2835:"The importance of this anomaly among Europeans and their descendants is not related to the segregation of genes derived from Asians; its appearance among members of Asian populations suggests such ambiguous designations as 'Mongol Mongoloid'; increasing participation of Chinese and Japanese in investigation of the condition imposes on them the use of an embarrassing term. We urge, therefore, that the expressions which imply a racial aspect of the condition be no longer used. Some of the undersigned are inclined to replace the term Mongolism by such designations as 'Langdon Down Anomaly', or 'Down's Syndrome or Anomaly', or 'Congenital Acromicria'. Several of us believe that this is an appropriate time to introduce the term 'Trisomy 21 Anomaly', which would include cases of simple Trisomy as well as translocations. It is hoped that agreement on a specific phrase will soon crystallise once the term 'Mongolism' has been abandoned." Allen, G. Benda C.J. et al (1961). Lancet corr. 1, 775.
935:." Kroeber alternatively referred to the divisions of the Mongoloid stock as the following: "Asiatic Mongoloids," "Oceanic Mongoloids," and "American Mongoloids." Kroeber said that the differences among the three divisions of the Mongoloid stock are not very large. Kroeber said that the Malaysian and the American Indian are generalized type peoples while the Mongolian proper is the most extreme or pronounced form. Kroeber said that the original Mongoloid stock must be regarded as being more like the current Malaysians, the current American Indians, or an intermediate type between these two. Kroeber said that it is from these generalized type peoples, who kept more nearly the ancient type, that peoples such as the
2429:"It may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant... they graduate into each other, and.. it is hardly possible to discover clear distinctive characters between them... As it is improbable that the numerous and unimportant points of resemblance between the several races of man in bodily structure and mental faculties (I do not here refer to similar customs) should all have been independently acquired, they must have been inherited from progenitors who had these same characters.", Charles Darwin,
3030:
1805:. Huxley indicates that he has omitted certain areas with complex ethnic compositions that do not fit into his racial paradigm, including much of the Indian subcontinent and Horn of Africa. (Huxley, Thomas (1873). Critiques and Addresses by Thomas Henry Huxley, LL.D., F.R.S. Macmillan and Company. p. 153.) By the late nineteenth century, his Xanthochroi group had been redefined as the
248:
430:
1160:, moderate prognathism, absent brow ridges, simple cranial sutures, prominent zygomatic bones, broad, flat, tented nasal root, short nasal spine, shovel-shaped upper incisor teeth (scooped out behind), straight nasal profile, moderately wide palate shape, arched sagittal contour, wide facial breadth and a flatter face."
1080:
With the availability of new data due to the development of modern genetics, the concept of races in a biological sense has become untenable. Problems of the concept include: It "is not useful or necessary in research", scientists are not able to agree on the definition of a certain proposed race,
394:
During the 19th century, diverging opinions were pronounced whether Native
Americans or Malays should be included in the grouping which was sometimes called "Mongolian" and sometimes "Mongoloid". For example, D. M. Warren in 1856 used a narrow definition which did not include either the "Malay" or
971:
appear to have primary
Mongoloid connections by way of the Malaysians. Kroeber said that the Mongoloid element of Polynesians is not a specialized Mongoloid. Kroeber said that the Mongoloid element in Polynesians appears to be larger than the definite Caucasian strain in Polynesians. Speaking of
425:
defined three races which he called "white", "black", and "yellow". His "yellow race", corresponding to other writers' "Mongoloid race", consisted of "the Altaic, Mongol, Finnish and Tartar branches". While he saw the "white race" as superior, he claimed that the "yellow race" was physically and
1394:
In the 21st century, this usage of the term is deemed "unacceptable" in the
English-speaking world and has fallen out of common use because of its offensive and misleading implications. The terminology change was brought about both by scientific and medical experts as well as people of Asian
1081:
and they do not even agree on the number of races, with some proponents of the concept suggesting 300 or even more "races". Also, data are not reconcilable with the concept of a treelike evolution nor with the concept of "biologically discrete, isolated, or static" populations.
1180:
proposed that the relative flatness of "Mongoloid" faces was caused by adaption to the extreme cold of subarctic and arctic conditions. They supposed that "Mongoloid" eye sockets have been extended vertically to make room for adipose tissue around the eyeballs, and that the
1193:" to the cold. They also supposed that "Mongoloid" facial features reduce the surface area of the nose by having nasal bones that are flat against the face and having enlarged cheekbones that project forward which effectively reduce the external projection of the nose.
1522:
2444:"Indeed, if a species has sufficient gene flow, there can be no evolutionary tree of populations, because there are no population splits...", Templeton, A. (2016). Evolution and Notions of Human Race. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.),
1704:
Blumenbach's name has been associated with scientific racism, but his arguments actually undermined racism. Blumenbach could not have foreseen the coming abuse of his ideas and classification in the 19th and (first half of the) 20th
140:
stated: "The belief in 'races' as natural aspects of human biology, and the structures of inequality (racism) that emerge from such beliefs, are among the most damaging elements in the human experience both today and in the past."
