160:
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727:. Gilded stripes on both sides of the silver cuff bear another Latin inscription: "CLAVVS DOMINICVS HEINRICVS D GRA TERCIVS / ROMANO IMPERATOR AVG HOC ARGEN / TVM IVSSIT / FABRICARl AD CONFIRMATIONE / CLAVI DNI ET LANCEE SANCTI MAVRI / CII // SANCTVS MAVRICIVS" ("Nail of the Lord Henry by the Grace of God the Third, Emperor of the Romans and Augustus, ordered this silver piece to be made to reinforce the Nail of the Lord and the Lance of St. Maurice / Saint Maurice"). The inscription refers to Henry IV, the fourth of his name to reign as
673:
368:(ca. 574-594). The holy lance is also supposed to have been stolen from Rome by Alaric and his Visigoths during their plundering in August 410. Therefore it could have been buried together with Alaric among tons of gold, silver and the golden menorah in Cosenza, southern Italy in the fall of 410. Nobody has found Alaric’s tomb and treasure that was probably emptied by the Byzantines, and therefore the holy lance could possibly appear some hundred years later in Jerusalem.
657:
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809:, which was planned to occur on Lawrence's feast day. This shift may have resulted from the increased diplomatic ties between Germany and the Byzantine Empire circa 949/950. As the Germans became aware of the Byzantine version of the Holy Lance, it became politically inconvenient to associate the Ottonian lance with Longinus. By 1008 the lance was identified with that of Saint Maurice, who had been venerated by Otto the Great.
989:
521:
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218:. Because it was the eve of the Sabbath (Friday sundown to Saturday sundown), the followers of Jesus needed to "entomb" him because of Sabbath laws. Just before they did so, they noticed that Jesus was already dead and that there was no reason to break his legs ("and no bone will be broken"). To make sure that he was dead, a Roman soldier (named in extra-Biblical tradition as
1156:, which may or may not be intended to be one and the same with the bleeding lance. Chrétien ascribes supernaturally destructive powers to the bleeding spear, which are inconsistent with any Christian tradition. Nevertheless, the continuations of Chrétien's poem attempted to explain the mysteries of the bleeding spear by identifying it with the lance from John 19:34.
916:, fluorescence tests, and other noninvasive procedures, he dated the main body of the spear to the 7th century at the earliest. Feather stated in the same documentary that an iron pin – long claimed to be a nail from the crucifixion, hammered into the blade and set off by tiny brass crosses – was "consistent" in length and shape with a 1st-century AD Roman nail.
1058:
2652:
Gerard de St. Quentin (1904) . "Translatio sancte corone Domini nostri Ihesu
Christi a Constantinopolitana urbe ad civitatem Parisiensem, facta anno Domini Mº CCº XLlº" [The transfer of the holy crown of our Lord Jesus Christ from the city of Constantinople to the city of Paris, made in the year
919:
Not long afterward, researchers at the
Interdisciplinary Research Institute for Archeology in Vienna used X-ray and other technology to examine a range of lances, and determined that the Vienna lance dates from around the 8th to the beginning of the 9th century, with the nail apparently being of the
571:
described the lance relics in both Paris and
Constantinople, stating that the latter was much larger than the former. Although the authenticity of Mandeville's travelogue is questionable, the widespread popularity of the work demonstrates that the existence of multiple Holy Lance relics was public
451:
was compelled in 1108 to swear an oath to him on the other lance. Whether
Alexios kept the Antioch lance or returned it to Raymond is uncertain. Several 12th century documents state that a single Holy Lance was among the relics at Constantinople, without any details that could identify it as either
1339:
The Lost Books of the Bible: being all the gospels, epistles, and other pieces now extant attributed in the first four centuries to Jesus Christ, His apostles and their companions, not included, by its compilers, in the authorized New
Testament; and, the recently discovered Syriac mss. of Pilate's
446:
argued that the
Byzantine court regarded the Antioch relic as a nail (ἧλος), relying on Raymond's ignorance of the Greek language to avoid offending him. Alternatively, Edgar Robert Ashton Sewter believed that Alexios intended to denounce the crusaders' lance as a fraud, and that this was
3052:
Kirchweger, Franz (2005). "Die
Geschichte der Heiligen Lanze vom späteren Mittelalter bis zum Ende des Heiligen Römischen Reiches (1806)" [The History of the Holy Lance from the Late Middle Ages to the End of the Holy Roman Empire (1806)]. In Kirchweger, Franz (ed.).
792:
regarded the lance as a talisman guaranteeing victory. The timing of the battle—on the feast day of
Longinus—indicates that by this time Henry associated the relic with the lance used in the crucifixion. Along the same lines, it may be telling that Henry's son
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states that he obtained an exact drawing of the Saint
Chapelle lance, to compare it with the spearhead in St. Peter's. He concluded that former relic was the broken point missing from the latter, and that the two fragments had originally formed one blade.
897:, and Vienna. When the French entered Vienna in 1805, the collection was moved again to Hungary, before ultimately returning to Vienna. These movements were conducted in secret, as the status of the regalia had not been resolved amid plans for the
4297:
Kirchweger, Franz (2005). "Die
Geschichte der Heiligen Lanze vom späteren Mittelalter bis zum Ende des Heiligen Römischen Reiches (1806)" [The History of the Holy Lance from the Later Middle Ages to the End of the Holy Roman Empire (1806)].
847:, a gold-inlaid spearhead, identified as a Germanic work from around the year 1000, was dredged from the Danube River near Budapest. The gold inlay suggests that this artifact could be Stephen's lance replica, but this has not been confirmed.
637:
4352:
513:, and other relics from thirty martyrs. Modern historians have regarded Alberic's account with some skepticism, characterizing it as "fanciful" and "pure invention." In any case, after the battle the crusaders sent the icon to
1100:
indicate that a relic thought to be the Holy Lance was among the treasures of the church of St. Peter as early as the 10th century. Historian Klaus-Peter Todt has suggested this relic could have been buried to hide it from
548:. Over the next several years, Baldwin sold a total of twenty-two relics to Louis. The Holy Lance was included in the final lot, which probably arrived at Paris in 1242. All of these relics were later enshrined in the
3250:
Wolf, Gunther G. (2005). "Nochmals zur Geschicthe der Heiligen Lanze bis zum Ende des Mittelalters" [Once more the History of the Holy Lance through the End of the Middle Ages]. In Kirchweger, Franz (ed.).
2989:
The Travels of Bertrandon de la Broquiere, counsellor & first esquire-carver to Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, to Palestine, and his return from Jerusalem overland to France, during the years 1432 &
536:, including "the iron of the lance with which Our Lord had His side pierced," in the Church of the Virgin of the Pharos. However by the 1230s, the Latin Empire's financial state had grown desperate. In 1239,
2859:
2789:
2760:
933:
2143:
The Holy Relics of Constantinople: A Collection of Ecclesiastical Documents, Relating to the Byzantine Relics Transferred to the West in the 13th Century, and the History of the Fourth Crusade
2089:
The Holy Relics of Constantinople: A Collection of Ecclesiastical Documents, Relating to the Byzantine Relics Transferred to the West in the 13th Century, and the History of the Fourth Crusade
2038:
The Holy Relics of Constantinople: A Collection of Ecclesiastical Documents, Relating to the Byzantine Relics Transferred to the West in the 13th Century, and the History of the Fourth Crusade
715:
around 1354. The cuff is inscribed with the Latin text "LANCEA ET CLAVVS DOMINI" ("The lance and nail of the Lord"), affirming that the lance was once used by Longinus and that one of the
2138:
Exuvia sacrae constantinopolitanae: fasciculus documentorum ecclesiasticorum, ad byzantina lipsana in Occidentem saeculo XIII translata, spectantium, & historiam quarti belli sacri
2084:
Exuvia sacrae constantinopolitanae: fasciculus documentorum ecclesiasticorum, ad byzantina lipsana in Occidentem saeculo XIII translata, spectantium, & historiam quarti belli sacri
2033:
Exuvia sacrae constantinopolitanae: fasciculus documentorum ecclesiasticorum, ad byzantina lipsana in Occidentem saeculo XIII translata, spectantium, & historiam quarti belli sacri
294:
is written above the head of the soldier who is thrusting his lance into Christ's side. This is one of the earliest records of the name, if the inscription is not a later addition.
