Spanish coup of July 1936 - Knowledge (XXG)

3534:, was not aware of the conspiracy. The chief of staff, Luis Tovar Figueras, maintained sporadic and loose contacts with UME, but he neither took part in the conspiracy nor took any action against it. Key among the plotters was Fermín Gutiérrez Soto, a high-ranking member of the divisional staff. On July 18 and 19, the conspiracy network remained relatively disorganised, and no resolute action had been taken. Suspicious of his staff, in the early hours of July 20, Salcedo ordered the detention of both Tovar and Gutiérrez. It was the rapid counteraction of Gutiérrez and coronel Martin Alonso that produced the detention of Salcedo, who was later tried and executed. Tovar adhered to the coup. Given the sketchy insurgency scheme in La Coruña, Mola's plan did not envision any specific individual as local commander following the coup, a role that was temporarily assumed by 1461: 3691:. 50,000 members of the latter stayed loyal to the government. The distribution of weapons brought into sharp focus the challenge faced by the Republican government at the time of the coup. Of 500,000 government-controlled rifles, around 200,000 were retained by the government; 65,000 were issued to the Madrid populace in the days following the uprising. Of these, only 7,000 were usable; worse, 70,000 or so rifles were lost following early Nationalist advances in the war. Republicans controlled only about a third of both heavy and light machine guns; of 1,007 artillery pieces, 387 were in Republican hands, the remainder in those of the rebel Nationalists. The Spanish Army had, before the coup, just 18 tanks of sufficiently modern design; here the Republicans had retained control of 10. 3447:, who was initially marked to lead the rebels, was reassigned by Mola to lead the Barcelona rising and was reassigned to Valencia shortly before the coup. On July 18, a few conspirators tried to persuade Martínez Monje to join the insurgency, but the commander remained ambiguous, which was the position also adopted by Machinandiarena. Engulfed by doubts, González Carrasco remained rather passive. Many conspiring officers were ready to join the coup once orders were given by divisional command. For about two weeks, the Valencia garrison did not take a firm position. Eventually, Barba and González Carrasco fled to the Nationalist zone. Martínez Monje was reassigned to non-combat positions, and Machinandiarena was detained and tried, and later tried also by the Nationalists. 101: 1284:, who was accused of masterminding the growing conspiracy in North Africa. Yagüe managed, falsely, to convince Casares of his loyalty to the Republic. Mola held a meeting between garrison commanders in northern Spain on 15 June, and local authorities, on hearing of that meeting, surrounded it with civil guards. However, Casares ordered their removal and said that he trusted Mola. Mola began serious planning in the spring, but Franco hesitated until early July, which inspired other plotters to refer to him as "Miss Canary Islands 1936". Franco was a key player because of his prestige as a former director of the military academy, and as the man who suppressed the socialist uprising of 1934. He was well respected in the 1747:. The plan was discovered in Morocco during 17 July, which prompted it to be enacted immediately. By the scheduled time, Spanish Morocco had already been secured, as legionnaires moved into working-class areas and shot trade unionists. The army commander in eastern Morocco, General Manuel Romerales, and other senior officers loyal to the Republic were executed. Little resistance was encountered; in total, 189 people were shot by the rebels. Goded and Franco immediately took control of the islands to which they were assigned. Warned that a coup was imminent, leftists barricaded the roads on the Canary Islands on 17 July, but Franco avoided capture by taking a tugboat to the airport. 1580:. The columns should advance during the night. Each column was fully motorized, e.g. a battalion from Navarre was supposed to move in 35 buses, 10 trucks and a handful of smaller vehicles. Each column should proceed in appropriate marching formation. If possible (but thought unlikely), railway transport should be taken advantage of. All regular logistics services were to follow, including transport of cattle for slaughter. Mid-points were established for every specific day and the advance was broken down into 3 phases: 1) hours 0-36; 2) hours 36-60; 3) hours 60-84. In 4 days troops advancing from the north should be 40-50 km from Madrid (the Zaragoza column in 1679:, a prominent member of Parliament, and the involvement of the police aroused suspicions and strong reactions among the government's opponents on the right. Massive reprisals followed. Although the conservative Nationalist generals had already been in the advanced stages of a planned uprising, the event provided a catalyst and a convenient public justification for their coup, particularly that Spain had to be saved from anarchy by military, rather than democratic, means. The socialists and communists, led by Prieto, demanded for arms to be distributed to the people before the military took over, but the prime minister was hesitant. 1766:

engaged in the plot and adhered to the coup. Out of eight district chiefs of staff, there were three officers involved in the conspiracy, and three more joined the unfolding rebellion. The conspiracy relied mostly on mid-range staff and line officers; they were expected to take control of the garrisons and either overpower their seniors or persuade them to join. In some districts, like Zaragoza or Valladolid, the conspiracy network was well developed, and Emilio Mola was confident of success. In other districts, like Valencia or La Coruña, the network was sketchy, and the plotters took into account a possible failure.

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taking control of command of provincial divisions, which would then converge upon Madrid. At the time there were 8 divisions (each based in respective military region) in peninsular Spain. Due to uneven development of the conspiracy network Mola was not sure how many of them would be taken over; he took into account the possibility that some divisions (most likely 1. in Madrid and 4. in Barcelona, perhaps one more) might remain loyal. However, he assumed that at least 3 divisions (most likely 5. in Zaragoza, 6. in Burgos and 7. in Valladolid) would rebel, and others (most likely 2. in Seville, 3. in

3485:, were active conspirators. The conspiracy network was firm, and Mola was confident that the Zaragoza troops would help the coup. Though the conspiracy network was not extensive, the fact that both key military men were involved in the plot led to almost all troops in the district obeying the orders of the rebellious command. A few loyalist officers were quickly overwhelmed by the rebels. Despite his age Cabanellas led the action, and Montaner supported him as the chief of staff. As had been planned, Cabanellas remained in command of the Zaragoza military district after the successful coup. 1494:

However, in every province seized there should be a Comité Provincial set up. Its size should be possibly limited; it would consist of unspecified “people of order”, members of supporting militias and representatives of major economic entities. This Committee would be entrusted with local appointments, ensuring continuous operations of local infrastructure, enforcing public order, providing necessary assistance to army units and in general to serve as civilian link to the military. Once the situation is stable, in every province a joint Comité Provincial Cívico-Militar should be set up.

3501:, who was not involved in the plot, but Aizpuru went on as the chief plotter. His network was so extensive that Mola, formally Batet's subordinate as commander of the Pamplona military region, was confident the 6th Division would be firmly with the rebels. On July 19, they took over critical posts of command. Batet firmly refused to join and was detained, tried and executed. Moreno joined in at the last minute after he faced resolute action of junior officers. As planned by Mola, after the successful coup the command of Burgos military district and the 6. Division was assumed by 1601: 2027:. Miaja was probably sounded on his access, but he either declined or remained ambiguous. On July 18 Villegas cited some difficulties and remained passive; it was Fanjul who moved to the Montaña barracks and assumed the leading role. Pérez-Peñamaria pretended to be loyal. Once the troops of Fanjul had been defeated, the 1st Division was officially dissolved. Cabanellas and Pérez-Peñamaria were detained; Pérez-Peñamaria was tried for negligence and later tried also by the Nationalists. Villegas was also arrested and was soon executed by the Republican militia. 4448:, Madrid 1990, ISBN 9788476006931, p. 186. Payne is more cautious and refers to “such terms, quite rigorous and perhaps intended as a euphemism for summary executions”, Payne 2012, p. 67. However, in some other documents, found in the private archive of Sanjurjo, there was one which suggested explicitly and literally that opponents “serán fusilados en el acto”, “serán ejecutados”, that “fusilamiento se utilizará...” and dwelled how to diminish psychological pressure related to “responsabilidad del ejecutor”, Fernando del Del Rey, Manuel Alvarez Tardió, 3423:, who built an efficient structure, described by some as a "parallel staff". A few days before the coup, Villa-Abrille was invited to join. He declined, but nothing is known of him taking action against the plotters. According to Emilio Mola's plan, Queipo de Llano was to assume command of the rebel Seville troops. On July 18, Cuesta organised Queipo de Llano's takeover of the garrison. Villa-Abrille was incapacitated and detained, and later tried by the Nationalists and sentenced to prison. At the time of the coup, Cantero was on leave in 1703: 1310:

were worked out by local conspirators. There has never been an overall, comprehensive, all-including single document prepared as a plan. Instead, the scheme was specified in a series of general documents, known as “instrucciones reservadas” or "informes reservadas", and in documents intended for specific divisions or army branches, known as “directivas”; they were issued by Mola between April 25 and July 14. It is not clear whether all such documents are known; e.g. there are specific “directivas” found for the 5. Division (