911:, referring to the racial classification of humankind on the basis of physical features, said that there are basically "three grand divisions." Kroeber indicated that, within the three-part classification, the Mongoloid, the
2556:
flaches
Gesicht mit niedriger Nasenwurzel, betonte Jochbogen, flachliegende Lidspalte (die oft schräggestellt ist), dickes, straffes, dunkles Haar, dunkle Augen, gelbbräunl. Haut, in der Regel kurzer, untersetzter
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1529:
2784:
180:. Meiners divided humanity into two races he labeled "Tartar-Caucasians" and "Mongolians", believing the former to be beautiful, the latter to be "weak in body and spirit, bad, and lacking in virtue".
1760:
Alle diese
Verschiedenheiten fließen aber durch so mancherley Abstufungen und Uebergänge so unvermerkt zusammen, daß sich keine andre, als sehr willkürliche Grenzen zwischen ihnen festsetzen lassen.
360:, the former arguing for a single origin of all humankind, the latter holding that each human race had a specific origin. Monogenists based their arguments either on a literal interpretation of the
3884:
1113:
3066:
1196:
Still, in 1965 a study by A. T. Steegmann showed that the so-called cold-adapted
Mongoloid face provided no greater protection against frostbite than the facial structure of Europeans.
207:, and points out that the transition from one race to another is so gradual that the distinctions between the races presented by him are "very arbitrary". In Blumenbach's concept, the
1732:
Es giebt nur eine
Gattung (species) im Menschengeschlecht; und alle uns bekannte Völker aller Zeiten und aller Himmelsstriche können von einer gemeinschaftlichen Stammrasse abstammen.
4045:
3900:
1313:
2706:
1901:
Winchell, A. (1881). Preadamites; or A Demonstration of the
Existence of Men Before Adam; (3rd ed.). Chicago: S.C. Griggs and Company; London: Trubner & Co. pp. 57, 66.
1505:
137:
2797:
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387:
and a monogenist, presented the views of polygenists in 1865: "ome imagine their assumed species of mankind were created where we find them... the
Mongolians from the
892:
and proposing to replace the term "race" with "ethnic groups" because "serious errors ... are habitually committed when the term 'race' is used in popular parlance".
2811:
2179:
von
Eickstedt, Egon Frhr. (21 April 2018). "Die Indien-Expedition des Staatlichen Forschungsinstituts für Völkerkunde in Leipzig. 1. Anthropologischer Bericht".
3844:
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851:
said that the notion of the whole world being composed of three distinct races, Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid, seemed credible because of the history of
2763:
4050:
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of Myanmar. He also classified the Burmese, Karen, Kachin, Shan, Sri Lankans, Tai, South Chinese, Munda and Juang, and others as having "mixed" with the
3860:
1377:. Coined in 1908, the term remained in medical usage until the 1950s. In 1961, its use was deprecated by a group of genetic experts in an article in
919:
are the three "primary racial stocks of mankind." Kroeber said that the following are the divisions of the Mongoloid stock: the "Mongolian proper of
3290:
4035:
3317:
3052:
1228:
1209:
1156:: "The Mongoloid skull shows a round head shape with a medium-width nasal aperture, rounded orbital margins, massive cheekbones, weak or absent
1136:(1971–79, 25 volumes) lists the following characteristics of the "Mongoloid" populations of Asia: "Flat face with a low nasal root, accentuated
3452:
3279:
1239:
2054:
1942:
1835:
1615:
1217:
972:
Polynesians, Kroeber said that there are locally possible minor Negroid absorptions, as the ancestral Polynesians had to pass by or through
2237:
2743:
1140:, flat-lying eyelids (which are often slanting), thick, tight, dark hair, dark eyes, yellow-brownish skin, usually short, stocky build."
4004:
3295:
1281:
said that the FBI Laboratory is in a good position for the examination of Mongoloid hairs, because it does most of the examinations for
1112:
1057:
Since Coon followed the traditional methods of physical anthropology, relying on morphological characteristics, and not on the emerging
2479:
Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017).
1348:
932:
908:
720:
656:
3908:
3852:
2616:
2578:
1972:
1919:
1860:
802:", along with Mongolians and "hybrid Japanese", after the Alpines colonized East Asia from Central Asia before migrating to Europe.
1050:
not once but five times, as each subspecies, living in its own territory, passed a critical threshold from a more brutal to a more
955:
is the most particularized sub-variety out of the American Mongoloids. Kroeber said that in the East Indies, and in particular the
4030:
3876:
852:
2927:
2735:
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977:
1262:. In 1911, the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization was placing all "East Indians," a term which included the peoples of "
1073:
The fact that there are no sharp distinctions between the supposed racial groups had been observed by Blumenbach and later by
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3732:
3682:
3667:
3305:
3105:
2684:
1632:
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400:
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1830:
Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning. The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America, New York: Nation Books 2016.
121:
820:, classified people from Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, East India, parts of Northeast India, western Myanmar and Sri Lanka as
352:
Discussions on race among Western scholars during the 19th century took place against the background of the debate between
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2815:
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Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon in 25 Bänden. Neunte, völlig neu bearbeitete Auflage zum 150jährigen Bestehen des Verlages
1297:
672:
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origins. Eickstedt also classified the people of central Myanmar, Yunnan, southern Tibet, Thailand and parts of India as
4055:
3792:
3457:
2029:
1365:"Mongoloid" has had a second usage, now generally avoided as highly offensive: until the late 20th century, people with
1205:
1133:
668:
435:
373:
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3507:
3472:
3422:
2525:
2272:
1488:
1419:
809:
184:
2872:
Rodríguez-Hernández, M. Luisa; Montoya, Eladio (2011-07-30). "Fifty years of evolution of the term Down's syndrome".