2601:(1878) . "Balduinus II Ludovico IX reliquas omnes S. Capella in perpetuum concedit" [Baldwin II grants to Louis IX all the relics of the Saint-Chapelle in perpetuity]. In
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3803:
750:. Rudolf is supposed to have received the lance as a gift from a "Count Samson,", about whom nothing else is known. Liutprand associated the lance not with Longinus, but with
114:, relics identified as the spearhead of the Holy Lance (or fragments thereof) had been described throughout Europe. Several of these artifacts are still preserved to this day.
3507:"Magyarországi viking leletek az észak- és nyugat-európai kultúrtörténet megvilágításában / Wikingerfunde aus Ungarn im Lichte der nord- und westeuropäischen Frühgeschichte"
148:. The most prominent Holy Lance relic has been the one in Vienna, adorned with a distinctive gold cuff. This version of the lance is on public display with the rest of the
4435:
1414:
2855:
912:
has dated the lance to the 8th century. Robert Feather, an English metallurgist and technical engineering writer, tested it for a documentary in January 2003. Based on
117:
Holy Lance relics have typically been used for religious ceremonies, but at times some of them have been considered to be guarantees of victory in battle. For example,
3629:
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1474:. The Library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society. Vol. II. Translated by Stewart, Aubrey. London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society. 1897. pp. 13–16
564:
524:
16th century Illustration of holy relics displayed in the Grande Châsse the Sainte-Chapelle. The cross on the far right is the reliquary for the Holy Lance relic.
159:
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in 670, places the lance in Jerusalem, at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Arculf is the last of the medieval pilgrims to report the lance in Jerusalem, as
1402:
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1655:[Let us speak about the lance, the reed, the sponge, the crown of thorns, and the pillar where our Lord and Redeemer was lashed, in Jerusalem.]
505:. However, none of these sources mention the icon bearing any relics, whereas Alberic claimed it was adorned with the lance fragment, a portion of the
1745:
Gastgeber, Christian (2005). "Die Heilige Lanze im byzantinischen Osten" [The Holy Lance in the Byzantine East]. In Kirchweger, Franz (ed.).
2395:
1034:
was the first Westerner to see this relic in Armenia. In 1805, the Russians captured the monastery and the relic was moved to Tchitchanov Geghard,
1015:, in a thirteenth-century Armenian manuscript. According to this text, the spear which pierced Jesus was to have been brought to Armenia by the
3536:[The "Holy Lance", Relic and Symbol of Power of the Empire and its Replica in Krakow. An Overview of the History of the King's Lance.].
3534:"Die „Heilige Lanze", Reliquie und Herrschaftszeichen des Reiches und ihre Replik in Krakau. Ein Überblick über die Geschichte der Königslanze."
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1890:
762:, to make crosses in the middle of the spearhead. The description given by Liutprand closely corresponds to the relic kept in Vienna today.
4353:"Seeing and Singing, Touching and Tasting the Holy Lance. The Power and Politics of Embodied Religious Experiences in Nuremberg, 1424–1524."
3995:. East and West in the Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. I. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters & Department of Oriental Studies. pp. 95–124
3482:
898:
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The Epitome of S. Eucherius about Certain Holy Places (circ. A.D.440), and the Breviary or Short Description of Jerusalem (circ. A.D. 530)
773:
made arrangements on his deathbed in 918 to send his royal insignia, including the Holy Lance, to Henry, who would succeed him as king of
98:, the lance is only briefly mentioned in the Christian Bible, but later became the subject of extrabiblical (Apocrypha) traditions in the
877:
When the French Revolutionary army approached Nuremberg in the spring of 1796, the local authorities turned over the Imperial Regalia to
3993:
Antioch from the Byzantine Reconquest Until the End of the Crusader Principality: Acta of the congress held at Hernen Castle in May 2003
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1085:. After much digging in the cathedral, Bartholomew allegedly discovered a lance. Despite the doubts of many, including the papal legate
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Despite the transfer of the Holy Lance to Paris, various travelers continued to report its presence in Constantinople throughout the
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33:
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gives a description that exactly matches the lance, the monastery gate (since the thirteenth century precisely), and the name of
3025:
1653:
De lancea vero, arundine, spongia, corona spinea et columna, ad quam verberatus est Dominus et Redemptor Hierosolymis, dicendum.
953:
1173:. Like Chrétien, Wolfram depicts the bleeding lance in a manner that cannot easily be reconciled with the spear of Longinus.
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99:
4425:
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in Vagharshapat, enshrined in a 17th-century reliquary. Every year during the commemoration of the apostles St. Thaddeus and
815:
commissioned two replicas of the lance. One of these was given to Prince Vajk of Hungary in 996, who was later crowned King
712:
485:
372:
3197:
3442:
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1583:. Library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society. Translated by Stewart, Aubrey. London: Palestine Pilgrim's Text Society
1574:
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836:
828:
701:
435:
390:
353:
3648:
Wilson, Peter H. (December 2006). "Bolstering the Prestige of the Habsburgs: The End of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806".
2444:(1822). "Ex Chronologia Roberti Altissiodorensis, praemonstratensis ad S. Marianum canonici". In Bouquet, Martin (ed.).
812:
720:
341:
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Klein, Holger A. (2004). "Eastern Objects and Western Desires: Relics and Reliquaries between Byzantium and the West".
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below). This relic has never since left Rome, and its resting place is at Saint Peter's. Innocent's tomb, created by
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901:. When Nuremberg later appealed for the return of the regalia, the city's requests were easily dismissed by the
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in 1204. The capture of this icon by Henry's forces was considered important to many contemporary sources on the
357:
320:
140:, at least four major relics are claimed to be the Holy Lance or parts of it. They are located in Rome, Vienna,
3538:
Herrschaftszeichen und Staatssymbolik. Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte vom dritten bis zum sechzehnten Jahrhundert
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1307:
The Legend of Longinus in Ecclesiastical Tradition and in English Literature, and its connection with the Grail
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The Holy Lance has been conflated with the bleeding lance depicted in the unfinished 12th century romance
1097:
832:
620:
592:
529:
430:, adding to the confusion surrounding the emergence of another Holy Lance at Antioch in 1098. During the
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Signs of power and state symbolism. Contributions to its history from the third to the sixteenth century.
4450:
4358:
Signs of Change. Transformations of Christian Traditions and their Representation in the Arts, 1000–2000
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2131:(1878) . "Historia belli sacri, XX, cap. 23." [History of the Crusade, book 20, chapter 23]. In
1874:
1666:
Shanzer, Danuta (2003). "So Many Saints--So Little Time...the "Libri Miraculorum" of Gregory of Tours".
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for safekeeping, but by 1800 that city was also under threat of invasion, so he relocated them again to
751:
747:
448:
336:
3360:. Translated by Bachrach, Bernard S.; Bachrach, Davis S. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America
2656:
Exuviae sacrae constantinopolitanae: la croix des premiers croisés, la Sainte Lance, la Sainte Couronne
1802:
Exuviae sacrae constantinopolitanae: la croix des premiers croisés, la Sainte Lance, la Sainte Couronne
1544:
1497:
1145:
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between 1084 and 1105, which also refers to the Holy Nail but identifies the spearhead as the lance of
644:
389:
says that the Holy Lance was among the relics captured, but one of Shahrbaraz's associates gave it to
4127:
3926:
A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
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is not given in the Gospel of John, but in the oldest known references to the legend, the apocryphal
91:
2987:
2823:
Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour at Samarcand, A.D. 1403-6
2788:
Alexander the Clerk (1984) . "Alexander the Clerk: On Constantinople". In Majeska, George P. (ed.).
