271:, while the Prussia-Hessian Customs Union made 24 Groschen per capita. The total area of the participating states was proved too small to sustain their own union. Since it was clear that there would be no union between Austria and Prussia, Bavaria and Württemberg had to choose one of them as a partner. Since Austria could not give up its own closed system, joining Prussia was the only remaining option. Therefore, Bavaria and Württemberg signed a treaty uniting their customs union with that of Prussia and Hesse-Darmstadt on 22 March 1833. On 1 January 1834, the treaty came into effect and the new
17:
138:
155:
rivals was not a possibility. Baden abandoned the
Stuttgart conference on 6 August 1825, Nassau and Hesse-Darmstadt followed shortly thereafter. The changes made to the Badian customs system when it was realised that the Stuttgart conference would collapse led the Hessian government to cancel their agreement with Hesse at the beginning of 1826 and found the
112:
clearly favoured Baden. Bavaria, the largest state by area, responded by pushing for division on the basis of population and area. Another point of contention was where the toll would be levied. The greatest obstacle of all, however, was the divergent economic interests of the participating states. The states on the
121:, which strained the relationship between the two states. As negotiations had become totally bogged down, the Hessian hosts of the meeting ended their participation on 3 July 1823, in favour of modernising their own customs system, since they no longer believed that an interstate agreement was likely to be agreed.
116:
were interested in free trade policies as a natural result of their geographic situation, while states that were not on key internal trade routes had an interest in high, protective tariffs, so that their local industries, which had supplied their local markets without problem up to this point, would
111:
presented a draft treaty to serve as a basis for negotiations. Due to various geographic and economic factors, no agreement was reached. Nebenius' draft proposed that the total income from tolls by divided between member states on the basis of their population and the length of their borders, which
149:
Bavaria and Württemberg agreed a shared proposal in
October 1824 and in November of the same year Hesse-Darmstadt and Baden agreed a shared procedure in the Heidelberg protocol. In general, the states had learnt from the earlier negotiations in Darmstadt and were prepared to compromise. Thus, new
250:
For the discussion of common affairs of the Union, there was an annual general congress, attended by two representatives of each state, with a rotating chair. This congress was tasked with agreeing necessary changes to the basic treaty, administrative organisation, customs ordinances, and tariff
154:
on a South German
Customs Union between Baden, Bavaria, Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau, and Württemberg. However, once more there was no agreement on tariff policy. The relationship between Baden and Bavaria was still so fraught as a result of the Sponheim Question, that an agreement between these two
128:
states agreed the Treaty of
Arnstadt amongst themselves in December 1822, seeking first to unify themselves, before engaging with larger projects. In the following period, there were several bilateral agreements. For example, Hesse-Darmstadt and Baden agreed a trade treaty on 10 September 1824
162:
Nevertheless, this conference further deepened the efforts to unify the customs systems of
Bavaria and Württemberg. Thus, on 12 April 1827, another preliminary treaty was agreed. The government of Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Nassau were invited to join, but refused. After this, Bavaria and
129:(although this did not last long). It provided for customs-free, low-tariff trade in various products and provided for further revision of the customs law. These efforts led most states to consider making another attempt at forming a customs union.
282:
The South German
Customs Union was responsible for the introduction of the systematic census. It also played a role in the unification of German weights and measures, a process which the German Customs Union of 1834 brought to completion.
251:
rates, with checking the administrative accounts, with establishing the total income, setting the budget, and resolving complaints and disputes. In the final case, the congress was the venue for concluding informed compromises.
232:
Consumer contributions that were charged at specific internal points of use could be charged at the same amount by either state of the Union, even on objects of the same type which came from a country bordering the
188:
In each state, there was a single, independent customs administration and each of these had a permanent general plenipotentiary from the other state with clearly defined authority for inspections and investigations.
92:. However, in these negotiations, it became clear that the interests of the different states differed greatly. Bavaria and Württemberg pushed for a protectionist union with high external tariffs, while Baden,
87:
states signed the Vienna
Punctation, a declaration of intent, in which they obliged themselves to negotiate the establishment of a customs union. These negotiations took place in September of the same year in
640:
212:
All existing storage and packaging rights were abolished. For warehouses and customs offices, a maximum was set for each state and transgressions could be charged to the offending state.
620:
30:
206:
Police jurisdiction over market visits, small-scale trade, and details of commercial privileges remained under the control of the individual state administrations.
540:
Denkschrift für den
Beitritt Badens zu dem zwischen Preußen, Bayern, Würtemberg, den beiden Hessen und mehren andern deutschen Staaten abgeschlossenen Zollverein.
117:
not be threatened. Added to this was the "Sponheim question", a conflict between
Bavaria and Baden over territories that had been divided between them in the
179:
The toll stations on the shared borders were closed and all further tolls, both at the borders and at internal toll stations were paid into a shared account.
185:
The profit from the tolls was divided between the states based on their population, which was determined by a full census every three years.
605:
200:
Customs employees came under the exclusive oversight of their own state, but they were answerable to the union through a defined formula.
226:, cranes, shipyards, and similar fees remained in private hands, but tolls on roads and waterways could never exceed 2 Pf. in a hundred.
630:
570:
517:
488:
455:
247:(salt-mining right) was maintained in both states and special limitations on the importation and transport of salt were introduced.
203:
The costs of general administration, pensions, leave payments and other administrative costs were paid by the income of the Union.
409:
84:
156:
142:
16:
428:
263:
The South German
Customs Union faced significant problems. 44% of its income was lost to administrative costs. The union's
635:
163:
Württemberg signed the treaty founding the South German Customs Union on 18 January 1828. From 20 December 1829, the
100:
agreement. The only thing that all states were in agreement on was their fear of political and economic dominance by
167:(the large Bavarian exclave on the Rhine), was completely integrated into the South German Customs Union as well.
