37:
2152:
306:
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127:
1967:
2733:
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141:
2237:. Three hours had passed; just afternoon, in the intense heat, the fatigue and the missiles which kept falling on them took their toll of armoured knights. Alfonso advanced with all his remaining forces into the melee, only to find himself assaulted from all sides and under a rain of arrows. For some time he fought hand-to-hand, until removed from the action, almost by force, by his bodyguard; they fled towards
480:
367:
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233:
173:
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401:
390:
194:
493:
379:
244:
184:
1947:
and lay siege to that city too. The orders were misinterpreted and his army, seeing large contingents of men leaving the battle, became confused and started to retreat. Abu Yusuf, in an attempt to rally his troops, was wounded by a
2657:, who was surrounded by a bodyguard of black slave-warriors. Though initially believed that these men were chained to prevent escape, it’s now thought to stem from a mistranslation of "serried," referring to a dense formation. The
2245:
was destroyed, together with most of the Orders which had supported them; the Lord of
Vizcaya tried to force his way through the ring of enemy forces, but finally had to seek refuge in the unfinished fortress of
2068:. For his second siege of Silves, Yaqub brought four times as many siege engines as the defenders had. He started the siege in late June and ended in 25 July, as an Almohad victory. He also captured
3077:
2708:) was severely wounded and had to resign. This battle is considered to be one of the most important battles in the Reconquista and the most important battle of this war.
1961:
528:
4601:
1608:
1603:
4671:
4611:
2170:, a place which marked the Southern limit of his kingdom and where a fortress was under construction. The other Spanish Christian kingdoms feared that the
2250:
with just a fraction of his knights. The castle was surrounded with some 3,000 people trapped inside, half of them women and children. The king's enemy,
976:
2025:
but failed to capture the city. The main objective of al-Manṣūr was to capture Satarém, which he besieged in 1190 but he was defeated by Sancho I and
2251:
473:
2629:). The battle was fought at relatively close range, so that neither the Almohads nor the Christians could use archers in the melee-dominated fight.
2684:
Christian losses were around 2,000 men while Muslim losses were around 20,000 men. Notable
Christian casualties included Pedro Gómez de Acevedo (
3249:
Histoire de la domination des Arabes et des Maures en
Espagne et en Portugal, depuis l'invasion de ces peuples jusqu'à leur expulsion définitive
4581:
4413:
4109:
4088:
3396:
3369:
3342:
3315:
3087:
697:
521:
2121:. Having successfully crushed his brother's ambitions, Yaqub al-Mansur was left with no choice other than to lead an expedition against the
692:
2198:
did not accept battle on this day or the day after, preferring to give rest to his forces; but early the day after that, on July 18, the
3305:
1497:
1370:
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2226:
1136:
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Christian knights became locked in close-quarter combat, in which they were superior to the
Almohads. Christian knights from the
2137:
and some knights from nearby castles tried to gather news about the
Almohad strength and its heading but they were surrounded by
514:
2776:
did not overcome the defeat of this battle, he went to
Marrakesh and locked himself in his palace until his death a year later.
2797:
1395:
936:
2013:
and they signed a truce, this was good news for Yaqub as it meant he could focus on his campaign against
Portugal. He invaded
1350:
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1330:
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46:
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1201:
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1016:
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568:
310:
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2218:
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Abu Yusuf, thinking he had sufficient troops to maintain the siege, sent orders for part of his army to march to
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1405:
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299:
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1502:
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1427:
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869:
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280:
3262:
Barroca, Mário Jorge (2006). "Portugal". In Alan V. Murray (ed.). The
Crusades: An Encyclopedia. pp. 979–984.
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2010:
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814:
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268:
3290:
Grande enciclopédia portuguesa e brasileira: ilustrada com cêrca de 15.000 gravuras e 400 estampas a côres
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2018:
1990:
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to declare himself king and take over
Marrakesh. He took the opportunity and began an expedition to the
1096:
2610:
2560:
2497:
2445:
2258:
and the survivors were allowed to go, leaving 12 knights as hostages for the payment of a great ransom.
1653:
1375:
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1046:
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372:
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322:
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defense, inflicting heavy casualties and creating gaps that allowed for a potential spearhead. King
2186:, which he accepted. But seeing that they were taking a long time to arrive, he decided to face the
4143:
The Age of Wars of
Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization · Tomo 1
3386:
2864:
2839:
2378:
1986:
1930:
1750:
1706:
1668:
1345:
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1181:
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884:
879:
804:
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558:
197:
150:
3334:
Castle to Fortress: Medieval to Post-Modern Fortifications in the Lands of the Former Roman Empire
2456:). In the end, that marriage did take place and led to a peace between both kingdoms in 1197. The
2278:
The Castilian field army had been destroyed. The outcome of the battle shook the stability of the
1895:. A few years later, in 1182 or 1183, a new Portuguese expedition composed of local militias from
2777:
2705:
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1820:
1798:
1726:
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154:
131:
92:
4173:
Relaciones políticas y guerra: la experiencia castellano-leonesa frente al Islam, siglos XI-XIII
2872:
2005:
but he left operations in the hands of local troops and took most of his expeditionary force to
247:
187:
4122:
The Reconquest Kings of Portugal: Political and Cultural Reorientation on the Medieval Frontier
3792:
Castilla y León frente al Islam: estrategias de expansión y tácticas militares (siglos XI-XIII)
4636:
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4556:
4535:
4514:
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4303:
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4219:
4198:
4177:
4163:
Al-Mojib fi Talkhis Akhbar al-Maghrib (The Pleasant In Summarizing the History of the Maghreb)
4147:
4126:
4105:
4084:
4049:
4028:
4007:
3986:
3954:
3933:
3901:
3880:
3859:
3838:
3817:
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3754:
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3083:
2868:
2835:
2817:
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2749:
2737:
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were defeated with heavy casualties. The victorious Christians captured war prizes, including
2666:
2654:
2642:
2614:
2544:
2509:
2492:
in 1211 to preach a crusade to which not only his Castilian subjects responded, but also king
2489:
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2315:
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2037:
2006:
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1842:
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1141:
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926:
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819:
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764:
754:
630:
593:
456:
347:
226:
144:
101:
4373:
Historia general de España y de sus Indias, desde los tiempos más remotos hasta nuestro días
3727:
2633:
2254:, who had taken little part in the action, was sent by the Amir to negotiate the surrender;
2130:
2033:
2002:
1971:
1854:
1830:
1584:
1512:
1390:
1355:
1026:
769:
431:
284:
4320:
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: The Culture and Practice of Crusading in Medieval Iberia
2440:
mediated the conflict and condemned both kingdoms for disapproving of the marriage between
2697:
2622:
2505:
2453:
2346:
2338:
2195:
2061:
1922:
1892:
1826:
1774:
1722:
1698:
1300:
1111:
1036:
839:
809:
779:
737:
578:
445:
426:
216:
208:
166:
469:
462:
451:
440:
421:
222:
2852:
2793:
2548:
2513:
2382:
2229:. Most of the knights turned to their left and after a fierce struggle they routed the
2069:
2065:
2022:
1982:
1758:
1457:
1221:
1206:
1056:
849:
4595:
2552:
2481:
2406:
2299:
2238:
2163:
2114:
1949:
1730:
682:
140:
2721:
2602:
2572:
2528:
2477:
2437:
2418:
2390:
2210:
2175:
2098:
2041:
1838:
1834:
415:
4064:
1833:
and destroyed several small Castilian border garrisons. He also attempted to take
411:
400:
389:
193:
4571:
4550:
4529:
4487:
4466:
4445:
4424:
4403:
4382:
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4350:
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4297:
4276:
4255:
4234:
4213:
4192:
4171:
4141:
4120:
4099:
4078:
4043:
4022:
4001:
3980:
3969:
3948:
3927:
3916:
3895:
3874:
3853:
3832:
3811:
3790:
3769:
3748:
3247:
3230:
3213:
2701:
2350:
1714:
1579:
540:
28:
2709:
2662:
2650:
2576:
2536:
2441:
2386:
2370:
2302:
was wide open. However, both sides had considerable casualties, including the
2283:
2230:
2122:
1866:
2480:
found himself in a dangerous situation: the disturbing possibility of losing
2133:) and advanced through the plain of Salvatierra. A cavalry detachment of the
1907:, an area of villages and olive groves, taking a large number of captives.
506:
2876:
2831:
2517:
2426:
2145:
2113:
and that his brother Abu Yahya, the governor of Al-Andalus, had crossed the
2110:
1782:
1734:
1690:
212:
3876:
The Queen's Hand, Power and Authority in the Reign of Berenguela of Castile
2202:
formed for battle around a small hill called La Cabeza, two bow-shots from
4218:(in Spanish). Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature.
2784:
and some decades later conquered more territories in southern Spain like
2745:
2717:
2584:
2568:
2556:
2540:
2532:
2422:
2358:
2314:, who was angry with Alfonso VIII, who did not wait for him to fight the
2307:
2303:
2295:
2242:
2222:
2199:
2187:
2102:
2081:
2014:
1904:
1850:
1786:
1766:
3358:
Fiolhais, Carlos; Franco, José Eduardo; Paiva, José Pedro (2021-12-06).
3307:
The Individuality of Portugal: A Study in Historical-Political Geography
2282:
for several years and all nearby castles surrendered or were abandoned:
492:
378:
243:
183:
2785:
2753:
2713:
2646:
2637:
The "Banner of the Moors", captured by the Christians during the battle
2618:
2410:
2362:
2247:
2214:
2203:
2191:
2171:
2167:
2156:
2118:
2057:
2045:
1998:
1994:
1888:
1718:
2056:
was destroyed and the Almohads raided as far north as the environs of
2769:
2765:
2521:
2374:
2141:
2138:
2126:
2073:
2053:
2049:
1944:
1896:
1762:
1754:
96:
71:
3361:
The Global History of Portugal: From Pre-History to the Modern World
4573:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
3410:
3408:
2436:
military victory but there were no territorial changes because the
2213:
had badly underestimated. The Castilian king put most of his heavy
2080:, leaving Portugal only one significant fortress to its south, at
2781:
2761:
2670:
2485:
2150:
2077:
1965:
1862:
105:
4101:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture: Volume 1
2262:
After Alarcos, Almohad-Leonese Alliance and Castilian-Leonese War
2072:. After signing a five-year truce with Sancho, Yaqub returned to
2354:
1857:. The city was well fortified so Alfonso VIII, with the help of
4299:
Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier
2217:
in a compact body, about 8,000 strong, and gave its command to
510:
2405:. The Almohads also tried to invade Castile and laid siege to
1741:
in 1212 but small skirmishes still occurred after the battle.
16:
Conflict between Christians and Muslims during the Reconquista
4468:
Faith and Sword: A Short History of Christian-Muslim Conflict
3608:
3606:
3020:
3018:
2547:
that same year. While the Christians devastated the lands of
2129:. On July 4 Ya'qub and his army crossed the pass of Muradal (
1887:
launched a campaign against the Almohad Caliphate. He raided
3079:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
2148:, but managed to provide information to the Castilian king.
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
1769:
arrived at Iberia in 1146 but Christians quickly conquered
3152:
3150:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2740:
in 1224, 12 years after the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.
1853:
used it as an outpost in their continuous attacks against
3137:
3135:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
2365:
and Castro de los Judíos de Mayorga. He also approached
4334:. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
3900:(in Spanish). Univ de Castilla La Mancha. p. 118.
2760:
and sharply reduced the already declining power of the
4215:
Estoria Delos Godos: Critical Edition and Introduction
3388:
Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage Into Portugal
3215:
Bradshaw's illustrated hand-book to Spain and Portugal
2993:
2991:
2989:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2032:
In 1191, Yaqub launched a second attempt to reconquer
3581:
3579:
2959:
2957:
2955:
4048:(in Spanish). Editorial Universitaria Ramon Areces.
2653:
led his knights through the gaps and charged at the
1865:
and captured it in 1177. Alfonso VIII also captured
4447:
The Aristocracy in Twelfth-Century León and Castile
3036:
1941:
marched his troops to Santarém to support Afonso I.
