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142:. Speculative evolution can be useful in exploring and showcasing patterns present in the present and in the past. By extrapolating past trends into the future, scientists can research and predict the most likely scenarios of how certain organisms and lineages could respond to ecological changes. In some cases, attributes and creatures first imagined within speculative evolution have since been discovered. A filter feeder anomalocarid was illustrated by artist John Meszaros in the 2013 book
1151:(2001) makes a scientifically accurate approach to the prediction of patterns of evolution in the future. Ward compares his predictions with those of Dixon and Wells. He tries to understand the mechanism of mass extinctions and the principles of recovery of ecosystems. A key point is that "champion supertaxa" who diversify and speciate at a greater rate, will inherit the world after mass extinctions. Ward quotes the paleontologist
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791:, use realistic scientific principles to describe the biomechanics of hypothetical alien life. Although commonly identified with terms such as "astrobiology", "xenobiology" or "exobiology", these terms designate actual scientific fields largely unrelated to speculative evolution. Though 20th century work in exobiology sometimes formulated "audacious" ideas about extraterrestrial forms of life. Astrophysicists
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1034:, alternative evolution is the exploration of possible alternate scenarios that could have played out in the Earth's past to give rise to alternate lifeforms and ecosystems, popularly the survival of non-avian dinosaurs to the present day. As humanity is often not a part of the worlds envisioned through alternative evolution, it has sometimes been characterized as non-
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749:, named after Joseph H. Camin, are a group of animal-like lifeforms, consisting of 77 purported extant and fossil species that were invented as a tool for understanding phylogenetics. The classification of Caminalcules, as well as other fictional creatures like dragons and aliens, have been used as analogies to teach concepts in evolution and systematics.
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were fictitious descendants of real animals, with Skull Island being inhabited by dinosaurs and other prehistoric fauna. Inspired by Dougal Dixon's works, the designers imagined what 65 million years or more of isolated evolution might have done to dinosaurs. Concept art for the film was published in
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was written as a report of a 24th-century expedition that had been led to the planet by a team composed of both humans and intelligent aliens and used paintings and descriptive texts to create and describe a fully realized extraterrestrial ecosystem. Barlowe later served as an executive producer of a
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is recognized as the first truly large-scale speculative evolution project involving a whole world and a vast array of species. Furthering its significance is the fact that the book was made very accessible by being published by mainstream publishers and being fully illustrated with color images. As
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Although primarily characterized as entertainment, speculative evolution can be used as educational tool to explain and illustrate real natural processes through using fictional and imaginary examples. The worlds created are often built on ecological and biological principles inferred from the real
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develops a tale of life on a neutron star, and the resulting high-gravity, high-energy environment with an atmosphere of iron vapor and mountains 5-100 millimeters high. Once the star cools down and stable chemistry develops, life evolves extremely quickly, and
Forward imagines a civilization of
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Speculative evolution can be useful in exploring and showcasing patterns present in the present and in the past, and there is a useful aspect to hypothesizing on the form of future and alien life. By extrapolating past trends into the future, scientists could research and predict the most likely
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when creating his creatures and also used patterns seen in the actual evolutionary history of the dinosaurs and pushing them to an extreme. Perhaps because of this, many of the animals in the book are similar to actual
Mesozoic animals that were later discovered. Many of the dinosaurs in it are
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The evolution of organisms in the Earth's future is a popular subset of speculative evolution. A relatively common theme in future evolution is civilizational collapse and/or humans becoming extinct due to an anthropogenic extinction event caused by environmental degradation. After such a mass
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and its sequel has been compared to that of Dixon's speculative evolution works, though its objective was to challenge modern conservative perceptions and ideas of how dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures lived, rather than designing whole new ecosystems. The books have inspired a modern
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and their beak specialization. This diverse group of fictional animals inhabits a series of islands in which they have gradually evolved, radiating into most ecological niches. Satirical papers have been published continuing
Steiner's imagined world. Although the work does feature an entire
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scenarios of how certain organisms and lineages could respond to ecological changes. As such, speculative evolution facilitates authors and artists to develop realistic hypotheses of the future. In some scientific fields, speculation is essential in understanding what is being studied.
255:, who wrote in the early 20th century, can like Wells be considered an early speculative evolution author. Although his fictional ecosystems were still relatively small in scope, they were the settings of many of his novels and as such quite well-developed. In particular, Burroughs's
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Today, many artists and writers work on speculative evolution projects online, often in the same vein as Dixon's works. Speculative evolution continues to endure a somewhat mainstream presence through films and TV shows featuring hypothetical and imaginary creatures, such as
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spawned several "sequels" by Dixon, focusing on different alternate and future scenarios. Dixon's work, like most similar works that came after them, were created with real biological principles in mind and were aimed at exploring real life processes, such as evolution and
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In some cases, artists and writers exploring possible alien life conjure similar ideas independent of each other, often attributed to studying the same biological processes and ideas. Such occasions can be called "convergent speculation", similar to the scientific idea of
225:. Further into the future, the protagonist of the book finds large crab-monsters and huge butterflies. Science fiction authors who wrote after Wells often used fictional creatures in the same vein, but most such imaginary faunas were small and not very developed.