58:
370:
Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg: Forschungen, Bände 72-74
625:
545:
535:
108:
562:
Handbuch der baden-württembergischen Geschichte / 3 Vom Ende des Alten Reiches bis zum Ende der Monarchien
368:
556:
209:
Recouping the cost of all customs exemptions was the responsibility of the government that issued them.
474:
194:
The annual settlement took place between the customs administrations on the basis of monthly records.
118:
80:
76:
42:
164:
216:
53:. After several failed attempts to bring in other states, a customs treaty was agreed between the
101:
54:
50:
182:
Both governments repealed regulations and treaties with states that did not belong to the union.
237:
576:
566:
523:
513:
494:
484:
451:
445:
589:
93:
34:
430:
Schmollers Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich
614:
413:
46:
565:. Hansmartin Schwarzmaier, Meinrad Schaab. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta. pp. 63–78.
137:
221:
272:
264:
97:
63:
580:
191:
There was a unified administration for checking toll payments in both states.
527:
498:
151:
125:
89:
395:
Wolfram Fischer, "Der deutsche Zollverein. Fallstudie einer Zollunion." In
254:
Bavarian weights and measures were used as the basis for tariffs and tolls.
242:
560:
507:
478:
447:
Regulativer Wettbewerb und koordinative Standardisierung zwischen Staaten
268:
367:
Kommission für Geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg (1972).
197:
General ordinances could only be made together, except in urgent cases.
591:
Der deutsche Zollverein (Geschichte seiner Entstehung und Entwicklung)
229:
Tolls on bridges and paved streets were never to be levied for profit.
141:
Prussian gazette with a copy of the customs union treaty between the
107:
At the end of November 1820, the Badian civil servant and economist
509:
Das Großherzogtum Baden und die deutsche Zolleinigung, 1819-1835/36
175:
The provisions of the South German Customs Union were as follows:
136:
113:
15:
397:
Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Zeitalter der Industrialisierung
318:
Die Zoll- und Reichssteuerverwaltung im Großherzogthum Baden
340:
Die Zoll- und Reichssteuerverwaltung im Großherzogtum Baden
594:(2 ed.). Leipzig: Veit & Comp. pp. 50–51.
61:in 1828. It was incorporated into the Prussian-led
641:1834 disestablishments in the German Confederation
532:(Zugleich: Frankfurt am Main, Univ., Diss., 1982).
399:. Göttingen 1972, ISBN 3-525-35951-9, p. 120
145:and the South German Customs Union, 22 March 1833
621:1828 establishments in the German Confederation
124:The negotiations finally failed when the small
20:The South German Customs Union on a map of 1872
450:. München: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 147.
8:
410:"Zollvereinigungsvertrag vom 22. März 1833"
75:On 19 May 1820, the south German states of
41:) was an attempt by various states in the
483:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
383:
351:
83:, and Württemberg, along with some small
606:Süddeutscher Zollverein auf HGIS Germany
362:
360:
291:
150:negotiations began in February 1825 in
550:Die Gründung des Deutschen Zollvereins
7:
480:Geschichte des Deutschen Zollvereins
433:. Duncker & Humblot. p. 78.
215:Tolls on roads, waterways, bridges,
14:
512:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
96:, and Hesse-Darmstadt wanted a
157:Prussian-Hessian Customs Union
143:Prussian-Hessian Customs Union
1:
542:C. F. Müller, Karlsruhe 1833.
588:von Weber, Wilhelm (1871).
552:. Voigtländer, Leipzig 1913
506:Müller, Hans Peter (1984).
657:
444:Ambrosius, Gerold (2005).
133:Second negotiation in 1825
26:South German Customs Union
71:First negotiation in 1820
49:, in the early stages of
342:, Karlsruhe 1885, p. 39.
320:, Karlsruhe 1885, p. 38.
298:cf. Treitschke, pp. 73f.
546:Heinrich von Treitschke
109:Karl Friedrich Nebenius
39:Süddeutscher Zollverein
631:Kingdom of Württemberg
146:
59:Kingdom of Württemberg
38:
21:
140:
19:
273:German Customs Union
267:income was only 9.5
45:to create a unified
43:German Confederation
557:Ullmann, Hans-Peter
165:Circle of the Rhine
636:Kingdom of Bavaria
427:Schmoller (1916).
147:
55:Kingdom of Bavaria
51:German unification
22:
475:Hahn, Hans-Werner
386:, pp. 51–52.
354:, pp. 50–51.
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595:
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81:Hesse-Darmstadt
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416:on 2004-11-19.
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373:. p. 163.
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329:Hahn, pp. 38f.
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279:) was formed.
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85:central German
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47:customs area
25:
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307:Hahn, p. 38
241: [
220: [
79:, Bavaria,
615:Categories
287:References
277:Zollverein
265:per capita
171:Provisions
126:Thuringian
119:Palatinate
98:free trade
64:Zollverein
581:644015532
238:Salzregal
159:instead.
152:Stuttgart
90:Darmstadt
67:in 1834.
31:‹See Tfd›
559:(1992).
528:11569280
499:11501632
477:(1984).
269:Groschen
57:and the
102:Prussia
579:
569:
526:
516:
497:
487:
454:
233:Union.
94:Nassau
35:German
275:(the
245:]
224:]
114:Rhine
77:Baden
577:OCLC
567:ISBN
524:OCLC
514:ISBN
495:OCLC
485:ISBN
452:ISBN
236:The
24:The
617::
575:.
548::
538::
522:.
493:.
359:^
243:de
222:de
104:.
37::
583:.
530:.
501:.
460:.
28:(
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