3648:
2306:, who could not continue with their campaign. The
1793:. The Almohads, taking advantage of the fact that
2820:were called "Spanish" at that time. For example,
2756:a decade later. That gave further impulse to the
2748:significantly hastened their decline both in the
4066:The Conquest of Silves: A Contemporary Narrative
3921:(in Spanish). Imprenta de don Antonio de Sancha.
3636:
2389:recovered Castro de los Judíos de Mayorga while
3974:(in Spanish). Estab. Tip. de los señores Rubio.
3971:Noticias y documentos para la historia de Baeza
3558:
3534:
3331:Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2019-07-30).
2076:. He had pushed the border north as far as the
21:
4194:La Orden Calatrava: Religión, Guerra y Negocio
3855:Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711-1492
3684:
3293:(in Portuguese). Editorial Enciclopédia. 1959.
2677:'s tent and standard, which were delivered to
4376:(in Spanish). Librería de D.A. de San Martín.
4257:Historia de España comentada con Pablo Salvat
3414:
2009:. At Córdoba, the caliph met an embassy from
1962:Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191)
522:
8:
3918:Colección de crónicas de Castilla: Volumen 4
3438:
2571:took the castle of Calatrava. In June 1212,
2464:also signed a truce that lasted until 1211.
1785:before them. It was not until 1173 that the
4331:The Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile
3929:Las Navas de Tolosa: La batalla del castigo
3672:
3612:
3597:
3060:
3048:
3024:
2946:
2373:and his army were), invaded as far west as
2298:, and Torre de Guadalferza, and the way to
3953:(in Spanish). Univ de Castilla La Mancha.
3310:. University of Texas Press. p. 175.
3114:
2543:was forced to intervene and landed in the
1873:Portuguese incursions in Almohad territory
529:
515:
507:
18:
4236:The Spread of Islam: Throughout the World
3199:
3156:
2980:
2925:
2798:Spanish Christian–Muslim War of 1230–1248
2221:. The king himself would follow with the
2209:It was a formidable army, whose strength
2125:, who were now threatening his empire in
1849:, from which came great danger since the
1687:Spanish Christian–Muslim War of 1172–1212
22:Spanish Christian–Muslim War of 1172–1212
4552:Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
3932:(in Spanish). Desperta Ferro Ediciones.
3708:
3660:
3510:
3486:
3102:
2731:
2632:
2473:Before the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
2448:(since it would lead to a peace between
2421:but only succeding in the last one. The
2265:
2029:crusaders. This campaign was a failure.
4260:(in Spanish). Letrame Grupo Editorial.
3897:Construir la identidad en la Edad Media
3813:The Thirteenth Century: A World History
3771:Historia de Buciegas: Un pueblo español
3696:
3277:. CUP Archive. 1947-01-19. p. 103.
3175:
3126:
3009:
2892:
2809:
4176:(in Spanish). Universidad de Sevilla.
3834:Warfare in the Age of Crusades: Europe
3795:(in Spanish). Universidad de Sevilla.
3570:
3546:
3498:
3462:
3450:
3187:
2997:
1937:. Upon hearing of Abu Yusuf's attack,
1837:but failed and was forced to retreat.
4602:Wars involving the Kingdom of Castile
3624:
3474:
3426:
3071:
3069:
2906:
2563:, the most important fortress of the
7:
4352:Morocco: From Empire to Independence
3879:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
3585:
3522:
2963:
2665:, broke through this bodyguard. The
2488:Valley, which is why the king asked
4507:Valor Piechotta, Magdalena (1999).
3726:Pilar Rabade Obrado, Maria (2005).
3141:
2830:which was about the history of the
4672:Wars involving the Knights Templar
4612:Wars involving the Crown of Aragon
4161:al-Marrakushi, Abdelwahid (1224).
4003:DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Morocco
3947:Izquierdo Benito, Ricardo (1996).
2500:, the military Orders such as the
1993:. Yaqub was joined by forces from
14:
3968:Cozar Martinez, Fernando (1884).
2432:This conflict turned out to be a
1841:took the opportunity and began a
4405:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia
4045:Atlas histórico de la Edad Media
3750:Breve historia de la Reconquista
3304:Stanislawski, Dan (2014-11-11).
3212:Harrison, William Henry (1865).
2531:broke the truce he had with the
2527:Hostilities began in 1211, when
491:
478:
468:
461:
450:
439:
420:
410:
399:
388:
377:
365:
352:
341:
328:
315:
304:
293:
274:
261:
242:
231:
221:
202:
192:
182:
171:
160:
149:
139:
125:
35:
4549:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2013).
4328:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2002).
4170:Garcia Fitz, Francisco (2002).
4027:. University of Toronto Press.
3926:Garcia Fitz, Francisco (2005).
3915:Sancha, Don Antonio de (1783).
3789:Garcia Fitz, Francisco (1998).
2310:obtained an alliance with King
2162:Alfonso gathered his forces at
2105:expired, he received news that
1689:was fought between the Spanish
4450:. Cambridge University Press.
4281:. Dorling Kindersley Limited.
4006:. Dorling Kindersley Limited.
3732:(in Spanish). Ediciones AKAL.
3391:. HarperCollins. p. 171.
3364:. Liverpool University Press.
2816:The Christian kingdoms of the
2690:Alvaro Fernández de Valladares
1:
4426:Almoravid and Almohad Empires
3774:(in Spanish). Vision Libros.
3768:Checa Sainz, Antonio (2017).
2597:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
2178:received offers of help from
1829:began a series of attacks in
1739:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
43:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
4570:Rogers, Clifford J. (2010).
4317:Dolan Gomez, Miguel (2011).
4191:De las Heras, Jesus (2008).
3246:Conde, José Antonio (1825).
3076:Kennedy, Hugh (2014-06-11).
2064:, whose population had been
1733:in 1172 and ended after the
47:Francisco de Paula Van Halen
4576:. Oxford University Press.
4489:Medieval Warfare: A History
4423:Bennison, Amira K. (2016).
4275:Dorling Kindersley (2021).
4104:. Oxford University Press.