1253:
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1241:
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The Holy Relics of Constantinople: The Cross of the First Crusaders, The Holy Lance, The Holy Crown
2423:
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The Holy Relics of Constantinople: The Cross of the First Crusaders, The Holy Lance, The Holy Crown
1305:
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has been incorporated into the spearhead. The gold cuff covers an older, silver cuff produced for
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1563:[There remains the lance which pierced the Lord's side, that his medicine might help us.]
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Guide to the Treasury of the Imperial House of Austria in the Imperial and Royal Palace in Vienna
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732:
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385:
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1089:, many of the crusaders credited the discovery of the lance for their subsequent victory in the
843:. Whether Henry returned the lance to Peter upon his restoration is uncertain. Shortly before
2445:
2191:. Vol. II. Translated by Babcock, Emily Atwater; Krey, A. C. New York: Columbia University
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The relics remaining in Constantinople, including the lance, were presumably seized by Sultan
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4132:
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3510:[Viking finds from Hungary in Light of Early Northern and Western European History].
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Ballian, Anna (2018). "Liturgical Objects from Holy Etchmiadzin". In Evans, Helen C. (ed.).
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583:. The left hand holds the tip of the holy lance, presented to the Pope by Sultan Bayezid II.
514:
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623:, features a bronze effigy of the pope holding the spear blade he received from Bayezid.
2955:
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By the middle of the 10th century, a lance relic was venerated in Constantinople at the
4460:
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on British metallurgist Robert Feather's scientific examination of the Spear in Vienna.
4347:
4312:
3798:
3570:
3355:
3323:
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The Travels of John Mandeville: The version of the Cotton Manuscript in modern spelling
2338:
1879:
1710:
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Ibi manet lancea, quae latus Domini transforavit, ut nobis illius medicina succurreret.
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2430:. Translated by Andrea, Alfred J. (Revised ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 277–290.
2380:. Translated by Andrea, Alfred J. (Revised ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 212–221.
2260:. Translated by Andrea, Alfred J. (Revised ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 291–309.
2217:(1889). "Le Livre du Pèlerin" [The Pilgrim's Book]. In de Khitrowo, B. (ed.).
1999:
1768:
988:
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in Kraków. The fate of the Hungarian lance is less clear. When Stephen's successor,
520:
426:. The relic was likely viewed by some of the soldiers and clergy participating in the
208:. The gospel states that the Romans planned to break Jesus' legs, a practice known as
4409:
4113:
4059:
3677:
3412:
3279:
Adelson, Howard L. (June 1966). "The Holy Lance and the Hereditary German Monarchy".
3128:
3090:
2994:
2322:. Translated by Andrea, Alfred J. (Revised ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 98–112.
2218:
1217: – Robe said to have been worn by Jesus during or shortly before his crucifixion
1102:
724:
648:
427:
106:
purported to be the lance began to appear as early as the 6th century, originally in
4321:[The Holy and the Unholy Lance. From Richard Wagner to the World Wide Web].
4248:
3988:
3807:[The Holy and the Unholy Lance. From Richard Wagner to the World Wide Web].
2030:, ed. (1878) . "Relliquae Constantinopolitanae" [Relics of Constantinople].
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reportedly brought the Antioch lance to Constantinople, and presented it to Emperor
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same metal, and ruled out the possibility of it dating back to the 1st century AD.
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prisoner. At this time great doubts as to its authenticity were felt at Rome, as
4318:"Die heilige und die unheilige Lanze. Von Richard Wagner bis zum World Wide Web"
3804:"Die heilige und die unheilige Lanze. Von Richard Wagner bis zum World Wide Web"
3383:
Czajkowski, Anthony F. (July 1949). "The Congress of Gniezno in the Year 1000".
3193:
2951:
2318:(2008). "The Registers of Innocent III: Reg 7:152". In Andrea, Alfred J. (ed.).
1966:
The Crusaders; or, Scenes, Events, and Characters from the Times of the Crusades
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records, because of the presence of other rival lances in Paris, Nuremberg (see
349:
334:
The earliest known references to Holy Lance relics date to the 6th century. The
215:
164:
17:
3989:"The Syriac Orthodox in the Principality of Antioch During the Crusader Period"
3533:
39:
2602:
2132:
2078:
2027:
1764:
1220:
1187:, in which the Fisher King is wounded by the spear that pierced Jesus's side.
1074:
960:
886:
755:
716:
604:
596:
380:
137:
2890:(1864) . "Descriptio Urbis Constantinopoleos". In Migne, Jacques Paul (ed.).
2861:
Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
2791:
Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
2762:
Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
2663:]. By De Mély, Fernand (in Latin). Paris: Ernest LeRoux. pp. 102–112
1946:
647:
carrying one of the instances of the Holy Lance in one of the battles of the
129:
believed their discovery of a Holy Lance brought them a favorable end to the
4084:
Nitze, William A. (July 1946). "The Bleeding Lance and Philip of Flanders".
4027:
3328:. Translated by Wright, F. A. London: Routledge & Sons. pp. 139–172
2450:(in Latin). Vol. XVIII. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 247–290
1647:(in Latin). Vol. LXXI. Paris: Jacques Paul Migne. col. 712 – via
1411:
Grand Magisterium of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
862:, and decreed them to be kept there forever. This collection was called the
859:
588:
442:. Scholars disagree on how this presumably awkward situation was resolved.
412:
261:
107:
2759:
Majeska, George P., ed. (1984). "Anonymous Description of Constantinople".
1938:
1704:
1679:
1555:(in Latin). Vol. LXX. Paris: Jacques Paul Migne. col. 621 – via
1407:
Jerusalem Cross: Annales Ordinis Equestris Sancti Sepulchri Hierosolymitani
964:
854:
had a collection of relics, including the lance, moved from his capital in
1881:
War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in honour of J. O. Prestwich
801:
in the first half of March 939. However, in 955 Otto sought support from
780:
On 15 March 933, Henry carried his lance as he led his forces against the
352:
asserts the continued presence of the lance in Jerusalem. A report by the
3095:. Vol. V (2 ed.). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co
1183:
1169:
1119:
924:
181:
126:
71:
4396: – An article by Maryann Bird in the European Edition of
3669:
1687:
4232:
4194:
4105:
3404:
3300:
2581:
1082:
1057:
1035:
1024:
1019:. The manuscript does not specify precisely where it was kept, but the
1008:
1004:
923:
The Hofburg spear has been re-imagined in popular culture as a magical
153:
145:
4051:
171:. "Loginos" is depicted piercing the right side of Jesus with a spear.
4329:] (in German). Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum. pp. 110–143
4306:] (in German). Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum. pp. 71–110.
3815:] (in German). Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum. pp. 110–143
3061:] (in German). Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum. pp. 71–109.
2475:"Alexios V Doukas Mourtzouphlos: His Life, Reign, and Death (?-1204)"
1770:
The Pilgrimage of Arculfus in the Holy Land (About the Year A.D. 670)
1379:
890:
855:
765:
An alternative account of how Henry received the lance is offered by
408:
324:
4224:
4186:
4097:
3734:"Piercing An Ancient Tale: Solving the mystery of a Christian relic"
3479:
The Wawel Royal Cathedral of St Stanislaus B. M. and St Wenceslaus M
3396:
3292:
3259:] (in German). Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum. pp. 23–51.
2573:
2376:
Andrea, Alfred J., ed. (2008). "Devastatio of Constantinopolitana".