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and was not aware of it unfolding. On the evening of July 18, a group of senior officers from Madrid, including Saliquet, Uzquiano, López-Maristany and Martín-Montalvo, led the takeover of the military structures, which involved a shootout with men of Molero, who was eventually detained. Later, Molero was tried by the Nationalists and sentenced to prison. Quero remained passive and eventually joined the rebels. In line with initial planning, the command of the Valladolid district was assumed by

1694:, the military commander in Gran Canaria, who was killed in a shooting on July 16. Whether his death was an accident, suicide or murder is unknown: Balmes reportedly shot himself in the stomach by accident and died shortly after. Some conspiracy theories suggest that he was murdered, but he would have had enough time to denounce his murderers if they had existed, and the officer who certified his death as an accident was not a conspirator and remained loyal to the Republic during the Civil War. 1345: 1508: 3469:. The latter arrived in Barcelona when the rebellion was already underway; Moxó immediately accepted his command. Llano de la Encomienda actively worked to suppress the coup, until he was detained by units loyal to Goded; his captivity lasted only a few hours. Once the military was overwhelmed by the crowd, Goded and Moxó were arrested and tried, the former executed by firing squad and the latter murdered by the militia. Mut Ramón escaped and made it to the Nationalist zone. 3465:, was entirely loyal to the Republic. His chief of staff, Manuel Moxó Marcaida, was aware of the plot, and it is likely that he supported it. The key man of Mola's in Barcelona was Francisco Mut Ramón, a top member of the divisional staff who was supported by some local commanders. Mola's plan envisioned that the command of the rebellious Barcelona troops be assumed by Manuel González Carrasco, but shortly before the coup, he was reassigned to Valencia and replaced by 1447:

parties and left-wing newspapers. The action had to be “en extremo violenta”; some scholars claim this phrase stood for indiscriminate repression, possibly including extrajudicial killings. Explicit instructions envisioned that leaders of organisations which did not adhere to the coup were to be detained with ambiguous “exemplary punishment” administered. Military checkpoints were to be set up in key points of the city (major intersections, plazas, bridges).

1419: 1288:, Spain's strongest military force. He wrote a cryptic letter to Casares on 23 June which suggested that the military was disloyal but could be restrained if he were put in charge. Casares did nothing, and failed to arrest or to buy off Franco. Franco was due to be assigned control of Morocco in the new regime and largely sidelined. On July 5, an aircraft was chartered to take Franco from the Canary Islands to Morocco; it arrived on July 14. 323: 306: 3606:. In Barcelona, the official government lost control of security, essential services and welfare. However, the anarchists held back from demanding too much political power, which could have had even more severe consequences. General Goded surrendered in Barcelona and was later condemned to death, although he had broadcast a message explaining his captivity over the radio, at the request of the authorities. 1302: 1617:. To counter the former he envisioned a nightly advance, to counter the latter – especially its armoured vehicles – he ordered mortars and artillery to be always ready. The rebel plan did not specify what sort of combat was expected on approaches and in Madrid. It is neither known what scale of resistance and how many casualties were anticipated in general, yet given Mola made few sanitary and 313: 3713:: many officers had defected to the Nationalists, or had been killed after trying to do so. By contrast, the concerns of a Republican officer that such a coup was imminent caused two-thirds of the available air capability to be retained by the Republican government. However, the whole of the air service was outdated; it was vulnerable during flight and susceptible to mechanical problems. 3683:

the Republic of those remaining was put into doubt. Some who disappeared would later turn up in Nationalist ranks. Collectively, this loss of trained officers considerably reduced the effectiveness of those regular military units still controlled by the government, as a new command structure had to be fashioned within these units. No such problem occurred in Nationalist units.

1153:. Open violence occurred in the streets of Spanish cities. Gil-Robles successfully used an anti-strike law to provoke and to break up unions, one at a time. Efforts to remove local councils from socialist control prompted a general strike, which was brutally put down, with the arrest of four deputies and other significant breaches of Articles 55 and 56 of the constitution. 1751:

which was in effect a mobilisation. They opened weapons caches, some buried since the 1934 risings. The paramilitary forces were better trained than the army but often waited to see the outcome of militia action before either joining or suppressing the rebellion. Quick action by either the rebels or anarchist militias was often enough to decide the fate of a town.

38: 5587: 1091:. The army of Africa was Spain's most professional and capable military force. The government retained less than half the supply of rifles, heavy and light machine guns and artillery pieces. Both sides had few tanks and outdated aircraft, while naval capacity was reasonably even. The defection of many regular officers weakened Republican units of all types. 5640: 4639:, at the time within the Barcelona garrison, personally told him that success in Barcelona was highly unlikely. Emilio instructed his brother to proceed anyway and added that “no dudo que sabes morir como un caballero” (I have no doubt you will know how to die like a man of honour), quoted after Hugh Thomas, 3674:

Orders such as these, to instill fear through systematic executions in captured cities, provoked a widespread hostile response. Acts of spontaneous revenge flared up in Loyalist areas with the random murders of perceived fascists, conservatives and Nationalists by excited mobs. The result of the coup

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was not involved in the plot. The key person among the conspirators was the chief of staff, Anselmo López-Maristany, but in June he was posted to Madrid, and he kept co-ordinating the plot in Valladolid from the capital. His successor as chief of staff, Juan Quero Orozco, was not involved in the plot

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At least 3 rebel divisional headquarters (Valladolid, Burgos, Zaragoza) were each to assemble a force (“columna”) of some 2-3 thousand troops, to advance towards Madrid (Valencia was to stage a diversionary attack, African troops disembarked in western Andalusia were included last minute). In case of

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envisioned a centrifugal insurgency unfolding from Madrid towards other provinces, the plan developed by Mola was based upon the centripetal pattern. The coup was principally designed as a military exercise and it was constructed on basis of existing military structures. Success of the plan relied on

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towards Madrid. There might have been also other, shorter pieces exchanged, apart from verbal instructions given during one-to-one meetings or delivered via emissaries. It is not known what the level of granularity was; the centrally designed plan might have included specifics for every province, but

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when the main cities of Asturias were retaken. About 1,000 workers and about 250 government soldiers were killed, which marked the effective end of the republic. Months of retaliation and repression by both sides followed, and torture was used on political prisoners. Bombings, shootings and political

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area of control contained roughly 11 million of Spain's population of 25 million. The rebels had secured the support of around half of Spain's territorial army, some 60,000 men. In Republican units, however, up to 90% of officers rebelled, defected or merely disappeared, and the loyalty to

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provisions it appears he believed the outcome of the coup to be decided in 2 weeks. He thought failure in some garrisons likely, e.g. in Barcelona, where insurgency might have bordered a semi-suicidal attempt, or in Madrid, where (as option B) he instructed rebels to remain in the barracks and await

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It is necessary to spread terror. We have to create the impression of mastery, eliminating without scruples or hesitation all those who do not think as we do. There can be no cowardice. If we vacillate one moment and fail to proceed with the greatest determination, we will not win. Anyone who helps

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and a large part of the left, including some moderate socialists. When proclaiming martial law in Pamplona, Mola declared: "Re-establishing the principle of authority demands unavoidably that punishments be exemplary in terms of both their severity and the speed with which they will be carried out,

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On 18 July, Casares Quiroga refused an offer of help from the CNT and UGT and proclaimed that only Spanish Morocco had joined the rebels and that the populace should trust legal methods to deal with the uprising. Handing out weapons would be illegal. The CNT and the UGT proclaimed a general strike,

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fuel depots, post and telegraph offices, prisons, power plants, banks, hydrological installations; continuity of their operations was to be ensured. Finally, all would-be focos of popular resistance were to be seized: Casas del Pueblo, Ateneos, trade union headquarters, sites of left-wing political

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to junior generals. They were expected either to convince their superiors to join or to overpower them; there was a senior rebel officer pre-appointed to take command of every division. The immediate objectives were key military objects: divisional headquarters, headquarters of key army units, arms

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was expected to be. One paragraph mentioned briefly that the committee should “entenderse por conducto de su Presidente, con el Jefe Director del Movimiento o con la persona que lo represente”. It is neither known whether there were officers appointed to act as supreme authority in every province.