2744:The crushing defeat of the
2429:, Mount Angio and Turgelo.
2190:alone. When on July 16 the
2101:, after his truce with the
1801:in 1172, starting the war.
1598:Post-Reconquista Rebellions
4688:
4465:Jamieson, Alan G. (2006).
4402:Gerli, E. Michael (2016).
4080:The Legacy of Muslim Spain
4063:Slaughter, John E (1968).
3852:Flood, Timothy M. (2018).
3837:. Pen and Sword Military.
3831:Todd Carey, Brian (2024).
3810:Bressler, Richard (2018).
3747:De la Torre, José (2018).
3232:الأنيس المطرب بروض القرطاس
2594:
2091:
2044:, and later the towns of
1959:
1952:and died on 29 July 1184.
1914:
1876:
1818:
1797:was still young, attacked
466:ʿĪsā ibn Abī Ḥafṣ ibn ʿĀlī
329:
316:
305:
294:
275:
262:
161:
126:
106:third period of the Taifas
4370:Gebhardt, Victor (1864).
4233:El Hareir, Idris (2011).
4140:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006).
4098:Hourihane, Colum (2012).
4042:Enchevarria, Ana (2013).
3873:Bianchini, Janna (2012).
2661:, led by King their king
2551:, the Almohads surpassed
2337:, which was supported by
2333:help) , declared war on
2252:Pedro Fernández de Castro
2060:. He also recaptured the
2021:surrendered. He began to
1885:Prince Sancho of Portugal
703:2nd San Esteban de Gormaz
698:1st San Esteban de Gormaz
549:
474:Pedro Fernández de Castro
254:
115:
82:Spanish Christian victory
53:
34:
26:
4296:Kaljundi, Linda (2011).
3979:Kohn, George C. (2006).
3894:Martin, Georges (2010).
3753:(in Spanish). Nowtilus.
3235:(in Arabic). IslamKotob.
3037:Pilar Rabade Obrado 2005
2345:launched an invasion to
1933:, which was defended by
1917:Siege of Santarém (1184)
190:(until 1195) (1211-1212)
180:(until 1195) (1211-1212)
4622:Wars of the Middle Ages
4617:Wars involving Portugal
4381:Buresi, Pascal (2013).
4349:Pennell, C. R. (2013).
4254:Galan, Ignacio (2024).
4077:Jayyusi, Salma (1992).
3649:Dorling Kindersley 2021
2770:smaller Muslim kingdoms
2468:Second phase, 1211-1212
2381:) and tried to capture
2343:Alfonso VIII of Castile
2011:Alfonso VIII of Castile
1921:In the spring of 1184,
1795:Alfonso VIII of Castile
1763:Second Period of Taifas
311:Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada
269:Alfonso VIII of Castile
4528:Barton, Simon (2009).
4486:Keen, Maurice (1999).
4444:Barton, Simon (2002).
4355:. Simon and Schuster.
4021:Dangler, Jean (2017).
2768:and soon divided into
2741:
2696:), and Gomes Ramires (
2638:
2275:
2256:Diego López II de Haro
2219:Diego López II de Haro
2159:
1975:
1810:First phase, 1172-1197
300:Diego López II de Haro
255:Commanders and leaders
4212:Ward, Aengus (2006).
3637:Izquierdo Benito 1996
3385:Hyland, Paul (1996).
3274:A history of portugal
2735:
2636:
2611:Sancho VII of Navarre
2498:Sancho VII of Navarre
2446:Berengaria of Castile
2385:but failed. In 1197,
2269:
2154:
1991:they conquered Silves
1969:
1861:, carried out a long
1791:conquering the Taifas
693:Pallars and Ribagorza
486:Sancho VII of Navarre
373:Sancho VII of Navarre
70:Central and southern
4384:Governing the Empire
4024:Edging Toward Iberia
3729:La dinámica política
3535:Valor Piechotta 1999
3252:(in French). Eymery.
2838:since 718, when the
2824:wrote a book called
2822:Alfonso X of Castile
2758:Christian Reconquest
2724:in the next 8 days.
2537:Andalusian territory
2415:Talavera de la Reina
2184:Sancho VI of Navarre
2166:and marched down to
1985:, decided to invade
1939:Ferdinand II of León
1935:Afonso I of Portugal
1859:Alfonso II of Aragon
1717:. It began when the
1580:2nd Granada campaign
977:2nd Balearic Islands
952:1st Balearic Islands
498:Ferdinand II of León
406:Sancho I of Portugal
395:Afonso I of Portugal
384:Ferdinand II of León
360:Sancho VI of Navarre
323:Alfonso II of Aragon
95:conquest of central
4642:Conflicts in Europe
4000:Travel, DK (2017).
3685:Cozar Martinez 1884
3417:, pp. 136–137.
3144:, pp. 157–159.
2840:Kingdom of Asturias
2591:Las navas de Tolosa
2194:host came in view,
2109:was gravely ill in
1751:Almoravid Caliphate
1259:Las Navas de Tolosa
198:Kingdom of Portugal
4662:Order of Calatrava
4657:Kingdom of Navarre
4531:A History of Spain
4471:. Reaktion Books.
4278:Battles Map by Map
3982:Dictionary of Wars
3415:al-Marrakushi 1224
2780:conquered central
2742:
2706:Order of Calatrava
2686:Order of Calatrava
2639:
2607:Peter II of Aragon
2575:took Guadalerzas,
2565:Order of Calatrava
2502:Order of Calatrava
2494:Peter II of Aragon
2458:Kingdom of Castile
2323:Alfonso IX of Leon
2312:Alfonso IX of León
2292:Calatrava la Vieja
2280:Kingdom of Castile
2276:
2180:Alfonso IX of León
2174:would succeed, so
2160:
2135:Order of Calatrava
2001:and laid siege to
1976:
1925:decided to attack
1821:Conquest of Cuenca
1453:Shepherds' Crusade
1264:3rd Alcácer do Sal
1227:2nd Alcácer do Sal
1137:1st Alcácer do Sal
626:2nd Roncevaux Pass
564:1st Roncevaux Pass
336:Peter II of Aragon
281:Nuño Pérez de Lara
238:Kingdom of Navarre
178:Kingdom of Navarre
155:Order of Calatrava
132:Kingdom of Castile
4667:Order of Santiago
4647:Almohad Caliphate
4583:978-0-19-533403-6
4415:978-1-351-66578-0
4111:978-0-19-539536-5
4090:978-90-04-09599-1
3439:De las Heras 2008
3398:978-0-00-255556-2
3371:978-1-80207-133-7
3344:978-1-5267-3688-8
3337:. Pen and Sword.
