719:
rain at the given location. Ilse et al. estimated the global average annual soiling loss to be between 3% and 4% in 2018. This estimate was made under the assumption that all solar power systems are cleaned with an optimal fixed frequency. Based on this estimate, the total cost of soiling (including power losses and mitigation costs) in 2018 was estimated to between 3 and 5 billion euros. This could grow to between 4 and 7 billion euros by 2023. A method to obtain the power loss, energy loss and economic loss due to soiling, directly from PV remote monitoring system time-series data has been discussed in which can help the PV asset owners to timely clean the panels.
235:. If there is consistent rain throughout the whole year at a given site, the soiling losses are likely to be small. However, light rain and dew can also lead to increased particle adhesion, increasing the soiling losses. Some climates are favorable for the growth of biological soiling, but it is not known what the decisive factors are. The dependence of soiling on climate and weather is a complex matter. As of 2019, it is not possible to accurately predict soiling rates based on meteorological parameters.
681:. Time-varying electromagnetic fields are set up by applying alternating voltages to the grid. The field interacts with the deposited particles, moving them off the surface. This technology is viable if the energy needed to remove the dust is smaller than the energy gained by lowering the soiling loss. As of 2019, this technology has been demonstrated in the lab, but it still remains to be proven in the field.
210:
The soiling rate (see definition below) varies from season to season and from location to location, but is typically between 0%/day and 1%/day. However, average deposition rates as high as 2.5%/day have been observed for conventional photovoltaics in China. For concentrated solar power, soiling rates
718:
in the affected solar power equipment. Whether or not money is spent on mitigating soiling losses, soiling leads to a reduced revenue for the owners of the system. The magnitude of the revenue loss depends mostly on the cost of soiling mitigation, the soiling deposition rate, and the frequency of
83:
There are several ways to reduce the effect of soiling. The antisoiling coating is most important solution for solar power projects. But water cleaning is the most widely used technique so far due to absence of antisoiling coatings in past. Soiling losses vary largely from region to region, and
611:. Cleaning can be manual, semi-automatic, or fully automatic. Manual cleaning involves people using brushes or mops. This requires a low capital investment, but it has a high cost of labor. Semi-automatic cleaning involves people using machines to aid the cleaning, typically a
84:
within regions. Average soiling-induced power losses can be below one percent in regions with frequent rain. As of 2018, the estimated global average annual power loss due to soiling is 5% to 10% percent. The estimated soiling-induced revenue loss is 3 – 5 billion euros.
436:
are used, where one is left to accumulate soil, and the other is held clean. The soiling ratio is estimated by the ratio of the power output of the soiled device to its expected power output if it was clean. The expected power output is calculated using
298:
623:
This approach requires the highest capital cost, but involves no manual labor except for maintenance of the robots. All three methods may or may not use water. Typically, water makes the cleaning more efficient. However, if water is a
187:
from the sun. For this reason, concentrated solar power is more sensitive to soiling than conventional photovoltaics. Typical soiling-induced power losses are 8-14 times higher for concentrated solar power than for photovoltaics.
215:
were observed to reach 66% at one point. The soiling in Helwan was attributed to dust from a nearby desert and local industry pollution. Several initiatives to map out the soiling risk of different regions of the world exist.
179:. Scattering makes the light diffuse, i.e. the rays go in many different directions. While conventional photovoltaics works well with diffuse light, concentrated solar power and concentrated photovoltaics relies only on the (
539:
of the solar panels. Larger inclination angles lead to less soiling accumulation and a higher likelihood of rain having a cleaning effect. This should be considered in the design phase. If the system is equipped with
211:
as high 5%/day have been observed. In regions with high soiling rates, soiling can become a significant contributor to power losses. As an extreme example, the total losses due to soiling of a photovoltaic system in
661:
The coating can be applied to the panels/mirrors during production or retrofitted after they have been installed. As of 2019, no particular anti-soiling technology had been widely adopted, mostly due to a lack of
80:. However, the consequences of soiling are higher for concentrating systems than for non-concentrating systems. Note that soiling refers to both the process of accumulation and the accumulated material itself.