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Following the election of 18 January, 1936, the Republican government in the winter and spring that year faced numerous challenges, not least of which was balancing itself between the threat posed by leftist unions, the counter for which might prove to be the continued support of the right-leaning

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Thomas (2001). pp. 196–198, 309: Condés was a close personal friend of Castillo. His squad had originally sought to arrest Gil Robles as a reprisal for Castillo's murder, but Robles was not at home and so they went to the house of Calvo Sotelo. Thomas concluded that the intention of Condés was to

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Mola did not believe in a smooth, bloodless coup and did anticipate resistance. He included artillery and pioneers with explosives in advancing columns; he also gave specific orders regarding the column line-up, with far vanguard units 20 km ahead and trucks with mortars and machine-guns ready to

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after the coup. There was no doubt whatsoever that such officer was to be the supreme authority in the correspondent military region. In each of 8 capitals of organic divisions there would be also a Comité Militar set up; it would consist of representatives of each army branch (infantry, cavalry,

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The insurgency plan is generally attributed to general Mola, who worked out its key parts. It is not clear to what extent it has been discussed within the conspiracy, though it is assumed that some features were at least consulted with others plotters and in some cases, especially Madrid, details

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In mid-1936, Peninsular Spain was divided into eight military districts, each home to one division. Most senior staff forming the local command layer were not involved in the conspiracy. Out of eight district commanders and commanders of respective divisions at the same time, there was only one

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engineers, intendancy etc). Similar committees should be set up in other garrison cities; in case there would be only one army branch present, the committee would consist of 3 military men “de mayor categoriá”. It is not clear what the relation of Comité Militar to rebel-appointed head of each

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government. The same day Celestino García Antúnez was nominated the new district commander; by this time fighting was already in full swing. The divisional chief of staff, Colonel Luis Pérez-Peñamaría, was supportive of the plot but did not organise it. The rebel scheme was managed by other

1374:) would either join or remain neutral/passive. Troops assembled by commanders of rebel divisions were expected to proceed towards Madrid and reach the outskirts of the capital in around 4 days. It was not clear what would happen later. The overall commander of rebel troops was to be general 3686:

In terms of raw numbers, the Army of Africa, which was entirely under Nationalist control, had 30,000 men and was considered Spain's top fighting force. The rebels were also joined by 30,000 members of Spain's militarized police forces, the Assault Guards, the Civil Guards and the

1588:). Advancing troops should co-ordinate their approach; the Valladolid and Zaragoza columns were supposed to outflank (respectively from the west and from the east) and cut off enemy units which might have blocked the Burgos column at Somosierra, converging in their rear in the 1223:. At the same time, communists quickly took over the ranks of socialist organisations, which frightened the middle classes. Several generals decided that the government had to be replaced to prevent the dissolution of Spain, as they held professional politicians in contempt. 4652:

Option A was to avoid confrontation “con las masas marxistas” and instead of taking control of key administrative buildings in the city, to focus on ensuring control of communication routes leading from Sierra de Guadarrama to the capital, García Rodríguez 2013, pp.

1660:, a leading Spanish monarchist and a prominent parliamentary conservative; the original target had been Gil Robles, but he could not be found. Calvo Sotelo had protested against agricultural reforms, expropriations and restrictions on the authority of the 1469: 1434:

and munitions centres, vehicle depots, barracks, etc. Once in command of military infrastructure, the rebel leader was to announce the state of war in the region. The next step was to take control of key administrative buildings: site of

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saw CEDA increasing its share of ministries to five, with Gil-Roble becoming minister of war. The military was purged of left-wing members and reformed. Those loyal to Gil-Robles were promoted, and Franco was made chief of staff.

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became the figurehead of the operation and helped to come to an agreement with the Carlists. Mola was the chief planner and second in command. José Antonio Primo de Rivera was released from prison in mid-March to restrict the

1016:. Instead of resulting in a prompt transfer of power, the coup split control of the Spanish military and territory roughly in half. The resulting civil war ultimately led to the establishment of a nationalist regime under 3722: 3727: 1613:

fire in front of the main detachment. He allowed 84 hours for motorised troops to cover relatively short distances, e.g. merely 150 km from Valladolid to Escorial. Mola seemed most concerned about enemy aviation and

1196:, which defeated the Nationalist group by less than 1% of the vote. As a consequence, the Nationalists began to conspire to overthrow the Republic, rather than take control of it. The government was weak, 1634:

would have been the last rebel stronghold. He admitted that personally he might end up crossing the Pyrenees in disguise when fleeing to France; also Queipo might have arranged for escape to Portugal.

1442:, the town hall and the tribunal; all collective bodies were to be dissolved and individuals dismissed. Then, vital infrastructural points were to follow: these included radio broadcasting stations, 3439:, nor his chief of staff, Adolfo Machinandiarena Berga, was involved in the plot. The local conspiracy junta missed officers serving in critical positions. The most important of these officers was 4452:, Barcelona 2024, ISBN 9788419738684, p. 508. It is not clear who was the author of the document and there is no trace of this document having been incorporated in any of Mola’s instructions 1171:

during which striking labourers had occupied several towns and the provincial capital. Around 30,000 workers had been called to arms in ten days. Franco's men, some brought in from Spain's

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A strong pocket of Nationalist resistance, limited to the Alcazar, kept repelling Republican advances until Toledo was captured by the Nationalist troops advancing from the South-West

352: 5523: 3590:, who ordered the distribution of weapons among the civilian population. This facilitated the defeat of the army insurrection in the main industrial centres, including Madrid, 544: 3497:, did not take part in the conspiracy and actively tried to prevent any unrest. The interim chief of staff, José Aizpuru Martín-Pinillos ceded his post in early July 1936, to 5753: 3637:

was the world's first long-range combat airlift and allowed Franco's troops to join General Queipo de Llano's forces in Seville. Their quick movement allowed them to meet

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The uprising was intended for 18 July, at 5 a.m. in Morocco; most garrisons in Spain were supposed to rise one day later. The rising was intended to be a swift

5668: 5552: 3705:) were in Nationalist hands. Although not ready for service when the war broke out, the quality of Nationalist ships compensated for their lack in numbers. The 1460: 1540:, and 1 engineering company; in case of Valladolid it was to consist of 3 infantry battalions, 3 cavalry squadrons, 3 artillery batteries, and 2 companies of 1622:

arrival of northern columns. Mola took into account also a would-be failure of the entire coup. In such case, he ordered withdrawal to the left bank of the

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was aware of the conspiracy but did not intend to join the coup. He was dismissed in the early hours of July 18 and imprisoned until 1939, replaced with

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was the professional elite of the Spanish Army. Many of its soldiers acted as mercenaries, and the vast majority of officers backed the rebel cause. The

1059:, the rebels were hemmed into the Montaña barracks, which fell with much bloodshed. On 19 July, the cabinet headed by the newly appointed prime minister 3598:

and the other main cities in the Mediterranean area, but it allowed the anarchists to arm themselves and take control of Barcelona and large swathes of

5570: 1277:. However, government actions were not as thorough as they might have been since warnings by the director of security and others were not acted upon. 3694:

In regards to the navy, the Nationalists had seized control of just 17 warships, leaving the Republicans with 27. However, the two most modern (both

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Despite the ruthlessness and determination of the supporters of the coup, the rebels failed to take any major cities, with the critical exception of

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military. As a consequence, Azana had undertaken reassignment rather than dismissal of suspect generals from their posts. Franco was relieved as

937: 810: 1326:) merely to maintain “benevolent neutrality”, yet in the document dated June 24. he envisioned that insurgent troops would proceed from western 640: 5606: 5441: 3547: 3419:, and his chief of staff, Juan Cantero Ortega, were loyal to the government. The conspiracy network was headed by the staff officer comandante 3410: 1760: 410: 404: 338: 3427:, where he assumed a wait-and-see attitude. He returned to Seville early August; the victorious Nationalists released him from all functions. 1180:

and religious killings were frequent in the streets. Political parties created armed militias. In 1935, a new government under prime minister

5491: 5344: 5296: 5274: 5209: 3654: 1676: 1643: 1322:) has ever been identified. It also seems that the plan evolved over time, e.g. in the document dated May 25. Mola expected the 2. Division ( 539: 4324:

e.g. on June 23, 1936 the plan for Madrid was discussed during a meeting of generals Ponte, Fanjul, Villegas, Gonzalez Carrasco and Saliquet

5515: 5479: 1649: 930: 100: 5495: 5474: 5399: 3645:. The Republican Government was left controlling almost all of the Eastern Spanish coast and the central area around Madrid, as well as 1200:

led a minority government, and reconciliation would have been an enormous task. Acts of violence and reprisals spiralled. In April, the

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with Azaña as president, who however was increasingly isolated from everyday politics, and his replacement as prime minister,

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arrest Calvo Sotelo and that Cuenca acted on his own initiative, but he acknowledges other sources that dispute this finding.