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in 1988, in which dinosaurs were not some lone stragglers of known species that had survived more or less unchanged for the last 66 million years, but diverse animals that had continued to evolve beyond the
Cretaceous. In the vein of Dixon's
85:, which featured several imaginary future creatures. Although small-scale speculative faunas were a hallmark of science fiction throughout the 20th century, ideas were only rarely well-developed, with some exceptions such as
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733:(2017) explores highly speculative renditions of real (and in some cases hypothetical) prehistoric animals that do not explicitly contradict any of the recovered fossil material. The speculation undertaken for
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apply their own understanding of natural processes and biology to understand the appearances and lifestyles of extinct organisms that are discovered, varying in how far their speculation goes. For instance,
287:. Weinbaum changed that. ... it was the difference in orientation – in drives, goals and thought processes – that made the Weinbaum-type alien so fresh and rewarding in science fiction in the mid-thirties."
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on the humanoid Na'vi protagonists. He notes the other creatures, aliens and their anatomies and lifestyles are inspired by evolution and ecology to a significant degree, with probable inspirations such as
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A popular subset of speculative evolution is the exploration of possible realistic extraterrestrial life and ecosystems. Speculative evolution writings focusing on extraterrestrial life, like the blog
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In some cases, speculative evolution artists have successfully predicted the existence of organisms that were later discovered to resemble something real. Many of the animals featured in Dixon's
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3530:. A collaborative speculative evolution project founded in 2006, in which a community of volunteers have worked together to develop thousands of species which all originated from a single cell.
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869:(2005) where exploration of Darwin IV is instead carried out by robotic probes and the segments detailing the ecosystems of the planet are intercut with interviews with scientists, such as
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1359:), whose descendants become terrestrial tripods and compete against the birds after a severe mass extinction which killed 99% of all species on the moon. Another relevant seed world,
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949:'s design of the Alien incorporated the features of insects, echinoderms and fossil crinoids, while concept artist John Cobb suggested acid blood as a biological defense mechanism.
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In extraterrestrial-focused speculative biology, lifeforms are often designed with the intention to populate planets wildly different from Earth, and in such cases concerns like
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1170:(2007–2011), a drama series in which imagined future animals occasionally appeared. Ideas of future evolution are also frequently explored in science fiction novels, such as in
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are still considered plausible ideas, with some of them (such as specialized rodents and semi-aquatic primates) being reinforced with recent biology studies. A creature dubbed "
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1423:– artwork reconstructing prehistoric animals, often seen as closely related to speculative biology given the inherent speculation required to reconstruct long-dead organisms.
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or "rhinogrades". The
Rhinogrades are characterized by a nose-like feature called a "nasorium", the form and function of which vary significantly between species, akin to
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become just as important to consider as the usual biological principles. Very exotic environments of physical extremes may be explored in such scenarios. For example,
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on the planet and what adaptations animals living there have, designing new animals descended from modern day ones with the same set of adaptations. The success of
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as a popular-level book on the processes of evolution that instead of using the past to tell the story projected the processes into the future. A central idea of
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mammals 65 million years in the past to the ultimate fate of humanity (and its descendants, both biological and non-biological) 500 million years in the future.
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has been presented in exhibition form, educating museum visitors on the principles of biology and evolution through using their own fictional future creatures.
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in 1981 represents a sort of time capsule of geological thought before global warming was fully discerned, but Dixon also portrays a sixth mass extinction or
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3476:. A speculative evolution project envisioning an alien planet in which all animals have descended from mundane and commonly-kept species, in particular the
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Although dinosaurs surviving to the age of humans has been adapted as a plot point in numerous science fiction stories since at least 1912, beginning with
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constructed a fictional biosphere full of original, speculative alien species; a team of experts ensured that the lifeforms were scientifically plausible.
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Speculative evolution's possible use as an educational and scientific tool has been noted and discussed through the decades following the publication of
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wrote that before
Weinbaum, science fiction's aliens "might be catmen, lizard-men, antmen, plantmen or rockmen; but they were, always and incurably,
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extinction event, the remaining fauna and flora evolve into a variety of new forms. Although the foundations of this subset were laid by Wells's
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in 1981, which explored a fully realized future ecosystem set 50 million years from the present. Dixon's third work on speculative evolution,
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60:. Works incorporating speculative evolution may have entirely conceptual species that evolve on a planet other than Earth, or they may be an
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on Earth and readers can learn from them as such. For example, all of Dixon's speculative works are aimed at exploring real processes, with
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speculative ecosystem, its impact is dwarfed by the later works due to its limited scope, only exploring the life of an island archipelago.
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2011:
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similarly explores the future evolution of humanity. Speculative biology and the future evolution of the human species are significant in
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is seen by some as an early instance of speculative evolution and has been cited as an inspiration by later creators within the field.
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453:'s publication, Dixon remained one of the sole authors of speculative evolution, publishing two more books in the same vein as
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941:(1979), particularly its life cycle from egg to parasitoid larva to 'Xenomorph', is thought to be based on the real habits of
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3470:. A speculative evolution project by Turkish artist C. M. Kosemen exploring the fictional planet of Snaiad and its lifeforms.
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Through science fiction, the speculative biology of extraterrestrial organisms has a strong presence in popular culture. The
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describes 55 cities, which, like Lionni's "parallel" plants, are "only as real as the mind's ability to conceptualize them".
328:, describing the history of humanity from the present onwards, across two billion years and eighteen human species, of which
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or a habitable, yet uninhabited planet being "seeded" by already existing species of animals, plants and fungi, which will
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3464:. A speculative evolution project by Dutch artist Gert van Dijk exploring the fictional planet Furaha and its lifeforms.
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over the course of the next few million years by showcasing its effects through the eyes of future human descendants.
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1407:– often tends to precede works featuring hypothetical animals that could one day inhabit Earth in the distant future.
1139:(1990) is also an example of future evolution, this time exploring an imagined future evolutionary path of humanity.
3458:. A speculative evolution project by Finnish artist Ken Ferjik exploring the lifeforms of several fictional planets.