1753:] (in German). Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum. pp. 52–69.
532:, Robert de Clari described the spoils won by the newly-established
4043:
2400:. Translated by Magoulias, Harry J. Detroit: Wayne State University
2287:. Translated by McNeal, Edgar Holmes. New York: Columbia University
1580:
Of the Holy Places Visited by Antoninus Martyr (Circ. 560–570 A.D.)
1112:
1056:
987:
671:
603:, to encourage the pope to continue to keep his brother and rival
574:
519:
306:
158:
103:
87:
83:
38:
4356:. In Petersen, Nils Holger; Cluver, Claus; Bell, Nicolas (eds.).
3163:
Doctrina de Servorum Dei Beatificatione et Beatorum Canonizatione
2858:. "The Xenos of Zosima the Deacon". In Majeska, George P. (ed.).
2336:(1985). "The Conquest of Constantinople". In Shaw, M.R.B. (ed.).
2077:
Nicholas of Thingeyre (1878) . "Catalogus reliquiarium C.P.". In
1041:
It was later returned to Armenia, and is still on display at the
696:
in Vienna, Austria. It is the head a typical winged lance of the
517:, but there is no record of whether it reached that destination.
4323:
Die Heilige Lanze in Wien: Insignie, Reliquie, "Schicksalsspeer"
4300:
Die Heilige Lanze in Wien: Insignie, Reliquie, "Schicksalsspeer"
4286:
Die Heilige Lanze in Wien: Insignie, Reliquie, "Schicksalsspeer"
3809:
Die Heilige Lanze in Wien: Insignie, Reliquie, "Schicksalsspeer"
3253:
Die Heilige Lanze in Wien: Insignie, Reliquie, "Schicksalsspeer"
3188:
3186:
3184:
3055:
Die Heilige Lanze in Wien: Insignie, Reliquie, "Schicksalsspeer"
1875:"Policy and vision: The case of the Holy Lance found at Antioch"
1747:
Die Heilige Lanze in Wien: Insignie, Reliquie, "Schicksalsspeer"
1244:
regarding the righteous person, and commandments concerning the
894:
460:
1199: – Vessel that Jesus used at the Last Supper to serve wine
3770:
3698:
3124:
The Diary of John Burchard of Strasburg Vol. I: A.D. 1483-1492
731:, as "the third" because he was the third of his name crowned
711:
The spearhead is wrapped in a distinctive gold cuff, added by
708:("Imperial Cross") to serve as a reliquary for the spearhead.
4327:
The Holy Lance in Vienna: Insignia, Relic, "Spear of Destiny"
4304:
The Holy Lance in Vienna: Insignia, Relic, "Spear of Destiny"
4290:
The Holy Lance in Vienna: Insignia, Relic, "Spear of Destiny"
3813:
The Holy Lance in Vienna: Insignia, Relic, "Spear of Destiny"
3595:
3593:
3591:
3257:
The Holy Lance in Vienna: Insignia, Relic, "Spear of Destiny"
3059:
The Holy Lance in Vienna: Insignia, Relic, "Spear of Destiny"
2691:"A Medieval Armenian Pilgrim's Description of Constantinople"
1751:
The Holy Lance in Vienna: Insignia, Relic, "Spear of Destiny"
700:. The shaft was presumably lost or destroyed by the reign of
51:, showing the lance piercing the side of Jesus on the cross (
3991:. In Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly; Metcalf, David Michael (eds.).
3165:(in Latin). Brussels: Societatis Belgicae. pp. 322–325
3092:
The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages
2716:– via Union Catalog of Armenian Continuing Resources.
1105:
forces in 1084, allowing the crusaders to find it in 1098.
1003:(previously known as Echmiadzin), the religious capital of
777:. This version of events has been rejected by historians.
676:
The Holy Lance (left) on display with other items from the
364:
described the lance and other relics of the Passion in his
4032:
Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
3844:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 250–259.
1699:
1697:
1096:
Greek Orthodox sources such as the biography of patriarch
3890:"Holy Lance "Geghard" Will be Brought out on December 04"
244:
The name of the soldier who pierced Christ's side with a
3875:
Christopher H. Zakian and Fr. Krikor Maksoudian (2024).
3439:
Scriptores (in Folio) 9: Chronica et annales aevi Salici
2615:] (in Latin). Vol. II. Geneva. pp. 133–135
2523:(2 ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
2091:] (in Latin). Vol. II. Geneva. pp. 213–216
2040:] (in Latin). Vol. II. Geneva. pp. 211–212
827:
in 1000. The Polish lance is currently displayed in the
742:, the first German monarch to obtain the lance was King
2725:
2723:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
32:"Spear of Destiny" redirects here. For other uses, see
4219:(3). Modern Humanities Research Association: 380–385.
4181:(2). Modern Humanities Research Association: 243–246.
1468:"The 'Breviary'; or, Short Description of Jerusalem".
835:
was deposed in 1041, he sought the aid of German king
27:
Lance that pierced Jesus' side as he hung on the cross
4292:] (in German). Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum.
3841:
Armenia: Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages
3196:[The Holy Lance]. Kunsthistorisches Museum.
1990:
1988:
1837:"De cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae, Lib. I, cap. XXXIV"
4173:(April 1947). "Two Notes on Chrétien and Wolfram".
2145:] (in Latin). Vol. II. Geneva. p. 216
1847:(in Latin and Greek). Paris: Garnier. cols. 419-424
264:and called Longinus (making the spear's Latin name
245:
195:
4351:
4316:
4247:
4131:
3953:Giorgi, Andrea U. De; Eger, A. Asa (30 May 2021).
3923:
3802:
3505:
3047:
3045:
2864:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 166–195
2794:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 156–165
2765:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 114–154
2593:
2591:
2519:The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople
2516:
2337:
1878:
1501:
340:(circa 530) describes the lance on display at the
226:One of the soldiers pierced his side with a lance
3877:The Holy Lance in Armenian Tradition & Legend
3544:] (in German). Vol. II. pp. 492–537
3314:
3312:
3310:
3024:. In Kohanski, Tamarah; Benson, C. David (eds.).
2426:(2008). "Chronicle". In Andrea, Alfred J. (ed.).
2310:
2308:
2306:
2256:(2008). "Chronicle". In Andrea, Alfred J. (ed.).
1205: – Instrument of the Passion of Jesus Christ
754:, citing a claim that the Roman emperor used the
579:Tomb of Pope Innocent VIII, transferred from the
452:the crusaders' discovery or the Byzantine spear.
232:, and immediately there came out blood and water.
214:, which was a method of hastening death during a
3914:
3912:
3910:
2397:O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates
2227:] (in French). Geneva: Fick. pp. 88–111
2004:. Translated by Sewter, E. R. A. London: Penguin
1917:
1915:
1913:
1773:. Translated by MacPherson, James Rose. London:
475:. In addition to the crusaders' report to Pope
459:, a fragment of the Holy Lance was set into the
254:appended to late manuscripts of the 4th century
4360:. Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi. pp. 401–426
4134:The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol
3565:
3563:
3391:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 339–356.
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
2473:Hendrickx, Benjamin; Matzukis, Corinna (1979).
2248:
2246:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1077:told him that the Holy Lance was buried in the
224:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3081:
3079:
2515:Queller, Donald E.; Madden, Thomas F. (1997).
1868:
1866:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1093:, which broke the siege and secured the city.
819:. The other was presented to Duke of Poland,
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3131:. London: Francis Griffiths. pp. 337–339
2555:
2553:
2551:
1011:.The first source that mentions it is a text
1007:. It was previously held in the monastery of
684:The Holy Lance in Vienna is displayed in the
616:
8:
3705:, Atlantic Productions, 2003, archived from
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3089:(1901). Antrobus, Frederick Ignatius (ed.).
