
1807:Arthropoda
1778:Coleoptera
1768:Arthropoda
1732:Arthropoda
1701:Arthropoda
1670:Arthropoda
1649:Collembola
1644:Entognatha
1639:Arthropoda
1614:Tardigrada
1483:Ciliophora
1390:Mucoraceae
1375:Zygomycota
1297:Ascomycota
1258:Ascomycota
1229:Eurotiales
1219:Ascomycota
1190:Eurotiales
1180:Ascomycota
1146:Clostridia
1131:Prokaryote
1100:Prokaryote
1072:Prokaryote
1033:Prokaryote
994:Prokaryote
955:Prokaryote
916:Prokaryote
843:Earthworms
798:ecosystems
713:toadstools
656:, such as
593:atmosphere
569:leguminous
333:roundworms
319:(commonly
309:Microfauna
281:harvestmen
265:centipedes
257:earthworms
198:earthworms
154:ecosystems
114:arthropods
94:earthworms
86:life cycle
74:soil fauna
70:soil biota
3832:Petrichor
3607:Hydrology
3592:Petrology
3536:Soil test
3435:Quicksand
3380:Fill dirt
3320:Bulk soil
3166:Vertisols
3156:Spodosols
3146:Mollisols
3136:Histosols
3121:Aridisols
3093:Vertisols
3088:Umbrisols
3078:Stagnosol
3043:Planosols
3038:Phaeozems
3018:Leptosols
3003:Gypsisols
2993:Fluvisols
2973:Chernozem
2968:Cambisols
2963:Calcisols
2958:Arenosols
2882:Soil type
2771:Soil life
2350:135319222
2342:0016-7061
2081:Eukaryote
2047:Eukaryote
2013:Eukaryote
2001:woodlouse
1977:Eukaryote
1963:Millipede
1959:Diplopoda
1944:Eukaryote
1930:Centipede
1926:Chilopoda
1911:Eukaryote
1872:Eukaryote
1836:Eukaryote
1797:Eukaryote
1783:Carabidae
1758:Eukaryote
1722:Eukaryote
1706:Arachnida
1691:Eukaryote
1675:Arachnida
1660:Eukaryote
1629:Eukaryote
1604:Eukaryote
1579:Eukaryote
1554:Eukaryote
1521:Eukaryote
1503:Amoebozoa
1498:Eukaryote
1477:Alveolata
1472:Eukaryote
1438:Eukaryote
1404:Eukaryote
1385:Mucorales
1365:Eukaryote
1326:Eukaryote
1287:Eukaryote
1248:Eukaryote
1209:Eukaryote
1170:Eukaryote
1141:Bacillota
1025:Rhizobium
717:puffballs
709:mushrooms
690:cellulose
489:mutations
465:anaerobic
372:Modelling
287:Mesofauna
218:biosphere
186:nutrients
184:, making
98:nematodes
82:organisms
66:Soil life
50:microbial
32:soil life
3788:Land use
3781:See also
3637:Agrology
3420:Paleosol
3335:Blue goo
3290:Gypcrust
3161:Ultisols
3131:Gelisols
3126:Entisols
3116:Andisols
3111:Alfisols
3073:Solonetz
3063:Retisols
3058:Regosols
3033:Nitisols
3028:Luvisols
3023:Lixisols
3008:Histosol
2998:Gleysols
2983:Durisols
2978:Cryosols
2948:Andosols
2938:Acrisols
2848:Soil gas
2608:Pedology
2314:Geoderma
2255:(broken)
2239:92606851
2183:Rhizobia
2110:See also
2091:Mollusca
2086:Animalia
2057:Annelida
2052:Animalia
2023:Annelida
2018:Animalia
1982:Animalia
1949:Animalia
1916:Animalia
1877:Animalia
1841:Animalia
1802:Animalia
1763:Animalia
1727:Animalia
1696:Animalia
1665:Animalia
1634:Animalia
1609:Animalia
1584:Animalia
1564:Nematoda
1559:Animalia
1279:Fusarium
1136:Bacteria