1610:
Keevak, Michael. "Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011.
152:, now generally regarded as highly offensive. Those affected were often referred to as "Mongoloids" or in terms of "
3924:
3818:
3637:
3092:
1773:
1746:
1718:
1404:
31:
3034:
2363:
Jackson, John Jr. (June 2001). ""In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races".
2319:
Jackson, John Jr. (June 2001). ""In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races".
1813:. As such, Huxley's Melanochroi eventually also comprised various other dark Caucasoid populations, including the
4040:
3602:
3552:
3324:
1373:" or "Mongolian imbecility". The term was motivated by the observation that people with Down syndrome often have
3974:
3742:
3567:
3255:
3135:
3075:
1986:
1882:"Huxley, Thomas, On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind. 1870. August 14, 2006"
82:
1821:. (Gregory, John Walter (1931). Race as a Political Factor. Watts & Company. p. 19. Retrieved 8 May 2016.)
426:
intellectually mediocre but had an extremely strong materialism that allowed them to achieve certain results.
2779:
Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis (SWGMAT). (2005). Forensic Human Hair Examination Guidelines.
3432:
747:
572:
177:
1984:
Blue, Gregory (1999). "Gobineau on China: Race Theory, the "Yellow Peril" and the Critique of Modernity"".
1099:
concludes in 2016: "he answer to the question whether races exist in humans is clear and unambiguous: no."
203:, his arguments were basically anti-racist, since he underlined that humankind as a whole forms one single
4025:
3777:
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has been "viewed as the last gasp of an outdated scientific methodology that was soon to be supplanted."
3916:
3772:
3752:
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3329:
2700:
1332:
1309:
1247:
806:
224:
101:. The term is derived from a now-disproven theory of biological race. In the past, other terms such as "
3557:
959:, there can at times be distinguished a less specifically Mongoloid strain, which has been called the "
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3687:
3652:
3467:
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2299:
2122:
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3632:
3582:
3527:
3412:
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3143:
1871:
Warren, D.M. (1856). A System of Physical Geography. Philadelphia: H. Cowperthwait & Co. p. 77.
1795:
1344:
940:
860:
856:
727:
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or on secular research. Since polygenism stressed the perceived differences, it was popular among
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2011:
2003:
1810:
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1290:
1149:
770:
422:
396:
227:, who form a race of their own in his concept. Of peoples living outside Asia, he includes the "
2465:
Templeton, A. (2016). Evolution and Notions of Human Race. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.),
3940:
3828:
3787:
3712:
3627:
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3312:
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3006:
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2510:
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2050:
1968:
1938:
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1831:
1695:
1611:
1587:
1459:
Templeton, A. (2016). "Evolution and Notions of Human Race". In Losos, J.; Lenski, R. (eds.).
1424:
1232:
1096:
1090:
876:
848:
200:
173:
136:, the concept of distinct human races in a biological sense has become obsolete. In 2019, the
3767:
3762:
3737:
3717:
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3193:
2996:
2988:
2939:
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2711:
2644:
2604:
2500:
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2470:
2449:
2372:
2328:
2253:
2153:
2118:
2098:
1995:
1685:
1677:
1565:
1464:
1370:
1360:
1324:
1169:
996:
867:. This made the point of view of three races appear to be "true, natural, and inescapable."
787:
751:
743:
545:
541:
153:
43:
3802:
3757:
3647:
3617:
3492:
3477:
3417:
3354:
3250:
1666:"The beautiful skull and Blumenbach's errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race"
1414:
1374:
1255:
1177:
1173:
1117:
944:
795:
684:
585:
369:
1185:" brow ridges decrease the size of the air spaces inside of the brow ridges known as the
708:
625:
2648:
1932:
1023:
races, he posited two races among the indigenous populations of sub-Saharan Africa: the
3747:
3707:
3657:
3642:
3622:
3572:
3537:
3522:
3502:
3487:
3359:
3300:
3153:
3001:
2976:
2739:
2505:
2480:
2072:
A Genealogy of an Ethnocratic Present: Rethinking Ethnicity after Sri Lanka's Civil War
1690:
1665:
1446:
1328:
1286:
1278:
1251:
1137:
1121:
1074:
947:, and a "certain generic refinement of physique." Kroeber said that, according to most
936:
916:
837:
692:
676:
594:
568:
469:
450:
403:
added the Australian as a secondary race (subrace) of the principal race of Mongolian.
236:
3029:
2885:
4019:
3979:
3782:
3722:
3692:
3672:
3612:
3577:
3562:
3547:
3517:
3462:
3387:
3198:
3178:
3168:
2477:. That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in:
2295:
2288:
2265:
2015:
1366:
1267:
1186:
981:
948:
900:
380:
149:
2392:
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726:
In 1909, a map published based on racial classifications in South Asia conceived by
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3233:
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3183:
3125:
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1336:
1301:
1221:
1157:
1038:
1005:
889:
817:
696:
598:
415:
365:
220:
3371:
2635:
Joseph K. So (1980). "Human Biological Adaptation to Arctic and Subarctic Zones".