1516: 1406:(Seville). None of the sources consulted explains the logic of a staggered schedule, which envisioned the revolt to begin in 1219:

replaced CEDA's Gil-Robles as the leader of the right in the Cortes. CEDA turned its campaign chest over to the army plotter

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surrendered in Barcelona and was later sentenced to death and executed. The rebels secured the support of around half of the

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Payne, Stanley G., and Jesús Palacios. Franco: A personal and political biography. University of Wisconsin Pres, 2014, p.537

5663: 5635: 3436: 1589: 1439: 623: 559: 444: 5454: 3626: 437: 5763: 4675:, London 2012, p. 66. However, others claim that such interpreation "no tiene justificación", Joaquín Gil Honduvilla, 901: 827: 740: 4584:

e.g. the detachments from columns advancing from Pamplona and Zarogoza should meet at Castejón, Cardejón, and Almazán

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Desde la proclamación de la República al 18 de julio de 1936: el cambio de rumbo político en la II División Orgánica

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On 26 September 1934, the minority government was replaced by a cabinet including the RRP and three CEDA members. A

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without doubt or hesitation. In a subsequent meeting with mayors of the province of Navarre, he went even further:

1585: 1565: 854: 791: 635: 396: 51: 5773: 3586:. The barracks fell the next day with much bloodshed. Republican leader Santiago Casares Quiroga was replaced by 3535: 1656:

police force. Castillo was a member of the Socialist Party. The next day, members of the assault guards arrested

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Protagonists in military districts as of late July 17: red=loyal, blue=in conspiracy, no color=ambiguous/unknown

1702: 5768: 5505: 5464: 1344: 1138: 966: 859: 839: 817: 786: 500: 235: 3444: 2007: 1399: 2014:. Castello arrived in Madrid on July 19 but discovered he had just been appointed minister of war in the new 1991: 5685: 5611: 5459: 3710: 3706: 1403: 1383: 1205: 1048: 997: 913: 896: 762: 554: 468: 182: 137: 2011: 1087:, which totalled about 66,000 men, including large numbers who were on leave, as well as the 30,000-strong 796: 5758: 5658: 5565: 3699: 3660:

Mola was keen to create a sense of fear within Nationalist-controlled areas. There was a massive purge of

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The rising was intended to be swift, but the government retained control of most of the country including

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Whitlam, Nicholas. Four Weeks One Summer: When it All Went Wrong. Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2017.

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for control of Spain. The coup was organized for 18 July 1936, although it started the previous day in

490: 2006:

acted as a caretaker, but early in the morning of July 19 he was appointed the minister of war in the

5708: 5315: 3550:, which provided a landing point for Franco's African troops. The conservative and Catholic areas of 1657: 1472: 1216: 1122: 956: 844: 666: 588: 521: 515: 474: 457: 194: 3641:'s Northern Army and secure most of northern and northwestern Spain, as well as central and western 5690: 3583: 1537: 1395: 1080: 945: 918: 886: 864: 719: 707: 695: 564: 495: 300: 4826:

Pérez-Peñamaria in Madrid, Moxó in Barcelona and Montaner in Burgos, Arturo García Álvarez-Coque,

1215:

This watershed event inspired the right-wing to give up on parliamentary politics. The monarchist

1105:

Following elections in November 1933, Spain entered what was called by the left-wing parties the "

5703: 5679: 4673:

Conspiracy, coup d’état and civil war in Seville (1936-1939): History and myth in Francoist Spain

1581: 1541: 1160: 971: 907: 876: 822: 775: 713: 690: 463: 3519: 1387: 728: 5384: 5340: 5323: 5292: 5270: 5224: 5205: 4636: 3801: 3478: 1723: 1614: 1605: 1476: 1379: 1241: 1181: 1176: 1001: 870: 768: 752: 602: 527: 505: 427: 362: 150: 92: 3752: 3614: 1557: 1519: 1422:

in absence of local army units Guardia Civil should lead the coup, like in Albacete. Photo:

1418: 1375: 1269: 1245: 1201: 1164: 1126: 1110: 1063:

ordered the distribution of weapons to the unions. With the defeat of the rebels in Madrid,

1017: 925: 833: 802: 757: 700: 672: 648: 609: 593: 289: 263: 259: 3562:, the uprising was celebrated as if it were a festival. The government retained control of 3482: 5575: 3634: 3595: 3538:, who had refused to take the rebel command a few times before he eventually accepted it. 3514: 2024: 1661: 1627: 1561: 1553: 1533: 1209: 1068: 1021: 849: 684: 570: 432: 3502: 1435: 1197: 213: 17: 4839:

Moreno in Burgos, Quero in Valladolid and Tovar in La Coruña, Álvarez-Coque 2018, p. 98

3578:

was taken for the rebels with the help of the first troops from the Army of Africa. In

3567: 3531: 2020: 1653: 1648:

On 12 July 1936 in Madrid, a member of the Falange, Jorge Bardina, murdered lieutenant

1544:. There were key routes of advance specified; the Valladolid column should proceed via 1391: 1237: 1233: 1036: 322: 305: 109: 1507: 5742: 5599: 5266: 5197: 3618: 3587: 2015: 2003: 1281: 1060: 246: 224: 5284: 5258: 5238: 3622: 3466: 1706:

Map showing Spain in July 1936, except for Spanish Morocco and the Canary Islands:

1683: 1084: 1691: 1410:

and southern Spain 24-48 hours earlier than in the rest of peninsular garrisons.

5353: 3638: 3629:

interference owing to the confusion on the Spanish Republican side. The massive

3551: 1669: 1577: 1371: 1301: 1249: 1220: 278: 5289:

The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain

3688: 3661: 3571: 1665: 1573: 1315: 1040: 1378:. Commanders of key divisions supposed to converge upon Madrid were generals 1331:

unclear whether it went below this level to other minor cities or garrisons.

1163:

in early October 1934 was quickly put down throughout most of Spain. General

5560: 5538: 5528: 3650: 3642: 3603: 3424: 1735: 1569: 1529: 1327: 1076: 1064: 113: 3563: 1032: 37: 5339:. Spearhead. Vol. 15. Hersham, United Kingdom: Ian Allan publishing. 5327: 5623: 5533: 3646: 3559: 1687: 1618: 1549: 1367: 1311: 1257: 1175:, acted horrifically by killing men, women and children and carrying out 1044: 734: 1729:

Rebel control in Spanish Morocco was all but certain. The 30,000-strong

3723:

List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War

3695: 3630: 3443:, but he excelled in ensuring civilian, rather than military, support. 1999: 1631: 1545: 1323: 1261: 1118: 1052: 3728:

List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War

3670:

or hides a communist or a supporter of the Popular Front will be shot.

4828:

Los militares de Estado Mayor en la Guerra Civil española (1936–1939)

4411:

Los militares de Estado Mayor en la Guerra Civil española (1936–1939)

3599: 3579: 1740: 1443: 1319: 1072: 1056: 4307:, vol. 2, Madrid 2007, ISBN 9788430606306, p. 278, Julian Casanova, 1484:

The rebel plan included appointees to lead every (except La Coruña)

330: 3709:

in terms of personnel also suffered from the same problems as the

3575: 1744: 1701: 1599: 1417: 1300: 1264:. This allowed Mola to direct the mainland uprising, although the 4866:

As of late evening of a given day; source: Eduardo Palomar Baró,

4500:

literally „los elementos de Orden”, García Rodríguez 2013, p. 451

4442:

España partida en dos. Breve historia de la Guerra Civil española

5469: 1623: 1134: 5357: 4311:, Cambridge 2009, ISBN 9781350127586, p. 24, Stanley G. Payne, 1167:

was put in informal command of the military effort against the

334: 1726:, but the government retained control of most of the country. 1145:. Monarchists, however, turned their attention to the fascist 31: 5029: 5027: 4444:, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788498926958 p. 27, Alberto Reig Tapia, 4335:

Conspiración para la Rebelión militar del 18 de julio de 1936

1739:, troops recruited from the local tribes, were predominantly 4904:

Guadalajara was re-taken by the Republicans on July 22, 1936

1141:

minority government and controlled his party's more radical

996:

was a military uprising that was intended to overthrow the

5137: 5135: 5081: 5079: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 2023:

who featured as head of the rebellious Madrid troops, and

4913:

Teruel was re-taken by the Republicans on January 7, 1938

4895:

Albacete was re-taken by the Republicans on July 25, 1936

4886:

The day the city was finally captured by the Nationalists

4771: 4769: 4726: 4724: 1192:

was narrowly won by a grouping of left-wing parties, the

27:

Fascist military coup against the Second Spanish Republic

5164: 5162: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5061:, Budiansky, Stephen, Penguin Group, London England 2005 4868:

El Alzamiento del 18 de julio en las capitales españolas

4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4235: 4233: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4071: 4069: 1690:, he would not have made the plane without the death of 1626:

and formation of a defensive frontline from Zaragoza to

1390:(Valladolid). Rebel leaders in key cities were generals 5263:

The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge

4786: 4784: 4303:, Madrid 1997, ISBN 8476793197, p. 136, Javier Tusell, 1280:

On 12 June, Prime Minister Casares Quiroga met General

1668:

and anarchist. He instead advocated the creation of a

5202:

The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

2010:

government, and his caretaker role was taken over by

5057:

Per photograph caption p. 146 and also text p. 201,

5651: 5551: 5514: 5440: 5433: 5392: 1672:state. The guards shot Calvo Sotelo without trial. 4161:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 15–16. 1743:and were told that the Republic wished to abolish 159:Government failure to fully suppress the rebellion 4617:, quoted after García Rodríguez 2013, pp. 455-456 4533:, quoted after García Rodríguez 2013, pp. 457-459 4473:, quoted after García Rodríguez 2013, pp. 452-453 1125:continued to prepare and received the backing of 156:Rebel failure to overthrow the Spanish government 5243:"From rebel to Caudillo: Franco's path to power" 4382:García Rodríguez 2013, p. 411, Payne 2012, p. 72 4301:La Segunda República. Esperanzas y frustraciones 5322:(1st ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 3667: 1522:; Valladolid column should be here in 60 hours 1429:The plan was based on mid-level officers, from 85: 5337:Condor Legion: The Wehrmacht's Training Ground 4337:, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788477377481, pp. 457-458 4107: 4105: 5369: 5310:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing. 4315:, Cambridge 2012, ISBN 978052117470177, p. 72 3760: 346: 8: 4605:, quoted after García Rodríguez 2013, p. 456 4575:, quoted after García Rodríguez 2013, p. 463 4521:, quoted after García Rodríguez 2013, p. 453 1266:relationship between him and Carlist leaders 1071:, anarchists took control of large parts of 1318:), but no “directiva” for the 6. Division ( 1188:Contested under violent circumstances, the 5437: 5376: 5362: 5354: 3757:Golpe de Estado de España de julio de 1936 2034:Control of provincial capitals as of July: 1135:Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights 353: 339: 331: 82: 1528:Zaragoza it was to consist of 4 infantry 5141: 5109: 3457:July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona 2029: 1768: 545:Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza 62:of all important aspects of the article. 5097: 5085: 5070: 4775: 4730: 4697: 4461:sample in García Rodríguez 2013, p. 468 4287: 4270: 4258: 4239: 4224: 4212: 4193: 4144: 4132: 4087: 4075: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4024: 3988: 3964: 3928: 3916: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3832: 3788: 3744: 5180: 5168: 5153: 5126: 5045: 5033: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4814: 4802: 4790: 4760: 4120: 4012: 4000: 3976: 3952: 3940: 3904: 3844: 3820: 3411:July 1936 military uprising in Seville 1761:Breakup of Spanish armed forces (1936) 1686:on July 14, but since he was based in 58:Please consider expanding the lead to 5204:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4671:Rúben Emanuel Leitão Prazeres Serém, 1256:to the post of military commander of 1047:was taken by the rebels, and General 7: 5754:1930s coups d'état and coup attempts 4641:Historia de la Guerra Civil Española 4635:the younger brother of Emilio Mola, 4545:, García Rodríguez 2013, pp. 459-461 1711: Area under Nationalist control 5291:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 4593:García Rodríguez 2013, pp. 458, 460 4450:Fuego cruzado. La primavera de 1936 4391:García Rodríguez 2013, pp. 458, 460 1791:appointed rebel district commander 1717: Area under Republican control 1133:, the leader of the moderate-right 1101:Background of the Spanish Civil War 4509:García Rodríguez 2013, pp. 451-452 4482:García Rodríguez 2013, pp. 452-453 4346:García Rodríguez 2013, pp. 459-461 3582:, the rebels were hemmed into the 2019:Madrid-based generals, especially 1992:General Virgilio Cabanellas Ferrer 1644:Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo 25: 4848:referred after Álvarez-Coque 2018 4305:Historia de España en el siglo XX 4718:Thomas (2001). pp. 196–198, 309. 3463:Francisco Llano de la Encomienda 3445:General Manuel González Carrasco 3435:Neither the district commander, 1869:Francisco Llano de la Encomienda 1838:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Sierra 1506: 1459: 1361:While earlier plan of so-called 1343: 321: 311: 304: 294: 283: 272: 253: 240: 229: 218: 207: 188: 176: 99: 36: 4985:Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 163–169 4976:Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 159–163 4967:Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 155–159 4958:Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 154–155 4949:Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 195–198 4940:Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 186–194 4931:Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 151–154 4857:Álvarez-Coque 2018, pp. 169–186 1236:and transferred to command the 1169:Asturian miners' revolt of 1934 50:may be too short to adequately 4543:Directiva para la VII División 4333:José Carlos García Rodríguez, 3675:was a polarization of Spain. 1576:, and the Valencia column via 60:provide an accessible overview 1: 4563:García Rodríguez 2013, p. 471 4554:García Rodríguez 2013, p. 456 4491:García Rodríguez 2013, p. 453 4409:Arturo García Álvarez-Coque, 4364:García Rodríguez 2013, p. 467 4355:García Rodríguez 2013, p. 455 3621:transport planes provided by 3477:Both the district commander, 1927:José Aizpuru Martín-Pinillos 1584:and the Valladolid column in 1451:Provisional local authorities 1137:(CEDA), supported a centrist 4531:Directiva para la V División 3417:José Fernández Villa-Abrille 1850:Adolfo Machinandiarena Berga 1823:José Fernández Villa-Abrille 1664:, which he considered to be 1305:Mola with conspirators, June 1151:José Antonio Primo de Rivera 318:José Antonio Primo de Rivera 4471:Instrucción Reservada No. 1 3515:General Nicolás Molero Lobo 1252:was moved from leading the 5795: 4615:Instrucción Reservada No 2 4603:Instrucción Reservada No 2 4573:Instrucción Reservada No 4 4519:Instrucción Reservada No 1 4111:Preston (1999). pp. 17–23. 3481:, and his chief of staff, 3454: 3408: 2032: 1813:Rafael Villegas Montesinos 1808:Rafael Villegas Montesinos 1799:Virgilio Cabanellas Ferrer 1771: 1758: 1755:Coup in military districts 1641: 1568:, the Zaragoza column via 1098: 5686:Government during the war 4431:Álvarez-Coque 2018, p. 98 3761: 3532:Enrique Salcedo Molinuevo 3509:Valladolid (7th Division) 3441:Bartolomé Barba Hernández 3323: 3134: 2874: 2738: 2658: 2412: 2279: 2012:Manuel Cardenal Dominicis 1967:Enrique Salcedo Molinuevo 1854:Bartolomé Barba Hernández 1682:Franco's plane landed in 1475:in a small Spanish town ( 1268:was problematic. General 994:Spanish coup of July 1936 372: 200: 169: 120: 98: 90: 86:Spanish coup of July 1936 18:Spanish Coup of July 1936 5306:Puzzo, Dante A. (1969). 5265:(3rd ed.). London: 4643:, Barcelona 1976, p. 238 4157:Puzzo, Dante A. (1969). 3800:. Penguin. p. 219. 3530:The district commander, 3526:La Coruña (8th Division) 3499:Fernando Moreno Calderón 3493:The district commander, 3479:Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer 3461:The district commander, 3451:Barcelona (4th Division) 3415:The district commander, 1923:Fernando Moreno Calderón 1909:Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer 1904:Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer 1894:Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer 1859:Manuel González Carrasco 1560:, the Burgos column via 1244:and made general of the 1240:. Goded was replaced as 1139:Radical Republican Party 5779:Military coups in Spain 5434:Political organizations 5223:. London: John Murray. 5219:Howson, Gerald (1998). 4299:Julio Gil Pecharromán, 3711:Spanish Republican Army 3707:Spanish Republican Navy 3513:The district commander 3473:Zaragoza (5th Division) 3437:Fernando Martínez Monje 3431:Valencia (3rd Division) 1990:The district commander 1952:Anselmo López-Maristany 1899:Federico Montaner Canet 1847:Fernando Martínez Monje 1677:killing of Calvo Sotelo 1314:) and the 7. Division ( 1049:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano 998:Spanish Second Republic 5669:Evacuation of children 5566:International Brigades 5335:Westwell, Ian (2004). 