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2496:"Sky Whales & Pagoda Forests - Scientists Study Possible Course of Evolution on Planets Beyond Our Solar System"
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3498:. A collaborative speculative evolution project exploring Earth's life as imagined 25 million years in the future.
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Speculative evolution is a long-standing trope within science fiction, often recognized as beginning as such with
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Raulin
Cerceau, Florence (2010). "What possible life forms could exist on other planets: a historical overview".
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inspired Dixon to continue writing books that explained factual scientific processes through fictional examples.
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Since 1988, alternative evolution has sometimes been applied in popular culture. The creatures in the 2005 film
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Sagan, C.; Salpeter, E. E. (1976). "Particles, environments, and possible ecologies in the Jovian atmosphere".
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Explorations of hypothetical worlds featuring future, alternate or alien lifeforms is a long-standing trope in
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feathered, something not widely accepted at the time of its publication but seen as likely today. Similarly,
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Additionally, the evolutionary history of fictional organisms has been used as a tool in biology education.
2201:"Furahan Biology and Allied Matters: An unknown speculative biology project by Dougal Dixon: Microplatia I"
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Other examples of speculative evolution focused on extraterrestrial life include Dougal Dixon's 2010 book
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Speculative zoology can examine sometimes overlooked prehistoric animals in an evolutionary context. The
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3505:. A speculative evolution project by Evan Black exploring the fictional planet Nereus and its lifeforms.
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1090:. Prehistoric creatures on a declining, eroding island had evolved into "a menagerie of nightmares".
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The modern speculative evolution movement is generally agreed to have begun with the publication of
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focused on an alternate evolution of terrestrial life. Speculative evolution is often considered
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imagination, a now largely defunct, but creatively significant collaborative online project the
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was heavily influenced by paleontological ideas developing during its time, such as the ongoing
550:(2020). The modern explosion of speculative evolution has been termed by British paleontologist
354:) described the fictional evolution, biology and behavior of an imaginary order of mammals, the
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is a popular subject of speculative zoology, being explored in works such as Peter
Dickinson's
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speculated that a "hunters, floaters and sinkers" ecosystem could populate the atmospheres of
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in 2002, for which Dixon was a consultant (and author of the companion book), and the series
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Tytge Sea
Leviathan (the creature in the center), from the sci-fi franchise Infinity Horizon.
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2012:""Alternative Evolution" of Dinosaurs Foresaw Contemporary Paleo Finds [Slide Show]"
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to imaginary plants", presented with academic-style mentions of genuine people and places.
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Sokal, Robert R. (1983). "A Phylogenetic
Analysis of the Caminalcules. I. The Data Base".
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focused as much on mammals, squamates, and crocodylomorphs as on dinosaurs. Pictured are
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already in 1895, it is generally agreed to have been definitely founded through Dixon's
1082:(2005), which explored the world of the film from a biological perspective, envisioning
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Speculative evolution is sometimes presented in museum exhibitions. For instance, both
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When designing the various animals of the book, Dixon looked at the different types of
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Suvin, Darko (Summer 2011). "Stanley Weinbaum: we've met the aliens and they are us".
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Seed worlds, or seeded worlds, are another popular subset of the genre. It involves a
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3512:. A collaborative speculative evolution project exploring Earth as imagined if the
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and a free downloadable book featuring speculative renditions of extinct animals.
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1863:"Of After Man, The New Dinosaurs and Greenworld: an interview with Dougal Dixon"
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tropes, expanding into increasingly speculative renditions of prehistoric life.
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was discovered to have been a filter-feeder. In honor of Meszaros's prediction,
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Science fiction genre exploring hypothetical scenarios in the evolution of life
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Perhaps the most famous speculative work on a hypothetical alien ecosystem is
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The creatures of the movie took inspiration from Earth species as diverse as
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in 2014. A hypothetical filter-feeding anomalocarid was featured in the book
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which appeared in ten novels published from 1912 to 1941, featured a Martian
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Future evolution has also been explored on TV, with the mockumentary series
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with a variety of alien creatures and several distinct Martian cultures and
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with a model of a "Strida", one of the creatures featured in his 2010 book
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2585:"Furahan Biology and Allied Matters: Anatomy of an Alien V / Greenworld I"
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in 1957, are one of the earliest concrete examples of speculative zoology.
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as new species bear a close resemblance to their unrelated predecessors.
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as his primary inspiration, being unaware of Steiner's work, and devised
1930:"This book imagines what animals might look like if humans went extinct"
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1571:"A Trippy '80s Book on Life After Humans Is Now More Relevant Than Ever"
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2325:"Furahan Biology and Allied Matters: An xenobiological conference call"
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2070:"Science Meets Speculation in All Your Yesterdays – Phenomena: Laelaps"
1488:"Speculative biology: understanding the past and predicting our future"
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planets like Jupiter, and scientifically described it in a 1976 paper.
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with generalized spinosaurid morphology, and unique coloration pattern.
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because of its strong connection to and basis in science, particularly
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as well as a variety of personal web-based artistic projects, such as
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2553:"The Humans Were Flat but the Cheela Were Charming in 'Dragon's Egg'"
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also includes significantly conceptualized and developed alien life.
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2146:"Here Be Dragons: Using Dragons as Models for Phylogenetic Analysis"
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2041:"Speculative Zoology: Wedel throws down the gauntlet | ScienceBlogs"
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One of the significant "founding" works of speculative evolution is
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and its ecosystem published through novels from 1912 to 1941, and
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and an artistic movement focused on hypothetical scenarios in the
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sp. -- a New Member of the Order Nose-Walkers (Rhinogradentia)".