2103:
2086:
1881:
1798:
1639:
17:
3044:
2207:
2126:
2044:
1523:"Galileo Wept: A Critical Assessment of the Use of Race in Forensic Anthropology"
1095:
After discussing various criteria used in biology to define subspecies or races,
963:
Malaysian," and a more specifically Mongoloid strain, which has been called the "
3999:
3989:
3592:
3402:
3349:
3223:
3163:
3158:
2680:
2416:
1806:
1681:
1556:
Lieberman, Leonard (1997). "Out of Our Skulls: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid?".
1409:
1025:
973:
968:
956:
928:
864:
799:
704:
616:
512:
440:
388:
318:
309:
300:
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216:
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for his division of humanity into five races in the revised 1795 edition of his
129:
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3984:
3702:
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3208:
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607:
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357:
353:
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847:
Commenting on the situation of the United States in the early 20th century,
755:
680:
384:
345:
282:
113:
2961:
2901:
2514:
2474:
2453:
2142:"The Nordic and Alpine Races and Their Kin: A Study of Ethnological Trends"
1699:
1468:
1300:
indicated that the following skeletal collections were of the "Mongoloid" "
2608:
1999:
1339:
term designating one of the major groups of human beings originating from
247:
3964:
3344:
3010:
2674:
Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California.
1383:
due to its "misleading connotations". The term continued to be used as a
1271:
1058:
904:
503:
212:
133:
106:
90:
2732:
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Forensic Hair Comparisons.
2192:
2007:
1387:
in the second half of the 20th century, with shortened versions such as
960:
3267:
3262:
3228:
3203:
3120:
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2384:
2340:
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2165:
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1814:
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1125:
912:
688:
581:
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484:
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273:
264:
117:
102:
98:
1799:
On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind
256:
On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind
3334:
3148:
1305:
1282:
952:
881:
871:
735:
731:
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228:
125:
94:
2157:
1463:. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 346–361.
1227:
In 1885, the California State Legislature amended its code to make
1042:
had already been divided into five different races or subspecies. "
1853:
Collected Essays of Thomas Huxley: Man's Place in Nature and Other
1818:
1487:
American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019).
1263:
1242:
was using the term "Mongolic grand division," not only to include
1213:
1111:
794:(1966) classified the Sinhalese as partly Mongoloid. According to
779:
647:
494:
361:
232:
199:). Although Blumenbach's concept of five races later gave rise to
3934:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
124:. It was further developed by Western scholars in the context of
1340:
86:
3048:
2413:
For a criticism of Coon's relying on typology alone, see also:
399:(1881) included both Malays and indigenous Americans. In 1861,
2469:(pp. 346–361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press.
2293:
Anthropology: Race, Language, Culture, Psychology, Prehistory.
70:
2467:
How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society
2446:
How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society
1461:
How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society
2796:
About FSC. (n.d.). The FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation.
1912:
The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography
3820:
An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
2757:
A Data Base for Forensic Anthropology: Final Report to the
61:
55:
1445:(2012). Dictionary.com. Retrieved September 3, 2012, from
52:
2448:(p. 355). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press.
798:(1931), the Chinese represented "the eastern wing of the
58:
2481:"Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics"
1369:
were often referred to as "Mongoloids", or in terms of "
1152:
gave a description of "Mongoloid" skulls in her book on
2087:"The Physical Anthropology of Ceylon. Howard W. Stoudt"
3902:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
671:(1885–90), peoples included in the Mongoloid race are
112:
The concept of dividing humankind into the Mongoloid,
2709:: Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission.
1588:"Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective"
1331:
defined the term "Mongoloid," as the term is used in
64:
2668:
2666:
1516:
1514:
120:
races was introduced in the 1780s by members of the
73:
67:
3952:
3811:
3380:
3278:
3134:
3091:
1289:, and it conducts examinations for the majority of
172:as a term for race was first introduced in 1785 by
49:
46:
2847:"Ricky Gervais, please stop using the word 'mong'"
1506:American Association of Biological Anthropologists
414:, published 1853–55), which would later influence
138:American Association of Biological Anthropologists
2208:"Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit"
211:comprises the peoples living in Asia east of the
2530:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
2522:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
2221:
2219:
2217:
1493:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
85:of various peoples indigenous to large parts of
1335:hair examinations. It defined the term as, "an
1246:, but "in the widest sense of all," to include
148:has had a second usage referencing people with
2672:Burns, John F. & Orsi, Richard J. (2003).
855:with most immigrants coming from three areas,
395:the "American" races, while Huxley (1870) and
4046:Pejorative terms for people with disabilities
3846:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
3060:
2755:Jantz, R.L. & Moore-Jansen, P.H. (1987).
2603:. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 132, 147, 148.
2249:
2247:
1803:Journal of the Ethnological Society of London
8:
2928:"John Langdon Down: The Man and the Message"
2417:"Does Race Exist? A proponent's perspective"
2268:(1955). History of Anthropological Thought.
1967:gid/s work Duke University Press, 2002, p.8
1855:Kessinger Publishing: Montana, 2005. p.247.
1504:The organization has since been renamed the
1132:The last edition of the German encyclopedia
2921:
2919:
2764:National Criminal Justice Reference Service
2592:
2590:
1581:
1579:
1551:
1549:
3838:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
3067:
3053:
3045:
2573:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
1914:C. Scribner's Sons: New York, 1900, p.282
1482:
1480:
1478:
412:Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
3862:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
3000:
2977:"On the diagnostic term "Down's disease""
2943:
2504:
2485:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2102:
1689:
1395:ancestry, including those from Mongolia.