3030:. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications
1442:Roma: Ancient, Subterranean, and Modern Rome
1223: – Cross upon which Jesus was crucified
868:
4092:(3). University of Chicago Press: 303–311.
3727:
3725:
3723:
2428:Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade
2378:Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade
2320:Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade
2258:Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade
1925:(1950). "The Holy Lance Found at Antioch".
1877:. In Gillingham, John; Holt, J. C. (eds.).
927:whose powers may be used for good or evil.
286:
266:
227:
209:
4379:Use of the Holy Lance in the First Crusade
3656:(4). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 709–736.
3628:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3459:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2637:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2447:Rerum Gallicarum et Francicarum Scriptores
2167:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2113:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2062:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1061:The Discovery of the Holy Lance in Antioch
560:, but the lance subsequently disappeared.
275:A form of the name Longinus occurs in the
4436:Imperial Regalia of the Holy Roman Empire
1211: – A painting of Jesus Christ's face
4211:(July 1949). "On Chretien and Wolfram".
4138:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
3287:(2). College Art Association: 177–192.
1885:. Totowa, NJ: Boydell. pp. 33–45.
1809:] (in French). Paris: Ernest LeRoux
1269:
1233:
1073:reported that he had a vision in which
929:
885:. Baron von Hügel took the regalia to
633:
3621:
3452:
2896:(in Latin). J.-P. Migne. cols. 695-708
2630:
2188:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
2160:
2106:
2055:
1969:(4th ed.). London: John W. Parker
1547:[Explanation of Psalm 86]. In
1508:. Berkeley: University of California.
1049:the relic is brought out for worship.
662:1898 drawing of the Holy Lance in Rome
121:'s lance was credited for winning the
3573:; Schier, Volker (20 November 2018).
7:
3485:from the original on 17 January 2024
3038:– via University of Rochester.
1403:"In the Footsteps of Christ in Rome"
1013:Holy Relics of Our Lord Jesus Christ
899:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
746:who purchased it in 926, from King
692:(lit. Worldly Treasure Room) at the
4003:– via University of Konstanz.
3475:"Wawel's Cathedral Museum: History"
1613:from the original on 6 January 2024
319:A Holy Lance relic is preserved at
90:as he hung on the cross during his
3774:. 4 September 2004. Archived from
3200:from the original on 6 August 2023
2608:Exuvia sacrae constantinopolitanae
1609:. Translated by Jacobs, Andrew S.
959:Polish replica of the Holy Lance,
704:(1024–1039), who commissioned the
540:arranged to sell Constantinople's
424:Church of the Virgin of the Pharos
356:(ca. 570) places the lance in the
25:
3325:The Works of Liudprand of Cremona
978:The inscription on the Holy Lance
479:, the incident was documented by
327:carved into the pillar above the
260:, the soldier is identified as a
34:Spear of Destiny (disambiguation)
3650:The International History Review
3322:(1930). "Antapodosis, Book IV".
3159:"Book IV, Part II, Chapter XXXI"
2957:Travels and Adventures 1435-1439
2938:Bibliothèque nationale de France
2893:Patrologiae Graeci, Vol. CXXXIII
2460:Bibliothèque nationale de France
1775:Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society
1141:Perceval, the Story of the Grail
971:
952:
932:
839:, who captured the lance in the
788:. From that point forward, the
655:
636:
4284:Kirchweger, Franz, ed. (2005).
3959:. Routledge. pp. 361–362.
3766:"Der geheimnisvolle Kreuznagel"
2925:Oeuvres de Ghillebert de Lannoy
2922:(1878). Potvin, Charles (ed.).
2225:Russian itineraries in the East
1833:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
1639:[Book of Miracles]. In
1420:from the original on 4 May 2022
1304:Peebles, Rose Jeffries (1911).
1027:(Monastery of the Holy Lance).
769:. According to Widukind, King
407:, describing the pilgrimage of
4381:(Thesis). University of Texas.
4377:Sheffy, Lester Fields (1915).
4254:. Cambridge University Press.
3575:"How was the Geese Book made?"
2502:Society for Macedonian Studies
2284:The Conquest of Constantinople
1177:became the primary source for
1148:. The story also refers to a
486:Devastatio Constantinopolitana
1:
3732:Bird, Maryann (8 June 2003).
3662:10.1080/07075332.2006.9641109
3445:(in Latin). Hanover. p.
3443:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
2954:(1926). Letts, Malcom (ed.).
2928:(in French). Louvain: Lefever
2613:Holy relics of Constantinople
1845:Patrologiae Graeca, Vol. CXII
1706:Chronicon Paschale 284-628 AD
1668:The Journal of Medieval Latin
1577:(1887). Wilson, C. W. (ed.).
1445:. New York: Benziger Brothers
1128:
1030:In 1655, the French traveler
999:A Holy Lance is conserved in
829:John Paul II Cathedral Museum
52:
4446:Relics associated with Jesus
4277:General and cited references
3930:. Cambridge University Press
2698:Revue des Études Arméniennes
2568:. Dumberton Oakes: 283–314.
2220:Itinéraires Russes en Orient
1541:Cassiodorus, Magnus Aurelius
939:Holy Lance displayed in the
342:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
311:Statue of Saint Longinus by
4024:Brown, Arthur Charles Lewis
3987:Weltecke, Dorothea (2006).
3584:. Arizona State University.
3514:(in Hungarian and German).
3027:The Book of John Mandeville
1240:This verse is reference to
758:, discovered by his mother
612:
567:. Of particular interest,
401:later that year. However,
246:
222:) stabbed him in the side.
196:
4482:
4394:"Piercing an Ancient Tale"
4213:The Modern Language Review
4175:The Modern Language Review
3691:Lunghi, Cheri (narrator),
3600:Holzhausen, Adolf (1910).
2984:Bertrandon de la Broquière
2960:. London: George Routledge
2702:Review of Armenian Studies
2340:Chronicles of the Crusades
2254:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
1545:"Expositio Psalmum LXXXVI"
881:, Chief Commissary of the
457:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
179:
96:instruments of the Passion
31:
3072:St. Peter's basilica.info
2830:London: Hakluyt Society.
2730:John Mandeville (1900) .
2334:Geoffrey of Villehardouin
1799:De Mély, Fernand (1904).
805:to secure victory in the
615:below), and Armenia (see
556:they were removed to the
481:Geoffrey of Villehardouin
447:accomplished when Prince
287:
228:
191:
86:that pierced the side of
47:, Dominican monastery at
4250:Richard Wagner: Parsifal
2888:Buondelmonti, Cristoforo
2818:Clavijo, Ruy González de
2704:]. Nouvelle Série .
1401:Olivié, Antonio (2017).
1340:letters to Tiberius, etc
1310:. Baltimore: J. H. Furst
910:Kunsthistorisches Museum
626:In the mid-18th century
617:Holy Lance in Echmiadzin
581:Old St. Peter's Basilica
329:statue of Saint Longinus
3894:beta.armenianchurch.org
2653:of the Lord 1241].
1343:. New York: Alpha House
1032:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
419:made no mention of it.
82:, is alleged to be the
4246:Beckett, Lucy (1981).
3879:. The Armenian Church.
3582:Opening the Geese Book
3512:Archaeologia Hungarica
3129:Matthew, Arnold Harris
1939:10.1484/J.ABOL.4.01033
1873:Morris, Colin (1984).