3317:978-1-4773-0509-6
3129:, pp. 73–74.
3089:978-1-317-87041-8
2836:Iberian Peninsula
2827:Estoria de España
2818:Iberian Peninsula
2774:Muhammad al-Nasir
2750:Iberian Peninsula
2738:Iberian Peninsula
2694:Order of Santiago
2679:Pope Innocent III
2675:Muhammad al-Nasir
2669:escaped, but the
2643:Order of Santiago
2615:Muhammad al-Nasir
2545:Iberian Peninsula
2490:Pope Innocent III
2316:battle in Alarcos
2272:Iberian Peninsula
2119:region of Seville
2094:Battle of Alarcos
2066:massacred in 1189
1956:Southern Portugal
1879:Great Triana Raid
1843:counter-offensive
1765:had arrived. The
1711:Almohad Caliphate
1682:
1681:
860:Almodóvar del Río
505:
504:
457:Muhammad al-Nasir
348:Peire de Montagut
227:Almohad Caliphate
145:Order of Santiago
111:
110:
102:Almohad Caliphate
4679:
4587:
4566:
4545:
4524:
4510:Sevilla almohade
4503:
4482:
4461:
4440:
4419:
4398:
4377:
4366:
4345:
4324:
4313:
4292:
4271:
4250:
4229:
4208:
4187:
4166:
4157:
4136:
4119:Lay, S. (2008).
4115:
4094:
4073:
4071:
4059:
4038:
4017:
3996:
3975:
3964:
3943:
3922:
3911:
3890:
3869:
3848:
3827:
3806:
3785:
3764:
3743:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3673:Dolan Gomez 2011
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3613:Garcia Fitz 2005
3610:
3601:
3598:Garcia Fitz 2002
3595:
3589:
3583:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3559:O'Callaghan 2013
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3160:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3073:
3064:
3061:Garcia Fitz 1998
3058:
3052:
3049:Checa Sainz 2017
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3025:De la Torre 2018
3022:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2984:
2978:
2967:
2961:
2950:
2947:Dolan Gomez 2011
2944:
2929:
2923:
2910:
2904:
2880:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2834:kingdoms of the
2814:
2241:. The Castilian
2107:Yaʿqūb al-Manṣūr
2017:and the town of
1979:Yaʿqūb al-Manṣūr
544:
531:
524:
517:
508:
495:
483:
482:
481:
472:
465:
454:
443:
436:
424:
414:
403:
392:
381:
370:
369:
368:
357:
356:
355:
346:
345:
344:
333:
332:
331:
320:
319:
318:
309:
308:
307:
298:
297:
296:
289:
279:
278:
277:
266:
265:
264:
246:
236:
235:
234:
225:
207:
206:
205:
196:
186:
176:
175:
174:
165:
164:
163:
153:
143:
130:
129:
128:
55:
54:
39:
19:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4652:Kingdom of León
4632:1200s conflicts
4627:1100s conflicts
4592:
4591:
4590:
4584:
4569:
4563:
4548:
4542:
4527:
4521:
4506:
4500:
4485:
4479:
4464:
4458:
4443:
4437:
4422:
4416:
4401:
4395:
4380:
4369:
4363:
4348:
4342:
4327:
4316:
4310:
4295:
4289:
4274:
4268:
4253:
4247:
4232:
4226:
4211:
4205:
4190:
4184:
4169:
4160:
4154:
4139:
4133:
4118:
4112:
4097:
4091:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4056:
4041:
4035:
4020:
4014:
3999:
3993:
3978:
3967:
3961:
3946:
3940:
3925:
3914:
3908:
3893:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3851:
3845:
3830:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3788:
3782:
3767:
3761:
3746:
3740:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3115:Todd Carey 2024
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2987:
2979:
2970:
2962:
2953:
2945:
2932:
2924:
2913:
2905:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2730:
2698:Knights Templar
2630:
2623:Navas de Tolosa
2613:fought against
2599:
2593:
2506:Knights Templar
2484:and the entire
2475:
2470:
2264:
2227:Military Orders
2196:Yaqub al-Mansur
2096:
2090:
2062:Castle of Alvor
1964:
1958:
1942:
1923:Abu Yaqub Yusuf
1919:
1913:
1881:
1875:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1747:
1737:victory at the
1683:
1678:
1613:
1565:Los Alporchones
1448:Vega de Granada
545:
538:Battles in the
537:
535:
490:
479:
477:
476:
467:
460:
449:
446:Yaqub al-Mansur
438:
432:
409:
398:
387:
376:
366:
364:
363:
353:
351:
350:
342:
340:
339:
327:
326:
314:
313:
303:
302:
292:
291:
285:
273:
272:
260:
248:Kingdom of León
241:
232:
230:
229:
217:Northern Europe
211:
209:Knights Templar
203:
201:
200:
191:
188:Kingdom of León
181:
172:
170:
169:
167:Crown of Aragon
159:
136:
124:
100:Decline of the
99:
88:
74:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4685:
4683:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4582:
4567:
4561:
4546:
4540:
4525:
4519:
4513:(in Spanish).
4504:
4498:
4492:. OUP Oxford.
4483:
4477:
4462:
4456:
4441:
4435:
4420:
4414:
4399:
4393:
4378:
4367:
4361:
4346:
4340:
4325:
4314:
4308:
4293:
4287:
4272:
4266:
4251:
4245:
4230:
4224:
4209:
4203:
4197:(in Spanish).