1105:Bacteria
1077:Bacteria
1038:Bacteria
999:Bacteria
960:Bacteria
921:Bacteria
851:termites
817:glomalin
774:potatoes
770:tomatoes
759:Brassica
701:mycelium
573:rhizobia
547:nitrates
543:proteins
539:ammonium
535:nitrogen
457:flagella
452:Bacteria
447:Bacteria
433:genetics
349:detritus
337:rotifers
329:protozoa
317:bacteria
253:woodlice
206:glomalin
190:leaching
160:Overview
110:bacteria
102:protozoa
3865:
3667:(India)
3582:Geology
3370:Eluvium
3330:Bay mud
3295:Caliche
3285:Hardpan
3280:Claypan
3270:Subsoil
3265:Topsoil
3151:Oxisols
3053:Podzols
2943:Alisols
2931:(1998–)
2754:Soil pH
2587:History
2322:Bibcode
2132:Compost
1997:Isopoda
1887:Insecta
1856:Diptera
1851:Insecta
1812:Insecta
1773:Insecta
1737:Insecta
1680:Acarina
1589:Rotifer
1526:Plantae
1505:(clade)
1479:(clade)
1445:(clade)
1411:(clade)
895:Kingdom
876:Gophers
765:Solanum
705:compost
694:lignins
678:animals
639:and in
545:, into
477:soil pH
461:aerobic
409:mineral
382:physics
261:beetles
246:rodents
242:rabbits
225:mineral
122:gophers
78:edaphon
58:ecology
3854:
3480:Yedoma
3415:Muskeg
2432:, 2003
2348:
2340:
2297:: 4–7.
2237:
1860:larvae
1746:larvae
910:Genus
907:Family
898:Phylum
892:Domain
782:forest
740:(from
721:spores
715:, and
662:moulds
658:yeasts
335:, and
313:yeasts
279:, and
273:snails
244:, and
196:, and
148:, and
118:snakes
90:litter
54:faunal
3460:Takir
3395:Loess
2592:Index
2422:]
2346:S2CID
2235:S2CID
2169:Notes
1396:Mucor
1370:Fungi
1331:Fungi
1292:Fungi
1253:Fungi
1214:Fungi
1175:Fungi
904:Order
901:Class
746:rhiza
654:fungi
648:Fungi
641:humus
581:beans
363:Scope
325:fungi
299:mites
269:slugs
238:moles
126:moles
106:fungi
76:, or
3710:(US)
3699:(UK)
3693:(US)
3425:Peat
3260:Loam
3255:Clay
3250:Silt
3245:Sand
2683:Soil
2338:ISSN
2181:See
849:and
847:ants
787:pine
778:tree
772:and
762:and
742:myco
692:and
660:and
606:and
577:peas
483:and
473:soil
390:and
301:and
277:ants
128:and
62:soil
52:and
3410:Mud
2330:doi
2318:332
2225:hdl
2217:doi
2213:129
1901:Ant
1443:SAR
1409:SAR
616:or
411:or
323:),
60:in
3894::
2428:,
2424:,
2420:fr
2390:.
2366:.
2344:.
2336:.
2328:.
2316:.
2312:.
2293:.
2268:.
2233:.
2223:.
2211:.
845:,
823:.
711:,
696:.
579:,
443:.
431:,
331:,
327:,
315:,
297:,
275:,
271:,
267:,
263:,
259:,
255:,
240:,
220:.
156:.
144:,
140:,
124:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
72:,
68:,
64:.
3825:/
2911:e
2904:t
2897:v
2568:e
2561:t
2554:v
2401:.
2376:.
2352:.
2332::
2324::
2278:.
2241:.
2227::
2219::
2003:)
1999:(
1965:)
1961:(
1932:)
1928:(
1903:)
1899:(
1862:)
1858:(
1828:)
1824:(
1789:)
1785:(
1748:)
1744:(
1537:)
1533:(
1460:)
1456:(
1426:)
1422:(
1117:)
1113:(
1109:"
339:.
305:.
283:.
248:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