1680:10.1484/J.JML.2.304193
1607:Andrew S. Jacobs, Ph.D
1603:"The Piacenza Pilgrim"
1381:"The Holy Lance"
1215:Seamless robe of Jesus
1165:Wolfram von Eschenbach
1135:
1062:
996:
879:Johann Alois von Hügel
869:
690:Weltliche Schatzkammer
681:
621:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
584:
558:Bibliothèque Nationale
530:sack of Constantinople
525:
393:who brought it to the
373:Jerusalem was captured
323:in Vatican City, in a
321:Saint Peter's Basilica
316:
279:in the year 586. In a
267:
242:
210:
200:) is mentioned in the
172:
59:
4426:Christian terminology
4128:Loomis, Roger Sherman
3435:Pertz, Georg Heinrich
2920:Lannoy, Ghillebert de
2562:Dumberton Oaks Papers
1439:Kuhn, Albert (1916).
1387:Catholic Encyclopedia
1167:into the German epic
1152:that has wounded the
1116:
1065:During the June 1098
1060:
991:
752:Constantine the Great
748:Rudolf II of Burgundy
675:
578:
565:late Byzantine period
523:
449:Bohemond I of Antioch
337:Breviary of Jerusalem
310:
162:
42:
4028:"The Bleeding Lance"
3530:Schramm, Percy Ernst
3320:Liutprand of Cremona
2828:Markham, Clements R.
2344:. New York: Dorset.
1927:Analecta Bollandiana
1713:; Whitby, Mary. 2007
1320:The Internet Archive
740:Liutprand of Cremona
613:Holy Lance in Vienna
467:lost in battle with
66:, also known as the
3778:on 12 November 2004
3709:on 12 December 2004
3431:Chronicae Polonorum
3357:Deeds of the Saxons
3194:"Die Heilige Lanze"
2736:. London: Macmillan
2687:Brock, Sebastian P.
2424:Ralph of Coggeshall
2215:Anthony of Novgorod
1841:Migne, Jacques Paul
1641:Migne, Jacques Paul
1637:"Libri Miraculorum"
1549:Migne, Jacques Paul
1498:O'Donnell, James J.
1079:Church of St. Peter
858:to his birthplace,
825:Congress of Gniezno
771:Conrad I of Germany
698:Carolingian dynasty
595:. In 1492, his son
499:Ralph of Coggeshall
346:Expositio Psalmorum
313:Gianlorenzo Bernini
252:Gospel of Nicodemus
176:Biblical references
49:San Marco, Florence
4441:Individual weapons
4421:Christian folklore
3956:Antioch: A History
3352:Widukind of Corvey
3087:von Pastor, Ludwig
1674:. Brepols: 19–60.
1413:. pp. 64–65.
1146:Chrétien de Troyes
1136:
1117:The Holy Lance in
1063:
997:
992:The Holy Lance in
947:in Vienna, Austria
807:Battle of Lechfeld
767:Widukind of Corvey
733:Holy Roman Emperor
682:
645:Adhémar de Monteil
601:Pope Innocent VIII
599:sent the lance to
593:conquered the city
585:
546:Louis IX of France
526:
440:Alexios I Komnenos
436:Raymond of Toulose
386:Chronicon Paschale
317:
173:
60:
3966:978-1-317-54041-0
3703:Discovery Channel
3449:– via dMGH.
3020:John Mandeville.
2856:Zosima the Deacon
2837:978-0-8337-2234-8
2530:978-0-8122-3387-2
2442:Robert of Auxerre
2392:Niketas Choniates
2351:978-0-88029-035-7
1961:Keightley, Thomas
1892:978-0-85115-404-6
1645:Patrologia Latina
1553:Patrologia Latina
1500:(14 April 1979).
1376:Thurston, Herbert
1228:Explanatory notes
1091:Battle of Antioch
1087:Adhemar of Le Puy
1071:Peter Bartholomew
941:Imperial Treasury
914:X-ray diffraction
686:Imperial Treasury
628:Pope Benedict XIV
554:French Revolution
509:, one of Jesus's
503:Robert of Auxerre
491:Niketas Choniates
469:Henry of Flanders
366:Libri Miraculorum
204:, but not in the
163:Miniature of the
68:Spear of Longinus
16:(Redirected from
4473:
4466:Henry the Fowler
4382:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4355:
4346:Schier, Volker;
4342:
4336:
4334:
4320:
4311:Schier, Volker;
4307:
4293:
4270:
4269:
4266:Internet Archive
4253:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4157:Internet Archive
4154:
4152:
4137:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4071:Internet Archive
4068:
4066:
4020:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3940:Internet Archive
3937:
3935:
3929:
3920:Runciman, Steven
3916:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3886:
3880:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3806:
3797:Schier, Volker;
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3746:on 3 August 2003
3742:. Archived from
3729:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3645:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3597:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3554:Internet Archive
3551:
3549:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3504:Paulsen, Peter.
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3450:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3370:Internet Archive
3367:
3365:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3338:Internet Archive
3335:
3333:
3316:
3305:
3304:
3281:The Art Bulletin
3276:
3261:
3260:
3247:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3179:
3178:
3175:Internet Archive
3172:
3170:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3141:Internet Archive
3138:
3136:
3127:. Translated by
3119:Burchard, Johann
3115:
3109:
3108:
3105:Internet Archive
3102:
3100:
3083:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:Internet Archive
3004:
3002:
2993:. Translated by
2980:
2974:
2973:
2970:Internet Archive
2967:
2965:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2874:Internet Archive
2871:
2869:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2826:. Translated by
2814:
2808:
2807:
2804:Internet Archive
2801:
2799:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2775:Internet Archive
2772:
2770:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2746:Internet Archive
2743:
2741:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2695:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2625:Internet Archive
2622:
2620:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2542:Internet Archive
2539:
2537:
2522:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2479:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2410:Internet Archive
2407:
2405:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2363:Internet Archive
2360:
2358:
2343:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2312:
2301:
2300:
2297:Internet Archive
2294:
2292:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2237:Internet Archive
2234:
2232:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:Internet Archive
2198:
2196:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:Internet Archive
2011:
2009:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1923:Runicman, Steven
1919:
1908:
1907:
1904:Internet Archive
1901:
1899:
1884:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1857:Internet Archive
1854:
1852:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:Internet Archive
1783:
1781:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1727:
1726:
1723:Internet Archive
1720:
1718:
1709:. Translated by
1701:
1692:
1691:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1649:Internet Archive
1633:Gregory of Tours
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1575:Piacenza pilgrim
1571:
1565:
1564:
1557:Internet Archive
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:Internet Archive
1524:
1522:
1507:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:Internet Archive
1481:
1479:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1409:. Vatican City:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1372:
1357:
1356:
1353:Internet Archive
1350:
1348:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1301:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1257:
1238:
1133:
1130:
1125:Arnaldo dell'Ira
1067:Siege of Antioch
1043:Manoogian museum
1017:Apostle Thaddeus
975:
956:
936:
872:
870:Reichskleinodien
864:Imperial Regalia
799:Battle of Birten
790:Ottonian dynasty
744:Henry the Fowler
678:Imperial Regalia
659:
640:
591:in 1453 when he
465:Alexios V Doukas
432:Siege of Tripoli
404:De locis sanctis
362:Gregory of Tours
354:Piacenza pilgrim
292:
290:
289:
270:
249:
240:
231:
230:
213:
206:Synoptic Gospels
199:
193:
150:Imperial Regalia
131:Siege of Antioch
119:Henry the Fowler
112:Late Middle Ages
94:. As with other
76:Spear of Destiny
57:
54:
21:
18:Spear of Destiny
4481:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4406:
4405:
4390:
4385:
4376:
4363:
4361:
4348:Schleif, Corine
4345:
4332:
4330:
4313:Schleif, Corine
4310:
4296:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4262:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4225:10.2307/3717658
4207:
4206:
4202:
4187:10.2307/3717233
4169:
4168:
4164:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4098:10.2307/2851373
4083:
4082:
4078:
4064:
4062:
4022:
4021:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3933:
3931:
3918:
3917:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3870:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3818:
3816:
3799:Schleif, Corine
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3731:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3694:Spear of Christ
3690:
3689:
3685:
3647:
3646:
3637:
3620:
3609:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3589:
3577:
3571:Schleif, Corine
3569:
3568:
3561:
3547:
3545:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3451:
3427:Gallus Anonymus
3425:
3424:
3420:
3397:10.2307/2848012
3382:
3381:
3377:
3363:
3361:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3331:
3329:
3318:
3317:
3308:
3293:10.2307/3048362
3278:
3277:
3264:
3249:
3248:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3168:
3166:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3134:
3132:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3098:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3000:
2998:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2963:
2961:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2899:
2897:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2867:
2865:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2838:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2666:
2664:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2629:
2618:
2616:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2574:10.2307/3591389
2559:
2558:
2549:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2495:
2493:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2453:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2403:
2401:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2290:
2288:
2279:Robert de Clari
2277:
2276:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2230:
2228:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2194:
2192:
2183:William of Tyre
2181:
2180:
2176:
2159:
2148:
2146:
2129:William of Tyre
2127:
2126:
2122:
2105:
2094:
2092:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2054:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1972:
1970:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1850:
1848:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1812:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1779:
1777:
1765:Adomnán of Iona
1763:
1762:
1758:
1744:
1743:
1730:
1716:
1714:
1711:Whitby, Michael
1703:
1702:
1695:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1374:
1373:
1360:
1346:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1209:Image of Edessa
1193:
1163:was adapted by
1131:
1111:
1069:, a monk named
1055:
1047:St. Bartholomew
986:
979:
976:
967:
957:
948:
937:
903:Austrian Empire
841:Battle of Ménfő
786:Battle of Riade
729:King of Germany
670:
663:
660:
651:
641:
609:Johann Burchard
569:John Mandeville
550:Sainte Chapelle