4188:
4182:
4167:
4158:
4152:
4137:
4131:
4116:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4074:
4060:
4054:
4039:
4033:
4018:
4012:
3997:
3991:
3976:
3965:
3959:
3944:
3938:
3923:
3912:
3906:
3891:
3885:
3870:
3864:
3849:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3807:
3801:
3786:
3781:978-8490116623
3780:
3765:
3760:978-8499679662
3759:
3744:
3738:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:, p. 360.
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3663:, p. 224.
3653:
3641:
3639:, p. 369.
3629:
3617:
3615:, p. 201.
3602:
3600:, p. 143.
3590:
3575:
3573:, p. 566.
3563:
3551:
3539:
3537:, p. 243.
3527:
3515:
3503:
3491:
3489:, p. 108.
3479:
3467:
3465:, p. 199.
3455:
3453:, p. 118.
3443:
3441:, p. 125.
3431:
3429:, p. 119.
3419:
3404:
3397:
3377:
3370:
3350:
3343:
3323:
3316:
3296:
3280:
3264:
3255:
3238:
3221:
3204:
3202:, p. 109.
3200:Hourihane 2012
3192:
3180:
3161:
3157:Slaughter 1968
3146:
3131:
3119:
3117:, p. 148.
3107:
3095:
3088:
3065:
3063:, p. 456.
3053:
3041:
3039:, p. 101.
3029:
3027:, p. 112.
3014:
3012:, p. 105.
3002:
2985:
2983:, p. 418.
2981:El Hareir 2011
2968:
2966:, p. 516.
2951:
2930:
2928:, p. 273.
2926:Bianchini 2012
2911:
2909:, p. 118.
2891:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2856:
2853:Second Crusade
2844:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2729:
2726:
2712:also defeated
2595:Main article:
2592:
2589:
2520:from all over
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2263:
2260:
2155:The castle of
2092:Main article:
2089:
2086:
2038:Alcácer do Sal
2036:. He captured
1983:Almohad caliph
1960:Main article:
1957:
1954:
1915:Main article:
1912:
1909:
1903:plundered the
1877:Main article:
1874:
1871:
1819:Main article:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1759:Second Crusade
1753:had fallen in
1746:
1743:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1609:2nd Alpujarras
1606:
1604:1st Alpujarras
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:Vega de Pagana
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Mudéjar revolt
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1279:Aragonese raid
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:Central Iberia
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
927:Norwegian raid
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
902:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
751:
750:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
679:
678:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
607:
606:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
555:
554:
550:
547:
546:
536:
534:
533:
526:
519:
511:
503:
502:
418:
257:
256:
252:
251:
219:
158:
157:
147:
135:
134:
121:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
90:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
69:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4684:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4585:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4568:
4564:
4562:9780812203066
4558:
4554:
4553:
4547:
4543:
4541:9781137013477
4537:
4533:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4520:9788480951951
4516:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4499:9780191542527
4495:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4478:9781861892720
4474:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4459:
4457:9780521894067
4453:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4438:
4436:9780748646821
4432:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:. Routledge.
4407:
4406:
4400:
4396:
4394:9789004233331
4390:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4362:9781780744551
4358:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4341:9780866982788
4337:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4315:
4311:
4309:9781317156796
4305:
4302:. Routledge.
4301:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4288:9780241531853
4284:
4280:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4267:9788410682672
4263:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4246:9789231041532
4242:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4225:9780907570172
4221:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4204:9788441420663
4200:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4185:
4183:9788447207084
4179:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4153:9780313337338
4149:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4132:9780230583139
4128:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4075:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4055:9788499611235
4051:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4034:9781487501235
4030:
4026:
4025:
4019:
4015:
4013:9780241304693
4009:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3994:
3992:9781438129167
3988:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3960:9788489492349
3956:
3952:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3907:9788490440254
3903:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3886:9780812206265
3882:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3867:
3865:9781476633725
3861:
3858:. McFarland.
3857:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3844:9781526730183
3840:
3836:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3823:9781476671857
3819:
3816:. McFarland.
3815:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3802:9788447204212
3798:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3710:
3709:Gebhardt 1864
3705:
3702:
3699:, p. 52.
3698:
3693:
3690:
3687:, p. 94.
3686:
3681:
3678:
3675:, p. 10.
3674:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3661:Kaljundi 2011
3657:
3654:
3651:, p. 74.
3650:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3627:, p. 19.
3626:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3588:, p. 30.
3587:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3561:, p. 63.
3560:
3555:
3552:
3549:, p. 66.
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3525:, p. 87.
3524:
3519:
3516:
3513:, p. 70.
3512:
3511:Jamieson 2006
3507:
3504:
3501:, p. 21.
3500:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:Bennison 2016
3483:
3480:
3477:, p. 55.
3476:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3190:, p. 46.
3189:
3184:
3181:
3178:, p. 74.
3177:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:, p. 43.
3158:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3105:, p. 23.
3104:
3103:Bressler 2018
3099:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3082:. Routledge.
3081:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3051:, p. 33.
3050:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3003:
3000:, p. 54.
2999:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2949:, p. 71.
2948:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:breached the
2644:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:Sierra Morena
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2535:and attacked
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:Despeñaperros
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:Mediterranean
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:besiege Tomar
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:The walls of
1968:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1950:crossbow bolt
1946:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:9th Gibraltar
1573:
1571:
1570:8th Gibraltar
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:7th Gibraltar
1558:
1556:
1555:La Higueruela
1553:
1551:
1550:6th Gibraltar
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:5th Algeciras
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1503:5th Gibraltar
1501:
1499:
1498:4th Algeciras
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:4th Gibraltar
1466:
1464:
1463:3rd Gibraltar
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:2nd Gibraltar
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:3rd Algeciras
1431:
1429:
1428:1st Gibraltar
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:2nd Algeciras
1404:
1402:
1401:1st Algeciras
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
900:
899:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:Piedra Pisada
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
775:Aqbat al-Bakr
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
748:
747:
744:
743:3rd Barcelona
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
708:Valdejunquera
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
683:Day of Zamora
681:
680:
676:
675:
672:
671:2nd Barcelona
669:
667:
666:2nd Cellorigo
664:
662:
661:1st Cellorigo
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
646:Monte Laturce
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
611:1st Barcelona
609:
608:
604:
603:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
551:
548:
543:
542:
532:
527:
525:
520:
518:
513:
512:
509:
500:
499:
494:
488:
487:
475:
471:
464:
459:
458:
453:
448:
447:
442:
437:
435:
429:
428:
423:
419:
417:
413:
408:
407:
402:
397:
396:
391:
386:
385:
380:
375:
374:
362:
361:
349:
338:
337:
325:
324:
312:
301:
290:
288:
282:
271:
270:
259:
258:
253:
249:
245:
239:
228:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
199:
195:
189:
185:
179:
168:
156:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
137:
133:
123:
122:
120:
119:
114:
107:
103:
98:
94:
91:
86:
85:
81:
78:
77:
73:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
4572:
4551:
4530:
4509:
4488:
4467:
4446:
4425:
4404:
4383:
4372:
4351:
4330:
4319:
4298:
4277:
4256:
4235:
4214:
4193:
4172:
4162:
4142:
4121:
4100:
4079:
4065:
4044:
4023:
4002:
3985:. Infobase.