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Narratology beyond the human : storytelling and animal life
2886:"The Tet Zoo Guide to the Creatures of Avatar, Updated for 2022"
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https://sites.google.com/site/worldofserina/home%7Ctitle=Serina
1985:"(Prehistoric) Life Imitating Art | U-M LSA U-M College of LSA"
928:'s "Furaha", envisioning the biosphere of entire alien worlds.
3399:"How To Make a Speculative Biology Project Part 1: The Prompt"
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2910:"Alternative Timeline Dinosaurs, the View From 2019 (Part 1)"
1634:(1st ed.). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press.
2528:"Robert L. Forward: Physicist and science-fiction writer"
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Porges, Irwin; Hulbert, Burroughs; Bradbury, Ray (1975).
632:", conceived by artist John Meszaros as a filter-feeding
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entire speculative worlds. Through the decades following
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Cassada, Jackie (15 February 2003). "Evolution (Book)".
2293:"An intensive, multi-year study of realistic alien life"
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followed in the same zoological worldbuilding tradition.
829:"cheela" that lives a million times faster than humans.
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Ward, Peter Douglas Naturwissenschafter, 1949- (2001).
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artistic movement of artists going beyond conventional
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is often seen as having firmly established the idea of
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Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future
3423:"Batrachiterra - An Amphibious World Seeded by Frogs"
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Recreating the Eighth Wonder: The Making of King Kong
2642:"Flying Whales, Other Aliens Theorized by Scientists"
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One of the most well-known works in this category is
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Furaha: Natural History of the planet v Phoenicis IV
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The World of Kong: A Natural History of Skull Island
1397:– imagined future historical events and predictions.
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The World of Kong: A Natural History of Skull Island
858:, which explores the fictional exoplanet Darwin IV.
481:, besides a wave of extinction following humans, is
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2617:. The Space Review, in association with SpaceNews.
1815:"'Parallel Botany' in the Age of Alternative Facts"
1194:follows 565 million years of human evolution, from
232:A four-armed "Green Martian" riding a "thoat" from
3417:
3415:
2526:
1456:"Speculative Zoology at Tet Zoo, The Story So Far"
1413:– hypothesized life based on molecules other than
1345:by Dylan Bajda, in which the focal species is the
352:The Snouters: The Form and Life of the Rhinogrades
334:is the first. The book anticipates the science of
2824:"A Vibrant Fantasy World Has Science at Its Core"
3364:"Speculative Biology in the practices of BioArt"
2231:"Animal Life of the Future - After Homo Sapiens"
1631:Edgar Rice Burroughs: The Man who Created Tarzan
113:, a fictional order of mammals created in 1957.
3474:Serina: A Natural History of the World of Birds
3054:"The Flight of Dragons | Peter Dickinson Books"
2998:
2996:
2731:"Behaviour, Evolutionary Games and .... Aliens"
2702:"Welcome to Snaiad, The World We Will Colonize"
2672:"Alien para-tetrapods of Snaiad | ScienceBlogs"
1343:Serina: A Natural History of the World of Birds
3223:"Press Releases | The Future Is Wild says BBC"
2356:Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere
1600:"The Time Machine - The Eloi and the Morlocks"
3948:
3549:
617:(2010) exploring climate change, offering an
8:
3203:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2949:. New York. pp. 267–269, 274–279, 333.
366:In 1976, the Italian author and illustrator
338:, and is an early instance of the fictional
3443:: A Natural History of the World of Birds}}
2981:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2415:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
3955:
3941:
3933:
3647:
3556:
3542:
3534:
3207:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2985:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2977:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1900:"Wild Speculation: Evolution After Humans"
342:idea. Published in 1957, German zoologist
3084:"They Didn't Exist. But Could They Have?"
2442:
2323:Nastrazzurro, Sigmund (8 December 2010).
1310:Learn how and when to remove this message
135:, through the use of fictional examples.
4097:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2615:"Voyages to alien worlds | Alien Planet"
4010:Huntington's disease in popular culture
3699:Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
3254:"Giant flightless bats from the future"
3003:Jackson, Peter; Workshop, Weta (2005).
2856:"The Tet Zoo guide to the creatures of
1438:
554:as the "Speculative Zoology Movement".
306:to catch fish. Rhinogrades, created by
3196:
2970:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2822:Yoon, Carol Kaesuk (18 January 2010).
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1856:
1657:"Science Fiction's Renegade Becomings"
1246:Please improve this article by adding
656:was included in a new clade named the
3378:from the original on 22 November 2021
3294:from the original on 22 November 2021
3233:from the original on 15 November 2018
3152:from the original on 22 November 2018
2318:
2316:
2314:
2299:from the original on 22 November 2021
2286:
2284:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2006:
2004:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1534:
1532:
558:As an educational and scientific tool
7:
3096:from the original on 7 November 2014
2866:from the original on 28 October 2015
2621:from the original on 7 November 2018
2583:Nastrazzurro, Sigmund (2010-01-30).
2199:Nastrazzurro, Sigmund (2014-02-02).
1821:from the original on 7 November 2018
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1446:
1444:
1442:
688:before it was commonplace to do so.
580:which was discovered to have been a
259:, a fictional version of the planet
240:, a fictional version of the planet
3284:"How Humans Got Flippers and Beaks"
3148:. Kirkus Reviews. 15 October 2001.
2761:"The Fossils That Inspired 'Alien'"
2291:Newitz, Annalee (7 December 2010).
2078:. 26 September 2013. Archived from
1928:Potenza, Alessandra (9 June 2018).