1846:
Heckenthaler, Tabea; Sadhujan, Sumesh; Morgenstern, Yakov; Natarajan, Prakash; Bashouti, Muhammad; Kaufman, Yair (3 December 2019). "Self-Cleaning
Mechanism: Why Nanotexture and Hydrophobicity Matter".
620:
This approach requires a higher capital investment, but involves lower cost of labor than manual cleaning. Fully automatic cleaning involves the use of robots that clean the solar panels at night.
425:
of the soiling loss, typically given in %/day. Note that most sources define the soiling rate to be positive in the case of increasing soiling losses' but some sources use the opposite sign.
448:
Methods that estimate soiling ratios and soiling deposition rates of photovoltaic systems without the use of dedicated soiling stations have been proposed, including methods for systems using
556:) should be stowed at the maximum inclination angle (or upside down, if possible) during the night. In summary, soiling is a concern for the system designers, not only the system operators.
460:
was started in 2017. This project is based on data from both soiling stations and photovoltaic systems, and uses the method proposed in to extract soiling ratios and soiling rates.
264:
452:
which introduce new variables and challenges to soiling estimation that monofacial systems don't have. These procedures infer soiling ratios based on the performance of the
199:
The rate at which soiling deposits depends on geographical factors such as proximity to deserts, agriculture, industry, and roads, as these are likely to be sources of
404:
695:
The cost of cleaning depends on what cleaning technique is used and the cost of labor at the given location. Furthermore, there is a difference between large-scale
573:
that allow current to pass the soiled parts of the panel). In the future, the fraction of solar panels with half-cells and without frames are expected to increase.
358:
329:
656:
of dust and dirt. Some anti-soiling coatings are meant to enhance the self-cleaning properties, i.e. the probability that the surface will be cleaned by rain.
531:, there may be large differences in soiling deposition rates. The local variability in soiling deposition rate is mainly decided by the proximity to roads,
1510:
1151:
2018 IEEE 7th World
Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC)
2027:
1662:
1426:
1166:
569:(e.g. half-cells), panels without frames (avoiding dirt collection at the edges), or alternative electrical configurations (e.g. more bypass
171:
Soiling either blocks the light completely (hard shading), or it lets through some sunlight (soft shading). With soft shading, parts of the
914:
1824:
840:
Ilse K, Micheli L, Figgis BW, Lange K, Dassler D, Hanifi H, Wolfertstetter F, Naumann V, Hagendorf C, Gottschalg R, Bagdahn J (2019).
700:
501:
227:, and cloud cover. The most important meteorological factor is the average frequency of rain, since rain can wash soiling off of the
1548:
1308:"Methodology of Köppen-Geiger-Photovoltaic climate classification and implications to worldwide mapping of PV system performance"
1529:"The Effect of Soiling on Large Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems in California and the Southwest Region of the United States"
753:
1111:"Regional and National Scale Spatial Variability of Photovoltaic Cover Plate Soiling and Subsequent Solar Transmission Losses"
704:
1945:"Review of yield increase of solar panels through soiling prevention, and a proposed water-free automated cleaning solution"
1900:"Optimized Cleaning Cost and Schedule Based on Observed Soiling Conditions for Photovoltaic Plants in Central Saudi Arabia"
2054:"Electrostatic dust removal using adsorbed moisture–assisted charge induction for sustainable operation of solar panels"
481:
412:
93:
2178:
703:. The cost of cleaning of large-scale systems vary from 0.015 euro/m in the cheapest countries to 0.9 euro/m in the
2173:
773:
748:
581:
505:
497:
445:
of the clean device. This setup is also referred to as a "soiling measurement station", or just "soiling station".
73:
2188:
1246:
Hassan A, Rahoma U, Elminir H (2005). "Effect of airborne dust concentration on the performance of PV modules".
360:, there is so much soiling that there is no production in the photovoltaic system. An alternative metric is the
778:
553:
493:
77:
587:
and a hydrophobic coating on the surface water droplets was shown to be able to remove 98% of dust particles.