3759:or, among the rebels, 3756: 3672: 3536:Enrique Cánovas Lacruz 3405:Seville (2nd Division) 1957:Andrés Saliquet Zumeta 1719: 1638:Murder of Calvo Sotelo 1609: 1596:Resistance anticipated 1498:Advance towards Madrid 1426: 1306: 1204:(parliament) replaced 1114: 1020:, who became ruler of 931:Sant Vicenç de Calders 201:Commanders and leaders 5320:The Spanish Civil War 5308:The Spanish Civil War 4679:, Huelva 2010, p. 316 4313:The Spanish Civil War 4309:The Spanish Civil War 4159:The Spanish Civil War 4099:Payne (1973). p. 642. 3798:The Spanish Civil War 3796:Thomas, Hugh (2003). 3558:fell quickly, and in 3495:Domingo Batet Mestres 3489:Burgos (6th Division) 1996:Luis Castello Pantoja 1986:Madrid (1st Division) 1975:Fermín Gutiérrez Soto 1932:Fidel Dávila Arrondo 1919:Domingo Batet Mestres 1705: 1603: 1440:diputación provincial 1421: 1304: 1286:Spanish Moroccan army 1190:1936 general election 1131:José-María Gil-Robles 1123:Alfonsist monarchists 1000:but precipitated the 481:Convoy de la Victoria 423:Cuartel de la Montaña 4830:, Madrid 2018, p. 98 4709:Thomas (1987). p. 8. 4413:, Madrid 2018, p. 98 4400:Casanova 2009, p. 25 3503:Fidel Dávila Arrondo 1884:Manuel Goded Llopis 1874:Manuel Moxó Marcaida 1803:Luis Pérez-Peñamaría 1692:General Amado Balmes 1604:armored vehicles of 1206:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora 577:Ciudad Universitaria 5664:Concentration camps 5553:Foreign involvement 5036:, pp. 106–107. 4874:service, available 3762:Alzamiento Nacional 3639:General Emilio Mola 3421:José Cuesta Monereo 3057:S. Cruz de Tenerife 1971:Luis Tovar Figueras 1942:Nicolás Molero Lobo 1879:Francisco Mut Ramón 1833:José Cuesta Monereo 1828:Juan Cantero Ortega 452:German intervention 116:during the uprising 5764:Counter-revolution 5696:Spanish Revolution 4446:Violencia y terror 3627:loyalist Air Force 1979:- (not appointed) 1720: 1610: 1427: 1363:Junta de Generales 1307: 1177:summary executions 1051:managed to secure 393:July 1936 uprising 183:Spanish government 5749:Spanish Civil War 5736: 5735: 5547: 5546: 5385:Spanish Civil War 5346:978-0-711-03043-5 5298:978-0-393-34591-9 5276:978-0-007-23207-9 5241:(November 1983). 5211:978-0-297-84832-5 5021:, pp. 58–70. 4997:, pp. 60–61. 4872:desdemicampanario 4817:, pp. 58–59. 4805:, pp. 56–57. 4763:, pp. 55–56. 4662:Payne 2012, p. 68 4626:Payne 2012, p. 72 4440:Julián Casanova, 4422:Payne 2012, p. 72 4373:Payne 2012, p. 72 4227:, pp. 94–95. 4135:, pp. 90–91. 4051:, pp. 82–83. 4003:, pp. 84–85. 3991:, pp. 79–80. 3931:, pp. 78–79. 3883:, pp. 73–74. 3859:, pp. 69–70. 3483:Federico Montaner 3402: 3401: 2929:Palma de Mallorca 1998:, at the time in 1983: 1982: 1947:Juan Quero Orozco 1779:military district 1658:José Calvo Sotelo 1615:Guardia de Asalto 1606:Guardia de Asalto 1491:división orgánica 1486:división orgánica 1400:González Carrasco 1356:centripetal plan 1242:Inspector General 1217:José Calvo Sotelo 1182:Alejandro Lerroux 1002:Spanish Civil War 987: 986: 438:Cuartel de Loyola 364:Spanish Civil War 329: 328: 165: 164: 151:Spanish Civil War 93:Spanish Civil War 77: 76: 16:(Redirected from 5786: 5774:July 1936 events 5644: 5591: 5571:Non-intervention 5438: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5355: 5350: 5331: 5311: 5302: 5280: 5254: 5234: 5215: 5184: 5183:, p. 21-22. 5178: 5172: 5166: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5130: 5124: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4914: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4878: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4779: 4773: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4719: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4680: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4414: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4243: 4237: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4215:, pp. 4–10. 4210: 4197: 4191: 4178: 4177: 4172:Puzzo, Dante A. 4169: 4163: 4162: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3793: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3749: 3653:and part of the 3615:Gibraltar Strait 3584:Montaña barracks 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2030: 1976: 1968: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1933: 1928: 1920: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1860: 1855: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1769: 1716: 1710: 1608:, feared by Mola 1520:Navacerrada Pass 1510: 1463: 1347: 1246:Balearic islands 1165:Francisco Franco 1147:Falange Española 1127:Benito Mussolini 1018:Francisco Franco 673:War in the North 631:3rd Corunna Road 617:2nd Corunna Road 584:1st Corunna Road 511:Sierra Guadalupe 367: 365: 355: 348: 341: 332: 325: 316: 315: 314: 308: 299: 298: 297: 290:Francisco Franco 288: 287: 286: 277: 276: 275: 268: 258: 257: 256: 245: 244: 243: 236:Santiago Casares 234: 233: 232: 223: 222: 221: 212: 211: 210: 193: 192: 191: 181: 180: 179: 122: 121: 103: 83: 72: 69: 63: 40: 32: 21: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5769:Fascist revolts 5739: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5647: 5638: 5585: 5576:Nyon Conference 5543: 5510: 5429: 5425:List of battles 5388: 5382: 5347: 5334: 5314: 5305: 5299: 5283: 5277: 5257: 5237: 5231: 5218: 5212: 5196: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5133: 5125: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4683: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4246: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4200: 4192: 4181: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3719: 3635:Spanish Morocco 3633:of troops from 3609:Meanwhile, the 3544: 3528: 3520:Andrés Saliquet 3511: 3491: 3475: 3459: 3453: 3433: 3413: 3407: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2021:Rafael Villegas 2008:Martínez Barrio 1988: 1974: 1966: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1931: 1926: 1918: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1858: 1853: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1763: 1757: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1662:Catholic Church 1646: 1640: 1598: 1562:Aranda de Duero 1525: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1500: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1453: 1416: 1404:Queipo de Llano 1402:(Valencia) and 1359: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1337: 1335:General concept 1299: 1294: 1229: 1210:Casares Quiroga 1103: 1097: 1014:Spanish Morocco 1008:fought against 990: 989: 988: 983: 978:Final offensive 655:Cape Machichaco 385:List of battles 368: 363: 361: 359: 312: 310: 295: 293: 292: 284: 282: 281: 273: 271: 270: 264: 254: 252: 241: 239: 238: 230: 228: 227: 219: 217: 216: 208: 206: 189: 187: 177: 175: 140: 128:17–21 July 1936 104: 73: 67: 64: 57: 45:This article's 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5792: 5790: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5741: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5659:Army of Africa 5655: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5633: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5592: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5332: 5312: 5303: 5297: 5281: 5275: 5255: 5235: 5229: 5221:Arms for Spain 5216: 5210: 5198:Beevor, Antony 5192: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5173: 5158: 5146: 5131: 5114: 5102: 5100:, p. 238. 5090: 5088:, p. 179. 5075: 5073:, p. 103. 5063: 5050: 5038: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4924: 4915: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4780: 4778:, p. 102. 4765: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4733:, p. 100. 4720: 4711: 4702: 4681: 4664: 4655: 4645: 4628: 4619: 4607: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4463: 4454: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4402: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4326: 4317: 4292: 4275: 4263: 4244: 4229: 4217: 4198: 4179: 4164: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4123:, p. 100. 4113: 4101: 4092: 4080: 4065: 4053: 4041: 4039:, p. 145. 4029: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3823:, p. 315. 3813: 3806: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3767: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3715: 3657:in the north. 