1747:from the original on 6 October 2014
1541:"Speculative Zoology, a Discussion"
1086:as a surviving fragment of ancient
382:has been compared to the 1972 book
41:of life, and a significant form of
4102:Artificial intelligence in fiction
3252:Naish, Darren (November 1, 2012).
2791:"Inventing the plants of 'Avatar'"
2589:Furahan Biology and Allied Matters
2329:Furahan Biology and Allied Matters
2205:Furahan Biology and Allied Matters
1792:10.1023/b:rumb.0000025994.99593.a7
1411:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
1389:Contingency (evolutionary biology)
1093:A hypothetical natural history of
436:, published in 1981. To this day,
25:
2836:from the original on 29 June 2020
2803:from the original on 28 June 2015
2335:from the original on 4 March 2016
2144:Cruz, Ronald Allan (2017-09-01).
1960:"The Netflix Series Alien Worlds"
1940:from the original on 11 June 2018
1813:Alioto, Daisy (29 January 2018).
1772:Russian Journal of Marine Biology
888:, TV programmes such as 1997 the
636:, was published in the 2013 book
4045:
3510:The Speculative Dinosaur Project
3282:Moore, Lorrie (6 October 1985).
3258:Scientific American Blog Network
3227:British Broadcasting Corporation
3146:"Future Evolution by Peter Ward"
2541:from the original on 2022-05-24.
1867:Scientific American Blog Network
1545:Scientific American Blog Network
1462:from the original on 2 June 2015
1224:
348:Bau und Leben der Rhinogradentia
3397:Taylor, Keenan (July 5, 2022).
3344:from the original on 2020-07-27
3264:from the original on 2019-08-15
3127:from the original on 2016-08-15
3064:from the original on 2018-11-09
3023:from the original on 2021-07-24
2920:from the original on 2019-12-22
2771:from the original on 2019-12-20
2741:from the original on 2019-08-27
2712:from the original on 2020-07-27
2682:from the original on 2020-07-27
2640:Lovgran, Stefan (3 June 2005).
2595:from the original on 2019-09-01
2525:Clute, J. (27 September 2002).
2477:from the original on 2019-09-08
2270:from the original on 2019-09-08
2241:from the original on 2019-08-15
2211:from the original on 2019-08-17
2176:from the original on 2021-11-22
2051:from the original on 2018-10-31
2022:from the original on 2015-11-23
1910:from the original on 2020-12-04
1873:from the original on 2018-07-28
1610:from the original on 2017-08-08
1581:from the original on 2018-11-24
1551:from the original on 2019-07-18
1498:from the original on 2019-09-20
1330:in order to fill the different
3082:Gates, Anita (19 March 2005).
2467:"Creating Life on a Gas Giant"
1737:"Last and first man of vision"
1188:'s 2002 science fiction novel
1174:'s 1985 science fiction novel
709:Speculative reconstruction of
698:Dromaeosauroides bornholmensis
1:
4015:Tuberculosis in human culture
3290:. p. section 7, page 7.
2945:Herman, David, 1962- (2018).
1248:secondary or tertiary sources
4074:Extraterrestrials in fiction
2561:. 2008-06-11. Archived from
2502:. March 2008. Archived from
2150:The American Biology Teacher
1904:The New York Review of Books
1062:Speculative Dinosaur Project
1009:Speculative Dinosaur Project
783:Extraterrestrials in fiction
695:Hypothetical restoration of
597:evolutionary history of life
500:was in essence a book about
350:(translated into English as
3782:Natural History of an Alien
3429:(5): 62–67. April 30, 2023.
3115:Moon, Brad (May 12, 2008).
2075:National Geographic Society
899:Natural History of an Alien
863:TV adaptation of the book,
101:, a fictional rendition of
56:in regards to hypothetical
4169:
3362:Reichle, Ingeborg (2014).
2016:www.scientificamerican.com
772:
642:, and in 2014, the actual
4043:
3117:"Discovering Dragonology"
2376:10.1007/s11084-010-9200-7
2162:10.1525/abt.2017.79.7.544
1766:Kashkina, M. I. (2004). "
1351:Serinus canaria domestica
712:Sinopliosaurus fusuiensis
207:'s science fiction novel
52:and it is referred to as
4107:Living things in culture
3988:Hindu views on evolution
2700:Newitz, Annalee (2010).
2646:National Geographic News
1708:10.3828/extr.2011.52.2.6
1486:Lydon, Susannah (2018).
1401:Global catastrophic risk
979:Avatar: The Way of Water
3516:had not occurred. Also
3043:(DVD). Universal. 2006.
1661:Science Fiction Studies
1655:McGuirk, Carol (2008).
1259:"Speculative evolution"
984:suspension of disbelief
4148:Science fiction genres
3456:Encyclopedia Galactica
3334:"Unappreciated Sci-Fi"
3058:www.peterdickinson.com
3009:. Simon and Schuster.
1741:Times Higher Education
1569:Elbein, Asher (2018).
1539:Naish, Darren (2018).
1235:relies excessively on
1027:
845:
716:
702:
607:zoogeography and both
591:
508:had not gone extinct.
423:
311:
249:
196:
4143:Extraterrestrial life
4133:Speculative evolution
3998:Speculative evolution
3621:The Flight of Dragons
3566:speculative evolution
3522:saved English version
2229:Accola, John (1987).
1100:The Flight of Dragons
1006:
999:Alternative evolution
945:in biology. Further,
843:
769:Extraterrestrial life
708:
694:
603:exploring evolution,
565:
469:in 1990. Dixon cited
411:
293:
231:
213:, published in 1895.