3981:
3970:
3949:
3928:
3917:
3896:
3875:
3854:
3833:
3812:
3791:
3770:
3749:
3728:
3719:Bibliography
3704:
3697:Pennell 2013
3692:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3593:
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3229:IslamKotob.
3224:
3214:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3176:Jayyusi 1992
3127:Jayyusi 1992
3122:
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3056:
3044:
3032:
3010:Dangler 2017
3005:
2859:
2847:
2825:
2812:
2743:
2683:
2640:
2603:Alfonso VIII
2601:In July 16,
2600:
2573:Alfonso VIII
2529:Alfonso VIII
2526:
2478:Alfonso VIII
2476:
2438:Papal states
2431:
2419:Santa Olalla
2391:Alfonso VIII
2321:After this,
2320:
2277:
2208:
2176:Alfonso VIII
2161:
2099:Alfonso VIII
2097:
2048:, Coina and
2042:Torres Novas
2031:
2019:Torres Novas
1977:
1920:
1882:
1839:Alfonso VIII
1824:
1748:
1693:kingdoms of
1686:
1684:
1616:North Africa
1534:15th century
1422:14th century
1326:4th Valencia
1248:13th century
1202:4th Santarém
1166:
1162:3rd Santarém
1102:2nd Santarém
1022:3rd Valencia
992:2nd Zaragoza
972:1st Santarém
907:2nd Valencia
901:12th century
865:1st Valencia
830:1st Zaragoza
749:11th century
733:Torrevicente
677:10th century
574:Orbieu River
569:Burbia River
539:
496:
484:
455:
444:
433:
425:
416:Gualdim Pais
404:
393:
382:
371:
358:
334:
321:
286:
267:
116:Belligerents
4607:Reconquista
3571:Rogers 2010
3547:Barton 2009
3499:Barton 2002
3463:Sancha 1783
3451:Martin 2010
3188:Buresi 2013
2998:Travel 2017
2851:During the
2842:was created
2796:during the
2752:and in the
2736:Map of the
2627:Santa Elena
2621:caliph, in
2561:Salvatierra
2351:Castroverde
2270:Map of the
2235:Ibn Sanadid
2144:and almost
1891:and burned
1757:during the
1715:Reconquista
1713:during the
1674:2nd Tangier
1659:1st Tangier
1518:2nd Montiel
1438:3rd Almería
1356:3rd Seville
1284:2nd Majorca
1187:2nd Seville
1152:2nd Badajoz
1132:2nd Almería
1122:2nd Tortosa
1092:1st Almería
1077:1st Montiel
1032:1st Badajoz
1007:1st Granada
760:Calatañazor
688:1st Majorca
641:Guadalacete
616:1st Tortosa
605:9th century
553:8th century
541:Reconquista
501:(1196-1197)
489:(1196-1197)
250:(1196-1197)
240:(1196-1197)
87:Territorial
29:Reconquista
4596:Categories
4239:. UNESCO.
3939:8412806816
3739:8470904337
3625:Galan 2024
3475:Gerli 2016
3427:Nolan 2006
2907:Flood 2018
2887:References
2710:Christians
2663:Sancho VII
2651:Sancho VII
2567:since the
2514:Saint John
2442:Alfonso IX
2425:also took
2387:Alfonso IX
2371:Alfonso IX
2233:forces of
2231:al-Andalus
2123:Christians
1981:, the new
1745:Background
1540:Collejares
1528:2nd Murcia
1493:Guadalmesí
1483:Río Salado
1381:1st Murcia
1341:2nd Xàtiva
1336:1st Xàtiva
1232:2nd Silves
1217:2nd Silves
1212:1st Silves
1127:2nd Lleida
1112:5th Lisbon
1072:4th Lisbon
1002:1st Lleida
962:Candespina
957:6th Toledo
942:Formentera
932:3rd Lisbon
912:Mollerussa
895:5th Toledo
890:4th Toledo
870:2nd Lisbon
855:3rd Toledo
825:2nd Toledo
713:1st Toledo
656:Polvoraria
599:1st Lisbon
589:Río Quirós
584:Las Babias
4387:. BRILL.
4083:. BRILL.
3950:الارك ٨٩٢
3586:Ward 2006
3523:Keen 1999
2964:Kohn 2006
2877:Occitania
2832:Christian
2728:Aftermath
2659:Navarrese
2581:Calatrava
2518:crusaders
2434:Castilian
2427:Plasencia
2367:Benavente
2349:, taking
2331:Navarrese
2288:Benavente
2146:massacred
2111:Marrakesh
1883:In 1178,
1869:in 1183.