715:
1772:
1004:
2168:
2065:
1784:
1365:
1319:
1278:
1267:"Modeling the soiling of glazing materials in arid regions with geographic information systems (GIS)"
1069:
1016:
708:
453:
449:
429:
69:
1580:"Extracting and Generating PV Soiling Profiles for Analysis, Forecasting, and Cleaning Optimization"
942:"Soiling and cleaning: Initial observations from 5-year photovoltaic glass coating durability study"
842:"Techno-Economic Assessment of Soiling Losses and Mitigation Strategies for Solar Power Generation"
743:
244:
1981:
1944:
1919:
1880:
1668:
1643:"Accurately measuring PV soiling losses with soiling station employing module power measurements"
1617:
1554:
1477:
1432:
1381:
1353:
1172:
1085:
1032:
979:
941:
422:
256:
200:
97:
1354:"Comprehensive review on effect of dust on solar photovoltaic system and mitigation techniques"
293:{\displaystyle SR={\frac {\text{Actual power output}}{\text{Expected power output if clean}}}.}
2099:
2081:
1872:
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1024:
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953:
863:
853:
707:. The cost of cleaning of rooftop systems have been reported to be as low as 0.06 euro/m in
670:
578:
This means one can expect solar panels to be more resistant to soiling losses in the future.
477:
334:
305:
1819:
1058:"Global reduction of solar power generation efficiency due to aerosols and panel soiling"
535:, and industry, as well as the prominent wind direction. Another important factor is the
2069:
1982:"Self-cleaning glazing products: A state-of-the-art review and future research pathways"
1788:
1369:
1323:
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58:
34:
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172:
133:
65:
1923:
1771:
Grau-Luque, Enric; Antonanzas-Torres, Fernando; Escobar, Rodrigo (15 October 2018).
1672:
1481:
1436:
1176:
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can be designed to minimize the impact of soiling. This includes the use of smaller
2183:
1796:
1558:
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728:
674:
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604:
562:
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228:
101:
62:
38:
30:
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screens are grids of conducting wires that are integrated in the surface of the
566:
532:
438:
433:
168:. Which of these soiling mechanisms are most prominent depends on the location.
141:
23:
1960:
1899:
1730:"Combined Estimation of Degradation and Soiling Losses in Photovoltaic Systems"
1642:
1579:
1528:
1457:
1418:
1406:
1146:
1654:
1540:
1158:
1081:
1005:"Comparative modeling of optical soiling losses for CSP and PV energy systems"
768:
549:
469:
180:
176:
27:
2119:"A model to determine soiling, shading and thermal losses from PV yield data"
2085:
1868:
1804:
1773:"Effect of soiling in bifacial PV modules and cleaning schedule optimization"
1504:
783:
678:
649:
628:
or expensive resource at the given site, dry cleaning may be preferred. See
608:
232:
129:
2103:
2077:
1876:
1818:
American
Associates, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (9 December 2019).
406:. The soiling loss represents the fraction of energy lost due to soiling.
2135:
2118:
2006:
1756:
1604:
1231:
1205:"An investigation of the key parameters for predicting PV soiling losses"
966:
868:
653:
641:
600:
596:
584:
473:
224:
165:
161:
480:
dust removal. The optimal mitigation technique depends on soiling type,
2153:
1506:
IEC 61724-1:2017 – Photovoltaic system performance – Part 1: Monitoring
910:
612:
196:
Soiling losses vary greatly from region to region, and within regions.
1613:
1411:
2017 International
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC)
975:
1221:
1204:
570:
528:
212:
157:
117:
109:
105:
54:
50:
1458:"Dew as a Detrimental Influencing Factor for Soiling of PV Modules"
519:
The effect of soiling can be mitigated by careful planning during
153:
145:
137:
125:
113:
46:
42:
1533:
2006 IEEE 4th World
Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conference
204:
203:. If a location is close to a source of airborne particles, the
149:
121:
22:
is the accumulation of material on light-collecting surfaces in
1820:"Researchers develop new method to remove dust on solar panels"
2028:"Static electricity can keep desert solar panels free of dust"
456:. A project for mapping out the soiling losses throughout the
883:
488:
of the site, and system type. For instance, conventional
432:
is given in IEC 61724-1. This standard proposes that two
1647:
2052:
Panat, Sreedath; Varanasi, Kripa K. (11 March 2022).
374:
337:
308:
267:
1209:
1407:"Time-of-day and Exposure Influences on PV Soiling"
16:
Accumulation of material on solar energy collectors
398:
352:
323:
292:
1697:"Quantifying Soiling Loss Directly from PV Yield"
644:are coverings that are applied to the surface of
2117:Ghosh, S.; Roy, J. N.; Chakraborty, C. (2022).