544:relic to King
542:Crown of Thorns
511:deciduous teeth
495:Robert de Clari
444:Steven Runciman
348:(ca. 540-548),
305:
300:
285:
241:
236:
184:
178:
123:Battle of Riade
100:medieval church
55:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4479:
4477:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4456:Otto the Great
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:Gospel of John
4428:
4423:
4418:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4389:
4388:External links
4386:
4384:
4383:
4374:
4343:
4308:
4294:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4260:
4238:
4200:
4162:
4144:
4119:
4076:
4044:10.2307/456810
4006:
3979:
3965:
3945:
3906:
3881:
3868:
3850:
3830:
3789:
3757:
3719:
3683:
3635:
3587:
3559:
3521:
3496:
3466:
3418:
3375:
3343:
3306:
3262:
3211:
3180:
3146:
3110:
3075:
3064:
3041:
3022:"Introduction"
3012:
2995:Johnes, Thomas
2975:
2943:
2911:
2879:
2847:
2836:
2809:
2780:
2751:
2719:
2678:
2644:
2587:
2547:
2529:
2507:
2465:
2433:
2415:
2383:
2368:
2350:
2325:
2302:
2263:
2242:
2206:
2174:
2120:
2069:
2019:
1984:
1952:
1909:
1891:
1862:
1824:
1791:
1756:
1728:
1693:
1658:
1624:
1594:
1566:
1532:
1514:
1489:
1460:
1431:
1393:
1390:. Vol. 8.
1358:
1325:
1291:
1280:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1181:'s 1882 opera
1179:Richard Wagner
1110:
1107:
1054:
1051:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
970:
968:
958:
951:
949:
945:Hofburg Palace
938:
931:
803:Saint Lawrence
795:Otto the Great
694:Hofburg Palace
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
654:
652:
642:
635:
528:Following the
473:Fourth Crusade
399:Constantinople
358:Church of Zion
304:
301:
299:
296:
277:Rabula Gospels
268:Lancea Longini
257:Acts of Pilate
234:
202:Gospel of John
180:Main article:
177:
174:
169:Rabula Gospels
72:Saint Longinus
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4478:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4267:
4263:
4261:0-521-29662-5
4257:
4252:
4251:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4147:
4145:9780691020754
4141:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3853:
3851:9781588396600
3847:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3793:
3790:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3617:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3497:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3008:
2997:. Hafod Press
2996:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2626:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2259:
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2249:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2226:
2222:
2221:
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2207:
2202:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2178:
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2170:
2164:
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2144:
2140:
2139:
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2130:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2102:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1712:
1708:
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1700:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
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1642:
1638:
1634:
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1608:
1604:
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1595:
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1581:
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1570:
1567:
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1515:0-520-03646-8
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1490:
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1472:
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1443:
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1432:
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1389:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1354:
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1341:
1335:
1334:Hone, William
1329:
1326:
1321:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:John 19:31–37
1273:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1216:
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1122:
1121:
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1108:
1106:
1104:
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1092:
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1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
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1052:
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1048:
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1039:
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1014:
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990:
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930:
928:
926:
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917:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:Imperial Diet
880:
875:
873:
871:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:Peter Orseolo
830:
826:
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814:
810:
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804:
800:
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768:
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761:
757:
753:
749:
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738:According to
736:
734:
730:
726:
725:Saint Maurice
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
679:
674:
667:
658:
653:
650:
649:First Crusade
646:
639:
634:
632:
629:
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622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
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590:
582:
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551:
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543:
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515:Cîteaux Abbey
512:
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428:First Crusade
425:
420:
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4451:Roman spears
4398:
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4370:Academia.edu
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4357:
4339:Academia.edu
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4326:
4322:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4285:
4264:– via
4249:
4241:
4216:
4212:
4209:Hatto, A. T.
4203:
4178:
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4171:Hatto, A. T.
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4133:
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4089:
4085:
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4063:. Retrieved
4035:
4031:
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3992:
3982:
3970:. Retrieved
3955:
3948:
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3932:. Retrieved
3925:
3897:. Retrieved
3893:
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3871:
3863:Google Books
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3840:
3833:
3825:Academia.edu
3823:– via
3817:. Retrieved
3812:
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3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3776:the original
3769:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3744:the original
3737:
3711:, retrieved
3707:the original
3693:
3686:
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3649:
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3608:. Retrieved
3602:
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3541:
3537:
3524:
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3478:
3469:
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3330:. Retrieved
3324:
3284:
3280:
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3252:
3202:. Retrieved
3173:– via
3167:. Retrieved
3162:
3155:Benedict XIV
3149:
3139:– via
3133:. Retrieved
3123:
3113:
3103:– via
3097:. Retrieved
3091:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3032:. Retrieved
3026:
3015:
3005:– via
2999:. Retrieved
2988:
2978:
2968:– via
2962:. Retrieved
2956:
2952:Tafur, Pedro
2946:
2936:– via
2930:. Retrieved
2924:
2914:
2906:Google Books
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2898:. Retrieved
2892:
2882:
2872:– via
2866:. Retrieved
2860:
2850:
2842:Google Books
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2822:
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2802:– via
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2790:
2783:
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2761:
2754:
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2738:. Retrieved
2732:
2710:. Retrieved
2705:
2701:
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2673:Google Books
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2665:. Retrieved
2660:
2655:
2647:
2623:– via
2617:. Retrieved
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2607:
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2561:
2540:– via
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2489:
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2436:
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2339:
2328:
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2257:
2235:– via
2229:. Retrieved
2224:
2219:
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2199:– via
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2187:
2177:
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2147:. Retrieved
2142:
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2101:Google Books
2099:– via
2093:. Retrieved
2088:
2083:
2072:
2050:Google Books
2048:– via
2042:. Retrieved
2037:
2032:
2022:
2012:– via
2006:. Retrieved
2000:
1996:Anna Comnena
1979:Google Books
1977:– via
1971:. Retrieved
1965:
1955:
1930:
1926:
1902:– via
1896:. Retrieved
1880:
1855:– via
1849:. Retrieved
1844:
1827:
1819:Google Books
1817:– via
1811:. Retrieved
1806:
1801:
1794:
1784:– via
1778:. Retrieved
1769:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1721:– via
1715:. Retrieved
1705:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1652:
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1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1579:
1569:
1560:
1552:
1535:
1525:– via
1519:. Retrieved
1503:
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1482:– via
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1470:
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1455:Google Books
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1441:
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1422:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1385:
1351:– via
1345:. Retrieved
1338:
1328:
1318:– via
1312:. Retrieved
1306:
1283:
1272:
1254:Numbers 9:12
1250:Exodus 12:46
1246:paschal lamb
1242:Psalms 34:20
1236:
1197:Holy Chalice
1182:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1123:, Act 3 (by
1118:
1095:
1064:
1040:
1029:
1025:Geghardavank
1020:
1012:
1001:Vagharshapat
998:
994:Vagharshapat
984:Vagharshapat
922:
918:
907:
876:
867:
849:
811:
779:
775:East Francia
764:
737:
710:
705:
689:
683:
625:
586:
562:
534:Latin Empire
527:
484:
477:Innocent III
454:
421:
402:
395:Hagia Sophia
384:
370:
365:
345:
335:
333:
318:
284:
274:
265:
255:
243:
225:
211:crurifragium
185:
142:Vagharshapat
135:
116:
79:
75:
67:
63:
61:
45:Fra Angelico
29:
4038:(1): 1–59.