1825:In 1172,
1789:finished
1783:Tarragona
1735:Christian
1725:attacked
1691:Christian
1654:4nd Ceuta
1644:3nd Ceuta
1637:2nd Ceuta
1632:1st Ceuta
1545:Antequera
1396:Andalusia
1376:3rd Jerez
1366:2nd Jerez
1301:1st Jerez
1274:Peníscola
1242:Talamanca
1197:2nd Évora
1182:Calatrava
1172:Tarragona
1157:Juromenha
1147:1st Évora
1097:Al-Ludjdj
1067:2nd Coria
1047:1st Coria
982:Martorell
967:Vatalandi
885:Consuegra
805:Golpejera
790:Barbastro
728:Estercuel
559:Covadonga
213:Crusaders
93:Castilian
61:1172–1212
4637:Crusades
3142:Lay 2008
2865:Portugal
2746:Almohads
2702:Ruy Díaz
2585:Caracuel
2569:Almohads
2557:Fortress
2555:and the
2541:Al-Nasir
2533:Almohads
2510:Santiago
2462:Almohads
2460:and the
2423:Almohads
2379:Portugal
2308:Almohads
2304:Almohads
2296:Caracuel
2274:in 1195.
2243:infantry
2225:and the
2223:infantry
2200:Almohads
2188:Almohads
2172:Almohads
2103:Almohads
2015:Alentejo
1987:Portugal
1931:Portugal
1927:Santarem
1911:Santarém
1905:Aljarafe
1901:Santarém
1851:Almohads
1787:Almohads
1771:Santarém
1767:Almohads
1761:and the
1709:and the
1707:Portugal
1488:Estepona
1416:Iznalloz
1351:3rd Jaén
1311:Burriana
1296:2nd Jaén
1269:1st Jaén
1254:Al-Dāmūs
1192:Abrantes
1087:Albacete
1062:Trancoso
937:Talavera
917:Balaguer
835:Sagrajas
800:Llantada
723:Simancas
718:Alhandic
651:Morcuera
621:Pancorbo
66:Location
27:Part of
2790:Córdoba
2786:Seville
2778:Castile
2754:Maghreb
2714:Muslims
2647:Almohad
2619:Almohad
2577:Malagón
2450:Castile
2411:Maqueda
2403:Pozuelo
2395:Bárcena
2383:Astorga
2369:(where
2363:Coyanza
2335:Castile
2327:Almohad
2284:Malagón
2248:Alarcos
2215:cavalry
2211:Alfonso
2204:Alarcos
2192:Almohad
2168:Alarcos
2157:Alarcos
2088:Alarcos
2058:Coimbra
2046:Palmela
2027:English
2007:Córdoba
1999:Granada
1995:Seville
1889:Seville
1867:Alarcón
1855:Castile
1831:Castile
1827:Yusuf I
1799:Castile
1779:Tortosa
1727:Castile
1723:Yusuf I
1721:caliph
1719:Almohad
1703:Navarre
1695:Castile
1669:Melilla
1649:Tétouan
1508:Linuesa
1478:Getares
1331:Algarve
1321:El Puig
1316:Córdoba
1289:Portopí
1237:Alarcos
1142:Palmela
1117:Sacavém
1107:Sacavém
1052:Ourique
1012:Corbins
997:Cutanda
987:Coimbra
875:Alcoraz
820:Morella
795:Paterna
785:Coimbra
755:Cervera
636:Albelda
631:Clavijo
434:†
427:Yusuf I
287:†
89:changes
4580:
4559:
4538:
4517:
4496:
4475:
4454:
4433:
4412:
4391:
4359:
4338:
4306:
4285:
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4087:
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3841:
3820:
3799:
3778:
3757:
3736:
3395:
3368:
3341:
3314:
3086:
2869:France
2766:Iberia
2667:Caliph
2655:Caliph
2625:(near
2617:, the
2522:Europe
2516:, and
2482:Toledo
2407:Toledo
2399:Carpio
2377:(Near
2375:Bierzo
2339:Aragon
2325:(with
2300:Toledo
2239:Toledo
2164:Toledo
2142:scouts
2139:Muslim
2127:Iberia
2074:Africa
2054:Leiria
2050:Almada
2034:Silves
2003:Silves
1989:after
1972:Silves
1945:Lisbon
1897:Lisbon
1893:Triana
1847:Cuenca
1815:Cuenca
1775:Lisbon
1755:Iberia
1731:Cuenca
1699:Aragon
1664:Asilah
1627:Strait
1590:Málaga
1585:Lucena
1513:Guadix
1411:Moclín
1391:Martos
1177:Cuenca
1042:Leiria
1017:Alcalá
880:Bairén
840:Tudela
770:Albesa
594:Oviedo
430:
283:
97:Iberia
79:Result
72:Iberia
49:(1864)
4070:(PDF)
2863:From
2804:Notes
2782:Spain
2762:Moors
2722:Baeza
2718:Úbeda
2671:Moors
2486:Tagus
2393:took
2359:Ardón
2082:Évora
2078:Tagus
1974:today
1863:siege
1835:Huete
1729:from
1386:Écija
1222:Tomar
1207:Alvor
1082:Soure
1057:Oreja
1037:Fraga
1027:Aceca
947:Ibiza
922:Uclés
850:Aledo
845:Tévar
810:Cabra
780:Graus
738:Rueda
579:Lutos
215:from
45:, by
4578:ISBN
4557:ISBN
4536:ISBN
4515:ISBN
4494:ISBN
4473:ISBN
4452:ISBN
4431:ISBN
4410:ISBN
4389:ISBN
4357:ISBN
4336:ISBN
4304:ISBN
4283:ISBN
4262:ISBN
4241:ISBN
4220:ISBN
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4148:ISBN
4127:ISBN
4106:ISBN
4085:ISBN
4050:ISBN
4029:ISBN
4008:ISBN
3987:ISBN
3955:ISBN
3934:ISBN
3902:ISBN
3881:ISBN
3860:ISBN
3839:ISBN
3818:ISBN
3797:ISBN
3776:ISBN
3755:ISBN
3734:ISBN
3393:ISBN
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3312:ISBN
3084:ISBN
2875:and
2873:León
2794:Jaén
2792:and
2720:and
2609:and
2583:and
2549:Jaén
2512:and
2454:Leon
2452:and
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2355:Alba
2347:Leon
2329:and
2182:and
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1997:and
1899:and
1781:and
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1705:and
1685:The
1622:Salé
1458:Teba
1361:Faro
1346:Biar
1306:Ares
765:Torà
104:and
58:Date
41:The
2764:in
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2688:),
2559:of
1845:in
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