1140:
1138:
472:soiling losses, ranging from site selection to
428:A procedure for measuring the soiling ratio at
711:, and as high as 8 euro/m in the Netherlands.
512:. The most common mitigation techniques are:
508:involve different concerns than systems with
8:
1499:
1497:
223:parameters such as rain, temperature, wind,
124:. However, soiling also includes snow, ice,
26:systems. The accumulated material blocks or
1690:
1688:
629:
37:output. Typical soiling materials include
2134:
2093:
2005:
1755:
1745:
1712:
1603:
1522:
1520:
1511:International Electrotechnical Commission
1331:
1290:
1230:
1220:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1126:
965:
867:
857:
500:call for different concerns than smaller
373:
336:
307:
277:
266:
1949:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1695:Deceglie M, Micheli L, Muller M (2018).
1347:
1345:
1343:
1306:Ascencio-Vásquez J, et al. (2019).
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
795:
1986:Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
1641:Gostein M, Düster T, Thuman C (2015).
1147:"Local Variability in PV Soiling Rate"
946:Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
935:
933:
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901:
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817:
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813:
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192:Influence of geography and meteorology
1248:Journal of Astronomical Society Egypt
468:There are many different options for
7:
2154:Photovoltaic Module Soiling Map (US)
1056:Li X, Mauzerall D, Bergin M (2020).
915:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1535:. Vol. 2. pp. 2391–2395.
92:Soiling is typically caused by the
1825:Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
78:concentrated solar (thermal) power
14:
911:"Photovoltaic Module Soiling Map"
517:Site selection and system design:
100:, including, but not limited to,
1777:Energy Conversion and Management
1265:Herrmann J, et al. (2014).
1003:Bellmann P, et al. (2020).
492:involve different concerns than
1728:Skomedal A, Deceglie M (2020).
1578:Micheli L, et al. (2020).
1145:Gostein M, et al. (2018).
754:Photovoltaic system performance
615:equipped with a rotating brush.
68:. Soiling affects conventional
1797:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.08.065
1527:Kimber A, et al. (2006).
1405:Figgis B, et al. (2017).
632:for typical costs of cleaning.
283:Expected power output if clean
219:Soiling losses also depend on
1:
1904:IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics
1898:Jones R, et al. (2016).
1734:IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics
1701:IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics
1584:IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics
1462:IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics
1378:10.1016/j.solener.2019.08.079
1352:Gupta V, et al. (2019).
1333:10.1016/j.solener.2019.08.072
1115:IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics
1109:Boyle L, et al. (2017).
1029:10.1016/j.solener.2019.12.045
1998:10.1016/j.solmat.2012.09.034
1943:Deb D, Brahmbhatt N (2018).
1916:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2535308
1861:10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01874
1747:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3018219
1714:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2784682
1596:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2943706
1474:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2018.2882649
1456:Ilse K, et al. (2018).
1292:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.02.083
1203:Micheli L, Muller M (2017).
1128:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2731939
958:10.1016/j.solmat.2018.05.039
940:Toth S, et al. (2018).
331:there is no soiling, and if
128:, various kinds of industry
1980:Midtdal K, Jelle B (2013).
859:10.1016/j.joule.2019.08.019
207:of soiling losses is high.
33:, which leads to a loss in
2205:
1961:10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.014
1419:10.1109/IRSEC.2017.8477575
774:Concentrator photovoltaics
749:Photovoltaic power station
685:Electrostatic dust removal
595:The most used approach to
484:rate, water availability,
247:can be expressed with the
243:The level of soiling in a
239:Quantifying soiling losses
213:the city of Helwan (Egypt)
134:sulfuric acid particulates
74:concentrated photovoltaics
1655:10.1109/PVSC.2015.7355993
1541:10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279690
1159:10.1109/PVSC.2018.8548049
1082:10.1038/s41893-020-0553-2
714:Soiling leads to reduced
779:Concentrated solar power
554:concentrated solar power
494:concentrated solar power
441:values and the measured
368:), which is defined as
144:dust, and the growth of
668:Electrodynamic screens:
652:in order to reduce the
399:{\displaystyle SL=1-SR}
2078:10.1126/sciadv.abm0078
1153:. pp. 3421–3425.