183:His more influential Göttingen colleague
1633:"Why White People are Called Caucasian?"
1606:
1604:
1240:Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization
428:
408:Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines
246:
2554:(in German). Vol. 2. p. 308.
2397:The reference given there is to "Coon,
2314:
2312:
1435:
1208:enacted the first bill of several that
231:" in northern America and the European
3453:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
2302:. Pages 126, 131, 133, & 137–140.
2231:""Race" 1997 and 2001: A Race Odyssey"
2075:. MA thesis, Kansas State University.
888:of men and races" among the causes of
2810:Ward, Connor O. John Langdon (2006).
2630:
2628:
2597:Dahlberg, A.A.; Graber, T.M. (1977).
2206:Eickstedt, Egon von (21 April 2018).
1809:, whereas his Melanochroi became the
1274:," in the "Mongolic" grand division.
7:
2814:. Down-syndrome.info. Archived from
2781:Forensic Science Communications, (7)
2238:American Anthropological Association
1772:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1797).
1745:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1797).
1717:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1797).
1061:to classify humans, the debate over
4005:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
2932:Down Syndrome Research and Practice
2649:10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.000431
2526:"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism"
2210:. F. Enke – via Google Books.
1489:"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism"
1120:according to French anthropologist
784:The Physical Anthropology of Ceylon
243:In the context of scientific racism
2845:Clark, Nicola (October 19, 2011).
1528:. Emory University. Archived from
1277:In 1985, Michael P. Malone of the
1003:in 1962. Coon divided the species
909:University of California, Berkeley
193:De generis humani varietate nativa
25:
4051:Slurs related to low intelligence
3910:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
3830:The Outline of History of Mankind
2734:(1985). Host Laboratory Division
2365:Journal of the History of Biology
2321:Journal of the History of Biology
2046:The Concept of Race in South Asia
1638:. Yale University. Archived from
907:Professor of Anthropology at the
197:On the Natural Variety of Mankind
27:Outdated grouping of human beings
3878:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
3028:
2600:Orofacial growth and development
2129:. Cape – via Google Books.
1521:Smay, Diana; Armelagos, George.
1148:In 2004, British anthropologist
853:immigration to the United States
742:, people of mixed Mongoloid and
105:race", "yellow", "Asiatic" and "
42:
2736:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1355:Use as a term for Down syndrome
987:
824:, referring to people of mixed
176:, a scholar at the then modern
4036:Historical definitions of race
3870:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
3076:Historical definitions of race
2812:"Down the man and the message"
2685:University of California Press
2571:Forensic Facial Reconstruction
2069:Schubert, Stefan Andi (2016).
1231:for "children of Mongoloid or
1154:forensic facial reconstruction
1009:into five groups: Besides the
980:Negroid to get to the central
967:Malaysian." Kroeber said that
836:deriving from the name of the
812:, an influential proponent of
401:Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
254:map of racial categories from
235:, among whom he includes the "
109:" have been used as synonyms.
1:
3894:The Passing of the Great Race
3033:The dictionary definition of
2975:Howard-Jones, Norman (1979).
2886:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61212-9
2759:National Institute of Justice
2637:Annual Review of Anthropology
2146:American Journal of Sociology
2104:10.1525/aa.1963.65.3.02a00260
2043:Robb, Peter (21 April 1997).
1934:The Inequality of Human Races
1298:National Institute of Justice
896:Subraces according to Kroeber
782:origins. Howard S. Stoudt in
156:" or "Mongolian imbecility".
128:ideologies during the age of
3793:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
2030:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
1775:Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
1748:Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
1743:German: "sehr willkürlich":
1720:Handbuch der Naturgeschichte
1206:California State Legislature
1134:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
1085:Current scientific consensus
880:. It condemned all forms of
669:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
436:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
223:, with the exception of the
3508:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
3473:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
3423:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
2766:. Title Page & Page 4.
2569:Caroline Wilkinson (2004).
2300:Harcourt, Brace and Company
2273:University of Chicago Press
2085:Angel, J. Lawrence (1963).
2049:. Oxford University Press.
1838:, chapters 4, 7–12, 14, 16
1682:10.1136/bmj.39413.463958.80
1420:Race (human categorization)
1069:Disproof by modern genetics
999:published his much debated
810:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
746:origin. Similarly in 1904,
185:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
122:Göttingen school of history
4072:
2716:Government Printing Office
2181:Anthropologischer Anzeiger
1664:Bhopal R (December 2007).
1405:Craniofacial anthropometry
1358:
1287:large Mongoloid population
1088:
884:, naming "the doctrine of
874:published their statement
768:racial origins as well as
730:classified inhabitants of
132:. With the rise of modern
32:Mongoloid (disambiguation)
29:
3603:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
3082:
2993:10.1017/s0025727300051048
2270:Yearbook of Anthropology.
2140:Taylor, Griffith (1931).
2127:"The living races of man"
2059:– via Google Books.
1931:Gobineau, Arthur (1915).
1296:In 1987, a report to the
1210:prohibited the attendance
3975:History of anthropometry
3743:Charles Gabriel Seligman
3568:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
3256:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
2415:Gill, George W. (2000).
1987:Journal of World History
1200:Use in United States law
995:American anthropologist
83:obsolete racial grouping
4031:Biological anthropology
3433:Daniel Garrison Brinton
2945:10.3104/perspectives.94
2718:. Pages 233 & 256.