185:
31:Speculative evolution
4037:Symbiosis in fiction
4032:Parasites in fiction
3978:Evolution in fiction
3520:of this project and
3514:K-T extinction event
835:convergent evolution
669:dinosaur renaissance
483:convergent evolution
253:Edgar Rice Burroughs
246:James Allen St. John
234:Edgar Rice Burroughs
95:Edgar Rice Burroughs
66:hard science fiction
48:It is also known as
4138:Speculative fiction
4027:Genetics in fiction
3993:Social degeneration
3862:Primeval: New World
3518:Russian translation
3496:The Neocene project
3485:All Your Yesterdays
2500:www.dailygalaxy.com
2427:1976ApJS...32..737S
2368:2010OLEB...40..195R
1784:2004RuJMB..30..148K
1743:. 23 January 1995.
1153:Simon Conway Morris
982:as well, admitting
908:National Geographic
731:All Your Yesterdays
639:All Your Yesterdays
587:All Your Yesterdays
506:non-avian dinosaurs
396:in a dialogue with
336:genetic engineering
145:All Your Yesterdays
54:speculative zoology
50:speculative biology
18:Speculative biology
4153:Biology in fiction
4064:Arthropods in film
4005:Disease in fiction
3971:Aspects of biology
3964:Biology in fiction
3822:The Future Is Wild
3790:The Future Is Wild
3597:Last and First Men
3089:The New York Times
2829:The New York Times
2264:The FUTURE is WILD
2235:chicagotribune.com
2103:Systematic Zoology
1720:"In the Balance",
1336:adaptive radiation
1324:terraformed planet
1164:The Future is Wild
1118:series of books.
1043:Arthur Conan Doyle
1028:
1022:on our universes'
970:great white sharks
846:
758:The Future is Wild
717:
703:
592:
566:Reconstruction of
523:The Future is Wild
424:
312:
250:
244:. Illustration by
197:
4120:
4119:
4056:Fictional species
3930:
3929:
3880:
3879:
3739:The World of Kong
3675:The New Dinosaurs
3644:
3564:Notable works of
3508:Archived site of
3501:Archived site of
3229:. 29 March 2004.
2796:Los Angeles Times
2789:Kozlowski, Lori.
2471:www.planetary.org
1966:. 16 January 2021
1726:, July 1959, p.95
1381:– popular in the
1320:
1319:
1312:
1294:
1103:(1979), the 2004
1058:The New Dinosaurs
1053:The New Dinosaurs
1032:alternate history
989:mycorrhizal fungi
933:eponymous monster
894:Discovery Channel
665:The New Dinosaurs
605:The New Dinosaurs
498:The New Dinosaurs
460:The New Dinosaurs
62:alternate history
43:fictional biology
33:is a subgenre of
16:(Redirected from
4160:
4069:Bug-eyed monster
4049:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3934:
3806:Extraterrestrial
3707:Future Evolution
3648:
3642:
3581:The Time Machine
3558:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3488:, the sequel to
3444:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3332:McKenna, Tommy.
3329:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3194:
3173:Future evolution
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2976:
2968:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2914:Tetrapod Zoology
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2890:Tetrapod Zoology
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2759:Bressan, David.
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2676:scienceblogs.com
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2648:. Archived from
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2580:
2574:
2573:
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2549:
2543:
2542:
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2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2444:2060/19760019038
2410:
2404:
2403:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2320:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2288:
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2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
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2226:
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2196:
2185:
2184:
2182:
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2141:
2135:
2134:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2045:scienceblogs.com
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1964:Tetrapod Zoology
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1858:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1817:. The Millions.
1810:
1804:
1803:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1691:
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1652:
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1645:
1625:
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1596:
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1566:
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1559:
1557:
1556:
1536:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1483:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1448:
1405:Human extinction
1315:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1252:
1228:
1220:
1157:The Time Machine
1148:Future Evolution
1129:The Time Machine
1122:Future evolution
943:parasitoid wasps
913:Extraterrestrial
471:The Time Machine
385:Invisible Cities
360:Darwin's finches
277:Planetary series
273:Stanley Weinbaum
221:and the brutish
215:The Time Machine
210:The Time Machine
188:The Time Machine
91:Planetary series
87:Stanley Weinbaum
82:The Time Machine
21:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4112:Science fiction
4085:
4050:
4041:
3966:
3961:
3931:
3926:
3885:Notable authors
3876:
3798:The Last Dragon
3769:
3641:
3640:Modern movement
3635:
3613:Parallel Botany
3568:
3562:
3452:
3447:
3439:{{cite web|url=
3438:
3434:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3401:
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3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3345:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3315:Library Journal
3312:
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2683:
2670:
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2665:
2655:
2653:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2613:Day, Dwayne A.
2612:
2611:
2607:
2598:
2596:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2534:The Independent
2524:
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2509:
2507:
2494:
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2138:
2115:10.2307/2413279
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2082:on 27 July 2018
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1941:
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1911:
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1876:
1874:
1861:Naish, Darren.
1860:
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1369:
1347:domestic canary
1316:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1253:
1251:
1245:
1241:primary sources
1229:
1218:
1184:-like species.
1124:
1109:The Last Dragon
1036:anthropocentric
1001:
993:marine reptiles
879:James B. Garvin
816:laws of physics
789:Furahan Biology
785:
771:
766:
729:and its sequel
722:Paleontologists
677:Gregory S. Paul
663:Dougal Dixon's
560:
406:
380:Parallel Botany
372:Parallel Botany
201:science fiction
180:
175:
35:science fiction
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3945:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:Gerolf Steiner
3909:
3907:Olaf Stapledon
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
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3882:
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3878:
3877:
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3858:
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3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3763:All Yesterdays
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3734:(2003–present)
3727:
3726:(2003–present)
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3654:
3652:
3645:
3643:(1981–present)
3637:
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3593:
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3574:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3524:are available.