3899:16 November
3034:27 February
3001:26 February
2964:26 February
2932:26 February
2900:26 February
2868:25 February
2798:25 February
2769:25 February
2740:26 February
2712:25 February
2667:17 February
2619:25 February
2603:Riant, Paul
2536:21 February
2496:21 February
2454:21 February
2404:21 February
2357:21 February
2291:21 February
2231:21 February
2195:18 February
2149:18 February
2133:Riant, Paul
2095:18 February
2079:Riant, Paul
2044:18 February
2028:Riant, Paul
2008:17 February
2001:The Alexiad
1973:17 February
1933:: 197–209.
1851:17 February
1813:17 February
1780:17 February
1504:Cassiodorus
1203:Holy Sponge
1159:Chrétien's
1154:Fisher King
1132: 1930
1098:Christopher
1038:, Georgia.
1021:Holy Relics
845:World War I
797:fought the
706:Reichskreuz
572:knowledge.
507:Holy Shroud
350:Cassiodorus
283:, the name
216:crucifixion
186:The lance (
165:Crucifixion
92:crucifixion
56: 1440
4416:Holy Lance
4410:Categories
3972:8 February
2599:Baldwin II
1617:3 February
1587:3 February
1521:3 February
1478:3 February
1288:John 19:36
1221:True Cross
1075:St. Andrew
961:Wawel Hill
821:Bolesław I
756:Holy Nails
717:Holy Nails
713:Charles IV
597:Bayezid II
538:Baldwin II
381:Shahrbaraz
238:John 19:34
138:modern era
125:, and the
80:Holy Spear
64:Holy Lance
43:Fresco by
4114:162229439
4060:163517936
3713:1 January
3678:154316830
3624:cite book
3455:cite book
3429:(1851). "
3413:162927768
2986:(1807) .
2820:(1859) .
2633:cite book
2492:: 108–132
2486:Hellenika
2316:Baldwin I
2163:cite book
2109:cite book
2058:cite book
1947:0003-2468
1264:Citations
860:Nuremberg
852:Sigismund
850:In 1424,
837:Henry III
823:, at the
817:Stephen I
702:Conrad II
680:in Vienna
643:A mitred
589:Mehmed II
413:Willibald
344:. In his
291:(LOGINOS)
281:miniature
262:centurion
167:from the
127:Crusaders
110:. By the
108:Jerusalem
78:, or the
4350:(2004).
4315:(2005).
4151:7 August
4130:(1991).
4086:Speculum
4026:(1910).
3934:4 August
3922:(1971).
3857:4 August
3801:(2005).
3670:40109811
3610:7 August
3606:. Vienna
3532:(1955).
3483:Archived
3385:Speculum
3354:(2014).
3204:5 August
3198:Archived
3169:3 August
3157:(1840).
3135:7 August
3121:(1910).
3099:4 August
2708:: 81–102
2689:(1967).
2482:Ελληνικά
2394:(1984).
2281:(2005).
2185:(1943).
1998:(2009).
1963:(1852).
1835:(1897).
1767:(1889).
1717:4 August
1688:45019571
1635:(1879).
1611:Archived
1543:(1865).
1449:8 August
1424:8 August
1415:Archived
1378:(1910).
1336:(1926).
1191:See also
1184:Parsifal
1175:Parzival
1170:Parzival
1161:Perceval
1120:Parsifal
1109:Literary
925:talisman
887:Ratisbon
813:Otto III
721:Henry IV
379:general
377:Sasanian
371:In 614,
235:—
220:Longinus
182:Longinus
4364:27 July
4333:27 July
4233:3717658
4195:3717233
4106:2851373
4065:27 July
3999:29 July
3819:27 July
3782:25 June
3750:25 June
3548:9 March
3489:9 March
3437:(ed.).
3405:2848012
3364:4 March
3332:8 March
3301:3048362
2605:(ed.).
2582:3591389
2488:].
2135:(ed.).
2081:(ed.).
1898:27 July
1843:(ed.).
1643:(ed.).
1551:(ed.).
1347:27 July
1314:29 July
1150:javelot
1083:Antioch
1053:Antioch
1036:Tbilisi
1009:Geghard
1005:Armenia
943:at the
784:in the
782:Magyars
417:Bernard
391:Nicetas
383:. The
375:by the
288:ΛΟΓΙΝΟΣ
229:(λόγχη)
154:Hofburg
152:at the
146:Antioch
136:In the
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891:Passau
856:Prague
760:Helena
668:Vienna
501:, and
483:, the
409:Arculf
325:loggia
315:(1638)
298:Relics
247:lonchē
197:lonkhē
104:Relics
4461:Lance
4325:[
4302:[
4288:[
4229:JSTOR
4191:JSTOR
4110:S2CID
4102:JSTOR
4056:S2CID
4048:JSTOR
3811:[
3674:S2CID
3666:JSTOR
3578:(PDF)
3540:[
3409:S2CID
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188:Greek
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84:lance
4399:Time
4366:2023
4335:2023
4256:ISBN
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4140:ISBN
4067:2023
4001:2023
3974:2024
3961:ISBN
3936:2023
3901:2023
3859:2023
3846:ISBN
3821:2023
3784:2018
3752:2018
3739:Time
3715:2007
3630:link
3612:2023
3550:2024
3491:2024
3461:link
3366:2024
3334:2024
3206:2023
3171:2023
3137:2023
3101:2023
3036:2024
3003:2024
2990:1433
2966:2024
2934:2024
2902:2024
2870:2024
2832:ISBN
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2771:2024
2742:2024
2714:2024
2669:2024
2639:link
2621:2024
2538:2024
2525:ISBN
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2456:2024
2406:2024
2359:2021
2346:ISBN
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2233:2024
2197:2024
2169:link
2151:2024
2115:link
2097:2024
2064:link
2046:2024
2010:2024
1975:2024
1943:ISSN
1900:2023
1887:ISBN
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1815:2024
1782:2024
1719:2023
1619:2024
1589:2024
1523:2024
1510:ISBN
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1451:2023
1426:2023
1349:2023
1316:2023
1252:and
908:The
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461:icon
415:and
303:Rome
144:and
62:The
4221:doi
4183:doi
4094:doi
4040:doi
4036:XXV
3771:ZDF
3699:BBC
3658:doi
3447:429
3393:doi
3289:doi
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