2687:. Pages 115 & 116.
2377:10.1023/A:1010366015968
2333:10.1023/A:1010366015968
2091:American Anthropologist
2033:, 4th edition, 1885–90.
1937:. Putnam. p. 146.
1570:10.1111/an.1997.38.9.56
1349:Native American Indians
1036:Coon's thesis was that
807:physical anthropologist
792:The Living Races of Man
758:were a people of mixed
748:Ponnambalam Arunachalam
383:, a strong advocate of
3778:Thomas Griffith Taylor
3533:Reginald Ruggles Gates
2926:Ward, O Conor (1999).
2707:Immigration Commission
2701:Dillingham, William P.
2475:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26
2454:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26
2119:Coon, Carleton Stevens
1469:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26
1293:in the United States.
1129:
664:
374:slaveholders in the US
349:
160:History of the concept
93:, and some regions in
3918:Annihilation of Caste
3822:in Different Climates
3773:William Graham Sumner
3753:Samuel Stanhope Smith
3698:James Cowles Prichard
3330:Racial discrimination
2609:10.1515/9783110807554
2000:10.1353/jwh.2005.0003
1595:Washington University
1310:North American Indian
1115:
1029:in the south and the
432:
338: 8: Mongoloids C
332: 8: Mongoloids B
326: 8: Mongoloids A
250:
3970:Great chain of being
3688:Ludwig Hermann Plate
3653:Samuel George Morton
3468:Samuel A. Cartwright
3318:in the United States
2798:Wayback Machine link
2785:Wayback Machine link
2768:Wayback Machine link
2744:Wayback Machine link
2256:, UNESCO, 1950, 11pp
976:which are presently
816:(racial studies) in
178:Göttingen University
30:For other uses, see
4056:Pejorative demonyms
3926:The Races of Europe
3854:The Races of Europe
3633:Dominick McCausland
3583:Thomas Henry Huxley
3528:Stanley Marion Garn
3408:Robert Bennett Bean
3136:Historical concepts
2361:Cited according to
2254:"The Race Question"
1884:. Aleph0.clarku.edu
1645:on October 20, 2013
1629:Painter, Nell Irvin
1586:Templeton, Alan R.
1345:Indian subcontinent
1291:Indian reservations
728:Herbert Hope Risley
3798:Alexander Winchell
3728:Henric Sanielevici
3588:Calvin Ira Kephart
3558:Hans F. K. Günther
3543:Arthur de Gobineau
3443:Alice Mossie Brues
3340:Racial stereotypes
2497:10.1002/ajpa.23120
2432:The Descent of Man
2168:– via JSTOR.
1811:Mediterranean race
1178:Joseph B. Birdsell
1150:Caroline Wilkinson
1130:
1108:General appearance
1046:then evolved into
740:Mongolo-Dravidians
665:
561: North Mongol
423:Arthur de Gobineau
397:Alexander Winchell
379:British biologist
370:white supremacists
350:
187:borrowed the term
18:Southern Mongoloid
4013:
4012:
3942:The Race Question
3788:John H. Van Evrie
3713:William Z. Ripley
3683:Charles Pickering
3628:Felix von Luschan
3598:Robert E. Kuttner
3498:Charles Davenport
3367:Whiteness studies
3093:Color terminology
3085:Scientific racism
2720:Google Books link
2689:Google Books link
2550:"Anthropologie".
2524:(27 March 2019).
2404:, 1963 , p. 657".
2125:(21 April 1966).
2056:978-0-19-564268-1
1963:DiPiero, Thomas.
1944:978-0-86527-430-3
1910:Deniker, Joseph.
1836:978-1-5685-8464-5
1616:978-0-691-14031-5
1597:. Realfuture.org.
1558:Anthropology News
1425:Race and genetics
1216:, Mongolians and
1097:Alan R. Templeton
1091:Race and genetics
901:Alfred L. Kroeber
877:The Race Question
849:Leonard Lieberman
667:According to the
663:
662:
201:scientific racism
174:Christoph Meiners
16:(Redirected from
4063:
4041:Anti-Asian slurs
3821:
3768:Lothrop Stoddard
3763:Morris Steggerda
3738:Ilse Schwidetzky
3733:Heinrich Schmidt
3718:Alfred Rosenberg
3678:Isaac La Peyrère
3483:Carleton S. Coon
3458:Charles Caldwell
3413:François Bernier
3296:in Latin America
3069:
3062:
3055:
3046:
3032:
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3004:
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2106:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1981:
1975:
1965:White Men Aren't
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1928:
1922:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1851:Huxley, Thomas.
1849:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:. pp. 61–62
1769:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1693:
1676:(7633): 1308–9.
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
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1637:
1625:
1619:
1608:
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1592:
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1534:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1484:
1473:
1472:
1456:
1450:
1440:
1391:in slang usage.