3506:
3503:Project Nereus
3499:
3493:
3490:All Yesterdays
3481:
3471:
3468:Life on Snaiad
3465:
3459:
3451:
3450:External links
3448:
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3389:
3354:
3324:
3305:
3288:New York Times
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3214:
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3107:
3074:
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3016:978-1416505198
3015:
2992:
2956:978-0190850401
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2735:www.abc.net.au
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2435:10.1086/190414
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2362:(2): 195–202.
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2266:. 2014-01-21.
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1395:Future history
1392:
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1318:
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1232:
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1223:
1217:
1214:
1186:Stephen Baxter
1123:
1120:
1048:The Lost World
1000:
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820:Robert Forward
797:Edwin Salpeter
770:
767:
765:
762:
735:All Yesterdays
727:All Yesterdays
559:
556:
514:climate change
405:
402:
356:Rhinogradentia
344:Gerolf Steiner
320:future history
316:Olaf Stapledon
308:Gerolf Steiner
179:
176:
174:
171:
133:climate change
111:Rhinogradentia
107:Gerolf Steiner
79:'s 1895 novel
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3902:C. M. Kosemen
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:Wayne Barlowe
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3760:
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3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:All Tomorrows
3744:
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3736:
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3724:
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3683:Man After Man
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3478:Common Canary
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2726:
2723:
2711:
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2696:
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2681:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2652:on 2011-10-26
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2565:on 2008-06-11
2564:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2521:
2518:
2506:on 2017-03-05
2505:
2501:
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2491:
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2476:
2472:
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2326:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:"Exhibitions"
2255:
2252:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2193:
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2167:
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2159:
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2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
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2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1990:
1989:lsa.umich.edu
1986:
1980:
1977:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1898:Jakub, Lucy.
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1872:
1869:(Interview).
1868:
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1857:
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1714:
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1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:Extrapolation
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1641:9780842500791
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1609:
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1453:
1452:Naish, Darren
1447:
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1390:
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1377:
1374:
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1370:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1361:Batrachiterra
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1311:
1303:
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1289:
1285:
1282:
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1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261: –
1260:
1256:
1255:Find sources:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1233:This article
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:All Tomorrows
1201:
1200:C. M. Kosemen
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:Kurt Vonnegut
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1137:Man After Man
1134:
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1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
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1033:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
990:
985:
981:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:
953:'s 2009 film
952:
951:James Cameron
948:
944:
940:
939:
934:
929:
927:
926:Gert van Dijk
923:
919:
918:C. M. Kosemen
915:
914:
909:
905:
902:and the 2005
901:
900:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
861:
857:
856:
852:'s 1990 book
851:
850:Wayne Barlowe
842:
838:
836:
830:
827:
826:
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714:
713:
707:
700:
699:
693:
689:
687:
683:
678:
674:
673:Robert Bakker
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
650:
646:anomalocarid
645:
641:
640:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
619:environmental
616:
615:
610:
609:Man After Man
606:
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589:
588:
583:
582:filter-feeder
579:
575:
571:
570:
564:
557:
555:
553:
549:
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543:
542:
537:
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532:(2007–2011),
531:
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524:
517:
515:
511:
510:Man After Man
507:
503:
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466:Man After Man
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401:
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282:
281:Frederik Pohl
278:
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269:ethnic groups
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120:'s 1981 book
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67:
63:
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55:
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44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3997:
3897:Dougal Dixon
3870:Alien Worlds
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3814:Alien Planet
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3731:Ology series
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3629:Dragon's Egg
3627:
3619:
3611:
3605:The Snouters
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3565:
3489:
3483:
3435:
3426:
3405:
3392:
3380:. Retrieved
3371:
3367:
3357:
3346:. Retrieved
3337:
3327:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3296:. Retrieved
3287:
3277:
3266:. Retrieved
3257:
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3217:
3172:
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3140:
3129:. Retrieved
3120:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3087:
3077:
3066:. Retrieved
3057:
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3040:
3036:
3025:. Retrieved
3005:
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2922:. Retrieved
2913:
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2893:. Retrieved
2889:
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2868:. Retrieved
2857:
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2838:. Retrieved
2827:
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2805:. Retrieved
2794:
2784:
2773:. Retrieved
2764:
2754:
2743:. Retrieved
2734:
2725:
2714:. Retrieved
2705:
2695:
2684:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2650:the original
2645:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2608:
2597:. Retrieved
2588:
2578:
2567:. Retrieved
2563:the original
2556:
2547:
2532:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:the original
2499:
2490:
2479:. Retrieved
2470:
2461:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2328:
2301:. Retrieved
2272:. Retrieved
2263:
2254:
2243:. Retrieved
2234:
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2204:
2178:. Retrieved
2153:
2149:
2139:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2073:
2064:
2053:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2024:. Retrieved
2015:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1979:
1968:. Retrieved
1963:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1933:
1923:
1912:. Retrieved
1903:
1875:. Retrieved
1866:
1823:. Retrieved
1808:
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1749:. Retrieved
1731:
1721:
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1695:
1689:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1630:
1623:
1612:. Retrieved
1603:
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1574:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1544:
1500:. Retrieved
1492:The Guardian
1491:
1464:. Retrieved
1373:Astrobiology
1360:
1354:
1350:
1342:
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1321:
1306:
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1287:
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1128:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1105:mockumentary
1098:
1092:
1084:Skull Island
1077:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1029:
1008:
977:
966:microraptors
958:
954:
936:
930:
911:
897:
885:
883:
866:Alien Planet
864:
859:
853:
847:
831:
825:Dragon's Egg
823:
805:
788:
786:
775:Astrobiology
757:
753:
751:
747:Caminalcules
744:
734:
730:
726:
718:
710:
696:
686:Anthropocene
681:
664:
662:
658:Cetiocaridae
654:Tamisiocaris
653:
649:Tamisiocaris
647:
637:
634:anomalocarid
629:
625:
623:
612:
608:
604:
600:
593:
585:
574:anomalocarid
569:Tamisiocaris
567:
552:Darren Naish
547:Alien Worlds
546:
544:(2011), and
539:
533:
527:
521:
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509:
502:zoogeography
497:
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487:
478:
474:
470:
464:
463:in 1988 and
458:
454:
450:
442:
437:
434:Dougal Dixon
427:
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417:
414:Dougal Dixon
383:
379:
371:
365:
351:
347:
331:Homo sapiens
329:
324:
313:
303:
302:, using its
284:
251:
214:
208:
198:
186:
166:Tamisiocaris
164:
162:anomalocarid
158:Darren Naish
143:
139:
137:
127:
121:
118:Dougal Dixon
115:
80:
74:
53:
49:
46:
30:
29:
3922:H. G. Wells
3865:(2012–2013)
3841:(2007–2011)
3723:Dragonology
3592:(1912–1948)
3573:Early works
3175:. Freeman.