638:Anti-soiling coatings:
400:
354:
325:
294:
1062:Nature Sustainability
691:Economic consequences
630:Economic consequences
599:soiling losses is by
582:Wet-chemically etched
464:Mitigation techniques
443:short-circuit current
401:
355:
326:
295:
454:photovoltaic systems
450:bifacial solar cells
434:photovoltaic devices
430:photovoltaic systems
372:
353:{\displaystyle SR=0}
335:
324:{\displaystyle SR=1}
306:
265:
70:photovoltaic systems
2070:2022SciA....8M..78P
1855:(48): 15526–15534.
1789:2018ECM...174..615L
1370:2019SoEn..191..596G
1324:2019SoEn..191..672A
1283:2014EnPro..48..715H
1074:2020NatSu...3..720L
1021:2020SoEn..197..229B
744:Photovoltaic system
560:Solar panel design:
504:, and systems with
498:large-scale systems
280:Actual power output
245:photovoltaic system
2179:Sustainable energy
2136:10.1093/ce/zkac014
396:
350:
321:
290:
257:technical standard
255:), defined in the
201:airborne particles
140:, falling leaves,
98:airborne particles
88:Physics of soiling
2174:Energy conversion
1664:978-1-4799-7944-8
1428:978-1-5386-2847-8
1168:978-1-5386-8529-7
852:(10): 2303–2321.
552:, in the case of
537:inclination angle
506:fixed inclination
285:
284:
281:
142:agricultural feed
2196:
2189:Renewable energy
2141:
2140:
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2114:
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2097:
2064:(10): eabm0078.
2058:Science Advances
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1649:. pp. 1–4.
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1509:(1.0 ed.).
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1413:. pp. 1–4.
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259:IEC 61724-1 as:
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1271:Energy Procedia
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39:mineral dust
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18:
2169:Solar power
1992:: 126–141.
1783:: 615–625.
1364:: 596–622.
1318:: 672–685.
1277:: 715–720.
1015:: 229–237.
952:: 375–384.
764:Solar panel
734:Solar power
705:Netherlands
662:durability.
567:solar cells
533:agriculture
527:. Within a
439:calibration
173:transmitted
24:solar power
2163:Categories
2013:2020-12-07
1966:2019-06-06
1929:2018-06-04
1678:2020-12-03
1627:2020-12-07
1564:2018-06-13
1487:2018-12-12
1442:2018-10-09
1391:2020-12-04
1182:2020-12-04
1095:2020-12-04
1042:2020-12-04
989:2020-12-10
921:2020-12-03
790:References
769:Solar cell
482:deposition
470:mitigating
413:deposition
302:Hence, if
181:collimated
94:deposition
2086:2375-2548
1885:201673096
1869:0743-7463
1831:3 January
1805:0196-8904
1622:209457861
1386:204183366
1090:219976569
1037:214380908
984:103082921
784:Heliostat
593:Cleaning:
585:nanowires
421:) is the
388:−
177:scattered
175:light is
138:droppings
130:pollution
66:emissions
43:droppings
2104:35275728
2037:18 April
1924:20829937
1877:31469282
1849:Langmuir
1673:39240632
1482:56718679
1437:52917434
1254:: 24–38.
1177:54442001
723:See also
654:adhesion
642:coatings
601:cleaning
597:mitigate
474:cleaning
411:soiling
225:humidity
185:directly
166:bacteria
162:biofilms
108:, metal
28:scatters
2095:8916732
2066:Bibcode
1785:Bibcode
1614:1593090
1559:9613142
1366:Bibcode
1320:Bibcode
1279:Bibcode
1070:Bibcode
1017:Bibcode
976:1458821
679:mirrors
650:mirrors
613:tractor
609:mirrors
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233:mirrors
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41:, bird
20:Soiling
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884:"Home"
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529:region
158:lichen
120:, and
118:pollen
110:oxides
106:silica
76:, and
61:, and
55:pollen
51:lichen
1920:S2CID
1881:S2CID
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709:China
160:, or
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146:algae
126:frost
114:salts
47:fungi
35:power
2100:PMID
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409:The
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