1375:epicanthic folds
1371:Mongolian idiocy
1361:Mongolian idiocy
1343:, excluding the
1229:separate schools
1170:Carleton S. Coon
1138:zygomatic arches
997:Carleton S. Coon
978:Papuo-Melanesian
949:anthropometrists
943:, who added the
861:Northwest Europe
788:Carleton S. Coon
752:Sinhalese people
654:
641:
632:
623:
614:
605:
592:
579:
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154:Mongolian idiocy
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4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
3948:
3886:Castes in India
3807:
3803:Ludwig Woltmann
3758:Herbert Spencer
3648:Lewis H. Morgan
3618:Cesare Lombroso
3493:Jan Czekanowski
3478:Sonia Mary Cole
3418:Renato Biasutti
3376:
3355:Nazism and race
3274:
3251:Proto-Mongoloid
3130:
3087:
3078:
3073:
3023:
3018:
2981:Medical History
2974:
2973:
2969:
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2917:
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2750:
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2726:
2705:Reports of the
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2695:
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2123:Hunt, Edward E.
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1962:
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1497:
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1486:
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1476:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1415:Proto-Mongoloid
1401:
1363:
1357:
1337:anthropological
1316:, and Chinese.
1202:
1187:frontal sinuses
1174:Stanley M. Garn
1166:
1164:Cold adaptation
1146:
1118:"Mongoloid" eye
1116:A drawing of a
1110:
1105:
1093:
1087:
1071:
1063:Origin of Races
1001:Origin of Races
993:
990:Origin of Races
933:American Indian
898:
857:Southeast China
796:Griffith Taylor
721:Native American
659:
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3856:(Ripley, 1899)
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3708:Gustaf Retzius
3705:
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3658:Josiah C. Nott
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3643:Ashley Montagu
3640:
3635:
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3625:
3623:Bertil Lundman
3620:
3615:
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3573:Earnest Hooton
3570:
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3545:
3540:
3538:George Gliddon
3535:
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3523:Francis Galton
3520:
3515:
3513:Anténor Firmin
3510:
3505:
3503:Joseph Deniker
3500:
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3488:Georges Cuvier
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3360:Racial hygiene
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3021:External links
3019:
3017:
3016:
2967:
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2864:
2837:
2828:
2802:
2789:
2772:
2748:
2742:5) & 112.
2724:
2693:
2662:
2624:
2617:
2586:
2579:
2561:
2542:
2491:(2): 318–327.
2458:
2437:
2434:p. 225 onwards
2422:
2406:
2354:
2327:(2): 247–285.
2308:
2281:
2258:
2243:
2213:
2198:
2187:(3): 208–219.
2171:
2158:10.1086/215619
2132:
2110:
2097:(3): 694–695.
2077:
2062:
2055:
2035:
2021:
1976:
1956:
1943:
1923:
1903:
1894:
1873:
1864:
1844:
1823:
1788:
1764:
1736:
1709:
1656:
1620:
1600:
1575:
1545:
1510:
1474:
1451:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1359:Main article:
1356:
1353:
1347:and including
1329:FBI Laboratory
1308:, Prehistoric
1285:, which has a
1279:FBI Laboratory
1222:public schools
1201:
1198:
1165:
1162:
1145:
1142:
1122:Joseph Deniker
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1086:
1083:
1075:Charles Darwin
1070:
1067:
992:
986:
897:
894:
838:Palaung people
830:South Mongolid
661:
660:
651:
638:
629:
620:
611:
602:
589:
576:
563:
557:
549:
536:
525:
516:
507:
498:
489:
473:
464:
455:
433:
340:
334:
328:
322:
313:
304:
295:
286:
277:
268:
259:
244:
241:
209:Mongolian race
166:
163:
161:
158:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4068:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Pseudoscience
4024:
4023:
4021:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Miscegenation
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Paul Topinard
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3723:Benjamin Rush
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Alfred Ploetz
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Oscar Peschel
3671:
3669:
3668:Roger Pearson
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:John Mitchell
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Carl Linnaeus
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Julian Huxley
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:Ernst Haeckel
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Madison Grant
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Eugen Fischer
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:Petrus Camper
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3388:Louis Agassiz
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Mediterranean
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3039:at Wiktionary
3038:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2987:(1): 102–04.
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:(9789): 402.
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2818:on 2006-09-02
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:Roman numeral
2737:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2618:9789027978899
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:0-521-82003-0
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:Origin of the
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:Kroeber, A.L.
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:Kroeber, A.L.
2262:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2227:Lieberman, L.
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:(1): 93–139.
1993:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:0-8223-2961-1
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:0-8369-5932-9
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:1-4179-7462-1
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:Huxley, T. H.
1792:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1649:September 27,
1641:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1535:on 2018-08-18
1531:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Down syndrome
1362:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:Farther India
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:In 1911, the
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:In 1858, the
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1158:canine fossae
1155:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
991:
985:
983:
979:
975:
974:archipelagoes
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:
767:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:and parts of
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
658:
649:
645:
636:
627:
618:
609:
600:
596:
587:
583:
574:
570:
555:
554:
550:
547:
543:
532:
523:
514:
505:
496:
495:African Negro
487:
486:
480:
471:
462:
453:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
437:
431:
427:
424:
421:
418:, the French
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
392:
390:
386:
382:
381:Thomas Huxley
377:
375:
372:, especially
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
347:
320:
311:
302:
293:
284:
275:
266:
257:
253:
249:
242:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
164:
159:
157:
155:
151:
150:Down syndrome
147:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
39:
33:
19:
3960:Ethnogenesis
3941:
3933:
3928:(Coon, 1939)
3925:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3819:
3812:Publications
3663:Karl Pearson
3553:John Grattan
3448:Halfdan Bryn
3313:in Singapore
3280:Sociological
3245:
3035:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2938:(1): 19–24.