3156:21 November
2840:25 February
2421:: 737–755.
1768:Dendronasus
1383:Middle Ages
1216:Seed worlds
1115:Dragonology
1030:Similar to
1013:metatherian
947:H. R. Giger
875:Jack Horner
871:Michio Kaku
779:Xenobiology
512:, explored
398:Kublai Khan
392:, in which
376:field guide
205:H. G. Wells
193:H. G. Wells
178:Early works
150:John Conway
77:H. G. Wells
4127:Categories
4022:Ecofiction
3983:Devolution
3917:Peter Ward
3846:Terra Nova
3830:Dinosapien
3774:Television
3755:Greenworld
3691:Expedition
3651:Literature
3427:Astrovitae
3348:2019-09-17
3298:6 November
3268:2019-08-15
3237:7 November
3182:0716734966
3131:2016-07-27
3100:7 November
3068:2019-09-18
3027:2016-10-23
2965:1022077649
2924:2019-12-23
2895:2023-04-08
2775:2019-09-06
2745:2019-09-06
2716:2019-09-16
2686:2019-09-15
2656:16 October
2625:7 November
2599:2019-09-15
2569:2019-09-18
2510:27 October
2481:2019-11-26
2274:2019-09-16
2245:2019-08-15
2215:2019-09-16
2180:2019-09-30
2055:2019-09-15
2026:2015-11-23
1994:2022-05-14
1970:2022-05-18
1914:2020-12-11
1877:2018-09-21
1825:6 November
1751:5 November
1614:2019-09-15
1585:2019-09-15
1555:2019-08-16
1502:2019-09-15
1434:References
1270:newspapers
1237:references
1143:Peter Ward
1018:that have
1016:marsupials
962:pterosaurs
910:programme
886:Greenworld
860:Expedition
855:Expedition
793:Carl Sagan
773:See also:
614:Greenworld
572:(top), an
541:Terra Nova
419:Greenworld
394:Marco Polo
370:published
368:Leo Lionni
340:group mind
300:rhinograde
191:(1895) by
3715:Evolution
3667:Galápagos
3659:After Man
3321:(3): 172.
3199:cite book
3191:633967638
2973:cite book
2558:Space.com
2453:0067-0049
2400:189912774
2384:1573-0875
2123:0039-7989
1934:The Verge
1673:0091-7729
1196:shrewlike
1191:Evolution
1177:Galápagos
1133:After Man
1076:the book
1072:King Kong
1024:mustelids
1020:converged
904:Channel 4
812:astronomy
808:chemistry
801:gas giant
754:After Man
682:After Man
630:Ceticaris
626:After Man
621:message.
601:After Man
576:from the
494:After Man
479:After Man
475:After Man
455:After Man
451:After Man
443:After Man
438:After Man
429:After Man
314:In 1930,
296:taxidermy
265:ecosystem
140:After Man
128:After Man
123:After Man
39:evolution
3854:Mermaids
3838:Primeval
3376:Archived
3342:Archived
3292:Archived
3262:Archived
3231:Archived
3150:Archived
3125:Archived
3094:Archived
3062:Archived
3021:Archived
2918:Archived
2864:Archived
2834:Archived
2801:Archived
2769:Archived
2739:Archived
2710:Archived
2680:Archived
2619:Archived
2593:Archived
2539:Archived
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2049:Archived
2020:Archived
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1908:Archived
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1800:42790315
1745:Archived
1681:25475144
1608:Archived
1579:Archived
1549:Archived
1496:Archived
1460:Archived
1427:Xenology
1421:Paleoart
1379:Bestiary
1367:See also
1356:Poecilia
1328:speciate
1300:May 2023
1202:'s 2008
1182:sea lion
1168:Primeval
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896:special
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814:and the
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578:Cambrian
538:(2009),
529:Primeval
526:(2002),
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304:nasorium
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4090:Related
4079:Triffid
3589:Barsoom
3528:Sagan 4
3406:YouTube
3402:(video)
3368:Artlink
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764:Subsets
590:(2013).
412:Author
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248:(1920).
238:Barsoom
173:History
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3873:(2020)
3857:(2012)
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