3655:Basque Country 3625:, without any 3611:Army of Africa 3543: 3540: 3527: 3524: 3510: 3507: 3490: 3487: 3474: 3471: 3455:Main article: 3452: 3449: 3432: 3429: 3409:Main article: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2025:Joaquín Fanjul 1987: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1785:chief of staff 1783: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1759:Main article: 1756: 1753: 1731:Army of Africa 1713: 1707: 1699: 1696: 1654:assault guards 1642:Main article: 1639: 1636: 1597: 1594: 1536:, 2 artillery 1515: 1514: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1468: 1467: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1436:civil governor 1415: 1414:Local takeover 1412: 1386:(Burgos), and 1352: 1351: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1254:Army of Africa 1238:Canary Islands 1234:chief of staff 1228: 1225: 1173:army of Africa 1161:general strike 1107:black biennium 1099:Main article: 1096: 1093: 1089:army of Africa 985: 984: 982: 981: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 941: 940: 934: 933: 928: 923: 916: 911: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 830: 825: 820: 814: 813: 807: 806: 799: 794: 789: 787:Cape Cherchell 784: 779: 772: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 738: 731: 726: 725: 724: 723: 722: 710: 705: 704: 703: 698: 693: 681: 679:Cantabrian Sea 669: 664: 657: 652: 645: 644: 643: 633: 627: 626: 620: 619: 614: 613: 612: 598: 591: 586: 581: 580: 579: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 531: 530: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 471: 466: 461: 454: 448: 447: 441: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 413: 408: 400: 399: 389: 388: 381: 373: 370: 369: 360: 358: 357: 350: 343: 335: 327: 326: 249: 203: 202: 198: 197: 185: 172: 171: 167: 166: 163: 162: 161: 160: 157: 146: 142: 141: 136: 134: 130: 129: 126: 118: 117: 110:Assault Guards 96: 95: 88: 87: 81: 80: 75: 74: 54:the key points 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5791: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5759:1936 in Spain 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5600:Condor Legion 5598: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5450:Popular Front 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5348: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5285:Preston, Paul 5282: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5267:HarperCollins 5264: 5260: 5259:Preston, Paul 5256: 5252: 5248: 5247:History Today 5244: 5240: 5239:Preston, Paul 5236: 5232: 5230:0-7195-5556-6 5226: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5177: 5174: 5171:, p. 21. 5170: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5156:, p. 20. 5155: 5150: 5147: 5144:, p. 10. 5143: 5142:Westwell 2004 5138: 5136: 5132: 5129:, p. 28. 5128: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5110:Westwell 2004 5106: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5048:, p. 69. 5047: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5012: 5009:, p. 62. 5008: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4793:, p. 56. 4792: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4700:, p. 99. 4699: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4290:, p. 98. 4289: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4273:, p. 97. 4272: 4267: 4264: 4261:, p. 96. 4260: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4242:, p. 95. 4241: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4196:, p. 94. 4195: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176:. p. 16. 4175: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4147:, p. 93. 4146: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4090:, p. 85. 4089: 4084: 4081: 4078:, p. 84. 4077: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4063:, p. 83. 4062: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4030: 4027:, p. 81. 4026: 4021: 4018: 4015:, p. 85. 4014: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3979:, p. 84. 3978: 3973: 3970: 3967:, p. 79. 3966: 3961: 3958: 3955:, p. 81. 3954: 3949: 3946: 3943:, p. 80. 3942: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3922: 3919:, p. 77. 3918: 3913: 3910: 3907:, p. 78. 3906: 3901: 3898: 3895:, p. 75. 3894: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3874: 3871:, p. 70. 3870: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3847:, p. 75. 3846: 3841: 3838: 3835:, p. 66. 3834: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3807:0-141-01161-0 3803: 3799: 3792: 3789: 3782: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619:Junkers Ju 52 3616: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3404: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3029:San Sebastián 3028: 3027: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002:. Initially, 2001: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1938:7. Valladolid 1937: 1936: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650:José Castillo 1645: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398:(Barcelona), 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:José Sanjurjo 1373: 1369: 1364: 1354: 1346: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1296: 1292:Military plan 1291: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1270:José Sanjurjo 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1212:, was weak. 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194:Popular Front 1191: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:General Goded 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 980: 979: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 947: 943: 942: 939: 936: 935: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 921: 917: 915: 912: 910: 909: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 872: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 845:3rd Barcelona 843: 841: 838: 836: 835: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 812: 809: 808: 805: 804: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 777: 773: 771: 770: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 743: 739: 737: 736: 735:2nd Barcelona 732: 730: 727: 721: 718: 717: 716: 715: 711: 709: 706: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 687: 686: 682: 680: 677: 676: 675: 674: 670: 668: 665: 663: 662: 658: 656: 653: 651: 650: 646: 642: 641:Road massacre 639: 638: 637: 634: 632: 629: 628: 625: 622: 621: 618: 615: 611: 608: 607: 606: 605: 604: 599: 597: 596: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 578: 575: 574: 573: 572: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 555:Cerro Muriano 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 529: 526: 525: 524: 523: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 476: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 459: 455: 453: 450: 449: 446: 443: 442: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 418: 417:1st Barcelona 414: 412: 409: 407: 406: 402: 401: 398: 394: 391: 390: 387: 386: 382: 380: 379: 375: 374: 371: 366: 356: 351: 349: 344: 342: 337: 336: 333: 324: 319: 309: 307: 302: 291: 280: 269: 267: 261: 260:José Sanjurjo 250: 248: 237: 226: 215: 205: 204: 199: 196: 186: 184: 174: 173: 168: 158: 155: 154: 153: 152: 149:Start of the 147: 144: 143: 139: 135: 132: 131: 127: 124: 123: 119: 115: 111: 108:soldiers and 107: 102: 97: 94: 89: 84: 79: 71: 61: 55: 53: 48: 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 5709:White Terror 5678: 5652:Other topics 5404: 5336: 5319: 5316:Thomas, Hugh 5307: 5288: 5262: 5250: 5246: 5220: 5201: 5176: 5149: 5112:, p. 9. 