2935:
2931:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:The Guardian
2850:
2840:
2831:
2820:. Retrieved
2816:the original
2805:
2792:
2780:
2775:
2756:
2751:
2731:
2727:
2704:
2696:
2673:
2640:
2636:
2599:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:
2488:
2484:
2466:
2461:
2445:
2440:
2431:
2425:
2409:
2401:
2398:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2324:
2320:
2292:
2284:
2275:. Page 293.
2269:
2261:
2240:. p. 2.
2201:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2152:(1): 67–81.
2149:
2145:
2135:
2113:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2070:
2065:
2045:
2038:
2028:
2024:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1964:
1959:
1948:. Retrieved
1933:
1926:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1886:. Retrieved
1876:
1867:
1852:
1847:
1839:
1826:
1802:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1774:
1767:
1759:
1753:. Retrieved
1751:. p. 61
1747:
1739:
1731:
1725:. Retrieved
1723:. p. 60
1719:
1712:
1703:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1623:
1594:
1561:
1557:
1537:. Retrieved
1530:the original
1496:. Retrieved
1492:
1460:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1393:
1388:
1378:
1364:
1319:In 2005, an
1318:
1302:Ethnic Group
1295:
1276:
1237:
1226:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1182:
1167:
1147:
1131:
1124:, showing a
1094:
1079:
1072:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1048:Homo Sapiens
1047:
1044:Homo Erectus
1043:
1039:Homo erectus
1037:
1035:
1031:Congoid race
1030:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:Homo sapiens
1004:
1000:
994:
989:
931:," and the "
899:
890:World War II
885:
875:
869:
846:
841:
833:
829:
825:
822:East Brachid
821:
818:Nazi Germany
813:
804:
791:
783:
775:
769:
763:
759:
750:claimed the
739:
725:
673:North Mongol
666:
552:
551:
483:
449:
441:ethnographic
439:(1885–1890)
434:
416:Adolf Hitler
411:
407:
405:
393:
378:
366:Adam and Eve
351:
255:
221:Ganges River
208:
204:
196:
192:
188:
182:
169:
168:
145:
143:
111:
37:
36:
4000:Pre-Adamite
3990:Multiracial
3593:Robert Knox
3403:John Beddoe
3350:Master race
3306:in Colombia
3194:East Baltic
2738:. Pages v (
2681:Los Angeles
1807:Nordic race
1410:Orientalism
1189:which are "
1026:Capoid race
969:Polynesians
957:Philippines
945:oblique eye
929:East Indies
865:West Africa
844:phenotype.
814:Rassenkunde
800:Alpine race
786:(1961) and
713:Micronesian
681:Indochinese
635:Micronesian
573:Indochinese
358:polygenists
354:monogenists
319:Polynesians
310:Xanthochroi
301:Australoids
292:Melanochroi
217:Caspian Sea
130:colonialism
4020:Categories
3995:Polygenism
3985:Monogenism
3703:Otto Reche
3608:Fritz Lenz
3438:Paul Broca
3428:Franz Boas
3398:Erwin Baur
3393:John Baker
3287:By region
3144:Australoid
2822:2013-12-02
2712:Washington
2519:See also:
2419:. Pbs.org.
2371:(2): 248.
1950:2007-10-18
1888:2013-12-15
1782:2020-05-24
1755:2020-05-24
1727:2020-05-24
1705:centuries.
1539:2012-10-10
1443:Mongoloid.
1431:References
1385:pejorative
1380:The Lancet
1304:": Arctic
1235:descent."
1191:vulnerable
1089:See also:
1020:Australoid
939:gradually
915:, and the
886:inequality
771:Indo-Aryan
705:Polynesian
617:Polynesian
535:Uncertain:
531:Australoid
513:Melanesian
420:aristocrat
3372:Négritude
3301:in Brazil
3246:Mongoloid
3154:Caucasoid
3036:mongoloid
2954:0968-7912
2894:1474-547X
2643:: 63–82.
2016:143762514
1564:(9): 56.
1168:In 1950,
1015:Mongoloid
1011:Caucasoid
925:Malaysian
921:East Asia
917:Caucasian
870:In 1950,
842:Palaungid
834:Palaungid
776:Dravidian
760:Mongolian
756:Sri Lanka
744:Dravidian
553:Mongoloid
546:Sinhalese
451:Caucasoid
385:Darwinism
364:story of
346:Esquimaux
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281: 3:
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263: 1:
189:Mongolian
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146:Mongoloid
144:The term
114:Caucasoid
103:Mongolian
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3965:Eugenics
3345:Colorism
3291:in India
3199:Ethiopid
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3169:Armenoid
2962:10890244
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219:and the
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1498:19 June
1327:by the
1325:journal
1321:article
1260:Koreans
1252:Chinese
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1233:Chinese
1220:" from
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1183:reduced
1052:sapient
988:Coon's
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937:Chinese
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697:Burmese
693:Tibetan
677:Chinese
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470:Semitic
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265:Bushmen
229:Eskimos
205:species
165:Origins
118:Negroid
99:Oceania
3944:(1950)
3936:(1943)
3920:(1936)
3912:(1930)
3904:(1920)
3896:(1916)
3888:(1916)
3880:(1911)
3872:(1907)
3864:(1899)
3848:(1855)
3840:(1849)
3832:(1785)
3824:(1744)
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3149:Capoid
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