5105: 5098:Preston 2013 5093: 5086:Preston 2013 5071:Preston 2006 5066: 5058: 5053: 5041: 5014: 5002: 4990: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4827: 4822: 4810: 4798: 4776:Preston 2006 4756: 4747: 4738: 4731:Preston 2006 4714: 4705: 4698:Preston 2006 4676: 4672: 4667: 4658: 4648: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4427: 4418: 4410: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4288:Preston 2006 4271:Preston 2006 4266: 4259:Preston 2006 4240:Preston 2006 4225:Preston 2006 4220: 4213:Preston 1983 4194:Preston 2006 4173: 4167: 4158: 4152: 4145:Preston 2006 4140: 4133:Preston 2006 4128: 4116: 4095: 4088:Preston 2006 4083: 4076:Preston 2006 4061:Preston 2006 4056: 4049:Preston 2006 4044: 4037:Preston 2006 4032: 4025:Preston 2006 4020: 4008: 3996: 3989:Preston 2006 3984: 3972: 3965:Preston 2006 3960: 3948: 3936: 3929:Preston 2006 3924: 3917:Preston 2006 3912: 3900: 3893:Preston 2006 3888: 3881:Preston 2006 3876: 3869:Preston 2006 3864: 3857:Preston 2006 3852: 3840: 3833:Preston 2006 3828: 3816: 3797: 3791: 3770: 3747: 3700: 3693: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3659: 3623:Nazi Germany 3613:crossed the 3608: 3545: 3529: 3512: 3492: 3476: 3467:Manuel Goded 3460: 3434: 3414: 2033: 1989: 1963:8. La Coruña 1865:4. Barcelona 1772: 1764: 1749: 1734: 1728: 1721: 1684:Gran Canaria 1681: 1674: 1647: 1611: 1532:, 2 cavalry 1526: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1473:ayuntamiento 1428: 1382:(Zaragoza), 1362: 1360: 1308: 1279: 1230: 1227:Preparations 1214: 1198:Manuel Azaña 1187: 1155: 1115:bienio negro 1104: 1085:Spanish Army 1079:. The rebel 1030: 1025: 1006:Nationalists 993: 991: 976: 944: 919: 906: 882:Los Blázquez 869: 840:2nd Belchite 832: 801: 782:1st Belchite 774: 767: 741: 733: 712: 683: 671: 659: 647: 601: 600: 594: 569: 560:Cape Spartel 535:Monte Pelado 520: 486:Almendralejo 473: 456: 415: 403: 392: 383: 376: 301:Manuel Goded 265: 251: 214:Manuel Azaña 170:Belligerents 148: 112:fighting in 91:Part of the 78: 65: 49: 47:lead section 29: 5691:Moscow gold 5639: [ 5586: [ 5516:Nationalist 5387:(1936–1939) 5181:Howson 1998 5169:Howson 1998 5154:Howson 1998 5127:Howson 1998 5046:Beevor 2006 5034:Beevor 2006 5019:Beevor 2006 5007:Beevor 2006 4995:Beevor 2006 4815:Beevor 2006 4803:Beevor 2006 4791:Beevor 2006 4761:Beevor 2006 4121:Thomas 2001 4013:Thomas 2001 4001:Thomas 2001 3977:Thomas 2001 3953:Thomas 2001 3941:Thomas 2001 3905:Thomas 2001 3845:Thomas 2001 3821:Thomas 2003 3689:Carabineers 3680:Nationalist 3552:Old Castile 2525:Guadalajara 2362:Ciudad Real 1890:5. Zaragoza 1844:3. Valencia 1788:plot leader 1724:coup d'état 1670:corporatist 1582:Guadalajara 1574:Medinacelli 1558:Navacerrada 1297:Formulation 1250:Emilio Mola 1221:Emilio Mola 1010:Republicans 952:Valsequillo 914:2nd Gandesa 860:1st Gandesa 742:Deutschland 661:Guadalajara 475:Extremadura 279:Emilio Mola 195:Army rebels 5743:Categories 5704:Red Terror 5539:Alfonsists 5529:Falangists 5442:Republican 5400:Background 5393:Chronology 3734:References 3662:Freemasons 3588:José Giral 3301:Valladolid 2979:Pontevedra 2636:Las Palmas 2055:day taken 2004:José Miaja 1819:2. Seville 1666:Bolshevist 1566:Somosierra 1530:battalions 1438:, site of 1394:(Madrid), 1380:Cabanellas 1370:and 8. in 1316:Valladolid 1282:Juan Yagüe 1143:youth wing 1095:Background 1061:José Giral 962:La Garriga 902:2nd Mérida 892:Granollers 855:2nd Lérida 828:Cape Palos 818:Valladolid 797:1st Lérida 792:Sabiñánigo 763:Albarracín 667:Pozoblanco 589:Villarreal 496:1st Mérida 458:Guadarrama 397:Revolution 378:Background 247:José Miaja 225:José Giral 106:Republican 5561:Comintern 5420:1938–1939 5318:(2001) . 5059:Air Power 3783:Citations 3651:Cantabria 3643:Andalusia 3604:Catalonia 3592:Barcelona 3542:Aftermath 3425:Algeciras 3296:30.03.39 3268:27.09.36 3240:22.02.38 3212:14.01.39 3189:Tarragona 3107:26.08.37 3084:Santander 3052:13.09.36 3004:Salamanca 2847:31.03.39 2819:08.02.37 2791:29.03.39 2711:03.04.38 2631:29.03.39 2576:28.07.36 2548:29.03.39 2493:05.02.39 2465:29.03.39 2417:La Coruña 2385:29.03.39 2357:15.06.38 2334:Castellón 2252:19.06.37 2224:26.01.39 2201:Barcelona 2196:14.08.36 2141:31.03.39 2113:30.03.39 2085:29.03.39 1915:6. Burgos 1796:1. Madrid 1782:commander 1736:regulares 1698:Beginning 1590:Lozoyuela 1570:Calatayud 1538:batteries 1534:squadrons 1372:La Coruña 1328:Andalusia 1149:, led by 1077:Catalonia 1065:Barcelona 972:Cartagena 946:Catalonia 920:Cantabria 720:El Mazuco 708:Santander 464:Andalusia 114:Barcelona 68:July 2022 52:summarize 5700:Terrors 5680:Guernica 5624:Viriatos 5619:Portugal 5534:Carlists 5287:(2013). 5261:(2006). 5200:(2006). 3717:See also 3701:Canarias 3696:cruisers 3647:Asturias 3617:, using 3596:Valencia 3560:Pamplona 3378:Zaragoza 3273:Valencia 2954:Pamplona 2904:Palencia 2090:Alicante 2061:Albacete 1688:Tenerife 1619:materiel 1592:sector. 1586:Escorial 1578:Tarancón 1542:pioneers 1431:captains 1424:barracks 1392:Villegas 1388:Saliquet 1368:Valencia 1312:Zaragoza 1258:Pamplona 1119:Carlists 1117:). Both 1069:Valencia 1026:caudillo 887:Alicante 877:Balaguer 823:Alfambra 776:Zaragoza 714:Asturias 696:Guernica 603:Aceituna 540:Talavera 522:Gipuzkoa 491:Sigüenza 133:Location 5726:sidebar 5636:Belarus 5631:Ireland 5595:Germany 5191:Sources 4653:448-449 3753:Spanish 3698:of the 3631:airlift 3572:Almería 3548:Seville 3328:Vitoria 3139:Sevilla 3112:Segovia 2716:Logroño 2498:Granada 2390:Córdoba 2284:Cáceres 2173:Badajoz 2118:Almería 2040:capital 2000:Badajoz 1652:of the 1632:Navarre 1628:Miranda 1546:Segovia 1477:Legazpi 1408:Morocco 1324:Seville 1275:Falange 1262:Navarre 1111:Spanish 1053:Seville 1041:Almería 967:Minorca 871:Levante 769:Brunete 753:Segovia 748:Almería 691:Durango 516:Córdoba 506:Majorca 501:Badajoz 469:Alcázar 411:Seville 405:Melilla 266:† 5721:navbox 5343: 5328:395987 5326: 5295: 5273: 5227: 5208: 3804: 3600:Aragon 3580:Madrid 3564:Málaga 3353:Zamora 3245:Toledo 3217:Teruel 2879:Oviedo 2852:Orense 2824:Murcia 2796:Málaga 2768:Madrid 2688:Lérida 2581:Huesca 2553:Huelva 2470:Girona 2442:Cuenca 2257:Burgos 2229:Bilbao 1741:Muslim 1715: 1709: 1444:CAMPSA 1384:Dávila 1320:Burgos 1202:Cortes 1073:Aragon 1067:, and 1057:Madrid 1033:Málaga 957:Xàtiva 897:Bielsa 834:Aragon 803:Teruel 758:Huesca 701:Bilbao 685:Biscay 649:Jarama 636:Málaga 610:Lopera 595:Ursula 571:Madrid 565:Seseña 550:Guinea 433:Oviedo 320: 303: 262: 145:Result 5716:Women 5674:Films 5643:] 5607:Italy 5590:] 5253:(11). 4637:Ramón 3739:Notes 3703:class 3576:Cadiz 3164:Soria 2309:Cádiz 2146:Ávila 2016:Giral 1745:Allah 1550:Ávila 1396:Goded 1055:. In 1045:Cádiz 1022:Spain 926:Cabra 865:Segre 850:Caspe 428:Gijón 138:Spain 5583:USSR 5524:CEDA 5480:PSUC 5475:PSOE 5470:POUM 5415:1937 5410:1936 5405:Coup 5341:ISBN 5324:OCLC 5293:ISBN 5271:ISBN 5225:ISBN 5206:ISBN 4876:here 4174:ibid 3802:ISBN 3678:The 3602:and 3570:and 3568:Jaén 3556:León 3554:and 2743:Lugo 2663:León 2608:Jaén 1675:The 1624:Ebro 1572:and 1564:and 1554:León 1552:and 1121:and 1075:and 1039:and 1037:Jaén 992:The 938:1939 908:Ebro 811:1938 729:Jaén 624:1937 528:Irún 445:1936 125:Date 5612:CTV 5506:PNV 5501:UGT 5496:FAI 5492:CNT 5465:PCE 5455:ERC 4870:, 1260:in 1158:UGT 1109:" ( 1024:as 5745:: 5641:be 5588:ru 5485:UR 5460:IR 5269:. 5251:33 5249:. 5245:. 5161:^ 5134:^ 5117:^ 5078:^ 5026:^ 4783:^ 4768:^ 4723:^ 4684:^ 4278:^ 4247:^ 4232:^ 4201:^ 4182:^ 4104:^ 4068:^ 3755:: 3649:, 3594:, 3574:. 3566:, 3522:. 3505:. 2052:21 2049:20 2046:19 2043:18 1630:; 1479:) 1248:. 1129:. 1113:: 1043:. 1035:, 1028:. 1004:; 395:/ 5494:/ 5377:e 5370:t 5363:v 5349:. 5330:. 5301:. 5279:. 5233:. 5214:. 3810:. 3765:) 3751:( 3397:N 3392:N 3387:N 3382:R 3372:N 3367:N 3362:N 3357:R 3347:N 3342:N 3337:N 3332:R 3320:N 3315:N 3310:N 3305:R 3292:R 3287:R 3282:R 3277:R 3264:R 3259:R 3254:R 3249:R 3236:N 3231:N 3226:N 3221:R 3208:R 3203:R 3198:R 3193:R 3183:N 3178:R 3173:R 3168:R 3158:N 3153:N 3148:N 3143:N 3131:N 3126:N 3121:N 3116:R 3103:R 3098:R 3093:R 3088:R 3076:N 3071:N 3066:N 3061:N 3048:R 3043:R 3038:R 3033:R 3023:N 3018:N 3013:N 3008:R 2998:N 2993:N 2988:R 2983:R 2973:N 2968:N 2963:N 2958:R 2948:N 2943:N 2938:N 2933:R 2923:N 2918:N 2913:N 2908:R 2898:N 2893:N 2888:N 2883:R 2871:N 2866:N 2861:R 2856:R 2843:R 2838:R 2833:R 2828:R 2815:R 2810:R 2805:R 2800:R 2787:R 2782:R 2777:R 2772:R 2762:N 2757:N 2752:N 2747:N 2735:N 2730:N 2725:N 2720:R 2707:R 2702:R 2697:R 2692:R 2682:N 2677:N 2672:R 2667:R 2655:N 2650:N 2645:N 2640:N 2627:R 2622:R 2617:R 2612:R 2600:N 2595:N 2590:N 2585:R 2572:R 2567:R 2562:R 2557:R 2544:N 2539:N 2534:R 2529:R 2517:N 2512:N 2507:R 2502:R 2489:R 2484:R 2479:R 2474:R 2461:R 2456:R 2451:R 2446:R 2436:N 2431:N 2426:R 2421:R 2409:N 2404:N 2399:N 2394:N 2381:R 2376:R 2371:R 2366:R 2353:R 2348:R 2343:R 2338:R 2328:N 2323:N 2318:N 2313:R 2303:N 2298:N 2293:N 2288:R 2276:N 2271:N 2266:N 2261:R 2248:R 2243:R 2238:R 2233:R 2220:R 2215:R 2210:R 2205:R 2192:R 2187:R 2182:R 2177:R 2165:N 2160:N 2155:N 2150:R 2137:R 2132:R 2127:R 2122:R 2109:R 2104:R 2099:R 2094:R 2081:N 2076:N 2071:N 2066:R 1556:/ 1548:/ 354:e 347:t 340:v 70:) 66:( 56:. 20:)

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